Mesopotamian (All Terms)

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Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven

This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

  • Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik, terms without numbers were added by us.

Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN)

cuneiform Kurtik's term English our note
𒀀 a01. A Abbreviation for UR.GU.LA merged into UR.GU.LA
𒀀𒂔 a02. A.EDIN A goddess redirect to Erua
𒀭𒀀𒆪 a03. dA.KU redirect to A.GI7
𒀉𒄷 a04. A2mušen The Eagle redirect to TE8mušen
𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵 a05. A2.GU2.ZI.GA
𒀊𒉆 a06. AB.SIN2 The Barley Stalk same term
𒆠𒀸𒀸 a07. ABSIN
𒀜𒈨 a08. AD.ME
𒈕 a09. AD6 The Corpse Akkadian "pagru"
𒉘𒀭𒁔 a10. AG2.AN.BUR2 The Crown of Anu (?)
𒂆 a11. AGA The Crown
𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏 a12. AGA dA-nim The Crown of Anu
𒀝𒊒 a13. Agru The Hired Man
𒀀𒄩𒋾 a14. A-ḫa-ti Sister
𒀀𒄷𒌋 a15. Aḫû The Stranger
𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓 a16. dAḪUD Mercury
𒃰𒋺𒋛 a17. AKKIL
Alammuš God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
𒀠𒈜 a18. AL.LUL Crab
𒀠𒋻 a19. AL.TAR Jupiter, Heroic merged into UD.AL.TAR
𒀩 a20. ALAM
𒀠𒈜 a21. ALLA
a22. Alluttum merged into AL.LUL
𒀠𒁍 a23. Alpu Bull
a24. Alû
𒄠𒀭𒈾 a25. AM.AN.NA merged into GU4.AN.NA
𒂼𒈨𒁁 a26. dAMA.ME.TIL
𒀫𒄈 a27. AMAR.GIR2 Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
  • mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
  • Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
𒀭𒀫𒌓 a28. dAMAR.UD
a29. Amurru
𒀭 a30. AN
𒀭𒆠 a31. AN.KI merged into mulNUNki
𒀭𒋙𒋼 a32. AN.ŠU2.TE merged into AN
𒀭𒋫𒁺 a33. mulAN.TA.GUB
𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏 a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA merged into AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA
𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀 a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA = kakkab eliš māqitu "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].

Only in EAE predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <ana> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].

𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏 a36. AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA
𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊 a37. AN.U2.GI.E
𒀭𒍪 a38. AN.ZU see i07 mul dIM.DUGUDmušen. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIMDUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
𒀲𒆳𒊏 a39. ANŠE.KUR.RA Horse
a40. dAntum Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul dAnum. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) dAnum, 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see AN: dAnum (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
a41. dAnum Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) AN.
𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓 a42. dAnunītum
Anu-rabû “Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. dA-num GAL-ú šá AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
Apil-Emaḫ “First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mulIBILA-É.MAḪ (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
𒄑𒀳 a43. gišAPIN Plough
a44. Āribu Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) UGAmušen.
𒀀𒊑𒌈 a45. Arītum Shield
𒅈𒄷𒁾 a46. Arḫum Month
𒀀𒋛𒁺 a47. Asīdu Heel "the heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
𒀸𒃶 a48. AŠ.GAN see mulIKU
𒀸𒈨 a49. AŠ.ME
Aya Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
Baba dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
𒀭𒁀𒅆 b01. dBA.LIM is a misreading, see b05. dBalum
b02. BAL.ME.GAR misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see Kurtik d06 Dilbat
𒁄𒌨𒀀 b03. BAL.TEŠ2.A
𒁆 b04. BALAG
𒀭𒁀𒈝 b05. dBalum Mars
b06. gišBAN see gišPAN
b07. Barbaru see UR.BAR.RA
𒈲𒄭𒄊 b08. Bašmu
𒃽𒁷 bēlet balāṭi Lady of Life see mul / dGAŠAN.TIN
𒁉𒄊 b09. BI.GIR3
𒁉𒅁𒁍 b10. Bibbu
𒄵 b11. BIR
𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 b12. BURANUN
𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾 b13. BURRUM AN.NA
𒄑𒁕 d01. gišDA
Damkianna < Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
𒀭𒁕𒈬 d02. dDamu
𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡) d03. dDāpinu
𒁯𒈗𒄷 d04. DAR.LUGALmušen
𒁲 d05. DI
𒀸𒁁 d06. Dilbat Venus variant: DILI.BAT
𒀸 d07. DILI
𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙 d08. DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 merged with (d07) DILI
𒀭 d09. DINGIR
𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍 d10. DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš Standing Gods
𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍 d11. DINGIR.KU.Ameš Sitting Gods variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓 d12. dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD
𒀭𒌉𒍣 d13. dDUMU.ZI variant Tammuz.
𒂊𒁀𒂊 e01. E-pa2-e one time use for Jupiter probably from Šul-pa2-e, see ŠUL.PA.E3
𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍 e02. E-ra-ʼa-al-BU
𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭 e03. dE.TA.NAM.AN

