mul (d)MUŠ

From All Skies Encyclopaedia
MUŠ

There is no entry for Ningishzida in the web-site???? - need cross reference???


Not to be confused with (mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ.
the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg) without back-legs, perhaps due to a break in the original cuneiform drawing.
Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two claytablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).

mul (d)MUŠ (𒀯𒈲) = șēru, 'The Snake; nirahu, 'the deity Nirah,' is an asterism in Hydra.

A drawing of the ancient Babylonian constellation is reproduced here as figure on right, showing its various parts including its head, horns, feet, middle and tail. Here mulUGA, 'The Crow' (Corvus), on its tail pecking at the its very tip. A drawing of this constellation is preserved on VAT 7847+AO 6448, but the place where the asterism's back legs should be is broken, and no surviving cuneiform source makes explicit whether or not there were back legs as well as front legs at the asterims, although famous depictions (e.g. on the Ishtar Gate of Babylon) show (d)MUŠ with front and back legs; note that the back legs are bird legs and they are placed where the Crow stands.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)[1]

Ninĝišzida. Chthonic god, son of Ninazu; associated with a dragon, vegetation, beer/wine. dNin-ĝiš-zi-da (AN 13r).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= "Snake"; a constellation within the modern Hydra (The Watersnake) [Gössmann[2] 284].

= dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA (𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕) is an ancient Mesopotamian deity, associated / identified with (mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ.

Lit. "Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree" or "Lord who makes the tree right" [Wiggermann 2000, 368]; deity of the constellation mulMUŠ, the prototype of the Greek Hydra (Hydra) (see Kurtik m43 dNIN.URTA).

= (d)Niraḫ (𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷), the snake god. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)[3] note that the reading of the star name is confirmed by SpTU III[4] nr. 114 iv 111 (Hh XII): MUL dMUŠ = Ni-ra-ḫu. MUL dMUŠ (AN 13l).

The Sumerian and Akkadian readings of the name require some discussion. Although MUŠ = șēru is generally translated as 'snake,' in fact it is a generic classification for all snake-like, or perhaps better reptillian-serpentine creatures including the fantastic beasts and sea-monsters (see e.g. Urra XIV: 1: MUŠ = șe-ru) including among them the asterisms mušhuššu and bašmu. However, the only syllabic writing for either the Sumerian or Akkadian name of the asterism, in star-list of Urra XXII, gives the name with divine determinative mul dMUŠ = ni-ra-ḫu, which allows for a Sumerian reading mul dNIRAH as well. Given the sparcity of proof for reading all attestations of the star-name we continue to read MUŠ = șēru, and translate 'the Snake,' following standard Assyriological convention, even though the drawing and its matching description in the Uranology texts makes it clear that the asterism was imagined as a serpentine figure with non-snake like elements, including legs.

