Dilbat: Difference between revisions

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===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. reading: <sup>mul</sup>dili.bad, <sup>mul</sup>Dilibat, <sup>mul</sup>DIL.BAD, <sup>mul</sup>''dili-bad'', <sup>(d)</sup>''dili-pat''<sub>2</sub>, ''dele-bat''; = "the one that sparkles"; from dili.bad = ''nebû'' "to shine, to sparkle". Generally accepted name of Venus in astronomical and astrological texts of the II-I millennium BC; first in the hymn of Iddin-Dagan (XX century BC) as mul dalla dili <sup>mul</sup>''dili-bad'' "shining/the only star, Venus". [AHw, 774; Bruschweiler 1987, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973; ETCSL, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Venus: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. "Delephate: the star of Aphrodite: from the Chaldeans." [TLG 4085-002, Δ 590], derived from Dilbat [G. 109; Tallqvist 1938, 282].
Var. reading: <sup>mul</sup>dili.bad, <sup>mul</sup>Dilibat, <sup>mul</sup>DIL.BAD, <sup>mul</sup>''dili-bad'', <sup>(d)</sup>''dili-pat''<sub>2</sub>, ''dele-bat''; = "the one that sparkles"; from dili.bad = ''nebû'' "to shine, to sparkle". Generally accepted name of Venus in astronomical and astrological texts of the II-I millennium BC; first in the hymn of Iddin-Dagan (XX century BC) as mul dalla dili <sup>mul</sup>''dili-bad'' "shining/the only star, Venus". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 774; Bruschweiler 1987<ref>''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.</ref>, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973<ref>''Reisman D.'' Iddin-Dagan’s Sacred Marriage Hymn // JCS. 1973. Vol.. 25, № 4. P. 185-202.</ref>; ETCSL<ref>''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.</ref>, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Venus: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. "Delephate: the star of Aphrodite: from the Chaldeans." [TLG 4085-002, Δ 590], derived from Dilbat [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 109; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 282].
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| '''Lexical texts.'''
| '''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>[''dil'']-''bat'' = ''di-il-bat'' [Emar VI/4, 151:154].
*(1) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>[''dil'']-''bat'' = ''di-il-bat'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:154].
*(2) Antagal series (G 306): <sup>d</sup> <sup>zib</sup>ZIG = <sup>d</sup>''dil-bat'' (in the list of planets) [MSL XVII, 229].
*(2) Antagal series (G 306): <sup>d</sup> <sup>zib</sup>ZIG = <sup>d</sup>''dil-bat'' (in the list of planets) [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
*(3) AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum series (IV 181): <sup>d</sup>Dili.bad = min(= <sup>d</sup>''Iš''<sub>8</sub>-''tar''<sub>2</sub> mul.<meš>) "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998, 161].
*(3) AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum series (IV 181): <sup>d</sup>Dili.bad = min(= <sup>d</sup>''Iš''<sub>8</sub>-''tar''<sub>2</sub> mul.<meš>) "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 161].
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| '''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”'''
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”'''
*Astrolabe P.
*Astrolabe P.
**Month of Nisan, Anu stars, 100 [Pinches 1900, 573].
**Month of Nisan, Anu stars, 100 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
*Astrolabe B.
**(1) In the list (12´3): mul gal ''ša'' ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu<sub>3</sub>.lu gub-''zu'' / ki.gub kur<sub>2</sub>.kur<sub>2</sub> ½(sa<sub>9</sub>) mu ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>utu.e<sub>3</sub> / ½(sa<sub>9</sub>) mu ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>utu.šu<sub>2</sub>.a mul.bi <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' / ''a-lik pa-ni'' mul. “The great star which is above the great stars / at the rising of the south wind it stands / (it) changes place: half a year (it) in the east (stands), / half a year in the west. (This is) the star Venus, / (which) is the first to go amidst the stars of Anu" (B ii 1-5); for a parallel, see [Oelsner-Horowitz. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 1].
**(1) In the list (12´3): mul gal ''ša'' ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu<sub>3</sub>.lu gub-''zu'' / ki.gub kur<sub>2</sub>.kur<sub>2</sub> ½(sa<sub>9</sub>) mu ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>utu.e<sub>3</sub> / ½(sa<sub>9</sub>) mu ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>utu.šu<sub>2</sub>.a mul.bi <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' / ''a-lik pa-ni'' mul. “The great star which is above the great stars / at the rising of the south wind it stands / (it) changes place: half a year (it) in the east (stands), / half a year in the west. (This is) the star Venus, / (which) is the first to go amidst the stars of Anu" (B ii 1-5); for a parallel, see [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 1].
**(2) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> ...<sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' "Nisanu month: ...Venus (on the way of) Anu (rising)" (C ii 1).
**(2) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> ...<sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' "Nisanu month: ...Venus (on the way of) Anu (rising)" (C ii 1).
** (3) List (rising-setting=6m): rising - ''nisanu'', setting - ''tashritu'' (C 13, 26); also about Venus it is said: <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar'' "Venus changes (her position)". [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5-8]; see also a48 [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]]. 
** (3) List (rising-setting=6m): rising - ''nisanu'', setting - ''tashritu'' (C 13, 26); also about Venus it is said: <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar'' "Venus changes (her position)". [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8]; see also (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]]. 
* BM 82923.
* BM 82923.
**The month of Nisan, the stars of Anu: [<sup>mul</sup>''Dili-bat''] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ "[Venus] // 100 // The most brilliant of stars" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 27-28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; here RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly, sparkle" as in ND 4362:26, which gives the identity: RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly" [BPO 3, 237, 241].
**The month of Nisan, the stars of Anu: [<sup>mul</sup>''Dili-bat''] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ "[Venus] // 100 // The most brilliant of stars" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 27-28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; here RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly, sparkle" as in ND 4362:26, which gives the identity: RI = ''nabāṭu'' "to shine brightly" [BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 237, 241].
*BM 34713.
*BM 34713.
**The month of Ayar, the stars of Anu: <sup>múl</sup>''Dil-bat'' [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
**The month of Ayar, the stars of Anu: <sup>múl</sup>''Dil-bat'' [LBAT<ref name=":3">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
*The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A
*The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A
**List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
**List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' [TCL 6<ref name=":4">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
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|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
*For a corpus of astrological predictions related to Venus and an analysis of the terms used in them, see. [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />]; see also [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10: r. 11-17, 25-29; BPO 1<ref name=":6">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. The Venus Tablet of Ammiraduqa. Malibu, Undena Publication, 1975 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part One).</ref>, 8; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 240-243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 23:33; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 247; Pingree 1993<ref>''Pingree D.'' Venus Phenomena in Enūma Anu Enlil / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrgb. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 259-273.</ref>; SpTU I<ref name=":8">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 91:12-14; SpTU II<ref name=":9">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:17; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:7', 9'; Stev. O.T<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>: Pl. XVII, 11-13].
*For a corpus of astrological predictions related to Venus and an analysis of the terms used in them, see. [BPO 3]; see also [ABCD, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987, 10: r. 11-17, 25-29; BPO 1, 8; BPO 2, 11; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957, 240-243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957, 23:33; NSAM 2, 247; Pingree 1993; SpTU I, 91:12-14; SpTU II, 41:17; SpTU III, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V, 264:7', 9'; Stev. O.T: Pl. XVII, 11-13].
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|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars".'''
|'''"Catalogue of 30 Stars".'''
*Anu 1. <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB KUR<sub>2</sub>.KUR<sub>2</sub> ½ MU ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub>.A ½ MU ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A x [. ]
*Anu 1. <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB KUR<sub>2</sub>.KUR<sub>2</sub> ½ MU ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub>.A ½ MU ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A x [. ]
* "Venus, which stands at the rising of the east wind, changes (her) position, half a year (she) is in the east, half a year in the west [...]" (B. 15) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177], see also (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar]].
* "Venus, which stands at the rising of the east wind, changes (her) position, half a year (she) is in the east, half a year in the west [...]" (B. 15) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":1" />, 177], see also (Kurtik i18) ''[[Ištar]]''.
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| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
* See. [LABS<ref name=":3" />, 378; ARAK<ref name=":11">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349-350].
* See. [LABS, 378; ARAK, 349-350].
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**a) [<sup>mul</sup>''Di'']''li-bat'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> TUM<sub>3</sub>-''ma'' ITI ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ra'' / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mi'' KIMIN 2 ITI ''uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' / <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A IGI. LA<sub>2</sub> "Venus disappears in the east and remains (invisible) in the sky for a month / or for a month and 15 days, or it remains invisible for 2 months and / becomes visible in the west" (II i 44-46),
**a) [<sup>mul</sup>''Di'']''li-bat'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> TUM<sub>3</sub>-''ma'' ITI ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ra'' / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mi'' KIMIN 2 ITI ''uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' / <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A IGI. LA<sub>2</sub> "Venus disappears in the east and remains (invisible) in the sky for a month / or for a month and 15 days, or it remains invisible for 2 months and / becomes visible in the west" (II i 44-46),
**(b) <sup>mul</sup>''Dili-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A TUM<sub>3</sub>-''ma ina u''<sub>4</sub>-''me'' TUM<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ḫa'' KIMIN 3 ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mi'' / KI.3 7 ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mi'' KI.4 14 ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' KUR-''ḫa'' "Venus disappears in the west and becomes (again) visible in the east on the day on which she disappears; or, (she disappears) for 3 days, / thirdly, for 7 days, fourthly, for 14 days, she remains (invisible) and then ascends" (II i 47-48),
**(b) <sup>mul</sup>''Dili-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A TUM<sub>3</sub>-''ma ina u''<sub>4</sub>-''me'' TUM<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ḫa'' KIMIN 3 ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mi'' / KI.3 7 ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mi'' KI.4 14 ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma'' KUR-''ḫa'' "Venus disappears in the west and becomes (again) visible in the east on the day on which she disappears; or, (she disappears) for 3 days, / thirdly, for 7 days, fourthly, for 14 days, she remains (invisible) and then ascends" (II i 47-48),
**c) <sup>mul</sup>''Dili-bat lu ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> ''lu ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' / 9 ITI<sup>meš</sup> ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma i-tab-bal'' "Venus becomes visible either in the east or in the west, / stands in the sky for 9 months and disappears" (II i 61) [MA, 33, 70, 80, 81-82, 85].
**c) <sup>mul</sup>''Dili-bat lu ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> ''lu ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' / 9 ITI<sup>meš</sup> ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma i-tab-bal'' "Venus becomes visible either in the east or in the west, / stands in the sky for 9 months and disappears" (II i 61) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33, 70, 80, 81-82, 85].
*Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82-86 contain predictions for <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' for each day of the month [Labat 1965].
*Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82-86 contain predictions for <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' for each day of the month [Labat 1965<ref>''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.</ref>].
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*(3) <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar bēlet'' kur.kur "Venus — Ištar, the ruler of countries".
*(3) <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar bēlet'' kur.kur "Venus — Ištar, the ruler of countries".
*(4) The 12 stars of Elam: <sup>[mul]</sup>dil.bat in the first place.
*(4) The 12 stars of Elam: <sup>[mul]</sup>dil.bat in the first place.
*(5) List of planets: <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat in the 4th place (after the Moon, the Sun and Jupiter) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:28-30, 201, 242].  List of stars VR 46, 1:40. <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' = ''na-ba-at kak-ka-bu'' "Venus is the star with the greatest luster", see also [HBA, 52:40; Wee 2016, 162-3:40]; parallel: <sup>d</sup>''dil-bat na-bat'' MUL.MEŠ [Parpola-Watanabe 1988, 46, 428].
*(5) List of planets: <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat in the 4th place (after the Moon, the Sun and Jupiter) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:28-30, 201, 242].  List of stars VR 46, 1:40. <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' = ''na-ba-at kak-ka-bu'' "Venus is the star with the greatest luster", see also [HBA<ref name=":13">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:40; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:40]; parallel: <sup>d</sup>''dil-bat na-bat'' MUL.MEŠ [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola   S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths.  Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 46, 428].
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|'''Uranologies'''
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU<sub>2</sub>.LA<sub>2</sub>(?) <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''man-za-za'' <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat'' "Swallow and extended neck(?) Anunitu - Venus' place" (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39].
* MLC 1866. <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU<sub>2</sub>.LA<sub>2</sub>(?) <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''man-za-za'' <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat'' "Swallow and extended neck(?) Anunitu - Venus' place" (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35, 39].
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| '''"The Dilbat Tablet.”'''
| '''"The Dilbat Tablet.”'''
Each month of the Babylonian calendar has a constellation identified with Venus. The main text of LBAT, 1564:1-12 (= 81-7-6,102, for Pinches' publication see [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]):
Each month of the Babylonian calendar has a constellation identified with Venus. The main text of LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:1-12 (= 81-7-6,102, for Pinches' publication see [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]):