Page 2 (e04. dE2-a to i15. is-lê)

cuneiform Kurtik's term English our note
𒀭𒂍𒀀 e04. dE2-a Water deity
𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿 e05. E2 sak-ki-i (Stars) bīt sakkî read: (MUL.MEŠ) bīt sakkî
𒂍𒉣𒇬 e06. E2.TUR3 Enclosure
𒂊𒁺 e07. Ēdu Single, solitary, unique
𒉏𒈠𒌈 e08. Elamātum Ishtar, the Elamite-one Elamattu(m)
𒄵𒇻𒅆 ÉLLAG mulLU.LIM Stag = kalītu “kidney”: see also mulLU.LIM. - should be Ellag2  ???
𒂍𒆳 Ekur (E2-kur)
𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾 e09. EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
𒀭𒂍𒀀 Enki/Ea Water deity God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
𒀭𒂗𒆤 e10. dEn-lil2 Supreme deity
𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏 e11. dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA Primoridal deity; Lord of all me
𒀭𒂗𒀯 e12. dEN.MUL Primordial deity; Lord Star
𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝 dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝 e13. EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
e14. Enzu see UZ3
e15. Epinnu see APIN
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲 e16. dEreš-ki-gal Deity of the Underworld
𒉣𒆠 e17. Eriduki
𒂟 e18. ERIN2 Yoke
𒂊𒋆𒄣 e19. Eriqqu Wagon of Heaven see mulMAR.GID2.DA
𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊 Eriqqu ša šamê Wagon of Heaven see mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA
𒀭𒀴𒊏 e20. dErra Deity of the Underworld; Fox
𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲 e21. dErragal Great Erra
e22. Eru (Disambiguation)
𒀉𒄷 Erû / Arû (Eagle) Eagle Akkadian parallel with mulTE8/TI8mušen "Eagle"
𒀭𒀀𒂔 Erua Deity ERU, Erua
𒂵𒂵 g01. Ga-ga Mercury, Deity
𒃮 g02. GABA Breast
g03. 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 see UR.GU.LA
𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒 g04. dGAL.A.RU.RU Venus
𒄒𒉺𒀜 g05. GAM-ti The Circle
𒆛 g06. GAM3 The Crook
g07. Gamlu An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)GAM3, merged.
𒄑𒃷𒃡 g08. gišGAN2.UR3 The Harrow
𒃽𒁷 g09. mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mulbēlet balāṭi The Lady of Life
𒌉 g10. GENNA Saturn; "Constant"
𒄀𒄀 g11. GI.GI Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
𒈪 g12. GI6 Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
𒀭𒉈𒄀 g13. dGIBIL6 Fire deity Girra, Mercury
𒈪𒉭 g14. GIG Mars; "Disease"
𒄑𒇀 g15. gišGIGIR The Chariot
𒄃𒈠 g16. GILIM.MA The Furrow
𒄈 g17. GIR2 The Scorpion abbreviation for GIR2.TAB
𒄈𒀭𒈾 g18. GIR2.AN.NA Heavenly Sword
𒄈𒋰 g19. GIR2.TAB The Scorpion