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources Identifications
mul (d)MUŠ
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Sumerian monolingual list from Nippur: mulmuš [MSL XI[5], 108:403].
  • (2) Urra XXII series: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu "Snake = Nirah" [SpTU III[4], 114A v 47; Bloch-Horowitz 2015[6], 109:304ʹ].
EAE.
  • See. [BPO 3[7], 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1].
"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."
  • Astrolabe B.
    • (1) List (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(BI) gub-[zu] / dmuš <<u>> dNin-giš-z[i-da] "The constellation that stands behind it (i.e. mulA-nu-ni-tu4) / The Snake, Ningišzid" (B iii 6-7).
    • (2) List (3´12): itisig4 ... mulmuš šu-ut d[En-lil2] "The month of simanu: ... The Snake (rises) (in the path of) [Enlil] " (C iii 3).
    • (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is simanu, setting is kislimu [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 39-40], see (Kurtik s22) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA.
  • BM 82923.
    • Simanu month, stars of Enlil: mu[lMUŠ // 1] // dKA.DI dA-nu "[Snake // 60] // Ishtaran, Anu" [Walker-Hunger 1977[8], 28, 30:9].
  • BM 34713.
    • The month simanu, stars of Enlil instead of múlmuš is erroneously múlalla, see (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2.
  • The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
    • List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 3): mulmuš [TCL 6, 13[9]; Rochberg-Halton 1987b[10], 212].
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) The stars of Anu (no. 13): mul dMUŠ dNin-giš-zi-da EN er-ṣe-tu4 "Snake, Ningishzida, lord of the underworld" (I ii 8), for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.[11] 2, 67:16].
  • (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th day of duuzu' (I ii 42), see (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2.
  • (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
    • a) (I iii 17), see (Kurtik a04) A2mušen = TE8mušen
    • b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2 = mulIKU [MA[12], 32, 41, 48, 52].
mul.dMUŠ in MUL.APIN, painted by Jessica Gullberg (Stellarium, CC BY).
Great Star List and Miscellenia".
  • (1) 12 Amurru stars: mulmuš;
  • (2) 7 tikpi stars: mulmuš;
  • (3) igi muš dban.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki "Before the Snake Banbanshur, the killer of heaven and earth";
  • (4) igi muš dla.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki "Before the Snake Labanshur, the killer of heaven and earth" [Mesop.Astrol.[13], App. B: 216, 224, 245, 246]; see also the list of "7 tikpi stars" [KAR[14], 142 i 37].
Uranologies
  • ...
  • ...
List of stars VR 46, 1:29.
  • mulmuš = dEreš-ki-gal, see also [HBA[15] 52:29; Wee 2016[16], 162-3].
GU text. 
  • (D) mulmuš 'Snake' (β Cnc), see (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL,
  • (F) murub4 mulmuš 'Mid Snake' (θ Hya),
  • (G) murub4 mulmuš 'Mid Snake' (ζ Hya) [Pingree-Walker 1988[17], BM 78161:5, 9, 12], see (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2, (Kurtik n52) NUNki.
Dalbanna-text.
  • §N. mu[l murub4 muš] "Star in the middle part of the Snake" (ζ Hya).
  • §O. mulsag muš "Star of the head of the Snake" (ε Hya), see (Kurtik m18) MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.
  • §P. MUL GABA MU[Š] "Star on the breast of the Snake[s]" (30 Mon, 1, 2 Hya) [Walker 1995, 32-33; Koch 1995[18], 58-59; ASM[19], 106].
Text of Nv. 10.
  • Intercalation scheme: [mulṣal-bat]-a-nu (the star Antagubbu in the month of Arahsamnu) is the planetary name for mulmuš, according to [Donbaz-Koch 1995[20], 79, Anm. 63], see (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA.
  • Planisphere. In sector 5. a badly damaged image for mulmuš, according to [Koch 1989[21], 80-81; Kurtik 2007[22], Fig. 9]. See also mul dmuš in text 81-7-27, 81 [MCG[23], 175, 177], múl dMUŠ [SpTU III[4], 102:10].
(Kurtik n29)
dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA
"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."*(1) Hittite prayer: mul dNin-ki-zi-da [KUB IV[24], 47 r. 43; BPO 2[25], 2:4; Van der Toorn 1985[26], 129:43].
  • (2) Neo-Assyrian prayer: [mul dNIN.GIŠ].ZI.DA [Oppenheim 1959, 282:10].
"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."

Astrolabe B. List (12´3):

  • mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-[zu] / dmuš <<u>> dNin-giš-z[i-da] "The constellation which stands behind it (i.e. behind mulA-nu-ni-tu4): the Serpent, Ningishz[ida]" [KAV[27] 218, B iii 6-7; Horowitz 2014[28], 39, 116].
MUL.APIN.

