Mesopotamian (All Terms)

Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC

Introduction

This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. For now, many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations remain in the beta-version. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.

Pronunciation

Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu₂.hun.ga₂ and pa.bil₂.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga₂ rather than ga₁ (here g as in goat) for lu₂.hun.ga₂, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian hurshannu or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven

This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

• Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik, we added terms without numbers by us.

Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN)

cuneiform (OB)	cuneiform (NA)	Kurtik's term	English	Our notes
𒀀		a01. A	Abbreviation for UR.GU.LA	Merged into UR.GU.LA
𒀀𒂔		a02. A.EDIN	A goddess	Redirect to Erua
𒀭𒀀𒆪		a03. dA.KU	Moon	Redirect to A.GI7
𒀉𒄷		a04. A2mušen	The Eagle	Redirect to TE8mušen
𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵		a05. A2.GU2.ZI.GA	Venus; (Star) of the morning
𒀊𒉆		a06. AB.SIN2	The Barley Stalk	Same term
𒆠𒀸𒀸		a07. ABSIN
𒀜𒈨		a08. AD.ME
𒈕		a09. AD6	The Corpse	Akkadian pagru
𒉘𒀭𒁔		a10. AG2.AN.BUR2	The Crown of Anu (?)	can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
𒂆		a11. AGA	The Crown
𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏		a12. AGA dA-nim	The Crown of Anu
𒀝𒊒		a13. Agru	The Hired Man
𒀀𒄩𒋾		a14. A-ḫa-ti	Sister
𒀀𒄷𒌋		a15. Aḫû	The Stranger
𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓		a16. dAḪUD	Mercury
𒃰𒋺𒋛		a17. AKKIL
		Alammuš		God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
𒀠𒈜		a18. AL.LUL	Crab
𒀠𒋻		a19. AL.TAR	Jupiter, Heroic	Merged into UD.AL.TAR
𒀩		a20. ALAM	Sun, Venus
𒀠𒈜		a21. ALLA	Crab	Merged into AL.LUL
		a22. Alluttum		Merged into AL.LUL
𒀠𒁍		a23. Alpu	Bull
		a24. Alû		Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4: Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]
𒄠𒀭𒈾		a25. AM.AN.NA		Merged into GU4.AN.NA
𒂼𒈨𒁁		a26. dAMA.ME.TIL	Venus
𒀫𒄈		a27. AMAR.GIR2		Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists: mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII]. Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
𒀭𒀫𒌓		a28. *dAMAR.UD -> dAMAR.UTU	Supreme deity Marduk	"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. Nēberu)
		a29. Amurru	Western asterism
𒀭		a30. AN	Sky deity; Mars
		Andurruna		cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky (home of gods before Marduk created the heavens), see Horowitz (1998, 225)
𒀭𒆠		a31. AN.KI		Merged into mulNUNki
𒀭𒋙𒋼		a32. AN.ŠU2.TE		Merged into AN
𒀭𒋫𒁺		a33. mulAN.TA.GUB	Standing star
𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏		a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA		Merged into AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA
𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀		a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA		= kakkab eliš māqitu "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35]. Only in EAE predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <ana> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏		a36. AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA	Sparkling (flaring) star
𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊		a37. AN.U2.GI.E	Wind demons
𒀭𒍪		a38. AN.ZU		See (Kurtik i07) mul dIM.DUGUDmušen. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIMDUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
𒀲𒆳𒊏		a39. ANŠE.KUR.RA	Horse
		a40. dAntum		Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul dAnum. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) dAnum, 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see AN: dAnum (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
		a41. dAnum		Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) AN.
𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓		a42. dAnunītum	Deity Ištar
		Anu-rabû	Great Anu	“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. dA-num GAL-ú šá AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
		Apil-Emaḫ	First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ	“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mulIBILA-É.MAḪ (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
𒄑𒀳		a43. gišmulAPIN	Plough
		a44. Āribu	Raven	Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) UGAmušen.
𒀀𒊑𒌈		a45. Arītum	Shield
𒅈𒄷𒁾		a46. Arḫum	Month
𒀀𒋛𒁺		a47. Asīdu	Heel	"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
𒀸𒃶		a48. AŠ.GAN		See (Kurtik i04) mulIKU
𒀸𒈨		a49. AŠ.ME	Sun, Saturn
		Aya		Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
		Baba		dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
𒀭𒁀𒅆		b01. dBA.LIM		Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) dBalum
		b02. BAL.ME.GAR		Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) Dilbat
𒁄𒌨𒀀		b03. BAL.TEŠ2.A	Asterism of Dignity
𒁆		b04. BALAG
𒀭𒁀𒈝		b05. dBalum	Mars
		b06. gišBAN		See gišPAN
		b07. Barbaru		See UR.BAR.RA
𒈲𒄭𒄊		b08. Bašmu
𒃽𒁷		bēlet balāṭi	Lady of Life	See mul / dGAŠAN.TIN
𒁉𒄊		b09. BI.GIR3
𒁉𒅁𒁍		b10. Bibbu	Planets; Wild Sheep
𒄵		b11. BIR	The Kidney
𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣		b12. BURANUN	Purattu "Euphrates"
𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾		b13. BURRUM AN.NA	The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
𒄑𒁕		d01. gišDA	Bull's Jaw
		Damkianna		< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
𒀭𒁕𒈬		d02. dDamu	The Pig
𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)		d03. dDāpinu	Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
𒁯𒈗𒄷		d04. DAR.LUGALmušen	Mars; Rooster
𒁲		d05. DI	Judgment, sentence
𒀸𒁁		d06. Dilbat	Venus	variant: DILI.BAT
𒀸		d07. DILI	Single, unique, separate (star)
𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙		d08. DILI ša2 KUN-šu2		merged with (d07) DILI
𒀭		d09. DINGIR	Deity designation
𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍		d10. DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš	Standing Gods
𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍		d11. DINGIR.KU.Ameš	Sitting Gods	variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓		d12. dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD	Mercury
𒀭𒌉𒍣		d13. dDUMU.ZI	Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man	variant Tammuz.
𒂊𒁀𒂊		e01. E-pa2-e	one time use for Jupiter	probably from Šul-pa2-e, see ŠUL.PA.E3
𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍		e02. E-ra-ʼa-al-BU
𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭		e03. dE.TA.NAM.AN	Venus