𒄊 g20. GIR3 Leg (Paw)
𒄑𒁇 g21. GIŠ.BAR Mars; Mercury
𒄑𒂟 g22. GIŠ.ERIN2 Yoke a late variant of ERIN2
GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR =maškakātu “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
𒄑𒆲 g23. GIŠ.KUN Thigh
𒄑𒂟 GIŠ.RIN2 Yoke
𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈 g24. Gizzānītu Enraged Goat (?)
𒄖 g25. GU Great, Giant late epoch abbreviation for GU.LA
𒄖𒀭𒈾 g26. GU.AN.NA merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant
𒄖𒆷 g27. GU.LA or Gula Healing deity; Great, Giant "Gula" (Disambiguation)
𒄘𒀭𒈾 g28. GU2.AN.NA merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant
𒄘𒄬 g29. GU2.ḪAL (Star) Throat
𒄘𒄯 g30. GU2.MUR Trachea, breathing throat (?)
𒄞 g31. GU4 merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, abbreviation
𒄞𒄋 g32. GU4.ALIM Bison = dKusarikku
𒄞𒀭𒈾 g33. GU4.AN.NA The Heavenly Bull
𒄞𒌓 g34. GU4.UD Bull of the Sun
𒀭𒄖𒆷 g35. dGula Shining Star "Gula" (Disambiguation)
𒆸 g36. GUR4
𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡 h01. Ḫabaṣīrānu The Mousey One Akkadian equivalent for the EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
𒆸𒁀𒌈 h02. Ḫabbātu Bandit/Outlaw Akkadian equivalent for mul lúSA.GAZ
𒀭𒈗 h03. dḪaniš Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒 h04. dḪar-ri-ru Field Mouse
𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀 h05. ḪE2.GAL2-a-a The Asterism of Abundance
𒋦𒈧 h06. ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA The Goat-Fish redirect ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA to SUḪUR.MAŠ2
𒄷𒉏 h07. ḪU.NIM
𒅆𒌨 h08. ḪUL Mars; The Evil Star
𒈝𒁀 h09. ḪUM.BA
𒂠 h10. ḪUN merged with (Kurtik h12) ḪUN.GA2
𒂠𒂷 h11. ḪUN.GA2 merged with (Kurtik h12) ḪUN.GA2
𒇽𒂠𒂷 h12. lu2ḪUN.GA2 The Hired Man
𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥 i01. I3-li2-ab-rat Deity
𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤 i02. IBILA.E2.MAḪ
𒈦𒄘𒃼 i03. IDIGNA
𒃷 i04. IKU, Ikû The Field Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.
𒄿𒇻𒌝 i05. Ilum Deity logogram as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) DINGIR.
𒀭𒅎 i06. dIM Storm Deity
𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷 i07. dIM.DUGUDmušen (Bird) Anzû
𒅎𒄀 i08. IM.GI Mars
𒅎𒋀 i09. IM.ŠEŠ The Rainbow
𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾 i10. IM.ŠU.RIN.NA The Furnace
𒀭𒅓𒁉 i11. dIMIN.BI The Seven Gods
𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾 i12. IN.DUB.AN.NA
𒀭𒈹 i13. dINANNA Deity
𒅕𒁁𒅋 i14. IR.BI4.IL Mars
𒄑𒇷 i15. Is lê   The Bull of Heaven