*(1) <sup>mul</sup>nin.si<sub>4?</sub>.an. na <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>bar<sub>2</sub> "Ninsianna — Venus in the month of Nisan",
*(1) <sup>mul</sup>nin.si<sub>4?</sub>.an. na <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>bar<sub>2</sub> "Ninsianna — Venus in the month of Nisan",
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*(5) <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub> "Entenabarhum — Venus in the month of Tashritu",
*(5) <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub> "Entenabarhum — Venus in the month of Tashritu",
* (6) <sup>mul</sup>''Rap-pu'' <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>apin "The bridle — Venus in the month of arahsamnu",
* (6) <sup>mul</sup>''Rap-pu'' <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>apin "The bridle — Venus in the month of arahsamnu",
*(7) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.an.na <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>gan "Heavenly sword (=Scorpius) — Venus in the month of kislim" (in [ACh Ištar, 8:2] the month of kislim corresponds to ulgu. la "Giant"),
*(7) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.an.na <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>gan "Heavenly sword (=Scorpius) — Venus in the month of kislim" (in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 8:2] the month of kislim corresponds to ulgu. la "Giant"),
*(8) <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab "Goat — Venus in the month of tebetu" (in ACh Ištar, 8:3, uluz<sub>3</sub> "Goat"),
*(8) <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab "Goat — Venus in the month of tebetu" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:3, uluz<sub>3</sub> "Goat"),
*(9) <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ziz<sub>2</sub> "Field — Venus in the month of Shabbat" (in ACh Ištar, 8:4, <sup>ul</sup>AŠ.GAN ''Bābilī''(ka<sub>2</sub>.dingir. meš) "Field of Babylon"),
*(9) <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ziz<sub>2</sub> "Field — Venus in the month of Shabbat" (in ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:4, <sup>ul</sup>AŠ.GAN ''Bābilī''(ka<sub>2</sub>.dingir. meš) "Field of Babylon"),
*(10) <sup>mul</sup>ku<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>še "Fish — Venus in the month of addar" (ACh Ištar, 8: 6 - ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>še <sup>ul</sup>ku<sub>6</sub> <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' "In the month of Addar Fish Ea, Dilbat"),
*(10) <sup>mul</sup>ku<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>še "Fish — Venus in the month of addar" (ACh Ištar, 8: 6 - ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>še <sup>ul</sup>ku<sub>6</sub> <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' "In the month of Addar Fish Ea, Dilbat"),
* (11) [<sup>mul</sup>s]ag <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>sig<sub>4</sub> "Head — Venus in the month of siman" (it seems to be a part of some constellation, but it is not clear),
* (11) [<sup>mul</sup>s]ag <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>sig<sub>4</sub> "Head — Venus in the month of siman" (it seems to be a part of some constellation, but it is not clear),
*(12) [<sup>mul</sup>mu]š. a.sag.ga <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>šu "Mushasagga — Venus in the month du'uzu" (so in [LBAT, 1564:12], but in [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] - [<sup>mul</sup>mu]š.min.sag.ga "the Two-Headed Serpent". [MSL VIII/2, 93]), see also [HBA, 119; G. 109, I].
*(12) [<sup>mul</sup>mu]š. a.sag.ga <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>šu "Mushasagga — Venus in the month du'uzu" (so in [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:12], but in [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] - [<sup>mul</sup>mu]š.min.sag.ga "the Two-Headed Serpent". [MSL VIII/2, 93]), see also [HBA<ref name=":13" />, 119; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, I].
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* <sup>(d)</sup>dele-bat is the standard designation for Venus in the diaries [AD I-III]. "Mathematical Astronomy." See. [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim].
* <sup>(d)</sup>dele-bat is the standard designation for Venus in the diaries [AD I-III]. "Mathematical Astronomy." See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, passim].
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* (1) The nature of astrological influences.
* (1) The nature of astrological influences.
**a) ˹DIŠ˺ <sup>d</sup>[''Dil-bat pa-aš''<sub>2</sub>-''ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U<sub>4</sub> GID<sub>2</sub>.DA] "If [Venus (appears): (this sign is) very peaceful; wherever it goes, (it will be accompanied by) success; (he will) live long]",
**a) ˹DIŠ˺ <sup>d</sup>[''Dil-bat pa-aš''<sub>2</sub>-''ḫat at-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U<sub>4</sub> GID<sub>2</sub>.DA] "If [Venus (appears): (this sign is) very peaceful; wherever it goes, (it will be accompanied by) success; (he will) live long]",
**b) DIŠ KI <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' DUMU.MEŠ ''u'' DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI “If the area of Venus: sons and daughters of those people.” [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324-325]. Parallels: LU<sub>2</sub>.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat E''<sub>3</sub>-''a pa-aš''<sub>2</sub>''-ḫat at''/''d-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U<sub>4</sub>.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA "If a child is born when Venus has come forward: (his life will be) particularly(?) calm; wherever he directs his feet, good fortune will accompany him; (his) days will be long" [TCL 6, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952, 66].
**b) DIŠ KI <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' DUMU.MEŠ ''u'' DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI “If the area of Venus: sons and daughters of those people.” [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallels: LU<sub>2</sub>.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat E''<sub>3</sub>-''a pa-aš''<sub>2</sub>''-ḫat at''/''d-rat e-ma'' GIN-''ku'' ŠE.GA U<sub>4</sub>.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA "If a child is born when Venus has come forward: (his life will be) particularly(?) calm; wherever he directs his feet, good fortune will accompany him; (his) days will be long" [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(2) Horoscopes. <sup>(d)</sup>''dele-bat'', see. [BH, passim].
*(2) Horoscopes. <sup>(d)</sup>''dele-bat'', see. [BH, passim].
*(3) "Hypsoma."
*(3) "Hypsoma."
**(a) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti'' KUR-''ud'' SIG<sub>5</sub> GAR <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA KUR-''ma'': ''ana'' 1⅔ KASKAL.GID<sub>2</sub> ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' "If Venus reaches the place of niṣirtu: (it) foreshadows good; (it means that) it reaches Leo, var.: does it rise? to 1⅔ bēru" [ACh Suppl., 34:27; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 53].
**(a) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti'' KUR-''ud'' SIG<sub>5</sub> GAR <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA KUR-''ma'': ''ana'' 1⅔ KASKAL.GID<sub>2</sub> ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' "If Venus reaches the place of niṣirtu: (it) foreshadows good; (it means that) it reaches Leo, var.: does it rise? to 1⅔ bēru" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:27; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 53].
** (b) [DIŠ <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti la'' KUR-''ud-ma u it-bal'' KUR ''ut-ta''[''ḫ-ḫas''] "If Venus does not reach the place of niṣirtu and disappears: the country will be struck" [ACh Suppl., 34:28; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]; for a parallel see. [BPO 3, 250, K.3708:3-4]; for other examples of predictions referring to ašar(KI) niṣirtu of Venus (but without specifying its position relative to the stars), see [ACh Suppl. [ACh Suppl., 34:29-32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:15-16; 244, K.2346+:21-22; 250, K.3708+:5-8; 256, K.7050 ii 6'].
** (b) [DIŠ <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>''Dil-bat'' KI ''ni-ṣir-ti la'' KUR-''ud-ma u it-bal'' KUR ''ut-ta''[''ḫ-ḫas''] "If Venus does not reach the place of niṣirtu and disappears: the country will be struck" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:28; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54]; for a parallel see. [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 250, K.3708:3-4]; for other examples of predictions referring to ''ašar''(KI) ''niṣirtu'' of Venus (but without specifying its position relative to the stars), see [ACh Suppl. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" />, 34:29-32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 232, D.T.47:15-16; 244, K.2346+:21-22; 250, K.3708+:5-8; 256, K.7050 ii 6'].
**c) <sup>[m]ul</sup>''Dilbat nabât kakkabāni'' / ''ina amurri'' / [''ina ḫarrān šū'']''t'' <sup>d</sup>''Ea'' / ''innamirma'' ... ''niṣirtu'' / ''ikšudamma itbal'' / <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣalbatānu pāris'' / ''pursê māt amurri'' / ''ina ḫarrān šūt'' <sup>d</sup>''Ea'' / ''ib᾽il'' "Venus, the most brilliant of stars, appeared in the west [on the wa]y towards Ea, ... reached (the place ''niṣirtu'') and (then) vanished. Mars, which passes judgment concerning Amurru, (was) in the way of Ea and had great brilliance" [Borger Esarh., §2 i 39 - ii 9], quoted from [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]. Here, according to calculations, the place of niṣirtu is in Pisces, as it was considered in Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54, 57; ASM, 28, 138], see also e).
**c) <sup>[m]ul</sup>''Dilbat nabât kakkabāni'' / ''ina amurri'' / [''ina ḫarrān šū'']''t'' <sup>d</sup>''Ea'' / ''innamirma'' ... ''niṣirtu'' / ''ikšudamma itbal'' / <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣalbatānu pāris'' / ''pursê māt amurri'' / ''ina ḫarrān šūt'' <sup>d</sup>''Ea'' / ''ib᾽il'' "Venus, the most brilliant of stars, appeared in the west [on the wa]y towards Ea, ... reached (the place ''niṣirtu'') and (then) vanished. Mars, which passes judgment concerning Amurru, (was) in the way of Ea and had great brilliance" [Borger Esarh.<ref>''Borger (1956).'' Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrian, Graz 1956 (AfO, Beiheft 9).</ref>, §2 i 39 - ii 9], quoted from [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54]. Here, according to calculations, the place of niṣirtu is in Pisces, as it was considered in Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":15" />, 54, 57; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 28, 138], see also e).
**(d) In the horoscope: ''ina'' E<sub>2</sub> ''ni-ṣir-tu''<sub>4</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''dele-bat'' LU<sub>2</sub>.TUR ''a-lid'' "In the house of niṣirtu Venus a child is born" [BH 46-50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2-3].
**(d) In the horoscope: ''ina'' E<sub>2</sub> ''ni-ṣir-tu''<sub>4</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''dele-bat'' LU<sub>2</sub>.TUR ''a-lid'' "In the house of niṣirtu Venus a child is born" [BH 46-50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2-3].
** (e) See above MLC 1866 i 8.
** (e) See above MLC 1866 i 8.
*(4) Predicting the prices of cereals on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (<sup>d</sup>''Dili-pat''<sub>2</sub>) [SpTU I, 94:23, 28].
*(4) Predicting the prices of cereals on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (<sup>d</sup>''Dili-pat''<sub>2</sub>) [SpTU I<ref name=":8" />, 94:23, 28].
* (5) An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ID<sub>2</sub> BA<sub>3</sub> dx[... <sup>i</sup>]<sup>ti</sup>ŠE MUL<sup>!meš</sup> <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' " ...: month of addar; stars?, Venus". [SpTU IV, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78].
* (5) An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ID<sub>2</sub> BA<sub>3</sub> dx[... <sup>i</sup>]<sup>ti</sup>ŠE MUL<sup>!meš</sup> <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' " ...: month of addar; stars?, Venus". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'', passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].
*(7) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213-214, 216].
*(7) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6<ref name=":4" />, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":5" />, 213-214, 216].