Page 2 (e04. ^dE₂-a to i15. is-lê)

cuneiform (OB)	cuneiform (NA)	Kurtik's terms	English	our note
𒀭𒂍𒀀		e04. dE2-a	Water deity
𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿		e05. E2 sak-ki-i	(Stars) bīt sakkî	read: (MUL.MEŠ) bīt sakkî
𒂍𒉣𒇬		e06. E2.TUR3	Enclosure
𒂊𒁺		e07. Ēdu	Single, solitary, unique
𒉏𒈠𒌈		e08. Elamātum	Ishtar, the Elamite-one	Elamattu(m)
𒄵𒇻𒅆		ÉLLAG mulLU.LIM	Stag	= kalītu “kidney”: see also mulLU.LIM.
𒂍𒆳		Ekur (E2-kur)
		EN3.DUR	navel	in constellations (Kurtik s22) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA and (Kurtik u22) mulUR.IDIM
𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾		e09. EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA	Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
𒀭𒂍𒀀		Enki/Ea	Water deity	God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
𒀭𒂗𒆤		e10. dEn-lil2	Supreme deity
𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏		e11. dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA	Primoridal deity; Lord of all me
𒀭𒂗𒀯		e12. dEN.MUL	Primordial deity; Lord Star
𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝		dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ	The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝		e13. **EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM		EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
		e14. Enzu		see UZ3
		e15. Epinnu		see mulAPIN
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲		e16. dEreš-ki-gal	Deity of the Underworld
𒉣𒆠		e17. Eriduki
𒂟		e18. ERIN2	Yoke
𒂊𒋆𒄣		e19. Eriqqu	Wagon of Heaven	see mulMAR.GID2.DA
𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊		Eriqqu ša šamê	Wagon of Heaven	see mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA
𒀭𒀴𒊏		e20. dErra	Deity of the Underworld; Fox
𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲		e21. dErragal	Great Erra
		e22. Eru (Disambiguation)
𒀉𒄷		Erû / Arû (Eagle)	Eagle	Akkadian parallel with mulTE8/TI8mušen "Eagle"
𒀭𒀀𒂔		Erua	Deity	ERU, Erua
𒂵𒂵		g01. Ga-ga	Mercury, Deity
𒃮		g02. GABA	Breast
		g03. 4 ša2 GABA-šu2		see UR.GU.LA
𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒		g04. dGAL.A.RU.RU	Venus
𒄒𒉺𒀜		g05. GAM-ti	The Circle
𒆛		g06. GAM3	The Crook
		g07. Gamlu		An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)GAM3, merged.
𒄑𒃷𒃡		g08. gišGAN2.UR3	The Harrow
𒃽𒁷		g09. mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mulbēlet balāṭi	The Lady of Life
𒌉		g10. GENNA	Saturn; "Constant"
𒄀𒄀		g11. GI.GI	Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
𒈪		g12. GI6	Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
𒀭𒉈𒄀		g13. dGIBIL6	Fire deity Girra, Mercury
𒈪𒉭		g14. GIG	Mars; "Disease"
𒄑𒇀		g15. gišGIGIR	The Chariot
𒄃𒈠		g16. GILIM.MA	The Furrow
𒄈		g17. GIR2	The Scorpion	abbreviation for GIR2.TAB