Page 3 (i16. Iṣṣuru to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA)

cuneiform Kurtik's term English our note
𒄑𒍮𒊒 i16. Iṣṣuru The Bird merged into (Kurtik m46) MUŠEN
𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏 i17. dIšḫara Scorpius
Iškur / Adad Storm Deity The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
𒀭𒅖𒋻 i18. dIštar Venus; Deity
𒀭𒃰𒁲 i19. dIštaran Deity; The Snake
𒅗 k01. KA The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
𒅗𒀭𒂃 k02. KA.AN.DU8 Portable Altar
𒅗𒀭𒈾 k03. KA.AN.NA
𒅗𒆟 k04. KA.KEŠ2 The Knot
𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊 k05. KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E Obliterator variant KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E
𒈜𒀀 k06. KA5.A The Fox
𒀭𒆏𒋫 k07. dKAB.TA Deity
𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌 k08. Kajjamānu The Constant One Kurtik's spelling Kajjamānu;

now read Kayyamānu(m)

𒆕𒉼 k09. KAK.BAN The Arrow
𒆕𒋛𒁲 k10. KAK.SI.SA2 (Types of) Arrow
𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵 k11. KAK.U2.TAG.GA Arrow
𒆕𒅗𒁍 k12. Kakkabu Star, Luminary
𒌨𒂠 k13. Kalbu The Dog Merged into UR.GI7
𒅗𒇷𒌅 k14. Kalītu The Kidney Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
𒆗𒉈 k15. KAL.NE
𒃸𒂄 k16. KAR2.ŠUL
𒆜𒌓 k17. KASKAL.UD The Path of the Sun Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
𒆥𒍮 k18. Kinṣu Knee, shin
𒄒𒉺𒀜 k19. Kippatu The Circle merged into the entry GAM-ti
𒆠𒄑𒀸 k20. Kiṣru Lamp, knot, cluster
𒈩 k21. KIŠIB      Hand
𒆤𒌓 k22. Kittu Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
𒆪𒊒𒈾 k23. KU.RU.NA
𒄩 k24. KU6 The Fish
𒆪𒈠𒊒 k25. Kumāru   Shoulder
𒆲 k26. KUN Tail
𒆲𒈨𒌍 k27. KUNme(š) Tails (Swallows and Anunity fishes)
𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷 k28. KUR.GI.Amušen Chicken
𒇽𒉽𒊏 k29. lu2KUR2.RA Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪 k30. dKusarikkum Bison Akkadian for Sumerian GU4.ALIM (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
Kusu Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
𒆵 k31. KUŠU2 Water animal
𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍 L01. la ŠID.MEŠ Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺 L02. dLA.KU.DU Mercury
𒀭𒆗 L03. dLAMMA The She-Goat
𒇴𒈬 L04. Lammu
𒀭𒆷𒋫 L05. dLātarāk The Lion
𒇷𒄙 L06. LI.DUR Navel
𒉈𒋜 L07. dLI9.SI4 , Lisi(n)
𒇻 L08. LU Hired Man (Aries)
𒇻𒅆 L09. LU.LIM Stag
𒇻𒈦 L10. LU.MAŠ Constellation
𒇽 L11. LU2 Hired Man (Aries)
𒀭𒇽𒋭 L12. dLU2.LAL3 Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈 L13. Lubuštum (Asterism) Garment
𒈗 L14. LUGAL King
𒈗𒂍𒃲 L15. LUGAL.E2.GAL King of the Palace
𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏 L16. dLUGAL.GIR3.RA Mighty Lord
LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ see ḪUN.GA2
𒈜𒆷 L17. LUL.LA False (Lying) Star
𒇻𒇷𒈬 L18. Lulīmu Stag see (Kurtik L09) LU.LIM.
𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗) L19. Lumāšu Constellation
𒇻𒁾𒉡 L20. Lumnu Evil Star
𒈣𒋽 m01. MA2.GUR8 Ship, Vessel
𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵 m02. gišMA2.DIRI.GA Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋 m03. Makrû Mars; Red, Fiery Red
𒌋𒌋 m04. MAN Sun God, Šamaš
𒌋𒌋𒈠 m05. MAN-ma Strange Star
𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈 m06. Manzât Rainbow Akkadian for Sumerian TIR.AN.NA, Rainbow
𒈥 m07. MAR Wagon (shortened form)
𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕 m08. MAR.GID2.DA Wagon
𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾 m09. MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA The Wagon of Heaven
𒈥𒌅 m10. MAR.TU Western Star
Mār-bīti “Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL šá dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌 m11. dMarduk Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
𒈥𒊏𒌈 m12. Marratu Rainbow
𒈦 m13. MAŠ
𒈦𒀀𒋾 m14. Maš-a-ti (Pair ) stars of Gemini
𒈦𒈦) m15. MAŠ.MAŠ The Twins
𒈦𒋰𒁀 m16. MAŠ.TAB.BA Gemini
𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲 m17. MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL Great Twins
𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉 m18. MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR Small Twins
𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾 m19. MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA Gemini, which (stands) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
𒄑𒃷𒃡 m20. Maškakātu The Harrow Akkadian parallel to GAN2.UR3
𒈠𒀀𒋗 m21. Māšū Gemini
𒈧 m22. MAŠ2 Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
m23. ME.GAR Jupiter abbreviation for SAG.ME.GAR, merged there
𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀 m24. dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
𒈨𒋚 m25. mišḫu Radiance
𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕 m26. mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG The radiance of Pabilsag
𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕 m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA (Bound/hitched) yoke

Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA  to p07. Puššaītu)