See also [SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261:13'-18', 271:7'].
See also [SpTU II<ref name=":9" />, 42:10; SpTU V<ref name=":10" />, 261:13'-18', 271:7'].
|Example
|Example
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==== II. Deity. ====
==== II. Deity. ====
         In the 3rd millennium B.C. Venus was worshipped as the astral incarnation of the goddess Inanna, in the II-I millennium B.C. — the goddess Ishtar. The name <sup>mul / d</sup>''Dilbat'' was also used in prayers to other goddesses, see for example [LABS, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 321:325]. Venus masculine and feminine. Venus as a deity changed her gender depending on her position relative to the Sun. Two opposite traditions are attested in astrological texts:
         In the 3rd millennium B.C. Venus was worshipped as the astral incarnation of the goddess Inanna, in the II-I millennium B.C. — the goddess Ishtar. The name <sup>mul / d</sup>''Dilbat'' was also used in prayers to other goddesses, see for example [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc.<ref name=":16">''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17">''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 321:325]. Venus masculine and feminine. Venus as a deity changed her gender depending on her position relative to the Sun. Two opposite traditions are attested in astrological texts:


* (1) as the morning star, Venus was considered a female deity, as the evening star, a male deity; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ma sin-ni-šat'' / DIŠ SIG<sub>5</sub> ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A IGI-''ma zik-rat'' BAR-''tum'' "If Venus rises in the east, she is feminine, a favorable (sign); if she is seen in the west, she is male, an unfavorable (sign)". [BPO 3, 218, K. 3601 r. 31-32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81-2-4,239:2; BPO 2, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels];
* (1) as the morning star, Venus was considered a female deity, as the evening star, a male deity; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ma sin-ni-šat'' / DIŠ SIG<sub>5</sub> ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A IGI-''ma zik-rat'' BAR-''tum'' "If Venus rises in the east, she is feminine, a favorable (sign); if she is seen in the west, she is male, an unfavorable (sign)". [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K. 3601 r. 31-32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81-2-4,239:2; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels];
* (2) as the morning star, Venus was considered a male deity, as the evening star, a female one; <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'': ''sin-ni-šat'': TA <sup>d</sup>UTU.SU<sub>2</sub>.A "Venus, female, from the west", <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'': ''zi-ka-rat'': TA <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> "Venus, male, from the east" [ACh Ištar, 8:8-9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30-33].
* (2) as the morning star, Venus was considered a male deity, as the evening star, a female one; <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'': ''sin-ni-šat'': TA <sup>d</sup>UTU.SU<sub>2</sub>.A "Venus, female, from the west", <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'': ''zi-ka-rat'': TA <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> "Venus, male, from the east" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:8-9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30-33].


         In the list of Anum gods: <sup>d</sup>''be-el dil-bat'' "Lord Dilbat" [Cavigneaux 1981, 98:221]; see also [LAS 2, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol., 125-126; Reiner 1985, 591; 1995, 6; Heimpel 1982, 14-15]. As a male deity Venus was identified with Ningirsu: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM <sup>d</sup>''Nin-gir''<sub>2</sub>-''su'' <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' KI.MIN''-ma'' "Entenabarchum = Ningirsu, Venus ditto" [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. For more about the masculine and feminine nature of Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik s12) [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.GA]].
         In the list of Anum gods: <sup>d</sup>''be-el dil-bat'' "Lord Dilbat" [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 98:221]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12" />, 125-126; Reiner 1985<ref>''Reiner E.'' The Uses of Astrology // JAOS. 1985. Vol. 105, № 4. P. 589-595.</ref>, 591; 1995<ref name=":18">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 6; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>, 14-15]. As a male deity Venus was identified with Ningirsu: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM <sup>d</sup>''Nin-gir''<sub>2</sub>-''su'' <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' KI.MIN''-ma'' "Entenabarchum = Ningirsu, Venus ditto" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. For more about the masculine and feminine nature of Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik s12) [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.GA]].


===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
* (1) In Neo-Assyrian lists of the 6 astral gods, witnesses to the treaty, <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' comes second after <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.GAR [Parpola-Watanabe 1988, 6 iv 13-15], for a parallel see [Wiseman 1958, 29:13:61:42]. [Wiseman 1958, 29:13, 61:428].
* (1) In Neo-Assyrian lists of the 6 astral gods, witnesses to the treaty, <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat'' comes second after <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.GAR [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref>''Parpola   S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths.  Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 6 iv 13-15], for a parallel see [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 29:13, 61:428].
* (2) The hemerologies on the 16th of siman and the 14th of tebet: ''pad''-''su ana'' <sup>d</sup>amar.ud / <sup>d</sup>''gu-la'' <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir'' "The sacrifice offerings to Marduk(=Jupiter), Gula, Venus, he brings, and (it) is accepted". [KAR, 178 col. v 44-45, rev, ii 53-54; Labat 1939, 88-87, 134-135].
* (2) The hemerologies on the 16th of siman and the 14th of tebet: ''pad''-''su ana'' <sup>d</sup>amar.ud / <sup>d</sup>''gu-la'' <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir'' "The sacrifice offerings to Marduk(=Jupiter), Gula, Venus, he brings, and (it) is accepted". [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 col. v 44-45, rev, ii 53-54; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 88-87, 134-135].
* (3) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: Venus is mentioned twice as <sup>d</sup>''Ištar''(15) mul.meš è as <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' [Smith 1925, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL, 104; SAALT I, 71:25, 29]; cf. also (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], II.
* (3) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: Venus is mentioned twice as <sup>d</sup>''Ištar''(15) mul.meš è as <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 104; SAALT I<ref>''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 71:25, 29]; cf. also (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], II.
* (4) Namburbi's series of incantations: an incantation "against the evil (foreshadowed by) the eclipse of Venus." [CT 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954, 10-11].
* (4) Namburbi's series of incantations: an incantation "against the evil (foreshadowed by) the eclipse of Venus." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1954. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].
* (5) New Year's Day celebration in Babylon: <sup>múl</sup>''Dil-bat na-bat'' mul.<meš> "Dilbat — the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 219:325].
* (5) New Year's Day celebration in Babylon: <sup>múl</sup>''Dil-bat na-bat'' mul.<meš> "Dilbat — the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc.<ref name=":16" /> 139:325; Linssen 2004<ref name=":17" />, 219:325].
* (6) The ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (6) The ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (7) Warning dreams: "If he ditto (in his dream rises in the sky) and Venus [...]." [Oppenheim 1956, 282, 327:41]. See also [Mayer 1976, 429, <sup>mul</sup>DIL.BAT + Ištar].
* (7) Warning dreams: "If he ditto (in his dream rises in the sky) and Venus [...]." [Oppenheim 1956<ref>''Oppenheim  A.L.'' The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.</ref>, 282, 327:41]. See also [Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref>, 429, <sup>mul</sup>DIL.BAT + Ištar].