The stars of Anu (no. 13):

  • mul dMUŠ dNin-giš-zi-da EN er-ṣe-tu4 "Snake, Ningishzida, lord of the underworld" (I ii 8) [MA, 32], for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.[29] 2, 67:16].
(Kurtik n44)
(d)Niraḫ
A serpentine deity identified with mul dmuš in a late copy of Urra XXII

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 Alphard HIP 46390 within constellation lines 1.97
2 Gienah HIP 59803 Inside the Hull 2.58
3 Kraz HIP 61359 Inside the Hull 2.64
4 ϵ Corvi HIP 59316 Inside the Hull 2.98
5 γ Hydrae HIP 64962 within constellation lines 3
6 ζ Hydrae HIP 43813 within constellation lines 3.1
7 ν Hydrae HIP 52943 within constellation lines 3.11
8 π Hydrae HIP 68895 within constellation lines 3.28
9 Ashlesha (आश्लेषः) HIP 43109 within constellation lines 3.38
10 ξ Hydrae HIP 56343 within constellation lines 3.54
11 δ Crateris HIP 55282 Inside the Hull 3.56
12 λ Hydrae HIP 49841 within constellation lines 3.61
13 μ Hydrae HIP 51069 within constellation lines 3.81
14 θ Hydrae HIP 45336 within constellation lines 3.91
15 Ukdah HIP 47431 Inside the Hull 3.91
16 Alchiba HIP 59199 Inside the Hull 4.01
17 γ Crateris HIP 55705 Inside the Hull 4.06
18 Alkes HIP 53740 within constellation lines 4.07
19 Zhang HIP 48356 within constellation lines 4.11
20 δ Hydrae HIP 42313 within constellation lines 4.131
21 β Hydrae HIP 57936 Inside the Hull 4.28
22 η Hydrae HIP 42799 within constellation lines 4.3
23 ρ Hydrae HIP 43234 Inside the Hull 4.337
24 Minchir HIP 42402 within constellation lines 4.43
25 β Crateris HIP 54682 within constellation lines 4.449
26 τ 2 Hydrae HIP 46776 within constellation lines 4.548
27 υ 2 Hydrae HIP 49402 Inside the Hull 4.588
28 τ 1 Hydrae HIP 46509 Inside the Hull 4.6
29 * bet Hya A HIP 57936 within constellation lines 4.69
30 ζ Crateris HIP 57283 Inside the Hull 4.706
31 ϵ Crateris HIP 55687 Inside the Hull 4.802
32 U Hya HIP 52009 Inside the Hull 4.82
33 ϕ 3 Hydrae HIP 52085 Inside the Hull 4.903
34 ψ Hydrae HIP 64166 within constellation lines 4.934
35 R Hya HIP 65835 Inside the Hull 4.97
36 λ Crateris HIP 55598 Inside the Hull 5.09
37 - HIP 56332 Inside the Hull 5.11
38 II Hya HIP 57613 Inside the Hull 5.11
39 η Crateris HIP 58188 Inside the Hull 5.16
40 - HIP 57047 Inside the Hull 5.2
41 ζ Corvi HIP 60189 Inside the Hull 5.21
42 ϵ Sextantis HIP 50414 Inside the Hull 5.24
43 - HIP 53252 Inside the Hull 5.24
44 31 Crt HIP 58587 Inside the Hull 5.264
45 303 G. Hya HIP 58082 Inside the Hull 5.272
46 200 G. Hya HIP 49809 Inside the Hull 5.296
47 - HIP 46404 Inside the Hull 5.32
48 328 G. Hya HIP 61621 Inside the Hull 5.41
49 * gam Sex A HIP 48437 Inside the Hull 5.43
50 - HIP 52737 Inside the Hull 5.44
51 330 G. Hya HIP 62131 Inside the Hull 5.454
52 * bet Hya B HIP 57936 Inside the Hull 5.47
53 3 Crv HIP 59394 Inside the Hull 5.47
54 ι Crateris HIP 56802 Inside the Hull 5.48
55 - HIP 54029 Inside the Hull 5.511
56 33 Hya HIP 46982 Inside the Hull 5.548
57 - HR 3750 Inside the Hull 5.56
58 - HIP 51046 Inside the Hull 5.56
59 28 Hya HIP 46221 Inside the Hull 5.579
60 225 G. Hya HIP 51491 Inside the Hull 5.58
61 * 17 Crt A HIP 56280 Inside the Hull 5.58
62 195 G. Hya HIP 49569 Inside the Hull 5.582
63 18 Sex HIP 49865 Inside the Hull 5.618
64 92 G. Hya HIP 44356 Inside the Hull 5.627
65 - HIP 61015 Inside the Hull 5.63
66 - HIP 53316 Inside the Hull 5.651
67 6 Crv HIP 60425 Inside the Hull 5.658
68 333 G. Hya HIP 62500 Inside the Hull 5.658
69 * 17 Crt B HIP 56280 Inside the Hull 5.671
70 236 G. Hya HIP 51933 Inside the Hull 5.71
71 χ 2 Hydrae HIP 54255 Inside the Hull 5.71
72 351 G. Hya HIP 66400 Inside the Hull 5.78
73 41 Sex HIP 52980 Inside the Hull 5.791
74 357 G. Hya HIP 67143 Inside the Hull 5.795
75 - HIP 59728 Inside the Hull 5.807
76 - HIP 56078 Inside the Hull 5.813
77 - HIP 52948 Inside the Hull 5.842