cuneiform Kurtik's term English our note
𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀 m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA   Yoke of the Sea
𒀯 m29. MUL Star, luminary
𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀 m30. dMUL.AN.DIRI.A Venus; The dominant star of the sky
𒀯𒀭𒈾 m31. MUL.AN.NA Moon deity; Celestial object
𒀯𒃲 m32. MUL.GAL Big celestial object
𒀯𒆠𒃲 m33. MUL.KI.GAL    Venus; Star of the great earth
𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅 m34. MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu Permanent stars
𒀯𒀯 m35. MUL2.MUL2 Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
𒀯𒀯𒆷 m36. MUL.MUL.LA Arrow or: mulmullu. “arrow”: see GAG.SI.SÁ.
𒋼 m37. MUL2 Star, luminary
𒋼𒌓 m38. MUL2.BABBAR Jupiter; White Star
𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍 m39. MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ Stars (for) counting
𒌌 m40. MUL4 Star, constellation
m41. MULx
𒌘 m42. MURUB4 Middle (part)
𒈲 m43. MUŠ Snake
𒈲𒄭𒄊 m44. MUŠ.ḪUŠ Ferocious serpent
(mul)mušḫuššu see (Kurtik m44)
𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵 m45. MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA Venus; Two-headed serpent
𒄷 m46. MUŠEN The Bird
𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻 m47. Muštarīlu Mercury
𒈿 n01. NA2 Jupiter; Bed-star
𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾 n02. dNabû Mercury; Deity of wisdom
𒉄 n03. NAGAR
n04. Nakaru Enemy, Stranger Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian KUR2.RA
n05. Nammaššû Herds of (wild) animals Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian NU.MUŠ.DA
𒀭𒋀𒆠 n06. dNANNA Moon deity
n07. Narkabtu The Chariot Akkadian parallel to mul gišGIGIR, "Chariot"
𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍 n08. Naṣrapu
n09. Nattullu Harness Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) ŠUDUN.ANŠE
n10. Nattullu arkīti Back of the Harness Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti       
𒉈 n11. NE
𒉈𒃻 n12. NE.GAR
𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻 n13. NE.GI.IZI.GAR Torch of Girra
𒉈𒉈𒃻 n14. NE.NE.GAR Deity
𒉌𒁉𒊒 n15. Nēberu Ferry, ford, crossing
𒉌𒁍𒌑 n16. Nebû Brilliant star
𒌨𒊩𒌨 n17. Nēltu Lioness Akkadian parallel to UR.NIG
𒀭𒌋𒄥 n18. dNergal Deity of the underworld
n19. Nēšu The Lion Akkadian parallel to UR.MAḪ
𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙 n20. ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀 n21. ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI   (Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
𒉎𒍪 n22. NI2.ZU Thief
𒉏𒈠𒆠 n23. NIM.MA(ki) Star of Elam
n24. Nimru Panther Akkadian parallel to UD.KA.DU8.A
𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪 n25. dNIN.A.ZU Deity; Lord who knows water
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾 n26. dNIN.AN.NA Ištar; Lady of Heaven
gišNÍNDA = ittû “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢 n27. dNIN.GIR2.SU
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊 n28. dNIN.GIR3 Lord of strength
𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕 n29. dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺 n30. NIN.GIRIM3 Venus
Ningublaga Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾 n31. NIN.GUL.TI Venus
𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛 n32. NIN.KA.SI (Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷 n33. NIN.KILIM Mongoose
𒊩𒌆𒆤 n34. NIN.LIL2 Deity; Lady of the Air
𒊩𒌆𒈤 n35. NIN.MAḪ Deity; Foremost lady
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯 n36. dNIN.MUL Primordial deity; Lady Stars
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕 n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA Deity; Lady of the great stars
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀 n38. dNIN.MUL.SI4.A Deity; Lady of the red star
(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛 n39. dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI Deity
𒊩𒌆𒊬 n40. NIN.SAR Deity
𒊩𒌆𒋜 n41. NIN.SI4 Red Lady
𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾 n42. NIN.SI4.AN.NA Red Lady of Heaven
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁 n43. dNIN.URTA Agriculture deity
𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷 n44. dNiraḫ Snake deity
𒉌𒄿𒊒 n45. Nīru
𒍑𒀀𒂠 n46. NITA.A.ŠE3 Venus
𒉡𒊨𒅇 n47. NU.KUŠ2.U3 Venus
𒉡𒈨𒀀 n48. NU.ME.A (Star of) nothingness
𒉡𒈲𒁕 n49. NU.MUŠ.DA Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
𒉣𒆠 n50. NUNki
𒉣𒉽𒉽 n51. NUN.DIM4 Venus
𒉣𒈨 n52. NUN.ME (Star)-Sage
𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀 n53. dNUN.SAR.A Venus
𒉡𒉡 n54. Nūnu
𒀭𒉺𒌆 n55. dNusku
𒉺 p01. PA see p03. dPA.BIL.SAG
𒉼 PAN Bow
𒉺𒉈 p02. PA.BIL see p03. dPA.BIL.SAG
𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕 p03. dPA.BIL.SAG
p04. Pagru Body, corpse see a06. AD6
𒀭𒉽𒈛 p05. dPAP.SUKKAL Messenger deity
𒉿𒍮𒌑 p06. Peṣû see m38. MUL2.BABBAR
𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈 p07. Puššanītu

