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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Nergal''}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Nergal''}}
<sup>d</sup>''Nergal'' (𒀭𒌋𒄥) is an ancient Mesopotamian deity, identified with Mars and certain constellations and stars [G. 302; Reynolds 1998, 353-354].
<sup>d</sup>''Nergal'' (𒀭𒌋𒄥) is an ancient Mesopotamian deity, identified with Mars and certain constellations and stars [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 302; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":0">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353-354].


==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
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* List (12´3):
* List (12´3):
* <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur)
* <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur)
* "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12) [Horowitz 2014, 38], parallel [ARAK, 284:2], see also (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].
* "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12) [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38], parallel [ARAK<ref name=":1">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 284:2], see also (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].
|Example
|Example
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|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ARAK, 114:8, 284:2-3; 502:11, 541:12; LABS, 100:20-24; Horowitz 1994b, 129:5 + n. 3].
See. [ARAK<ref name=":1" />, 114:8, 284:2-3; 502:11, 541:12; LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 100:20-24; Horowitz 1994b<ref>''Horowitz W.'' A Join to Enuma Anu Enlil 50 // JCS. 1994. V. 46. P. 127-129.</ref>, 129:5 + n. 3].
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* <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR
* <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR
* "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27) [MA, 26].
* "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26].
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* (1) [...] = <sup>˹d˺</sup>Nergal(u.gur), [...] = <sup>[d]</sup>min(<sup>d</sup>u.gur);
* (1) [...] = <sup>˹d˺</sup>Nergal(u.gur), [...] = <sup>[d]</sup>min(<sup>d</sup>u.gur);
* (2) <sup>mul</sup>min(=li<sub>9</sub>.si<sub>4</sub>) = <sup>d</sup>u.gur [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 112, 113, 134]; the left-hand sections of identities (1) apparently contained Mars names [Reynolds 1998, 198].
* (2) <sup>mul</sup>min(=li<sub>9</sub>.si<sub>4</sub>) = <sup>d</sup>u.gur [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 112, 113, 134]; the left-hand sections of identities (1) apparently contained Mars names [Reynolds 1998<ref name=":0" />, 198].
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* (1) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal.la = <sup>d</sup>Lugal-gir<sub>3</sub>-ra ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a = ''Sîn''(30) ''u Nergal''(u.gur) "The Great Gemini = Lugalgirra and Meslamtaea = Sîn and Nergal";
* (1) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal.la = <sup>d</sup>Lugal-gir<sub>3</sub>-ra ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a = ''Sîn''(30) ''u Nergal''(u.gur) "The Great Gemini = Lugalgirra and Meslamtaea = Sîn and Nergal";
* (2) <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba.meš ''šu-ut'' E<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>u.gur "Standing (Gods) of Ekur = Sin and Nergal";
* (2) <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba.meš ''šu-ut'' E<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>u.gur "Standing (Gods) of Ekur = Sin and Nergal";
* (3) <sup>mul</sup>nin.mu<sub>2</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Ir''<sub>3</sub>''-ra-gal'' = <sup>d</sup>u.gur ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Aḫ-bi-tum''; (4) <sup>mul</sup>lu<sub>2</sub>.lal<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-rak'' = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur), see also [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 1621-3].
* (3) <sup>mul</sup>nin.mu<sub>2</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Ir''<sub>3</sub>''-ra-gal'' = <sup>d</sup>u.gur ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Aḫ-bi-tum''; (4) <sup>mul</sup>lu<sub>2</sub>.lal<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-rak'' = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur), see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 1621-3].
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* <sup>múl</sup>maš.maš <sup>d</sup>''Nabû''(ag) ''u Nergal''(u.gur) // 2 // 10 igi 8 me
* <sup>múl</sup>maš.maš <sup>d</sup>''Nabû''(ag) ''u Nergal''(u.gur) // 2 // 10 igi 8 me
* "Gemini, Nabû and Nergal // 2 (stars) // 10800 (cubits)"
* "Gemini, Nabû and Nergal // 2 (stars) // 10800 (cubits)"
* (= ziqpu XVIII) [Schaumberger 1952, 226-7:10].
* (= ziqpu XVIII) [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J.  ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-7:10].
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* <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺
* <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺
* "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, the leader going ahead." (col. i 17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39].
* "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, the leader going ahead." (col. i 17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 39].
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==== II. Deity. ====
==== II. Deity. ====
          Nergál is one of the oldest Mesopotamian gods; his name occurs already in the list of gods from Fara [Krebernik 1986, 175, VII 20]. The main place of veneration is the city of Kutu, the temple E<sub>2</sub>-''miš-lam'' "House of Meslam"; hence the connection of Nergál with Meslamtaea and Lugalirra. Nergal was considered the son of Enlil and Ninlil and the husband of Ereshkigal, queen of the underworld. By its characteristics (god of plague, war, scorching sun and destruction) Nergal was close to Erra, and although originally these two deities were worshiped separately, later they merged into one image [MNM II, 212; Weiher 1971; Lambert 1973; Roberts 1972, 150; Tallqvist 1938, 389-396]. On kudurru his symbol — a rod with a lion's head tip [Seidl 1968, 161-163; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. It is not known when and due to what reasons Nergal was identified with Mars [Weiher 1971, 76ff.]. A prayer to Mars, as the celestial incarnation of Nergal, during the plague: <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu bēlu rabû rēmēnû'' "Mars, great lord, merciful" [Mayer 1976 402, Nergal 1], see also [Reiner 1995, 18, 22; Ebeling 1953, 8-10]. In astrological literatures, the name Nergal is often used to refer to Mars, see below. In a medical astrological text, Nergal, as <sup>mul</sup>BIR = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'', is associated with the kidney (a Mesopotamian prototype of Greek melothesia?) [Civil 1974, 336f., Text 3; Reiner 1995, 61], see b11BIR. See also [Reynolds 1998, 353-354].
          Nergál is one of the oldest Mesopotamian gods; his name occurs already in the list of gods from Fara [Krebernik 1986<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.</ref>, 175, VII 20]. The main place of veneration is the city of Kutu, the temple E<sub>2</sub>-''miš-lam'' "House of Meslam"; hence the connection of Nergál with Meslamtaea and Lugalirra. Nergal was considered the son of Enlil and Ninlil and the husband of Ereshkigal, queen of the underworld. By its characteristics (god of plague, war, scorching sun and destruction) Nergal was close to Erra, and although originally these two deities were worshiped separately, later they merged into one image [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 212; Weiher 1971<ref name=":2">''Weiher E. von.'' Der babylonische Gott Nergal. Kevelaer, 1971.</ref>; Lambert 1973<ref>''Lambert W.G''. Studies in Nergal // BO. 1973. Bd. 30, № 5/6. P. 355-363.</ref>; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 150; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 389-396]. On kudurru his symbol — a rod with a lion's head tip [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 161-163; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 48]. It is not known when and due to what reasons Nergal was identified with Mars [Weiher 1971<ref name=":2" />, 76ff.]. A prayer to Mars, as the celestial incarnation of Nergal, during the plague: <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu bēlu rabû rēmēnû'' "Mars, great lord, merciful" [Mayer 1976<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.</ref> 402, Nergal 1], see also [Reiner 1995<ref name=":3">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 18, 22; Ebeling 1953<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.</ref>, 8-10]. In astrological literatures, the name Nergal is often used to refer to Mars, see below. In a medical astrological text, Nergal, as <sup>mul</sup>BIR = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'', is associated with the kidney (a Mesopotamian prototype of Greek melothesia?) [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 336f., Text 3; Reiner 1995<ref name=":3" />, 61], see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]]. See also [Reynolds 1998<ref name=":0" />, 353-354].