78 300 G. Hya HIP 57841 Inside the Hull 5.85
79 - HIP 53778 Inside the Hull 5.857
80 329 G. Hya HIP 61720 Inside the Hull 5.866
81 - HIP 53723 Inside the Hull 5.879
82 - HIP 58158 Inside the Hull 5.893
83 17 Sex HIP 49812 Inside the Hull 5.901
84 κ Crateris HIP 55874 Inside the Hull 5.923
85 25 Sex HIP 50885 Inside the Hull 5.97
86 - HIP 60157 Inside the Hull 5.97
87 - HIP 61688 Inside the Hull 5.982
88 136 G. Hya HIP 46288 Inside the Hull 5.985
89 ϕ 2 Hydrae HIP 51905 Inside the Hull 6.012
90 6 Sex HIP 48341 Inside the Hull 6.016
91 209 G. Hya HIP 50536 Inside the Hull 6.027
92 - HIP 61951 Inside the Hull 6.03
93 - HIP 56364 Inside the Hull 6.044
94 243 G. Hya HIP 52113 Inside the Hull 6.045
95 - HIP 59895 Inside the Hull 6.07
96 - HIP 50292 Inside the Hull 6.075
97 322 G. Hya HIP 60603 Inside the Hull 6.081
98 - HIP 54214 Inside the Hull 6.086
99 - HIP 49293 Inside the Hull 6.097
100 ψ Crateris HIP 54742 Inside the Hull 6.105
101 157 G. Hya HIP 46869 Inside the Hull 6.113
102 155 G. Hya HIP 46840 Inside the Hull 6.12
103 - HIP 57732 Inside the Hull 6.122
104 146 G. Hya HIP 46529 Inside the Hull 6.126
105 10 Hya HIP 42931 Inside the Hull 6.127
106 217 G. Hya HIP 50790 Inside the Hull 6.13
107 81 G. Hya HIP 43902 Inside the Hull 6.131
108 105 G. Hya HIP 45167 Inside the Hull 6.131
109 MO Hya HIP 62788 Inside the Hull 6.141
110 - HIP 56293 Inside the Hull 6.16
111 NS Hya HIP 44738 Inside the Hull 6.17
112 TU Crv HIP 61496 Inside the Hull 6.184
113 LV Hya HIP 58272 Inside the Hull 6.189
114 VX Crt HIP 56899 Inside the Hull 6.19
115 - HIP 56901 Inside the Hull 6.198
116 - HIP 51490 Inside the Hull 6.2
117 - HIP 57079 Inside the Hull 6.2
118 356 G. Hya HIP 67071 Inside the Hull 6.205
119 - HIP 49900 Inside the Hull 6.225
120 245 G. Hya HIP 52391 Inside the Hull 6.228
121 - HIP 56245 Inside the Hull 6.228
122 199 G. Hya HIP 49802 Inside the Hull 6.23
123 197 G. Hya HIP 49689 Inside the Hull 6.244
124 159 G. Hya HIP 46893 Inside the Hull 6.25
125 * psi Crt A HIP 54742 Inside the Hull 6.25
126 - HIP 61270 Inside the Hull 6.254
127 - HIP 58574 Inside the Hull 6.255
128 147 G. Hya HIP 46543 Inside the Hull 6.257
129 144 G. Hya HIP 46504 Inside the Hull 6.27
130 - HIP 60809 Inside the Hull 6.294
131 - HR 4935 Inside the Hull 6.3
132 337 G. Hya HIP 63243 Inside the Hull 6.303
133 - HIP 50584 Inside the Hull 6.308
134 37 Hya HIP 47427 Inside the Hull 6.32
135 - HIP 51490 Inside the Hull 6.32
136 - HR 4935 Inside the Hull 6.32
137 - HIP 53259 Inside the Hull 6.34
138 - HIP 54048 Inside the Hull 6.343
139 71 G. Hya HIP 43570 Inside the Hull 6.35
140 172 G. Hya HIP 47454 Inside the Hull 6.356
141 - HIP 53849 Inside the Hull 6.36
142 - HIP 50552 Inside the Hull 6.361
143 50 G. Hya HIP 42854 Inside the Hull 6.362
144 - HIP 54749 Inside the Hull 6.378
145 34 Hya HIP 47249 Inside the Hull 6.39
146 - HIP 61208 Inside the Hull 6.39
147 * gam Sex B HIP 48437 Inside the Hull 6.4
148 332 G. Hya HIP 62448 Inside the Hull 6.405
149 308 G. Hya HIP 58436 Inside the Hull 6.416
150 - HIP 48351 Inside the Hull 6.42
151 - HIP 50893 Inside the Hull 6.42
152 - HIP 56830 Inside the Hull 6.42
153 320 G. Hya HIP 60468 Inside the Hull 6.42
154 364 G. Hya HIP 68224 Inside the Hull 6.42
155 54 G. Hya HIP 42981 Inside the Hull 6.43
156 274 G. Hya HIP 54703 Inside the Hull 6.43
157 294 G. Hya HIP 57001 Inside the Hull 6.44
158 258 G. Hya HIP 53387 Inside the Hull 6.444
159 166 G. Hya HIP 47242 Inside the Hull 6.46
160 - HIP 48839 Inside the Hull 6.46
161 299 G. Hya HIP 57749 Inside the Hull 6.477
162 348 G. Hya HIP 65969 Inside the Hull 6.478
163 233 G. Hya HIP 51852 Inside the Hull 6.479
164 297 G. Hya HIP 57507 Inside the Hull 6.48
165 - HIP 59742 Inside the Hull 6.49
166 346 G. Hya HIP 65682 Inside the Hull 6.49
167 - HIP 50693 Inside the Hull 6.499
168 - HIP 51656 Inside the Hull 6.5
169 342 G. Hya HIP 64375 Inside the Hull 6.5