          For the names describing Venus as a deity and as a planet, see also (Kurtik a05) [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A<sub>2</sub>.GU<sub>2</sub>.ZI.GA]], (Kurtik a14) ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]'', (Kurtik a26) [[AMA.ME.TIL|<sup>d</sup>AMA.ME.TIL]], (Kurtik e03) [[E.TA.NAM.AN|<sup>d</sup>E.TA.NAM.AN]], (Kurtik g04) [[GAL.A.RU.RU|<sup>d</sup>GAL.A.RU.RU]], (Kurtik g16) [[GILIM.MA]], (Kurtik i10) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA|IM.ŠU.RIN.NA.NA]], (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA|<sup>d</sup>INANNA]], (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|<sup>d</sup>''Ištar'']], (Kurtik k07) [[KAB.TA|<sup>d</sup>KAB.TA]], (Kurtik k16) [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR<sub>2</sub>.ŠUL]], (Kurtik m30) [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|<sup>d</sup>MUL.AN.DIRI.A]], (Kurtik m33) [[MUL.KI.GAL]], (Kurtik n26) [[NIN.AN.NA|<sup>d</sup>NIN.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n30) [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik n31) [[NIN.GUL.TI]], (Kurtik n42) [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ<sub>2</sub>.U<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik s16) [[SI.MU2.A|<sup>d</sup>SI.MU<sub>2</sub>.A]], (Kurtik sh01) [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik t02) [[TI.MU2.A|<sup>d</sup>TI.MU<sub>2</sub>.A]], (Kurtik u02) [[U4.ZAL.LE|U<sub>4</sub>.ZAL.LE]], (Kurtik z09) [[ZIB2|<sup>d</sup>ZIB<sub>2</sub>]].
          For the names describing Venus as a deity and as a planet, see also (Kurtik a05) [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A<sub>2</sub>.GU<sub>2</sub>.ZI.GA]], (Kurtik a14) ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]'', (Kurtik a26) [[AMA.ME.TIL|<sup>d</sup>AMA.ME.TIL]], (Kurtik e03) [[E.TA.NAM.AN|<sup>d</sup>E.TA.NAM.AN]], (Kurtik g04) [[GAL.A.RU.RU|<sup>d</sup>GAL.A.RU.RU]], (Kurtik g16) [[GILIM.MA]], (Kurtik i10) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA|IM.ŠU.RIN.NA.NA]], (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA|<sup>d</sup>INANNA]], (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|<sup>d</sup>''Ištar'']], (Kurtik k07) [[KAB.TA|<sup>d</sup>KAB.TA]], (Kurtik k16) [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR<sub>2</sub>.ŠUL]], (Kurtik m30) [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|<sup>d</sup>MUL.AN.DIRI.A]], (Kurtik m33) [[MUL.KI.GAL]], (Kurtik n26) [[NIN.AN.NA|<sup>d</sup>NIN.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n30) [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik n31) [[NIN.GUL.TI]], (Kurtik n42) [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA]], (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ<sub>2</sub>.U<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik s16) [[SI.MU2.A|<sup>d</sup>SI.MU<sub>2</sub>.A]], (Kurtik sh01) [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik t02) [[TI.MU2.A|<sup>d</sup>TI.MU<sub>2</sub>.A]], (Kurtik u02) [[U4.ZAL.LE|U<sub>4</sub>.ZAL.LE]], (Kurtik z09) [[ZIB2|<sup>d</sup>ZIB<sub>2</sub>]].


==== III. Symbol. ====
==== III. Symbol. ====
          The standard symbol of Ishtar as the planet Venus on the seals and on the kudurru is an eight-rayed star in a circle or without it [Seidl 1968, 100-101; Van Buren 1945, 82-85; Kurtik 1998, 20-21] (ill. 48). In the Seleucid period, the same symbol was also used in connection to Mercury and Saturn [Weidner 1967, VAT 7847, AO 6448].
          The standard symbol of Ishtar as the planet Venus on the seals and on the kudurru is an eight-rayed star in a circle or without it [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 100-101; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 82-85; Kurtik 1998, 20-21] (ill. 48). In the Seleucid period, the same symbol was also used in connection to Mercury and Saturn [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner  E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen  auf  babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, VAT 7847, AO 6448].


          Venus as the morning and evening star (lit. "Venus in the east, in the west").
          Venus as the morning and evening star (lit. "Venus in the east, in the west").
Line 141: Line 141:
          In the east:
          In the east:


* (1) [<sup>mul</sup>MAR].GID<sub>2</sub>.DA <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>[UTU.E<sub>3</sub>].A "Wagon - Venus in the east". [LBAT, 1564:13] (see also [BPO 3, 262-263, K. 3384 rev. 1; G. 109 I; HBA, 118; Reiner 1995, 58]);
* (1) [<sup>mul</sup>MAR].GID<sub>2</sub>.DA <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>[UTU.E<sub>3</sub>].A "Wagon - Venus in the east". [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1564:13] (see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262-263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109 I; HBA<ref name=":13" />, 118; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 58]);
* (2) ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat'' <sup>ul</sup>BAN... "In the east, Venus is the Bow." [BPO 3, 248-249, K.2346+:57];
* (2) ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat'' <sup>ul</sup>BAN... "In the east, Venus is the Bow." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248-249, K.2346+:57];
* (3) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>UTU "Venus in the east is Shamash" [ACh Ištar, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32],
* (3) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>UTU "Venus in the east is Shamash" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32],
* (4) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Innin A-ka''<sub>3</sub>-''de''<sub>3</sub><sup>ki</sup> "Venus in the east is Ishtar of Akkad" [ACh Ištar, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34],
* (4) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Innin A-ka''<sub>3</sub>-''de''<sub>3</sub><sup>ki</sup> "Venus in the east is Ishtar of Akkad" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34],
* (5) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Ištar''(15) MUL.MEŠ "Venus in the east is the Lord of the stars" [ACh Ištar, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].
* (5) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Ištar''(15) MUL.MEŠ "Venus in the east is the Lord of the stars" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].


          In the West:
          In the West:


* (1) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>MAŠ "Venus in the West is Ninurta". [ACh Ištar, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33],
* (1) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>MAŠ "Venus in the West is Ninurta". [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33],
* (2) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>''Innin'' UNUG<sup>ki</sup> "Venus in the west is Ishtar of Uruk" [ACh Ištar, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35],
* (2) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>''Innin'' UNUG<sup>ki</sup> "Venus in the west is Ishtar of Uruk" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35],
* (3) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>''be-let'' DINGIR.MEŠ "Venus in the west is the Lady of the gods" [ACh Ištar, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].
* (3) <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>''be-let'' DINGIR.MEŠ "Venus in the west is the Lady of the gods" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].


==== IV. Astrology. ====
==== IV. Astrology. ====
Line 158: Line 158:
          (1) = Erua; see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.
          (1) = Erua; see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.


          (2) = Goat; <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' "Goat = Venus." [ARAK, 175 r. 7], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]],
          (2) = Goat; <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' "Goat = Venus." [ARAK<ref name=":11" />, 175 r. 7], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]],


          (3) = Wagon; [DIŠ ''e-le-nu'' <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA AN-''u''<sub>2</sub> MI AN.MI GAR UGU-''nu'' <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' <sup>d</sup>UDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-''ma''] "If the sky above the Wagon is dark: an eclipse will occur; (it means): Mercury stands above Venus" [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r. 33], see also [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 1].
          (3) = Wagon; [DIŠ ''e-le-nu'' <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA AN-''u''<sub>2</sub> MI AN.MI GAR UGU-''nu'' <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' <sup>d</sup>UDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-''ma''] "If the sky above the Wagon is dark: an eclipse will occur; (it means): Mercury stands above Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 218, K.3601 r. 33], see also [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 1].


          (4) = True Shepherd of Anu; [...''Sipa'']-''zi-an-na'' <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' "True Shepherd of Anu = Venus" [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 2].
          (4) = True Shepherd of Anu; [...''Sipa'']-''zi-an-na'' <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' "True Shepherd of Anu = Venus" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 262, K.3384 r. 2].


          (5) = Green-yellow star; MUL SIG<sub>7</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].
          (5) = Green-yellow star; MUL SIG<sub>7</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat'' [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:54].


===== Predictions: =====
===== Predictions: =====
          See. [BPO 1; BPO 2; BPO 3; G. 109, III] as well as numerous articles in this edition.
          See. [BPO 1<ref name=":6" />; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />; BPO 3<ref name=":2" />; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 109, III] as well as numerous articles in this edition.


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==

Latest revision as of 08:51, 18 October 2025

mul / dDilbat (𒀯𒀸𒁁) is an ancient Mesopotamian planet name. It is the standard reading of the most common name for the planet Venus, for which a number of other options are listed below. Venus is also commonly identified by the name of the Venus-goddess in the Mesopotamian pantheon: Inanna = Ištar.

Visibility & Appearance

Images of Venus (Naked Eye Appearance)

  • Venus above Sahara (Nov. 2005, Susanne M Hoffmann)

    Venus above Sahara (Nov. 2005, Susanne M Hoffmann)

  • Venus above campfire (Sahara 2008, SMH)

    Venus above campfire (Sahara 2008, SMH)

  • Moon and Venus in morning twilight above Austrian mountains (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann 2016).

    Moon and Venus in morning twilight above Austrian mountains (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann 2016).

  • Venus and Pleiades above a mountain at Dawn in Europe (SMH 2020)

    Venus and Pleiades above a mountain at Dawn in Europe (SMH 2020)

  • Venus above the rocks at Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023), it's already rather dark (not really dusk any more).

