TE8mušen, mulErû

From All Skies Encyclopaedia
TE8.mušen
Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)

mulTE8 / TI8mušen (𒀯𒀉𒄷) are Sumerian names for The Eagle, referring to the constellation of Aquila, The Eagle (Latin). mulErû or mulArû is the Akkadian equivalent. Both the Sumerian and Akkadian terms may refer to a wider range of birds rather than just Eagles, perhaps even any large generic predator bird, for example, a vulture. This constellation is typically identified with the Greek and the modern constellation of Aquila, The Eagle.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)

TI8mušen = erû. “eagle” (also “vulture”?). mulTI8mušen (AN 18–19r).

Zababa. Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL dZa-ba4-ba4 (AN 18–19l).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim

Var. readings:

  • mulA2mušen,
  • multi8mušen;
  • = erû, arû "Eagle", Akkadian parallel with mulTI8mušen "Eagle"; a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII series.

[Gössmann[1] 2; Borger 1978[2] 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; constellation within the modern Eagle (Aquila).

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources Identification
Lexical texts.
  • (1) A monolingual Sumerian list: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4[3] 154: 117].
  • (2) DC XXII series: a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII tradition
  • multe8mušen = e-ru-u [Emar VI/4[3] 151:173],
  • [multe8mu]šen = a-ru-u [Cavigneaux 1979[4] 133-4, 17:21]
Hittite prayer to the night gods.
  • Amongst the astral gods: mulA2mušen [KUB[5] IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2[6], p. 2:12; Toorn[7] 130: 45].
EAE.

See. [ABCD[8] 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2[6] III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3[9], K 3124: 9′, K2346: 46; Borger 1973[10], LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957[11] 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I[12] 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III[13], 101:21, 22].

"Astrolabes."
  • Astrolabe P. Tebetu month, the stars of Enlil, 35 [Pinches[14] 575].
  • Astrolabe B.
    • (1) Menology: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4]: itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Shabatu month, Eagle, Zababa" (A iii 25, 30); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan[15] 407:58], see also [BPO 2[6] 82; Emelyanov 1999[16] 129].
    • (2) Lists (12´3): mul ša ina igi-it mul[uz3] / gub-zu mulA2m[ušen] "The constellations that is ahead of it (i.e., ahead of muluz3 "the Goat"), stands, the Eagle" (B iii 17-18).
    • (3) The list (3´12): [itiab] ... mulA2mušen šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "The month of Tebetu: the Eagle (in the way of) [Enlil] (rises)" (C iii 10); parallel: ina itiab mulA2mušen e-ru-[u2] "In the month of Tebetu, the Eagle (rises)" [BPO 2[6], XI 7].
    • (4) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is Tebetu, sunset is Duuzu [KAV[17] 218, C 31, 20], see (g27) GU.LA.
  • BM 82923. The month Tebetu, the stars of Enlil: mulA2mušen // 35 // UR.SAG dI2-gi3-gi3 "Eagle // 35 // Hero among the Igigs". [Walker-Hunger[18] 30:30].
  • BM 34713. The month of Shabatu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT[19], 1499:11], see (Kurtik n49) NU.MUŠ.DA.
  • The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.
    • (a) List of the 12 stars of Anu: (no. 12) multi8mušen [CT[20] 33, 9 r. 13; MCG[21] 176].
    • (b) List of 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6[22], 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b[23] 212].
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) The stars of Anu (no. 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12).
  • (2) Dates of heliacal risings, see (Kurtik u06) UD.KA.DU8.A.
  • (3) Simultaneous daily risings and sunsets:
    • a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ u mulUR.GU.LA KURme-nim-ma / mulGU.LA u mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Arrow, Snake and Lion rising, the Giant and Eagle setting" (I iii 17-18),
    • b) mulUD. KA.DUD.A u mulTI8mušen KURmeš-ma / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "The Demon with its mouth open and the Eagle rising, the Great Twins and Little Twins setting" (I iii 29-30) [MA[24] 33, 44-45, 48, 51].
 The Eagle and The Corpse are listed together, and in one line (opened with DIŠ) with the asterism of the god Zababa. They are three separate asterisms, each one determined with "mul", but they appear to be considered a unit of sense here.

While the image of Zababa roughly matches the modern constellation Oph, The Corpse could be placed in Aql, in Del, or in between them and Oph.