Additional

II. Deity.

(mul)MUŠ

          In the astronomical context, mul dMUŠ corresponds with 4 deities, of which 2 have a Snakeine character.

  • (1) Ningishzida (Astrl. B, MUL.APIN) — a chthonic deity whose symbol was considered to be the horned snake or dragon bašmu [Van Buren 1934[30]; 1946[31], 15-16; Wiggermann 1997, 39-42]; a number of texts assert his aquatic character (see Kurtik b08 Bašmu); in Astrl. B and in MUL.APIN an identity is assumed: mul dMUŠ = dNin-giš-zi-da = (dBašmu), nowhere else; see also (Kurtik n29 dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA).
  • (2) Nirah was an ancient deity honored in the city of Der in eastern Mesopotamia, in the temple of Enlil at Nippur, and in some other places. Nirah was a member of the entourage of Ishtaran, the city god of Der; in kudurru, Nirah is defined as "Messenger of Ishtaran" (dNiraḫ šip-ru ša2 dIštarān) [McEwan 1983[32], 222]. Hence probably the identification dMUŠ = dKA.DI adopted in BM 82923. The standard meaning of the Akkadian word nirāḫu "small snake, uzhu" [CAD[33] N/2, 259b; AHw[34], 739b]. On the reading of dMUŠ as dNiraḫ see previously. [Fauna[35], 2:9, 60-61; McEwan 1983[32]; Lambert 1985[36], 444, note 46].
dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA

             Chthonic deity of Sumerian origin, son of Ninazu, god of the underworld, one of the guardians of the heavenly gates of the god Anu. According to AN:dAnum (V 254, 258), he had 2 wives and 3 sisters [Litke 1998[37], 192]. His symbol was considered to be the horned serpent bašmu, a prototype of the Greek Hydra (see Kurtik b08 Bašmu), and possibly also Nira [Wiggermann 2001, 574]. As usual, the reasons and specific circumstances for Ningishzida's association with this constellation is unclear. See. [MNM 2[38], 221; Black-Green 1992[39], 140, 167; Tallqvist 1938[40], 406; Van Buren 1934[41]; 1946[42], 15-16; Wiggermann 1993-1997, 458; 1997, 39-42; 2001, 574].

III. Symbol.

(mul)MUŠ

         For a description of Bašmu see (Kurtik b08). A very similar image is found on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 from Uruk (a horned dragon lying down with outstretched forelegs of a lion (?), with wings and a long tail of a snake, also with a lion moving on its back; next to the inscriptions mulmuš "Snake" and mulur.gu.la "Lion") see [Weidner 1927[43], Taf. V,2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007[22], fig. 11]. Description of the scene in the fragmentary text: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / [...] MUL dMUŠ ka-bi-is, quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. For images of Nirah on seals, see. [McEwan 1983[32], 221]. On kudurru Nirah, sometimes identified with Ishtaran, was depicted in the form of a huge snake coiled in a ring or stretched to its full length from top to bottom. The image was usually located in the upper register, where the symbols of celestial luminaries were placed [McEwan 1983[32], 221-222; Seidl 1968[44]].

         How the constellation dMUŠ was thought of remains not entirely clear. Perhaps in the Kassite period, it was the Snake Nirah, in the Seleucid period the Snakeine dragon Bašmu. The later version of Urra XXII, which gives the identity: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu, seems to reflect an earlier tradition. how do we know this?????

IV. Identity.

         = Hydra + β Cancri [Gössmann[2] 284; Waerden 1949[45], 13; 1974[46], 73].

         = Hydra [Weidner 1957-59[47], 74b,79b; BPO 2[48], 13; MA[49], 138; Mesop.Astrol.[50], 208, App. C; ASM[19], 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018[51], 75].

         Head mulmuš = δ Hydrae, tail end mulmuš = αβγδ Crateris [Koch 1989[21], 80-85, 111]. For a discussion see. [Pingree 1992[52], 169; Koch 1995[18], 58, Anm. 14].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

         (1) MUL SAG MUŠ "Asterism of the Snake's head," see GU text, dbn text.

         (2) MURUB4 mulMUŠ "The middle of the Snake", see GU-text, dbn -text.

         (3) MUL GABA MUŠ "Star on the breast of the Snake," see dbn -text.

VI. Astrology.

         Identities:

         (1) = Mars; DIŠ mul dMUŠ ana mulAL.LUL TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana mul[...] "If the Snake approaches the Crab, (it means): Mars to [...] [ACh Ištar[53], 30:28], see also [ACh Suppl.[53] 2, 66:7].

         Predications:

         (2) Stars and the Snake; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MUL) ana mulMUŠ KUR-ud ina MU.BI GAN2.BA TUR "If the stars(=Mercury or Saturn) reach the Snake: business activity will decrease this year" [ACh Suppl.[53] 2, 78 ii 14], for a parallel see. [BPO 3[7], 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1], see (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL, V 2.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, m43), mul dMUŠ