    Venus above the rocks at Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023), it's already rather dark (not really dusk any more).

  • Venus above the Gate to the Shaolin Temple (China 2024, SMH)

    Venus above the Gate to the Shaolin Temple (China 2024, SMH)

  • Venus and Moon at Dusk (Europe, SMH 2025)

    Venus and Moon at Dusk (Europe, SMH 2025)

  • Saturn, Venus and Moon at Dusk (SMH 2025)

    Saturn, Venus and Moon at Dusk (SMH 2025)

  • Moon and Venus in tropical dusk in Indonesia (Karimunjawa, SMH 2024).

    Moon and Venus in tropical dusk in Indonesia (Karimunjawa, SMH 2024).

  • Moon and Venus at Dusk (SMH 2025).

    Moon and Venus at Dusk (SMH 2025).

  • Venus and Moon at Dusk, 2025 (SMH)

    Venus and Moon at Dusk, 2025 (SMH)

  • Venus above houses, evening star, (SMH 2025)

    Venus above houses, evening star, (SMH 2025)

  • Venus and Pleiades at Dusk in Europe (SMH 2020), for comparison of brightness

    Venus and Pleiades at Dusk in Europe (SMH 2020), for comparison of brightness

Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)

DILΙ.BAT “Venus”. In bilingual and lexical texts, Sum. dili-bad(-rá) is translated by na/ebītu “the bright one” (fem.). As a star name it is conventionally read Dil(i)bat. If Δελεφατ (delephat) in Hesychius v. 558 is correctly understood as a Greek transcription of this name, it points to a reading Dil(i)pat, which could be derived from Akk. dalāpu “to be sleepless”. mulDILΙ.BAT (AN 20l).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Var. reading: muldili.bad, mulDilibat, mulDIL.BAD, muldili-bad, (d)dili-pat2, dele-bat; = "the one that sparkles"; from dili.bad = nebû "to shine, to sparkle". Generally accepted name of Venus in astronomical and astrological texts of the II-I millennium BC; first in the hymn of Iddin-Dagan (XX century BC) as mul dalla dili muldili-bad "shining/the only star, Venus". [AHw[1], 774; Bruschweiler 1987[2], 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973[3]; ETCSL[4], Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Venus: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. "Delephate: the star of Aphrodite: from the Chaldeans." [TLG 4085-002, Δ 590], derived from Dilbat [Gössmann[5] 109; Tallqvist 1938[6], 282].

Sources Identifications
 Lexical texts.
  • (1) Urra XXII series: mul[dil]-bat = di-il-bat [Emar VI/4[7], 151:154].
  • (2) Antagal series (G 306): d zibZIG = ddil-bat (in the list of planets) [MSL XVII[8], 229].
  • (3) AN:dAnum series (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998[9], 161].
"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”
  • Astrolabe P.
    • Month of Nisan, Anu stars, 100 [Pinches 1900[10], 573].
  • Astrolabe B.
    • (1) In the list (12´3): mul gal ša ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu gub-zu / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mulDil-bat / a-lik pa-ni mul. “The great star which is above the great stars / at the rising of the south wind it stands / (it) changes place: half a year (it) in the east (stands), / half a year in the west. (This is) the star Venus, / (which) is the first to go amidst the stars of Anu" (B ii 1-5); for a parallel, see [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98[11], Anu 1].
    • (2) List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulDil-bat šu-ut dA-nim "Nisanu month: ...Venus (on the way of) Anu (rising)" (C ii 1).
    • (3) List (rising-setting=6m): rising - nisanu, setting - tashritu (C 13, 26); also about Venus it is said: mulDil-bat ut-ta-nak-kar "Venus changes (her position)". [KAV[12] 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014[13], Ch. 5-8]; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2. 
  • BM 82923.
    • The month of Nisan, the stars of Anu: [mulDili-bat] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ "[Venus] // 100 // The most brilliant of stars" [Walker-Hunger 1977[14], 27-28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; here RI = nabāṭu "to shine brightly, sparkle" as in ND 4362:26, which gives the identity: RI = nabāṭu "to shine brightly" [BPO 3[15], 237, 241].
  • BM 34713.
    • The month of Ayar, the stars of Anu: múlDil-bat [LBAT[16], 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) MUL2.MUL2.
  • The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. A
    • List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): mulDil-bat [TCL 6[17], 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b[18], 212].
EAE.
  • For a corpus of astrological predictions related to Venus and an analysis of the terms used in them, see. [BPO 3[15]]; see also [ABCD[19], 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987[20], 10: r. 11-17, 25-29; BPO 1[21], 8; BPO 2[22], 11; Borger 1973[23], LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957[24], 240-243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957[25], 23:33; NSAM 2[26], 247; Pingree 1993[27]; SpTU I[28], 91:12-14; SpTU II[29], 41:17; SpTU III[30], 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V[31], 264:7', 9'; Stev. O.T[32]: Pl. XVII, 11-13].
"Catalogue of 30 Stars".
  • Anu 1. mulDil-bat ša2 ina ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ina dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A x [. ]
  • "Venus, which stands at the rising of the east wind, changes (her) position, half a year (she) is in the east, half a year in the west [...]" (B. 15) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98[11], 177], see also (Kurtik i18) Ištar.
"Letters" and "Reports."
  • See. [LABS[16], 378; ARAK[33], 349-350].
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) The stars of Anu (no. 20): mulDili-bat KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir "Venus changes her position constantly and crosses the sky" (I ii 13).
  • (2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL dSin DU-ku mulDili-bat DU-ak "Venus takes (the same) path as the Moon takes" (II i 3).
  • (3) List and definition of the planets: Venus is second after Jupiter, see (Kurtik u07) UDU.IDIM.
  • (4) Planetary theory:
    • a) [mulDi]li-bat dUTU.E3 TUM3-ma ITI ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ra / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM u4-mi KIMIN 2 ITI uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI. LA2 "Venus disappears in the east and remains (invisible) in the sky for a month / or for a month and 15 days, or it remains invisible for 2 months and / becomes visible in the west" (II i 44-46),
    • (b) mulDili-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-ma ina u4-me TUM3 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa KIMIN 3 u4-mi / KI.3 7 u4-mi KI.4 14 u4-mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma KUR-ḫa "Venus disappears in the west and becomes (again) visible in the east on the day on which she disappears; or, (she disappears) for 3 days, / thirdly, for 7 days, fourthly, for 14 days, she remains (invisible) and then ascends" (II i 47-48),
    • c) mulDili-bat lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma / 9 ITImeš ina AN-e GUB-ma i-tab-bal "Venus becomes visible either in the east or in the west, / stands in the sky for 9 months and disappears" (II i 61) [MA[34], 33, 70, 80, 81-82, 85].
  • Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82-86 contain predictions for mulDil-bat for each day of the month [Labat 1965[35]].
"The Great Star List".
  • (1) [ddil].bat = ana si.sa2 bu-lim "Venus — for the prosperity of cattle."
  • (2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat "Widow's Furnace = Venus".
  • (3) muldil.bat = diš-tar bēlet kur.kur "Venus — Ištar, the ruler of countries".
  • (4) The 12 stars of Elam: [mul]dil.bat in the first place.
  • (5) List of planets: muldil.bat in the 4th place (after the Moon, the Sun and Jupiter) [Mesop.Astrol.[36], App. B:28-30, 201, 242].  List of stars VR 46, 1:40. mulDil-bat = na-ba-at kak-ka-bu "Venus is the star with the greatest luster", see also [HBA[37], 52:40; Wee 2016[38], 162-3:40]; parallel: ddil-bat na-bat MUL.MEŠ [Parpola-Watanabe 1988[39], 46, 428].
Uranologies
  • MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ u GU2.LA2(?) mula-nu-ni-tu4 man-za-za muldil-bat "Swallow and extended neck(?) Anunitu - Venus' place" (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al., 2018[40], 35, 39].
"The Dilbat Tablet.”

Each month of the Babylonian calendar has a constellation identified with Venus. The main text of LBAT[16], 1564:1-12 (= 81-7-6,102, for Pinches' publication see [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]):