Identifications
Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse in MUL.APIN on a Stellarium map.
The Eagle and The Corpse (identification by Pingree 1999, painting by Gullberg 2022)
  • Hunger and Pingree 1999: 271 "Eagle"[25]
  • in Stellarium by Hoffmann (2019)[26]
  • Painting: Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)[27]
"The Great Star List.
  • (1) List of names of Mars: multi8mušen = dmin(= ral-bat-a-nu);
  • (2) 12 stars of Akkad: multi8mušen;
  • (3) 7 lumāšu-stars: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol.[28], App.B:97, 212, 228].
 GU-text.
  • (T) sa4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Star with the great brilliance of the Eagle (α Aql)" [Pingree-Walker[29], BM 78161:31], see (Kurtik u31) UZ3.
 The identification found in MUL.APIN still applies[30][31]
Dalbanna-text.
  • §r. mulA2mušen mulsuḫur.maš2 u mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš...
    • "Eagle, Goat-Fish and the sting of the Pabilsag, 3 stars ..."
  • §y.
    • a) mulA2mušen Eagle,
    • b) mulA2mušen maC-ru "Eagle–the first", see (Kurtik u31) UZ3.
  • §z. mulA2mušen,

See (Kurtik u19) UR.GI7 and (Kurtik h03) dḪaniš

[Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995[32] 50, 62; ASM[33] 110].

Text Nv. 10.
  • Scheme of intercalation: multi8mušen like the star of Anu – star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Addaru, see (Kurtik L04) LammuLammu.

See also [SpTU I[12], 84:10; SpTU III[13], 102 r.4;].