 Gössmann (1950)
= «Змея»; созвездие в пределах современной Гидры (Hydra) [G. 284].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский одноязычный список из Ниппура: mulmuš [MSL XI, 108:403]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu «Змея = Нирах» [SpTU III, 114A v 47; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:304ʹ]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 3, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(BI) gub-[zu] / dmuš <<u>> dNin-giš-z[i-da] «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. mulA-nu-ni-tu4) стоит / Змея, Нингишзида» (B iii 6–7). (2) Cписок (3´12): itisig4 … mulmuš šu-ut d[En-lil2] «Месяц симану: … Змея (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)»  (C iii 3). (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — симану, заход — кислиму [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 39–40], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля:  mu[lMUŠ // 1] // dKA.DI dA-nu «[Змея // 60] // Иштаран, Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:9]. BM 34713. Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля вместо múlmuš стоит ошибочно múlalla, см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 3): mulmuš [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 13): mul dMUŠ dNin-giš-zi-da EN er-ṣe-tu4 «Змея, Нингишзида, владыка преисподней» (I ii 8), параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 67:16]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го дуузу» (I ii 42), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 17), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2 [MA, 32, 41, 48, 52]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: mulmuš; (2) 7 tikpi-звезд: mulmuš; (3) igi muš dban.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki «Перед Змеем Банбаншур, убийцей неба и земли»; (4) igi muš dla.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki «Перед Змеем Лабаншур, убийцей неба и земли» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 216, 224, 245, 246]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:29. mulmuš = dEreš-ki-gal, см. также [HBA 52:29; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст.  (D) mulmuš «Змея» (β Cnc), см. a18AL.LUL, (F) murub4 mulmuš «Cередина Змеи» (θ Hya), (G) murub4 mulmuš «Cередина Змеи» (ζ Hya) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:5, 9, 12], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, n52NUNki. Dalbanna-текст. §N. mu[l murub4 muš] «Звезда средней части Змеи» (ζ Hya). §O. mulsag muš «Звезда головы Змеи» (ε Hya), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. §P. MUL GABA MU[Š] «Звезда на груди Зме[и]» (30 Mon, 1, 2 Hya) [Walker 1995, 32–33; Koch 1995, 58–59; ASM,  106]. Текст  Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: [mulṣal-bat]-a-nu (звезда Антагуббу в месяце арахсамну) — планетное имя для mulmuš, согласно [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 79, Anm. 63], см. u20UR.GU.LA. «Планисфера». В секторе 5 сильно поврежденное изображение mulmuš, cогласно [Koch 1989, 80–81; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. См. также mul dmuš в тексте 81-7-27, 81 [MCG, 175, 177], múl dMUŠ [SpTU III, 102:10].

II. Божество.

В астрономическом контексте mul dMUŠ соотносится с 4 божествами, из которых 2 имеют змеиный характер. (1) Нингишзида (Astrl. B, MUL.APIN) — хтоническое божество, символом которого считалась рогатая змея или дракон bašmu [Van Buren 1934; 1946, 15–16; Wiggermann 1997, 39–42]; в ряде текстов утверждается его водный характер (см. b08); в Astrl. B и в MUL.APIN предполагается тождество: mul dMUŠ = dNin-giš-zi-da = (dBašmu), нигде более не встречающееся; см. также n29. (2) Нирах — древнее божество, почитавшееся в городе Дере на востоке Месопотамии, в храме Энлиля в Ниппуре и некоторых других местах. Нирах входил в окружение Иштарана, городского бога Дера; на кудурру Нирах определяется как «Посланник Иштарана» (dNiraḫ šip-ru ša2 dIštarān) [McEwan 1983, 222]. Отсюда, вероятно, отождествление dMUŠ = dKA.DI, принятое в BM 82923. Стандартное значение аккадского слова nirāḫu «маленькая змея, уж» [CAD N/2, 259b; AHw, 739b]. О чтении dMUŠ как dNiraḫ см. [Fauna, 2:9, 60–61; McEwan 1983; Lambert 1985, 444, note 46].