  • (1) mulnin.si4?.an. na mulDil-bat ina itibar2 "Ninsianna — Venus in the month of Nisan",
  • (2) mulA-ri-tu4 mulDil-bat ina itigu4 "Shield — Venus in the month of ayar",
  • (3) mulban mulDil-bat ina itine "The bow — Venus in the month of abu" (the order of months in the text ssdoes not correspond to the standard),
  • (4) mulnunki mulDil-bat ina itikin "Eridu — Venus in the month of ulul",
  • (5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mulDil-bat ina itidu6 "Entenabarhum — Venus in the month of Tashritu",
  • (6) mulRap-pu mulDil-bat ina itiapin "The bridle — Venus in the month of arahsamnu",
  • (7) mulgir2.an.na mulDil-bat ina itigan "Heavenly sword (=Scorpius) — Venus in the month of kislim" (in [ACh Ištar[41], 8:2] the month of kislim corresponds to ulgu. la "Giant"),
  • (8) muluz3 mulDil-bat ina itiab "Goat — Venus in the month of tebetu" (in ACh Ištar[41], 8:3, uluz3 "Goat"),
  • (9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat ina itiziz2 "Field — Venus in the month of Shabbat" (in ACh Ištar[41], 8:4, ulAŠ.GAN Bābilī(ka2.dingir. meš) "Field of Babylon"),
  • (10) mulku6 mulDil-bat ina itiše "Fish — Venus in the month of addar" (ACh Ištar, 8: 6 - ina itiše ulku6 dE2-a dDil-bat "In the month of Addar Fish Ea, Dilbat"),
  • (11) [muls]ag mulDil-bat ina itisig4 "Head — Venus in the month of siman" (it seems to be a part of some constellation, but it is not clear),
  • (12) [mulmu]š. a.sag.ga mulDil-bat ina itišu "Mushasagga — Venus in the month du'uzu" (so in [LBAT[16], 1564:12], but in [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] - [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga "the Two-Headed Serpent". [MSL VIII/2, 93]), see also [HBA[37], 119; Gössmann[5] 109, I].
"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".
  • (d)dele-bat is the standard designation for Venus in the diaries [AD I-III]. "Mathematical Astronomy." See. [ACT I-III[42]; LBAT[16], passim].
Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.
  • (1) The nature of astrological influences.
    • a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[Dil-bat pa-aš2-ḫat at-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] "If [Venus (appears): (this sign is) very peaceful; wherever it goes, (it will be accompanied by) success; (he will) live long]",
    • b) DIŠ KI dDil-bat DUMU.MEŠ u DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI “If the area of Venus: sons and daughters of those people.” [TCL 6[17], 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b[18], 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b[43], 324-325]. Parallels: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dDil-bat E3-a pa-aš2-ḫat at/d-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA "If a child is born when Venus has come forward: (his life will be) particularly(?) calm; wherever he directs his feet, good fortune will accompany him; (his) days will be long" [TCL 6[17], 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952[44], 66].
  • (2) Horoscopes. (d)dele-bat, see. [BH, passim].
  • (3) "Hypsoma."
    • (a) DIŠ mulDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti KUR-ud SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ma: ana 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma "If Venus reaches the place of niṣirtu: (it) foreshadows good; (it means that) it reaches Leo, var.: does it rise? to 1⅔ bēru" [ACh Suppl.[41], 34:27; BPO 3[15], 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a[45], 53].
    • (b) [DIŠ mu]lDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti la KUR-ud-ma u it-bal KUR ut-ta[ḫ-ḫas] "If Venus does not reach the place of niṣirtu and disappears: the country will be struck" [ACh Suppl.[41], 34:28; BPO 3[15], 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a[45], 54]; for a parallel see. [BPO 3[15], 250, K.3708:3-4]; for other examples of predictions referring to ašar(KI) niṣirtu of Venus (but without specifying its position relative to the stars), see [ACh Suppl. [ACh Suppl.[41], 34:29-32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a[45], 54; BPO 3[15], 232, D.T.47:15-16; 244, K.2346+:21-22; 250, K.3708+:5-8; 256, K.7050 ii 6'].
    • c) [m]ulDilbat nabât kakkabāni / ina amurri / [ina ḫarrān šū]t dEa / innamirma ... niṣirtu / ikšudamma itbal / mulṢalbatānu pāris / pursê māt amurri / ina ḫarrān šūt dEa / ib᾽il "Venus, the most brilliant of stars, appeared in the west [on the wa]y towards Ea, ... reached (the place niṣirtu) and (then) vanished. Mars, which passes judgment concerning Amurru, (was) in the way of Ea and had great brilliance" [Borger Esarh.[46], §2 i 39 - ii 9], quoted from [Rochberg-Halton 1988a[45], 54]. Here, according to calculations, the place of niṣirtu is in Pisces, as it was considered in Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a[45], 54, 57; ASM[47], 28, 138], see also e).
    • (d) In the horoscope: ina E2 ni-ṣir-tu4 / ša2 dele-bat LU2.TUR a-lid "In the house of niṣirtu Venus a child is born" [BH 46-50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2-3].
    • (e) See above MLC 1866 i 8.
  • (4) Predicting the prices of cereals on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (dDili-pat2) [SpTU I[28], 94:23, 28].
  • (5) An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ID2 BA3 dx[... i]tiŠE MUL!meš dDil-bat " ...: month of addar; stars?, Venus". [SpTU IV[48], 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78].
  • (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: dDil-bat, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984[49], 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
  • (7) Predictions of enemy attacks from observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6[17], 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b[18], 213-214, 216].

See also [SpTU II[29], 42:10; SpTU V[31], 261:13'-18', 271:7'].

Example

Additional

II. Deity.

         In the 3rd millennium B.C. Venus was worshipped as the astral incarnation of the goddess Inanna, in the II-I millennium B.C. — the goddess Ishtar. The name mul / dDilbat was also used in prayers to other goddesses, see for example [LABS[50], 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc.[51] 139:325; Linssen 2004[52], 321:325]. Venus masculine and feminine. Venus as a deity changed her gender depending on her position relative to the Sun. Two opposite traditions are attested in astrological texts:

  • (1) as the morning star, Venus was considered a female deity, as the evening star, a male deity; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma sin-ni-šat / DIŠ SIG5 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-ma zik-rat BAR-tum "If Venus rises in the east, she is feminine, a favorable (sign); if she is seen in the west, she is male, an unfavorable (sign)". [BPO 3[15], 218, K. 3601 r. 31-32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81-2-4,239:2; BPO 2[22], IV 6a, 7a + Parallels];
  • (2) as the morning star, Venus was considered a male deity, as the evening star, a female one; dDil-bat: sin-ni-šat: TA dUTU.SU2.A "Venus, female, from the west", dDil-bat: zi-ka-rat: TA dUTU.E3 "Venus, male, from the east" [ACh Ištar[41], 8:8-9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30-33].

         In the list of Anum gods: dbe-el dil-bat "Lord Dilbat" [Cavigneaux 1981[53], 98:221]; see also [LAS 2[54], p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol.[36], 125-126; Reiner 1985[55], 591; 1995[56], 6; Heimpel 1982[57], 14-15]. As a male deity Venus was identified with Ningirsu: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su dDil-bat KI.MIN-ma "Entenabarchum = Ningirsu, Venus ditto" [BPO 3[15], 262, K.3384 r. 6]. For more about the masculine and feminine nature of Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) SAL.A.ŠE3, (Kurtik n46) NITA.A.ŠE3, (Kurtik s12) SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA.

Prayers and Rituals.
  • (1) In Neo-Assyrian lists of the 6 astral gods, witnesses to the treaty, mulDil-bat comes second after mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola-Watanabe 1988[58], 6 iv 13-15], for a parallel see [Wiseman 1958[59], 29:13, 61:428].
  • (2) The hemerologies on the 16th of siman and the 14th of tebet: pad-su ana damar.ud / dgu-la muldil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir "The sacrifice offerings to Marduk(=Jupiter), Gula, Venus, he brings, and (it) is accepted". [KAR[60], 178 col. v 44-45, rev, ii 53-54; Labat 1939[61], 88-87, 134-135].
  • (3) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (mīs pî) or "reviving" the statue-deity: Venus is mentioned twice as dIštar(15) mul.meš è as dDil-bat [Smith 1925[62], BM 45749:25, 29; TuL[63], 104; SAALT I[64], 71:25, 29]; cf. also (Kurtik s09) SAG.ME.GAR, II.
  • (4) Namburbi's series of incantations: an incantation "against the evil (foreshadowed by) the eclipse of Venus." [CT[65] 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954[66], 10-11].
  • (5) New Year's Day celebration in Babylon: múlDil-bat na-bat mul.<meš> "Dilbat — the most brilliant of the stars" [RAcc.[51] 139:325; Linssen 2004[52], 219:325].
  • (6) The ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) UDU.IDIM.
  • (7) Warning dreams: "If he ditto (in his dream rises in the sky) and Venus [...]." [Oppenheim 1956[67], 282, 327:41]. See also [Mayer 1976[68], 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

          For the names describing Venus as a deity and as a planet, see also (Kurtik a05) A2.GU2.ZI.GA, (Kurtik a14) A-ḫa-ti, (Kurtik a26) dAMA.ME.TIL, (Kurtik e03) dE.TA.NAM.AN, (Kurtik g04) dGAL.A.RU.RU, (Kurtik g16) GILIM.MA, (Kurtik i10) IM.ŠU.RIN.NA.NA, (Kurtik i13) dINANNA, (Kurtik i18) dIštar, (Kurtik k07) dKAB.TA, (Kurtik k16) KAR2.ŠUL, (Kurtik m30) dMUL.AN.DIRI.A, (Kurtik m33) MUL.KI.GAL, (Kurtik n26) dNIN.AN.NA, (Kurtik n30) NIN.GIRIM3, (Kurtik n31) NIN.GUL.TI, (Kurtik n42) NIN.SI4.AN.NA, (Kurtik n47) NU.KUŠ2.U3, (Kurtik s16) dSI.MU2.A, (Kurtik sh01) ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3, (Kurtik t02) dTI.MU2.A, (Kurtik u02) U4.ZAL.LE, (Kurtik z09) dZIB2.

III. Symbol.

          The standard symbol of Ishtar as the planet Venus on the seals and on the kudurru is an eight-rayed star in a circle or without it [Seidl 1968[69], 100-101; Van Buren 1945[70], 82-85; Kurtik 1998, 20-21] (ill. 48). In the Seleucid period, the same symbol was also used in connection to Mercury and Saturn [Weidner 1967[71], VAT 7847, AO 6448].

          Venus as the morning and evening star (lit. "Venus in the east, in the west").

          In the east:

  • (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mulDil-bat ina d[UTU.E3].A "Wagon - Venus in the east". [LBAT[16], 1564:13] (see also [BPO 3[15], 262-263, K. 3384 rev. 1; Gössmann[5] 109 I; HBA[37], 118; Reiner 1995[56], 58]);
  • (2) ina GIŠ.NIM ulDil-bat ulBAN... "In the east, Venus is the Bow." [BPO 3[15], 248-249, K.2346+:57];
  • (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dUTU "Venus in the east is Shamash" [ACh Ištar[41], 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32],
  • (4) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dInnin A-ka3-de3ki "Venus in the east is Ishtar of Akkad" [ACh Ištar[41], 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34],
  • (5) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dIštar(15) MUL.MEŠ "Venus in the east is the Lord of the stars" [ACh Ištar[41], 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

          In the West:

  • (1) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ "Venus in the West is Ninurta". [ACh Ištar[41], 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33],
  • (2) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dInnin UNUGki "Venus in the west is Ishtar of Uruk" [ACh Ištar[41], 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35],
  • (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dbe-let DINGIR.MEŠ "Venus in the west is the Lady of the gods" [ACh Ištar[41], 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

IV. Astrology.

Identifications:

          (1) = Erua; see (Kurtik a02) A.EDIN, V 1.