Convex Hull for the stars inside TE8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 Altair HIP 97649 Constellation lines 0.76
2 Tarazed (ترازو) HIP 97278 Constellation lines 2.72
3 Okab HIP 93747 Constellation lines (Vertex) 2.99
4 Antinous HIP 99473 Constellation lines (Vertex) 3.22
5 δ Aquilae HIP 95501 Constellation lines 3.36
6 λ Aquilae HIP 93805 Constellation lines (Vertex) 3.43
7 Rotanev HIP 101769 Constellation lines 3.63
8 Alshain (شاهین) HIP 98036 Constellation lines 3.71
9 Sualocin HIP 101958 Constellation lines 3.8
10 η Aquilae HIP 97804 Inside the Hull 3.8
11 Aldulfin HIP 101421 Constellation lines 4.03
12 β Scuti HIP 92175 Constellation lines (Vertex) 4.22
13 γ 2 Delphini HIP 102532 Constellation lines (Vertex) 4.25
14 ι Aquilae HIP 96468 Inside the Hull 4.36
15 δ Delphini HIP 102281 Constellation lines 4.417
16 μ Aquilae HIP 96229 Inside the Hull 4.45
17 Alya HIP 92946 Inside the Hull 4.57
18 ζ Delphini HIP 101589 Inside the Hull 4.647
19 Libertas HIP 97938 Inside the Hull 4.707
20 ν Aquilae HIP 95585 Inside the Hull 4.72
21 ρ Aquilae HIP 99742 Inside the Hull 4.946
22 θ 2 Serpentis HIP 92951 Inside the Hull 4.98
23 36 Aql HIP 95937 Inside the Hull 5.03
24 18 Aql HIP 93867 Inside the Hull 5.086
25 ο Aquilae HIP 97675 Inside the Hull 5.1
26 21 Aql HIP 94477 Inside the Hull 5.15
27 - HIP 95447 Inside the Hull 5.15
28 σ Aquilae HIP 96665 Inside the Hull 5.17
29 19 Aql HIP 94068 Inside the Hull 5.23
30 ϕ Aquilae HIP 98103 Inside the Hull 5.278
31 23 Aql HIP 94885 Inside the Hull 5.28
32 ω 1 Aquilae HIP 94834 Inside the Hull 5.283
33 132 G. Aql HIP 100541 Inside the Hull 5.301
34 χ Aquilae HIP 96957 Inside the Hull 5.31
35 η Delphini HIP 101483 Inside the Hull 5.38
36 15 Aql HIP 93717 Inside the Hull 5.394
37 14 Aql HIP 93526 Inside the Hull 5.4
38 27 Aql HIP 95073 Inside the Hull 5.451
39 Tianfu (天桴) HIP 98823 Inside the Hull 5.508
40 28 Aql HIP 94982 Inside the Hull 5.518
41 64 Ser HIP 93051 Inside the Hull 5.551
42 22 Aql HIP 94727 Inside the Hull 5.569
43 58 Aql HIP 97980 Inside the Hull 5.631
44 45 Aql HIP 96807 Inside the Hull 5.637
45 * chi Aql A HIP 96957 Inside the Hull 5.66
46 62 Aql HIP 98844 Inside the Hull 5.68
47 θ Delphini HIP 101882 Inside the Hull 5.71
48 π Aquilae HIP 97473 Inside the Hull 5.74
49 - HIP 95572 Inside the Hull 5.754
50 35 Aql HIP 95793 Inside the Hull 5.783
51 42 G. Aql HIP 95222 Inside the Hull 5.811
52 13 G. Aql HIP 93580 Inside the Hull 5.815
53 49 G. Aql HIP 95732 Inside the Hull 5.839
54 υ Aquilae HIP 97229 Inside the Hull 5.91
55 103 G. Aql HIP 98526 Inside the Hull 5.91
56 - HIP 100256 Inside the Hull 5.938
57 64 Aql HIP 99171 Inside the Hull 5.968
58 - HIP 96481 Inside the Hull 5.975
59 - HIP 101909 Inside the Hull 5.98
60 QS Aql HIP 96840 Inside the Hull 5.99
61 10 Del HIP 102080 Inside the Hull 5.998
62 ω 2 Aquilae HIP 95002 Inside the Hull 6.012
63 - HIP 95898 Inside the Hull 6.042
64 8 Aql HIP 92524 Inside the Hull 6.056
65 1 Del HIP 101160 Inside the Hull 6.08
66 V923 Aql HIP 95929 Inside the Hull 6.082
67 R Aql HIP 93820 Inside the Hull 6.09
68 - HIP 97970 Inside the Hull 6.127
69 73 G. Ser Cau HIP 92968 Inside the Hull 6.132
70 - HIP 97767 Inside the Hull 6.15
71 - HIP 100511 Inside the Hull 6.152
72 - HIP 100274 Inside the Hull 6.17
73 34 G. Aql HIP 94833 Inside the Hull 6.174
74 101 G. Aql HIP 98385 Inside the Hull 6.18
75 6 G. Aql HIP 92963 Inside the Hull 6.196
76 * 1 Del A HIP 101160 Inside the Hull 6.2
77 7 G. Aql HIP 93138 Inside the Hull 6.207
78 - HIP 100208 Inside the Hull 6.21
79 - HIP 100953 Inside the Hull 6.229
80 * pi. Aql A HIP 97473 Inside the Hull 6.23
81 88 G. Aql HIP 97697 Inside the Hull 6.233
82 ψ Aquilae HIP 97139 Inside the Hull 6.243
83 52 G. Aql HIP 95812 Inside the Hull 6.245
84 12 G. Aql HIP 93488 Inside the Hull 6.271
85 - HIP 95664 Inside the Hull 6.303
86 - HIP 100762 Inside the Hull 6.307
87 37 G. Aql HIP 94916 Inside the Hull 6.311
88 25 G. Aql HIP 94149 Inside the Hull 6.321
89 46 Aql HIP 96931 Inside the Hull 6.321
90 - HIP 99234 Inside the Hull 6.339
91 44 G. Aql HIP 95253 Inside the Hull 6.346
92 - HIP 100781 Inside the Hull 6.35
93 67 G. Aql HIP 96630 Inside the Hull 6.358
94 - HIP 96428 Inside the Hull 6.364
95 61 G. Aql HIP 96351 Inside the Hull 6.368
96 24 Aql HIP 94913 Inside the Hull 6.404
97 75 G. Aql HIP 97144 Inside the Hull 6.428
98 Chechia HIP 99894 Inside the Hull 6.446
99 - HIP 97454 Inside the Hull 6.457
100 V1339 Aql HIP 97607 Inside the Hull 6.478
101 V450 Aql HIP 96204 Inside the Hull 6.48
102 - HIP 94478 Inside the Hull 6.49
103 - HIP 99985 Inside the Hull 6.49
104 - HIP 93990 Inside the Hull 6.5
105 - HIP 98377 Inside the Hull 6.5