III. Символ.

Описание Bašmu см. b08. Весьма похожее изображение встречаем на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847 из Урука (лежащий рогатый дракон с вытянутыми передними лапами льва (?), крыльями и длинным змеиным хвостом, по его спине движется лев; рядом надписи mulmuš «Змея» и mulur.gu.la «Лев») см. в [Weidner 1927, Taf. V,2; 1967, Taf. 5–6; Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Описание сцены в фрагментарном тексте: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / […] MUL dMUŠ ka-bi-is, цит. по [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. Изображения Нираха на печатях см. [McEwan 1983, 221]. На кудурру Нирах, отождествляемый иногда с Иштараном, изображался в виде огромной змеи, свернутой в кольцо или вытянутой во всю длину сверху вниз. Изображение располагалось обычно в верхнем регистре, где помещались символы небесных светил [McEwan 1983, 221–222; Seidl 1968].

Каким образом мыслилось созвездие dMUŠ, остается не до конца ясным. Возможно, в касситский период это был змей Нирах, в селевкидский период — змеевидный дракон Bašmu. Поздняя версия Urra XXII, в которой приведено тождество: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu, отражает, по-видимому, более раннюю традицию.

IV. Отождествление.

= Hydra + β Cancri [G. 284; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73].

= Hydra [Weidner1957–59, 74b,79b; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; ASM, 276, Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

Голова mulmuš = δ Hydrae, конец хвоста mulmuš = αβγδ Crateris [Koch 1989, 80–85, 111]. Дискуссия см. [Pingree 1992, 169; Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 14].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL SAG MUŠ «Звезда головы Змеи», см. GU-текст, dbn-текст.

(2) MURUB4 mulMUŠ «Середина Змеи», см. GU-текст, dbn -текст.

(3) MUL GABA MUŠ «Звезда на груди Змеи», см. dbn -текст.

VI. Астрология.

Тождества:

(1) = Марс;  DIŠ mul dMUŠ ana mulAL.LUL TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana mul[…] «Если Змея к Крабу приблизилась, (это означает): Марс к […] [ACh Ištar, 30:28], см. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:7].

Предсказания:

(2) Звезды и Змея; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MUL) ana mulMUŠ KUR-ud ina MU.BI GAN2.BA TUR «Если Звезды(=Меркурий или Сатурн) Змеи достигают: в этом году деловая активность уменьшится» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 ii 14], параллель см. [BPO 3, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1], см. m35MUL.MUL, V 2.

Example

Kurtik (2022, n29) dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA
букв. «Владыка истинного (или: надежного) дерева» или «Владыка который делает дерево правильным» [Wiggermann 2000, 368]; божество созвездия mulMUŠ, прообраза греческой Гидры (Hydra) (см. m43).

I.  Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Хеттская молитва: mul dNin-ki-zi-da [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:4; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. (2) Новоассирийская молитва: [mul dNIN.GIŠ].ZI.DA [Oppenheim 1959, 282:10]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-[zu] / dmuš <<u>> dNin-giš-z[i-da] «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. позади mulA-nu-ni-tu4) стоит: Змея, Нингишз[ида]» [KAV 218, B iii 6–7; Horowitz 2014, 39, 116]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 13): mul dMUŠ dNin-giš-zi-da EN er-ṣe-tu4 «Змея, Нингишзида, господин преисподней» (I ii 8) [MA, 32], параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 67:16].

II. Божество.

Хтоническое божество шумерского происхождение, сын бога преисподней Ниназу, один из стражей небесных врат бога Ану. Согласно AN:dAnum (V 254, 258), у него было 2 жены и 3 сестры [Litke 1998, 192]. Его символом считалась рогатая змея bašmu, прообраз греческой Гидры (см. b08), а также, возможно, Нирах [Wiggermann 2001, 574]. Как обычно, неясны причины и конкретные обстоятельства, обусловившие связь Нингишзиды с этим созвездием. См. [МНМ 2, 221; Black–Green 1992, 140, 167; Tallqvist 1938, 406; Van Buren 1934; 1946, 15–16; Wiggermann 1993–1997, 458; 1997, 39–42; 2001, 574].

Kurtik (2022, n44) (d)Niraḫ
змеевидное божество, отождествляемое с mul dmuš в поздней копии Urra XXII; см. m43dMUŠ.

References

Kurtik's references

  1. ↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
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