          (2) = Goat; mulUZ3 = dDil-bat "Goat = Venus." [ARAK[33], 175 r. 7], see also (Kurtik u31) UZ3,

          (3) = Wagon; [DIŠ e-le-nu m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-u2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-nu dDil-bat dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-ma] "If the sky above the Wagon is dark: an eclipse will occur; (it means): Mercury stands above Venus" [BPO 3[15], 218, K.3601 r. 33], see also [BPO 3[15], 262, K.3384 r. 1].

          (4) = True Shepherd of Anu; [...Sipa]-zi-an-na dDil-bat "True Shepherd of Anu = Venus" [BPO 3[15], 262, K.3384 r. 2].

          (5) = Green-yellow star; MUL SIG7 = dDil-bat [BPO 3[15], 248, K.2346+:54].

Predictions:

          See. [BPO 1[21]; BPO 2[22]; BPO 3[15]; Gössmann[5] 109, III] as well as numerous articles in this edition.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, d06) Gössmann (1950)

Kurtik (b02) BAL.ME.GAR (Reading corrected by Weidner 1966: (AfO 21) 46 Z. 24 = dili.bad = K 4387 = IIR 47)

только в [II R, 47, 24 c d]: mulBAL.ME.GAR  I.GAR.IM = i-gar-ri-im i-šid «Стена фундамента» (?) [G. 46].

Kurtik (d06) Dilbat
вар. чтения: muldili.bad, ulDilibat, mulDIL.BAD, muldili-bad, (d)dili-pat2, dele-bat; = «та, что сверкает»; от dili.bad = nebû «сиять, сверкать». Общепринятое название Венеры в астрономических и астрологических текстах II–I тыс. до н.э.; впервые в гимне Иддин-Дагана (XX в. до н.э.) как mul dalla dili muldili-bad «блестящая/единственная звезда, Венера» [AHw, 774; Bruschweiler 1987, 112 (note 32), 114; Reisman 1973; ETCSL, Text 2.5.3.1:89, 135]. Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Венеры: Δελέφατ. ὁ τῆς ᾽Αφροδίτος ἀστήρ, ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων. «Делефат: звезда Афродиты: от халдеев» [TLG 4085–002, Δ 590], происходящее от Dilbat [G. 109; Tallqvist 1938, 282].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mul[dil]-bat = di-il-bat [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 306): d zibZIG = ddil-bat (в списке планет) [MSL XVII, 229]. (3) Серия AN:dAnum (IV 181): dDili.bad = min(= dIš8-tar2 mul.<meš>) «Венера = Богиня звезд» [Litke 1998, 161]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану, 100 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) В списке (12´3): mul gal ša ugu mul.meš gal.meš / ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu gub-zu / ki.gub kur2.kur2 ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.e3 / ½(sa9) mu ina dutu.šu2.a mul.bi mulDil-bat / a-lik pa-ni mul.meš šu-ut dA-nim «Великая звезда, которая выше великих звезд / при восходе южного ветра стоит, / место (свое) изменяет: половину года (она) на востоке (стоит), / половину года — на западе. (Это) звезда Венера, / (которая) первой из звезд Ану идет» (B ii 1–5); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1]. (2) Список (3´12): itibara2 …mulDil-bat šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц нисану: … Венера (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 1). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту (С 13, 26); кроме того о Венере сказано: mulDil-bat  ut-ta-nak-kar «Венера изменяет (свое положение)» [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]; см. также a48AŠ.GAN2.  BM 82923. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану: [mulDili-bat] // 1,40 // RI MUL.MEŠ «[Венера] // 100 // Самая блестящая из звезд» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:1; 32, Anm. 2]; здесь RI = nabāṭu «сиять, сверкать», как в ND 4362:26, где дано тождество: RI = nabāṭu «to shine brightly» [BPO 3, 237, 241]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Ану: múlDil-bat [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 1): mulDil-bat [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Корпус астрологических предсказаний, связанных с Венерой, анализ используемых в них терминов cм. [BPO 3]; см. также [ABCD, 62, 179:5, 205:8; Biggs 1987, 10: r. 11–17, 25–29; BPO 1, 8; BPO 2, 11; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 15′, 16′, 18′, 21′, 22′; Largement 1957, 240–243:26a, 26b, 27; 250:81, 82; Leibovici 1957, 23:33; NSAM 2, 247; Pingree 1993; SpTU I, 91:12–14; SpTU II, 41:17; SpTU III, 101:28 r. 9, 13; SpTU V, 264:7', 9'; Stev. O.T: Pl. XVII, 11–13]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 1. mulDil-bat ša2 ina ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu KI.GUB KUR2.KUR2 ½ MU ina dUTU.E3.A ½ MU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A x [...] «Венера, которая стоит при восходе восточного ветра, положение (свое) изменяет, половину года (она) на востоке, половину года на западе […]» (B. 15)  [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177], см. также i18Ištar. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Cм. [LABS, 378; ARAK, 349–350]. MUL.APIN. (1)  Звезды Ану (№ 20): mulDili-bat KI.GUB-su KUR2.KUR2-ir-ma AN-e ib-bir «Венера свое положение постоянно изменяет и пересекает небо» (I ii 13). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku mulDili-bat DU-ak «Венера проходит (тот же) путь, что и Луна проходит» (II i 3). (3) Список и определение планет: Венера на втором месте после Юпитера, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) [mulDi]li-bat dUTU.E3 TUM3-ma ITI ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ra / [KIMIN] 1 ITI UD 15 KAM u4-mi KIMIN 2 ITI uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma / dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2 «Венера исчезает на востоке и остается (невидимой) на небе в течение месяца / или в течение месяца и 15 дней, или она остается в течение 2 месяцев, и / становится видна на западе» (II i 44–46), b) mulDili-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A TUM3-ma ina u4-me TUM3 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa KIMIN 3 u4-mi / KI.3 7 u4-mi KI.4 14 u4-mi uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma KUR-ḫa «Венера исчезает на западе и становится (опять) видна на востоке в день, в который она исчезает; или, (она исчезает) на 3 дня, / в-третьих, на 7 дней, в-четвертых, на 14 дней, она остается (невидимой), и затем восходит» (II i 47–48), c) mulDili-bat lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma / 9 ITImeš ina AN-e GUB-ma i-tab-bal «Венера становится видна либо на востоке, либо на западе, / стоит на небе в течение 9 месяцев и исчезает» (II i 61) [MA, 33, 70, 80, 81–82, 85]. Iqqur īpuš. §§ 82–86 содержат предсказания для mulDil-bat на каждый день месяца [Labat 1965]. «Большой список звезд». (1) [ddil].bat = ana si.sa2 bu-lim «Венера ― для процветания скота». (2) [mu]lim.šu.rin.na nu.kuš2.u3 = ddil.bat «Вдовья Печь = Венера». (3) muldil.bat = diš-tar bēlet kur.kur «Венера ― Иштар, владычица стран». (4) 12 звезд Элама: [mul]dil.bat на первом месте. (5) Список планет: muldil.bat на 4-м месте (после Луны, Солнца и Юпитера) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:28–30, 201, 242]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:40. mulDil-bat = na-ba-at kak-ka-bu «Венера ― звезда с наибольшим блеском», см. также [HBA, 52:40; Wee 2016, 162–3:40]; параллель: ddil-bat na-bat MUL.MEŠ [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 46, 428]. MLC 1866. mulSIM.MAḪ u GU2.LA2(?) mula-nu-ni-tu4 man-za-za muldil-bat «Ласточка и вытянутая шея(?) Ануниту — место Венеры» (D i 9) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39]. «Таблица Дилбат». На каждый месяц вавилонского календаря указано созвездие, отождествляемое с Венерой. Основной текст LBAT, 1564:1–12 (= 81-7-6,102, публикация Пинчеса см. [PSBA XXXI, Pl. IV]): (1) mulnin.si4?.an.na mulDil-bat ina itibar2 «Нинсианна ― Венера в месяце нисану», (2) mulA-ri-tu4 mulDil-bat ina itigu4 «Щит ― Венера в месяце айяру», (3) mulban mulDil-bat ina itine «Лук ― Венера в месяце абу» (порядок месяцев в тексте не соответствует стандартному), (4) mulnunki mulDil-bat ina itikin «Эриду ― Венера в месяце улулу», (5) mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum mulDil-bat ina itidu6 «Энтенабархум ― Венера в месяце ташриту», (6) mulRap-pu mulDil-bat ina itiapin «Уздечка ― Венера в месяце арахсамну», (7) mulgir2.an.na mulDil-bat ina itigan «Небесный меч (=Скорпион) ― Венера в месяце кислиму» (в [ACh Ištar, 8:2] месяцу кислиму соответствует ulgu.la «Великан»), (8) muluz3 mulDil-bat ina itiab «Коза ― Венера в месяце тебету» (в ACh Ištar, 8:3 ― uluz3 «Коза»), (9) mulAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat ina itiziz2 «Поле ― Венера в месяце шабату» (в ACh Ištar, 8:4 ― ulAŠ.GAN Bābilī(ka2.dingir.meš) «Поле Вавилона»), (10) mulku6 mulDil-bat ina itiše «Рыба ― Венера в месяце аддару» (ACh Ištar, 8:6 ― ina itiše ulku6 dE2-a dDil-bat «В месяце аддару Рыба Эа, Дилбат»), (11) [muls]ag mulDil-bat ina itisig4 «Голова ― Венера в месяце симану» (речь идет, по-видимому, о части какого-то созвездия, но какого именно — неясно), (12) [mulmu]š.a.sag.ga mulDil-bat ina itišu «Мушaсагга ― Венера в месяце дуузу» (так в [LBAT, 1564:12], но в [PSBA XXXI, Pl. 4:12] ― [mulmu]š.min.sag.ga «Двухголовый Змей» [MSL VIII/2, 93]), см. также [HBA, 119; G. 109, I]. «Дневники наблюдений». (d)dele-bat ― стандартное обозначение Венеры в дневниках [AD I–III]. «Математическая астрономия». См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) ˹DIŠ˺ d[Dil-bat pa-aš2-ḫat at-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4 GID2.DA] «Если [Венера (появляется): (этот знак) очень мирный; куда бы он ни пошел, (ему будет сопутствовать) успех; (он будет) долго жить]», b) DIŠ KI dDil-bat DUMU.MEŠ u DUMU.SAL.MEŠ UN.MEŠ.BI «Если область Венеры: сыновья и дочери у тех людей» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 1, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dDil-bat E3-a pa-aš2-ḫat at/d-rat e-ma GIN-ku ŠE.GA U4.GID2.DA «Если ребенок родился, когда Венера вышла вперед: (его жизнь будет) в особенности(?) спокойной; куда бы он не направил свои стопы, ему будет сопутствовать удача; (его) дни будут долгими» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 30; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гороскопы». (d)dele-bat, см. [BH, passim]. (3) «Гипсома». a) DIŠ mulDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti KUR-ud SIG5 GAR mulUR.GU.LA KUR-ma: ana 1⅔ KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma «Если Венера достигает места niṣirtu: (это) предвещает добро; (это означает, что) она достигает Льва, вар.: она поднимается? на 1⅔ bēru» [ACh Suppl., 34:27; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:13; 250, K.3708+: 3; 216, K.3601+: r. 8; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 53]. b) [DIŠ mu]lDil-bat KI ni-ṣir-ti la KUR-ud-ma u it-bal KUR ut-ta[ḫ-ḫas] «Если Венера не достигает места niṣirtu и исчезает: страна подвергнется удару» [ACh Suppl., 34:28; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:14; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]; параллель см. [BPO 3, 250, K.3708:3–4]; другие примеры предсказаний, в которых речь идет об ašar(KI) niṣirtu Венеры (однако без указания его положения относительно звезд), см. [ACh Suppl., 34:29–32; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54; BPO 3, 232, D.T.47:15–16; 244, K.2346+:21–22; 250, K.3708+:5–8; 256, K.7050 ii 6']. с) [m]ulDilbat nabât kakkabāni / ina amurri / [ina ḫarrān šū]t dEa / innamirma … niṣirtu / ikšudamma itbal / mulṢalbatānu pāris / pursê māt amurri / ina ḫarrān šūt dEa / ib᾽il «Венера, самая блестящая из звезд, появилась на западе [на пут]и Эа, … достигла (места niṣirtu) и (затем) исчезла. Марс, который выносит решение, касающееся Амурру, (находился) на пути Эа и имел большой блеск» [Borger Esarh., §2 i 39 – ii 9], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54]. Здесь, согласно расчетам, место niṣirtu находилось в Рыбах (Pisces), как это имело место в греческой астрологии [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 54, 57; ASM, 28, 138], см. также e). d) В гороскопе: ina E2 ni-ṣir-tu4 / ša2 dele-bat LU2.TUR a-lid «В доме niṣirtu Венеры ребенок родился» [BH 46–50, 77, Text 8, rev. 2–3]. e) см. выше MLC 1866 i 8.  (4) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (dDili-pat2) [SpTU I, 94:23, 28]. (5) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами:  ID2 BA3 dx[… i]tiŠE MUL!meš dDil-bat «…: месяц аддару; звезды?, Венера» [SpTU IV, 159:21; Reiner 1959, 78]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: dDil-bat, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (7) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 22, 27; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].