II. Deity.

The names of constellations are never fixated with determinatives d. The divine status of mulA2mušen, however, is attested in BM 82923 (see above). The connection of mulA2mušen with dZa-ba4-ba4 follows the text Astrolabe B (Section A iii 25) as well as from the list of gods K.4339 rev. col. iv 10 where the identity is a given: mulA2mušen = dZa-ba4-ba4 = min (= dNin-urta) [CT[20] 25, 13]. Among the epithets of Zababa, however, the Eagle is not mentioned [Tallqvist[34] 463]. In the lists "deity – bird", the Eagle is also not mentioned [Salonen 1973[35] 294-295]. The connection of the Eagle constellation with Zababa is explained, apparently, by the symbol of Zababa – a rod with the head of an eagle, see (Kurtik z01) dZA.BA4.BA4.

III. Symbol.

  • The symbol of Zababa on the kudurru was a rod ending with the image of an eagle's head with a crest of feathers [Seidl 1968[36] 163-164; Seidl 1969[37], § c)]. A bird similar to an eagle next to the anthropomorphic figure of Zababa was depicted on the seals of the Old Babylonian period [Braun-Holzinger[38] 348, Nr. 1165]. Probably, this image served as a basis for the figure of the constellation Eagle.

V. Parts of constellations and individual stars.

  • SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant (star) in the constellation Eagle" (α Aql = Altair). cf. GU-text.

IV. Identification.

  • Aquila [Gössmann[1] 2; Weidner 1957-59[39] 73; BPO 2[6] 10; Mesop.Astrol.[28] 207, App. C; ASM[33] 272];
  • Most of the constellation Aquila [MA 138].

VI. Astrology.

Identifications:

  • (1) = Saturn; see above section II.
  • (2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik n47) NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.
  • (3) = Mars; see below (6)-(10), (14), The Great Star List, (a15) Aḫû, II 2, and also [Reynolds 1998[40] 352].
  • (4) = Jupiter, according to [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; but there is no clear evidence.
  • (5) = Pleiades; see below (13).

Predictions:

  • (6) Planet and Eagle; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-tu-u2 ... "If the planet and the Eagle cover each other...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-mi-du ... "If the planet and the Eagle (for a long duration?) stand side by side...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen i-ḫu-u2... "If the planet and the Eagle become close to each other..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; here "Eagle" – being one of the planets; the apodosis refers to the yield of sesame (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = šamaššammu).
  • (7) Eagle(=Mars?) planet; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle approaches closely to a planet: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar. 23:15].
  • (8) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-ir "If the Eagle approaches closely to the Star Cluster: Adad will ruin" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], see also (Kurtik a15) Aḫû, II 2.
  • (9) Eagle(=Mars?) and Raven; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the stops short in front of the Raven: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar, 23:17].
  • (10) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Moon; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina ŠA3 30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "If the Eagle stands in the middle of the Moon: the king of the universe will die" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI ZAG 30 GUB-iz KUR i-bar-ru "If the Eagle stands on the right horn of the Moon: there will be revolt in the country" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI GUB3 30 GUB-iz KUR in-niš-[ša] "If the Eagle stands on the left horn of the Moon: there will be quakes in the country" [ibid., 23:20].
  • (11) The Eagle and mišCu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-Cu im-šu-uC mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE...] "If the Eagle emits mišCu: the planet(=Mars) will exterminate small cattle/livestock" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], and also [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].
  • (12) The dark Eagle; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ ... "If the Eagle becomes dark: the cattle will become few, people [...]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].
  • (13) The Bow and the Eagle; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 Car-pu SIG5-iq "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; parallel: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5: mulial-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good; (this means that): Mars reaches Pleiades." [Borger 1973, 41:12′], here identities are assumed: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = the Star Cluster.
  • (14) Arrow and Eagle; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulṣal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma "If in the month of duuzu Sirius reaches the Eagle: the flaxseed(? ) will be abundant; (this means:) Mercury in the month of duuzu reaches Mars" [BPO 3 246:46]; the prediction suggests the identity: mulA2mušen = mulṣal-bat-a-nu.
  • (15) Eclipse of the Moon in the Eagle (Pleiades?); ina Nisanni UD.28.KAM rēš tāmartišu tammarma / ina erî(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [adirma ušappilma ippuC] "On the 28th day of Nisan, observe its last trace, and in the 'Eagle' he (= Sin) became dark and low and ascended" [ABCD 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], and also [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].
  • (16) The Heliacal rising of the Eagle in his own and not in his own time; ina itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-[Ca] SAL.KUR2 ina KUR ina-pu-[uš ... ] ina KUR GAR " In the month of Tebetu, the Eagle [...] if it ascends on its set date, there will be abundance in the country, [if he does not ascend on its properly set date]: [...] in the country there will be." [BPO 2, X 21]; see also [ibid., XI 7]