𒄈𒀭𒈾		g18. GIR2.AN.NA	Heavenly Sword
𒄈𒋰		g19. GIR2.TAB	The Scorpion
𒄊		g20. GIR3	Leg (Paw)
𒄑𒁇		g21. GIŠ.BAR	Mars; Mercury
𒄑𒂟		g22. GIŠ.ERIN2	Yoke	a late variant of ERIN2
		GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR		=maškakātu “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
𒄑𒆲		g23. GIŠ.KUN	Thigh
𒄑𒂟		GIŠ.RIN2	Yoke
𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈		g24. Gizzānītu	Enraged Goat (?)
𒄖		g25. GU	Great, Giant	late epoch abbreviation for GU.LA
𒄖𒀭𒈾		g26. GU.AN.NA		merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant
𒄖𒆷		g27. GU.LA or Gula	Healing deity; Great, Giant	"Gula" (Disambiguation)
𒄘𒀭𒈾		g28. GU2.AN.NA		merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant
𒄘𒄬		g29. GU2.ḪAL	(Star) Throat
𒄘𒄯		g30. GU2.MUR	Trachea, breathing throat (?)
𒅗𒀭𒈾		GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA		merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant
𒄞		g31. GU4		merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, abbreviation
𒄞𒄋		g32. GU4.ALIM	Buffalo	= dKusarikku
𒄞𒀭𒈾		g33. GU4.AN.NA	The Heavenly Bull
𒄞𒌓		g34. GU4.UD	Bull of the Sun
𒀭𒄖𒆷		g35. dGula	see:	"Gula" (Disambiguation)
𒆸		g36. GUR4
𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡		h01. Ḫabaṣīrānu	The Mousey One	Akkadian equivalent for the EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
𒆸𒁀𒌈		h02. Ḫabbātu	Bandit/Outlaw	Akkadian equivalent for mul lúSA.GAZ
𒀭𒈗		h03. dḪaniš	Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒		h04. dḪar-ri-ru	Field Mouse
𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀		h05. ḪE2.GAL2-a-a	The Asterism of Abundance
𒋦𒈧		h06. ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA	The Goat-Fish	redirect ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA to SUḪUR.MAŠ2
𒄷𒉏		h07. ḪU.NIM
𒅆𒌨		h08. ḪUL	Mars; The Evil Star
𒈝𒁀		h09. ḪUM.BA
𒂠		h10. ḪUN		merged with (Kurtik h12) ḪUN.GA2
𒂠𒂷		h11. ḪUN.GA2		merged with (Kurtik h12) ḪUN.GA2
𒇽𒂠𒂷		h12. lu2ḪUN.GA2	The Hired Man
𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥		i01. I3-li2-ab-rat	Deity
𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤		i02. IBILA.E2.MAḪ
𒈦𒄘𒃼		i03. IDIGNA
𒃷		i04. IKU, Ikû	The Field	Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.
𒄿𒇻𒌝		i05. Ilum	Deity logogram	as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) DINGIR.
𒀭𒅎		i06. dIM	Storm Deity
𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷		i07. dIM.DUGUDmušen	(Bird) Anzû
𒅎𒄀		i08. IM.GI	Mars
𒅎𒋀		i09. IM.ŠEŠ	The Rainbow
𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾		i10. IM.ŠU.RIN.NA	The Furnace
𒀭𒅓𒁉		i11. dIMIN.BI	The Seven Gods
𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾		i12. IN.DUB.AN.NA
𒀭𒈹		i13. dINANNA	Deity
𒅕𒁁𒅋		i14. IR.BI4.IL	Mars
𒄑𒇷		i15. Is lê	Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]