См. также [SpTU II, 42:10; SpTU V, 261:13'–18', 271:7'].

II. Божество.

В III тыс. до н.э. Венера почиталась как астральное воплощение богини Инанны (Inanna), во II–I тыс. до н.э. ― богини Иштар (Ištar). Имя mul / dDilbat использовалось также в молитвенных обращениях к другим богиням, см., например, [LABS, 197:8, 240 r. 3; RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 321:325]. Венера мужская и женская. Венера как божество изменяла свой пол в зависимости от ее положения относительно Солнца. В астрологических текстах засвидетельствованы две противоположные традиции: (1) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась женским божеством, как вечерняя звезда ― мужским; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma sin-ni-šat / DIŠ SIG5 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-ma zik-rat BAR-tum «Если Венера восходит на востоке, она женская, благоприятный (знак); если она видна на западе, она мужская, неблагоприятный (знак)» [BPO 3, 218, K. 3601 r. 31–32; 237, ND 4362:27; 253, 81–2–4,239:2; BPO 2, IV 6a, 7a + Parallels]; (2) как утренняя звезда Венера считалась мужским божеством, как вечерняя звезда — женским; dDil-bat: sin-ni-šat: TA dUTU.SU2.A «Венера, женская, от запада», dDil-bat: zi-ka-rat: TA dUTU.E3 «Венера, мужская, от востока» [ACh Ištar, 8:8–9; III R, 53, 2 rev. 30–33]. В списке богов Anum: dbe-el dil-bat «Господин Дилбат» [Cavigneaux 1981, 98:221]; см. также [LAS 2, p. 77, note 157; Mesop.Astrol., 125–126; Reiner 1985, 591; 1995, 6; Heimpel 1982, 14–15]. Как мужское божество Венера отождествлялась с Нингирсу: [EN.TE.NA].BAR.ḪUM dNin-gir2-su dDil-bat KI.MIN-ma «Энтенабархум = Нингирсу, Венера ditto» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 6]. О мужской и женской Венере см. также s11SAL.A.ŠE3, n46NITA.A.ŠE3, s12SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) В новоассирийском списке 6 астральных богов, свидетелей договора, mulDil-bat стоит на втором месте после mulSAG.ME.GAR [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 6 iv 13–15], параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 29:13, 61:428]. (2) Гемерологии на 16-е симану и 14-е тебету: pad-su ana damar.ud / dgu-la muldil-bat gar-ma ma-ḫir «Жертвоприношение свое Мардуку(=Юпитер), Гуле, Венере, он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178 col. v 44–45, rev, ii 53–54; Labat 1939, 88–87, 134–135]. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: Венера упоминается дважды как dIštar(15) mul.meš è как dDil-bat  [Smith 1925, BM 45749:25, 29; TuL, 104; SAALT I, 71:25, 29]; см. также s09SAG.ME.GAR, II. (4) Серия заклинаний Намбурби: заклинание «против зла, (предвещаемого) затмением Венеры» [CT 41, 23:4; Ebeling 1954, 10–11]. (5) Новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: múlDil-bat na-bat mul.<meš> «Дилбат — самая блестящая из звезд» [RAcc. 139:325; Linssen 2004, 219:325]. (6) Ритуал в храме Ану в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (7) Предупреждающие сны: «Если он ditto (в своем сне восходит на небе) и Венера […]» [Oppenheim 1956, 282, 327:41]. См. также [Mayer 1976, 429, mulDIL.BAT + Ištar].

Названия, характеризующие Венеру как божество и как планету, см. также a05A2.GU2.ZI.GA, a14a-ḫa-ti, a26dAMA.ME.TIL, e03dE.TA.NAM.AN, g04dGAL.A.RU.RU, g16GILIM.MA, i10IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, i13dINANNA, i18dIštar, k07dKAB.TA, k16KAR2.ŠUL, m30dMUL.AN.DIRI.A, m33MUL.KI.GAL, n26dNIN.AN.NA, n30NIN.GIRIM3, n31NIN.GUL.TI, n42NIN.SI4.AN.NA, n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, s16dSI.MU2.A, sh01ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3, t02dTI.MU2.A, u02U4.ZAL.LE, z09dZIB2.

III. Символ.

Стандартный символ Иштар как планеты Венеры на печатях и на кудурру — восьмилучевая звезды в круге или без него [Seidl 1968, 100–101; Van Buren 1945, 82–85; Куртик 1998, 20–21] (илл. 48). В селевкидский период тот же символ использовался также в связи с Меркурием и Сатурном [Weidner 1967, VAT 7847, AO 6448].

IV. Венера как утренняя и вечерняя звезда (букв. «Венера на востоке, на западе»).

На востоке: (1) [mulMAR].GID2.DA mulDil-bat ina d[UTU.E3].A «Повозка ― Венера на востоке» [LBAT, 1564:13] (см. также [BPO 3, 262–263, K. 3384 rev. 1; G. 109 I; HBA, 118; Reiner 1995, 58]); (2) ina GIŠ.NIM ulDil-bat ulBAN... «На востоке Венера ― Лук» [BPO 3, 248–249, K.2346+:57]; (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dUTU «Венера на востоке ― Шамаш» [ACh Ištar, 8:10; III R, 52, 2 rev. 32], (4) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dInnin A-ka3-de3ki «Венера на востоке ― Иштар Аккада» [ACh Ištar, 8:12; III R 53, 2 rev. 34], (5) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 dIštar(15) MUL.MEŠ «Венера на востоке ― Владычица звезд» [ACh Ištar, 8:14; III R, 53, 2 rev. 36].

На западе: (1) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dMAŠ «Венера на западе ― Нинурта» [ACh Ištar, 8:11; III R, 53, 2 rev. 33], (2) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dInnin UNUGki «Венера на западе ― Иштар Урукская» [ACh Ištar, 8:13; III R, 53, 2 r. 35], (3) ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dbe-let DINGIR.MEŠ «Венера на западе ― госпожа богов» [ACh Ištar, 8:15; III R, 53, 2 r. 37].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1)  = Эруа; см. a02A.EDIN, V 1.

(2) = Коза; mulUZ3 = dDil-bat «Коза = Венера» [ARAK, 175 r. 7], см. также u31UZ3,

(3) = Повозка; [DIŠ e-le-nu m]ulMAR.GID2.DA AN-u2 MI AN.MI GAR UGU-nu dDil-bat dUDU.BAD.[GUD.UD DU-ma] «Если выше Повозки небо темное: произойдет затмение; (это означает): выше Венеры Меркурий стоит» [BPO 3, 218, K.3601 r. 33],  см. также [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 1].

(4) = Праведный Пастух Ану; […Sipa]-zi-an-na dDil-bat «Праведный Пастух Ану = Венера» [BPO 3, 262, K.3384 r. 2].

(5) = Зелено-желтая звезда; MUL SIG7 = dDil-bat [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

Предсказания:

См. [BPO 1; BPO 2; BPO 3; G. 109, III], а также многочисленные статьи настоящего издания.

Example

References

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