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2007)

Laffitte (2009)

Gössmann (1950)

Kurtik (2022, e22 (mul)Erû/Arû)
аккадская параллель к mulTI8mušen «Орел»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах серии Urra XXII, см. a04A2mušen.
Kurtik (2022, a04 A2mušen) Laffitte (2009)

https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C21.pdf

Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: mulTE8 / TI8mušen, multi8mušen; = erû, arû "Орел" [G. 2; Borger 1978 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; созвездие в пределах современного Орла (Aquila).


I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычный шумерский список: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4 154: 117].  (2) Серия DC XXII: multe8mušen = e-ru-u [Emar VI/4 151:173], [multe8mu]šen = a-ru-u [Cavigneaux 1979 133-4, 17:21], multe8mušen = e-ru-u2 [SpTU III, 114A v 51]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. Среди астральных богов: mulA2mušen [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, p. 2:12; Toorn 130: 45]. EAE. См. [ABCD 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2 III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3, K 3124: 9', K2346: 46; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III, 101:21, 22]. "Астролябии". Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля, 35 [Pinches 575]. Astrolabe В. (1) Менологии: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4] : itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Месяц шабату, Орел, Забаба" (A iii 25, 30); параллель см. [Çağirgan 407:58], см. также [BPO 2 82; Емельянов 1999 129]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi-it mul[uz3] / gub-PzuR mulA2m[ušen] "Созвездие, которое впереди него (т.е. впереди muluz3 "Коза"), стоит, Орел" (B iii 17-18). (3) Cписок (3´12): [itiab] … mulA2mušen šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "Месяц тебету: Орел (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)" (C iii 10); параллель: ina itiab mulA2mušen e-ru-[u2] "В месяце тебету Орел (восходит)" [BPO 2, XI 7]. (4) Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20], см. g27GU.LA. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля: mulA2mušen// 35 // UR.SAG dI2-gi3-gi3 "Орел // 35 // Герой среди Игигов" [Walker-Hunger 30:30]. BM 34713. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:11], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану: (№ 12) multi8mušen [CT 33, 9 r. 13; MCG 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ u mulUR.GU.LA KURme-nim-ma / mulGU.LA u mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят" (I iii 17-18), b) mulUD.KA.DUD.A u mulTI8mušen KURmeš-ma / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Орел восходят, Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы заходят" (I iii 29-30) [MA 33, 44-45, 48, 51]. "Большой список звезд". (1) Список имен Марса: multi8mušen = dmin(= ral-bat-a-nu); (2) 12 звезд Аккада: multi8mušen; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol., App.B:97, 212, 228]. GU-текст. (Т) sa4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:31], см. u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulA2mušen PmulsuCurR.maš2 u mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš… "Орел (ε Aql), Коза-Рыба (β Cap) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA), 3 звезды ..." §y. a) mulA2mušen Орел (ε Aql), b) mulA2mušen maC-ru "Орел — первый", см. u31UZ3. §z. mulA2mušen (ε Aql), см. u19UR.GI7 и h03dDaniš [Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995 50, 62; ASM 110]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: multi8mušen как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04Lammu.


См. также [SpTU I, 84:10; SpTU III, 102 r.4;].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия никогда не фиксируется с детерминативом d. Божественный статус mulA2mušen, однако, засвидетельствован в BM 82923 (см. выше). Связь mulA2mušen с dZa-ba4-ba4 следует из текста Аstrolabe B (Section A iii 25), а также из списка богов К.4339 rev. col. iv 10, где дано тождество: mulA2mušen = dZa-ba4-ba4 = min(=dNin-urta) [CT 25, 13]. Среди эпитетов Забабы, однако, Орел не упоминается [Tallqvist 463]. В списках "божество – птица", орел также не значится [Salonen 1973 294-295]. Связь созвездия Орел с Забабой объясняется, по-видимому, символом Забабы — жезл с головой орла, см. z01dZA.BA4.BA4.