Page 3 (i16. Iṣṣuru to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ₂.DA)

cuneiform (OB)	cuneiform (NA)	Kurtik's term	English	our note
𒄑𒍮𒊒		i16. Iṣṣuru	The Bird	merged into (Kurtik m46) MUŠEN
𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏		i17. dIšḫara	Scorpius
		Iškur / Adad	Storm Deity	The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
𒀭𒅖𒋻		i18. dIštar	Venus; Deity
𒀭𒃰𒁲		i19. dIštaran	Deity; The Snake
𒅗		k01. KA	The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
𒅗𒀭𒂃		k02. KA.AN.DU8	Portable Altar
𒅗𒀭𒈾		k03. *KA.AN.NA		merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant
𒅗𒆟		k04. KA.KEŠ2	The Knot
𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊		k05. *KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E	Obliterator	merged into KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E
		KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E
𒈜𒀀		k06. KA5.A	The Fox
𒀭𒆏𒋫		k07. dKAB.TA	Deity
𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌		k08. *Kajjamānu		Kurtik's spelling Kajjamānu; now read Kayyamānu(m)
𒆕𒉼		k09. KAK.PAN	The Arrow
𒆕𒋛𒁲		k10. KAK.SI.SA2	(Types of) Arrow
𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵		k11. *KAK.U2.TAG.GA	Arrow	now read KAK.TAG.GA
𒆕𒅗𒁍		k12. Kakkabu	Star, Luminary	merged into MUL
𒌨𒂠		k13. Kalbu	The Dog	Merged into UR.GI7
𒅗𒇷𒌅		k14. Kalītu	The Kidney	Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
𒆗𒉈		k15. KAL.NE
𒃸𒂄		k16. KAR2.ŠUL
𒆜𒌓		k17. KASKAL.UD	The Path of the Sun	Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌		Kayyamānu	The Constant One	Kurtik's spelling Kajjamānu
𒆥𒍮		k18. Kinṣu	Knee, shin
𒄒𒉺𒀜		k19. Kippatu	The Circle	merged into the entry GAM-ti
𒆠𒄑𒀸		k20. Kiṣru	Lamp, knot, cluster
𒈩		k21. KIŠIB	Hand
𒆤𒌓		k22. Kittu	Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
𒆪𒊒𒈾		k23. *KU.RU.NA		now read Andurunna
𒄩		k24. KU6	The Fish
𒆪𒈠𒊒		k25. Kumāru	Shoulder
𒆲		k26. KUN	Tail	part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤		k27. KUNme(š) ša mulSIM.MAḪ	Tails of the Swallow	constellation in Pisces, merged into (Kurtik k26) KUN
𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷		k28. KUR.GI.Amušen	Chicken
𒇽𒉽𒊏		k29. lu2KUR2.RA	Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪		k30. dKusarikkum	Bison	Akkadian for Sumerian GU4.ALIM (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
		Kusu		Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
𒆵		k31. KUŠU2	Water animal
𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍		L01. la ŠID.MEŠ	Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺		L02. dLA.KU.DU	Mercury
𒀭𒆗		L03. dLAMMA	The She-Goat
𒇴𒈬		L04. Lammu
𒀭𒆷𒋫		L05. dLātarāk	The Lion
𒇷𒄙		L06. *LI.DUR	Navel	now read EN3.DUR
𒉈𒋜		L07. dLI9.SI4 , Lisi(n)
𒇻		L08. lu2ḪUN.GA (𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷)	Hired Man (Aries)
𒇻𒅆		L09. LU.LIM	Stag
𒇻𒈦		L10. LU.MAŠ	Constellation
𒇽		L11. LU2	Hired Man (Aries)
𒀭𒇽𒋭		L12. dLU2.LAL3	Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈		L13. Lubuštum	(Asterism) Garment
𒈗		L14. LUGAL	King
𒈗𒂍𒃲		L15. LUGAL.E2.GAL	King of the Palace
𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏		L16. dLUGAL.GIR3.RA	Mighty Lord
		LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ		see ḪUN.GA2
𒈜𒆷		L17. LUL.LA	False (Lying) Star
𒇻𒇷𒈬		L18. Lulīmu	Stag	see (Kurtik L09) LU.LIM.
𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)		L19. Lumāšu	Constellation
𒇻𒁾𒉡		L20. Lumnu	Evil Star
𒈣𒋽		m01. MA2.GUR8	Ship, Vessel
𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵		m02. gišMA2.DIRI.GA	Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋		m03. Makrû	Mars; Red, Fiery Red
𒌋𒌋		m04. MAN	Sun God, Šamaš
𒌋𒌋𒈠		m05. MAN-ma	Strange Star
𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈		m06. Manzât	Rainbow	Akkadian for Sumerian TIR.AN.NA, Rainbow
𒈥		m07. MAR	Wagon (shortened form)
𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕		m08. MAR.GID2.DA	Wagon
𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾		m09. MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA	The Wagon of Heaven
𒈥𒌅		m10. MAR.TU	Western Star
		Mār-bīti		“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL šá dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌		m11. dMarduk	Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
𒈥𒊏𒌈		m12. Marratu	Rainbow
𒈦		m13. MAŠ		merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
𒈦𒀀𒋾		m14. Maš-a-ti	Pair of Stars (general)
𒈦𒈦)		m15. MAŠ.MAŠ	The Twins
𒈦𒋰𒁀		m16. MAŠ.TAB.BA	Gemini
𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲		m17. MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL	Great Twins
𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉		m18. MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR	Small Twins
𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾		m19. MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA	Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
𒄑𒃷𒃡		m20. Maškakātu	The Harrow	Akkadian parallel to GAN2.UR3
𒈠𒀀𒋗		m21. Māšū	Gemini	merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
𒈧		m22. MAŠ2	Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
		m23. ME.GAR	Jupiter	abbreviation for SAG.ME.GAR, merged there
𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀		m24. dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A	Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
𒈨𒋚		m25. mišḫu	Radiance
𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕		m26. mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG	The radiance of Pabilsag
		MU.BU	abbreviation for MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA
𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕		m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA	(Bound/hitched) yoke

Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ₂.DA ša₂ A.AB.BA  to p07. Puššaītu)

cuneiform (OB)	cuneiform (NA)	Kurtik's term	English	our note
𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀		m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA	Yoke of the Sea
𒀯		m29. MUL	Star, luminary
𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀		m30. dMUL.AN.DIRI.A	Venus; The dominant star of the sky
𒀯𒀭𒈾		m31. MUL.AN.NA	Moon deity; Celestial object
𒀯𒃲		m32. MUL.GAL	Big celestial object
𒀯𒆠𒃲		m33. MUL.KI.GAL	Venus; Star of the great earth
𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅		m34. MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu	Reliable stars
𒀯𒀯		m35. MUL.MUL	Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
𒀯𒀯𒆷		m36. MUL.MUL.LA	Arrow	or: mulmullu. “arrow”: see GAG.SI.SÁ.
𒋼		m37. MUL2	Star, luminary	merged with MUL
𒋼𒌓		m38. MUL2.BABBAR	Jupiter; White Star
𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍		m39. MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ	Stars (for) counting	"normal stars"
𒌌		m40. MUL4	Star, constellation	merged with MUL
		m41. MULx		merged with MUL
𒌘		m42. MURUB4	Middle (part)
𒈲		m43. mul (d)MUŠ	Snake
𒈲𒄭𒄊		m44. (mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ	Ferocious serpent
		(mul)mušḫuššu		see (Kurtik m44)
𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵		m45. MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA		Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in AL.LUL (Cancer)
𒄷		m46. MUŠEN	The Bird
𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻		m47. Muštarīlu	Mercury
𒈿		n01. NA2	Jupiter; Bed-star
𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾		n02. dNabû	Mercury; Deity of wisdom
𒉄		n03. NAGAR
		n04. Nakaru	Enemy, Stranger	Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian KUR2.RA
		n05. Nammaššû	Herds of (wild) animals	Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian NU.MUŠ.DA
𒀭𒋀𒆠		n06. dNANNA	Moon deity
		n07. Narkabtu	The Chariot	Akkadian parallel to mul gišGIGIR, "Chariot"
𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍		n08. Naṣrapu
		n09. Nattullu	Harness	Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) ŠUDUN.ANŠE
		n10. Nattullu arkīti	Back of the Harness	Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti
𒉈		n11. NE
𒉈𒃻		n12. NE.GAR
𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻		n13. NE.GI.IZI.GAR	Torch of Girra
𒉈𒉈𒃻		n14. NE.NE.GAR	Deity
𒉌𒁉𒊒		n15. Nēberu	Ferry, ford, crossing
𒉌𒁍𒌑		n16. Nebû	Brilliant star
𒌨𒊩𒌨		n17. Nēltu	Lioness	Akkadian parallel to UR.NIG
𒀭𒌋𒄥		n18. dNergal	Deity of the underworld
		n19. Nēšu	The Lion	Akkadian parallel to UR.MAḪ
𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙		n20. ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2	A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀		n21. ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI	(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
𒉎𒍪		n22. NI2.ZU	Thief
𒉏𒈠𒆠		n23. NIM.MA(ki)	Star of Elam
		n24. Nimru	Panther	Akkadian parallel to UD.KA.DU8.A
𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪		n25. dNIN.A.ZU	Deity; Lord who knows water
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾		n26. dNIN.AN.NA	Ištar; Lady of Heaven
		gišNÍNDA		= ittû “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢		n27. dNIN.GIR2.SU
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊		n28. dNIN.GIR3	Lord of strength
𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕		n29. dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA	Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺		n30. NIN.GIRIM3	Venus
		Ningublaga		Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾		n31. NIN.GUL.TI	Venus
𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛		n32. NIN.KA.SI	(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷		n33. NIN.KILIM	Mongoose
𒊩𒌆𒆤		n34. NIN.LIL2	Deity; Lady of the Air
𒊩𒌆𒈤		n35. NIN.MAḪ	Deity; Foremost lady
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯		n36. dNIN.MUL	Primordial deity; Lady Stars
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕		n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA	Deity; Lady of the great stars	occurs in one text only, Text K. 2054. "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀		n38. dNIN.MUL.SI4.A	Deity; Lady of the red star
(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛		n39. dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI	Deity	Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
𒊩𒌆𒊬		n40. NIN.SAR	Deity
𒊩𒌆𒋜		n41. NIN.SI4	Red Lady
𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾		n42. NIN.SI4.AN.NA	Red Lady of Heaven
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁		n43. dNIN.URTA	Agriculture deity
𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷		n44. dNiraḫ	Snake deity
𒉌𒄿𒊒		n45. Nīru
𒍑𒀀𒂠		n46. NITA.A.ŠE3	Venus
𒉡𒊨𒅇		n47. NU.KUŠ2.U3	Venus
𒉡𒈨𒀀		n48. NU.ME.A	(Star of) nothingness
𒉡𒈲𒁕		n49. NU.MUŠ.DA	Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
𒉣𒆠		n50. NUNki
𒉣𒉽𒉽		n51. NUN.DIM4	Venus
𒉣𒈨		n52. NUN.ME	(Star)-Sage
𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀		n53. dNUN.SAR.A	Venus
𒉡𒉡		n54. Nūnu
𒀭𒉺𒌆		n55. dNusku
𒉺		p01. PA		see p03. dPA.BIL.SAG
𒉼		PAN	Bow
𒉺𒉈		p02. PA.BIL		see p03. dPA.BIL.SAG
𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕		p03. dPA.BIL.SAG
		p04. Pagru	Body, corpse	see a06. AD6
𒀭𒉽𒈛		p05. dPAP.SUKKAL	Messenger deity
𒉿𒍮𒌑		p06. Peṣû		see m38. MUL2.BABBAR
𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈		p07. Puššanītu