Page 5 (q01. Qaštu to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A)

cuneiform Kurtik's term English our note
q01. Qaštu Bow merged into mulPAN as it occurs only in lexical lists
r01. Rabû Akkadian parallel to GU.LA
r02. Rapaštu Akkadian parallel to GIŠ.KUN
r03. Rappu
RIN2
r04. RI.ŠI.BE
r05. Rittu Akkadian parallel to mulKIŠIB
s01. lu2SA.GAZ
s02. SA.RI
s03. SA4
s04. SA5
s05. SAG.DU
s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA ? to UR.GU.LA
s07. SAG.DU3.A ?
s08. dSAG.KUD
s09. SAG.ME.GAR var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
s10. SAG.UŠ
s11. SAL.A.ŠE3
s12. SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA
s13. SAR.A
s14. SAR.U5
s15. Sarru Akkadian parallel to LUL.LA
Sebettu “The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
s16. dSI.MU2.A
SI = qarnu. “horn”: see mulGÍR.TAB.
s17. SI4
s18. SIG7
s19. SIM.MAḪ
s20. dSîn
s21. SIPA
s22. SIPA.ZI.AN.NA
Sissinnu
s23. SUḪUR
s24. SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6
s25. Suḫurmāšu Akkadian parallel to SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6
ts01. Ṣal abbreviation merged into Ṣalbatānu
ts02. Ṣalbatānu Mars
ts03. Ṣallummu
ts04. Ṣāriru Akkadian parallel to AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA
ts05. Ṣarru
ts06. Ṣurru
sh01. ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3
sh02. ŠAḪ The Pig
Šala Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la šubu-ul-tu4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
sh03. dŠamaš Sun god
sh04. Šanûmma Strange (star)
sh05. ŠAR2.GAZ
sh06. ŠAR2.UR4
sh07. Šēlebu Akkadian parallel to KA5.A
sh08. Šību
sh09. Šiḫtu
sh10. šil PA
sh11. Šiltāḫu
sh12. dŠimut
sh13. Šinūnūtu see s19. SIM.MAḪ
sh14. Šitadallu see s22. SIPA.ZI.AN.NA
sh15. ŠU
šubtu “seat”, “throne”. šu-bat dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). šu-bat dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
šubultu(m) “ear (of grain)”: see Šala
sh16. ŠU.GI
sh17. ŠU.PA
sh18. ŠUDUN
sh19. ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA
sh20. ŠUDUN.ANŠE       
sh21. ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti       
sh22. ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU
sh23. Šukūdu
sh24. dŠUL.GI
sh25. ŠUL.PA.E3
sh26. Šullat
t01. Tak-ša2-a-ti / tu2
... TE8mušen
t02. dTI.MU2.A
t03. Tikpu
t04. Tinūru
t05. TIR.AN.NA
Tišpak Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
t06. dTU.TU
gišTUKUL = kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
t07. Tūʼamū
t08. Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ
t09. Tūltu
t10. TUR3
u01. U.RI.RI
u02. U4.ZAL.LE
u03. U5.RI2.IN
u04. U8 = laḫru “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
u05. UD.AL.TAR
u06. UD.KA.DU8.A var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A

Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. Zuqaqīpu)

cuneiform Kurtik's term English our note
u07. UDU.IDIM
u08. UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD
u09. UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ
u10. UDU.NITA2
u11. UGAmušen
u12. UL
u13. UMBIN
u14. ummulūtu
u15. unnutu
u16. UR see UR.GU.LA
u17. UR.A UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) UR.MAḪ.
u18. UR.BAR.RA Wolf
u19. UR.GI7 Dog
u20. UR.GU.LA Lion
u21. UR.IDIM Mad Dog
u22. UR.MAḪ Lion
u23. UR.NIG
UR.KU now read UR.GI7
u24. UR2.KUN
u25. Ur(i)dimmu see UR.IDIM
u26. Ur-um AN.NA
u27. dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL
u28. Uṣurtu
u29. UŠ12.ZU
u30. dUTU
u31. UZ3
z01. dZA.BA4.BA4
z02. ZAG.GAR
z03. Zappu
z04. dZa(r)pānītu /

Zerpānītu

z05. Zarû
z06. ZI
z07. ZI.BA.AN.NA
z08. ZIBme
z09. dZIB2
z10. Zibānītum
z11. Ziqpu
z12. Zuqaqīpu
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