III. Символ.

Символом Забабы на кудурру служил жезл, оканчивающийся изображением головы орла с гребнем из перьев [Seidl 1968 163-164; Seidl 1969, § c)]. Похожая на орла птица рядом с антропоморфной фигурой Забабы изображалась на печатях старовавилонского периода [Braun-Holzinger 348, Nr. 1165]. Вероятно, этот образ послужил основой для фигуры созвездия Орел.

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquila [G. 2; Weidner 1957-59 73; BPO 2 10; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; ASM 272];

= большая часть созвездия Aquila [MA 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Блестящая (звезда) в созвездии Орел" (α Aql = Альтаир). см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше раздел II.

(2) = Меркурий;  см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

(3) = Mарс; см. ниже (6)-(10), (14), "Большой список звезд", a15ACû, II 2,  а также [Reynolds 1998 352].

(4) = Юпитер, согласно [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(5) = Плеяды; см. ниже (13).

Предсказания:

(6) Планета и Орел; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-tu-u2 ... "Если планета и Орел покрывают друг друга...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-mi-du ... "Если планета и Орел (долго?) стоят рядом...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen iv-Cu-u2... "Если планета и Орел приближаются друг к другу..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; здесь "Орел" — одна из планет; аподосисы касаются урожайности сезама (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = šamaššammu).

(7) Орел(=Марс?) планета; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел к планете приближается: сезам …" [ACh Ištar. 23:15].

(8) Орел(=Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-ir "Если Орел к Звездам приближается: Адад разорит" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], см. также a15aCû, II 2.

(9)  Орел(=Марс?) и Ворон;  DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел у Ворона остановился: сезам …" [ACh Ištar, 23:17].

(10) Орел(=Марс?) и Луна; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina ŠA3 30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "Если Орел стоит в середине Луны: царь вселенной умрет" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI ZAG 30 GUB-iz KUR i-bar-ru "Если Орел на правом роге Луны стоит: в стране произойдет бунт" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI GUB3 30 GUB-iz KUR in-niš-[ša] "Если Орел на левом роге Луны стоит: страну будет трясти" [ibid., 23:20].

(11) Орел и mišCu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-Cu im-šu-uC mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE…] "Если Орел испустил  mišCu: планета(=Марс) мелкий ско[т истребит]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], а также [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].

(12) Орел темный; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ … "Если Орел стал темным: скота будет мало, люди […]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].

(13) Лук и Орел; DIŠ  mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 Car-pu SIG5-iq "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; параллель: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5 : mulial-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Марс достигает Плеяд" [Borger 1973, 41:12′], здесь предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Звезды.

(14) Стрела и Орел; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulА2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulƒal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma "Если в месяце дуузу Сириус достигает Орла: льняное семя(?) будет изобильным; (это означает:) Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса" [BPO 3 246:46]; предсказание предполагает тождество: mulА2mušen = mulƒal-bat-a-nu.

(15) Затмение Луны в Орле (Плеяды?); ina Nisanni UD.28.KAM rēš tāmartišu tammarma / ina erî(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [adirma ušappilma ippuC] "28-го нисану наблюдай его последнюю видимость, и в "Орле" он (= Син) стал темным и низким и взошел" [ABCD 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], а также [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

(16) Гелиакический восход Орла в свое и не в свое время; ina itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-[Ca] SAL.KUR2 ina KUR ina-pu-[uš ...] ina KUR GAR " В месяце тебету Орел [...], если он восходит в установленную дату, в стране будет изобилие, [если он восходит не в свою дату]: […] в стране будет" [BPO 2, X 21]; см. также [ibid., XI 7].

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  2. ↑ Borger R. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon   und   Bercker;   Neukirchen-Vluyn:   Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 D. Arnaud. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).
  4. ↑ Cavigneaux A. // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.
  5. ↑ Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi (Berlin). KBo
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  7. ↑ K. van der Toorn. Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.
  8. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
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