Page 5 (q01. Qaštu to u06. UD.KA.DU₈.A)

cuneiform (OB)	cuneiform (NA)	Kurtik's term	English	our note
		q01. Qaštu	Bow	merged into mulPAN as it occurs only in lexical lists
𒊏𒁍𒌑		r01. Rabû	Great (man)	Akkadian parallel to GU.LA
𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈		r02. Rapaštu	Thigh	Akkadian parallel to GIŠ.KUN
𒊐𒁍		r03. Rappu	Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
𒂟		RIN2	Yoke
𒊑𒅆𒁁		r04. RI.ŠI.BE
𒈩𒌓		r05. Rittu	Hand	Akkadian parallel to mulKIŠIB
𒇽𒌑𒄤		s01. lu2SA.GAZ	Bandit, Outlaw
𒌑𒊑		s02. SA.RI	Wild Cat
𒄷𒈿		s03. SA4	(Star) with great brilliance
𒋛𒀀		s04. SA5	Red, Fiery Red
𒊕𒁺		s05. SAG.DU	Head, top, upper part
𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷		s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA	Lion's head	? to UR.GU.LA
𒊕𒆕𒀀		s07. SAG.DU3.A	Triangle	?
𒊕𒋻		s08. dSAG.KUD	First in (making) decisions
𒊕𒈨𒃻		s09. SAG.ME.GAR	Jupiter	var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
𒊕𒍑		s10. SAG.UŠ	Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
𒊩𒀀𒂠		s11. SAL.A.ŠE3	Venus; (Star for) Women
𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵		s12. SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA	Venus; (Star of) Woman
𒊬𒀀		s13. SAR.A
𒊬𒄷𒋛		s14. SAR.U5
𒊓𒅈𒊒		s15. Sarru	False (Lying) Star	Akkadian parallel to LUL.LA
		Sebettu		“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀		s16. dSI.MU2.A	Venus; growing(?) horn
𒋛		SI		= qarnu. “horn”: see mulGÍR.TAB.
𒋜		s17. SI4	Red, Lisi	Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 mul / dLI9.SI4
𒅊		s18. SIG7	Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
𒋆𒈤		s19. SIM.MAḪ	Swallow
𒀭𒌍		s20. dSîn	Moon deity
𒉺𒇻		s21. SIPA	True Shepherd of Anu
𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾		s22. SIPA.ZI.AN.NA	True Shepherd of Heaven
𒋀𒌍𒉡		Sissinnu	Frond, branch
𒋦		s23. SUḪUR	Goat-Fish
𒋦𒈧		s24. SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6	The Goat-Fish
		s25. Suḫurmāšu		Akkadian parallel to SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6
𒉌		ts01. Ṣal	abbreviation	merged into Ṣalbatānu
𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡		ts02. Ṣalbatānu	Mars
𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑		ts03. Ṣallummu	Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
𒍝𒊑𒊒		ts04. Ṣāriru	Sparkling (flaring) star	Akkadian parallel to AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA
𒇡𒊒		ts05. Ṣarru	Sparkling (star)
𒀫𒊒)		ts06. Ṣurru	Obsidian star
𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠		sh01. ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3	(Star) for the uterus
𒋚		sh02. ŠAḪ	The Pig
		Šala		Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la šubu-ul-tu4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
𒌋𒌋		sh03. dŠamaš	Sun god
𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠		sh04. Šanûmma	Strange (star)
𒄭𒄤		sh05. ŠAR2.GAZ	on the sting of the Scorpius
𒄭𒌴		sh06. ŠAR2.UR4	on the sting of the Scorpius
𒊺𒇷𒁍		sh07. Šēlebu	The Fox	Akkadian parallel to KA5.A
𒅆𒁍𒌑		sh08. Šību	Old Man
𒅆𒄴𒂅		sh09. Šiḫtu	Mercury, Mars; Leap
𒋻𒉺		sh10. šil PA	Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷		sh11. Šiltāḫu	Arrow
𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓		sh12. dŠimut	Deity
		sh13. Šinūnūtu		see s19. SIM.MAḪ
		sh14. Šitadallu		see s22. SIPA.ZI.AN.NA
𒋗		sh15. ŠU
		šubtu		“seat”, “throne”. šu-bat dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). šu-bat dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
		šubultu(m)		“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
𒋗𒄀		sh16. ŠU.GI	Old Man
𒋗𒉺		sh17. ŠU.PA	Magnificent, brilliant
𒋙𒂈		sh18. ŠUDUN	Yoke
𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀		sh19. ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA	Yoke of the Sea
𒋙𒂈𒀲		sh20. ŠUDUN.ANŠE
𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾		sh21. ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti
𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻		sh22. ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU
𒋗𒆪𒁺		sh23. Šukūdu	Arrow
𒀭𒂄𒄀		sh24. dŠUL.GI	Shulgi
𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺		sh25. ŠUL.PA.E3	A youngster appears with brilliance
𒉺		sh26. Šullat
		t01. Tak-ša2-a-ti / tu2
𒀉𒄷		... TE8mušen
𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀		t02. dTI.MU2.A	Venus; Sparkling
𒋾𒅅𒁍		t03. Tikpu	Spot, speckled
𒋾𒉡𒊒		t04. Tinūru	Furnace
𒌁𒀭𒈾		t05. TIR.AN.NA	Rainbow
		Tišpak		Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
𒀭𒌅𒌅		t06. dTU.TU	Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
		gišTUKUL		= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬		t07. Tūʼamū	Gemini
𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍		t08. Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ	Great Twins
𒌋𒌆𒌈		t09. Tūltu	Worm, larva
𒉣𒇬		t10. TUR3	Venus; Corral
𒌋𒊑𒊑		u01. U.RI.RI	Mercury
𒌓𒉌𒇷		u02. U4.ZAL.LE	Venusl Star of radiance/morning
𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔		u03. U5.RI2.IN
𒇇		u04. U8	Ewe	= laḫru “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
𒀠𒋻		u05. UD.AL.TAR	Jupiter; Heroic
𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀		u06. UD.KA.DU8.A	Demon with the Gaping Mouth	var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A

Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. Zuqaqīpu)

cuneiform (OB)	cuneiform (NA)	Kurtik's term	English	our note
𒇻𒁁		u07. UDU.IDIM	Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓		u08. UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD	Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑		u09. UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ	Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
𒇻𒀴		u10. UDU.NITA2	Star-Lamb
𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷		u11. UGAmušen	Raven
𒌌		u12. UL	(Shooring) Star, luminary	merged with MUL
𒌢		u13. UMBIN
𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈		u14. ummulūtu	Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
𒌦𒉡𒌓		u15. unnutu	Dim star
𒌨		u16. UR	Leo; The Lion	see UR.GU.LA
𒌨𒀀		u17. UR.A	Leo; The Lion	UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) UR.MAḪ.
𒌨𒁇𒊏		u18. UR.BAR.RA	Wolf
𒌨𒂠		u19. UR.GI7	Dog
𒌨𒄖𒆷		u20. UR.GU.LA	Lion
𒌨𒁁		u21. UR.IDIM	Mad Dog
𒌨𒈤		u22. UR.MAḪ	Lion
𒌨𒊩𒌨		u23. UR.NIG	Lioness
𒌨𒆪		UR.KU	The Dog	now read UR.GI7
𒌫𒆲		u24. UR2.KUN	Hip, Pelvis
𒌨𒁁𒈬		u25. Ur(i)dimmu	Mad Dog	see (Kurtik u21) UR.IDIM
𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾		u26. Ur-um AN.NA	Celestial Light
𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖		u27. dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL	Venus; Goddess of the Stars
𒌑𒋩𒋾		u28. Uṣurtu	Drawing, Image
𒅜𒍪		u29. UŠ12.ZU	Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
𒀭𒌓		u30. dUTU	Sun deity
𒍚		u31. UZ3	Goat
𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷		z01. dZA.BA4.BA4	Warlike deity
𒍠𒃻		z02. ZAG.GAR	Consort of the Lady of the plains
𒈽𒀖𒁍		z03. Zappu	Stubble (Mane)
𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈		z04. dZa(r)pānītu / Zerpānītu	Deity, wife of Marduk
𒍝𒊒𒌑		z05. Zarû	Drawbar, Cart pole
𒍣		z06. ZI
𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾		z07. ZI.BA.AN.NA	Scales
𒍦𒈨		z08. ZIBme	Tails
𒀭𒍨		z09. dZIB2	Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈		z10. Zibānītum	Saturn, Mercury, Mars
𒍨𒁍		z11. Ziqpu
𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍		z12. Zuqaqīpu	Scorpius

Acknowledgements

Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

• David Hilder
• Euin Choung Kim
• Roland Laffitte
• Youngjea Lee
• Jan Safford