==== III. Identification. ====
==== III. Identification. ====
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         (1) Mars during its rising is small and bright; DIŠ <sup>d</sup>U.GUR ''ina'' IGI.DU<sub>8</sub>.A-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ṣu''<sub>2</sub>-''ḫur u'' BABBAR GAR-''in'' / ''ki-ma'' MUL. MEŠ AN-''e ma-a-a''ʼ-''diš um-mul'' ... "If Nergal is small and white during his appearance, and, like the stars of heaven, twinkles greatly: it is auspicious for Akkad; the strength of my armies will go and smite the armies of the enemy, it will conquer the country against which it fights; the armies of the enemy will not (be able to) stand in the face of my armies; the cattle of Akkad will lie unharmed in the steppe; sesame (and) dates will be in abundance" [ARAK, 114:8-15]; for a parallel see. [ibid., 541:12-r. 2; LABS, 100:20-24].
         (1) Mars during its rising is small and bright; DIŠ <sup>d</sup>U.GUR ''ina'' IGI.DU<sub>8</sub>.A-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ṣu''<sub>2</sub>-''ḫur u'' BABBAR GAR-''in'' / ''ki-ma'' MUL. MEŠ AN-''e ma-a-a''ʼ-''diš um-mul'' ... "If Nergal is small and white during his appearance, and, like the stars of heaven, twinkles greatly: it is auspicious for Akkad; the strength of my armies will go and smite the armies of the enemy, it will conquer the country against which it fights; the armies of the enemy will not (be able to) stand in the face of my armies; the cattle of Akkad will lie unharmed in the steppe; sesame (and) dates will be in abundance" [ARAK, 114:8-15]; for a parallel see. [ibid., 541:12-r. 2; LABS, 100:20-24].


           (2) Mars in Scorpius; DIŠ <sup>d</sup>U.GUR ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB GUB-''iz'' ... "If Nergal stands in Scorpius: a strong enemy will plunder the country; Enlil will give his weapons to the enemy; several enemy armies will defeat my numerous troops<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ARAK, 502:11-12]; for a parallel see [ARAK, 502:11-12]; for a parallel see [ARAK, 502:11-12]. [ACh Suppl. 2, 70:12-13].
           (2) Mars in Scorpius; DIŠ <sup>d</sup>U.GUR ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB GUB-''iz'' ... "If Nergal stands in Scorpius: a strong enemy will plunder the country; Enlil will give his weapons to the enemy; several enemy armies will defeat my numerous troops<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ARAK<ref name=":1" />, 502:11-12]; for a parallel see [ARAK<ref name=":1" />, 502:11-12]; for a parallel see [ARAK<ref name=":1" />, 502:11-12]. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":4">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 70:12-13].


           (3) Mars bears radiance in the month of nisan; ''šumma''(DIŠ) <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>''Nisanni it-tan-mar u''<sub>2</sub>-''kul-tu''<sub>4</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(U.GUR) ''a-bu-bu'': AN ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>''Nisanni ina našê''(IL<sub>2</sub>) ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ru-ru'' IGI-''ma'' "If a planet becomes visible in the month of nisan: doom due to Nergal, flood, (it means): Mars bears radiance in the month of nisan during (its) appearance" [SpTU I, 90: 1-2],.
           (3) Mars bears radiance in the month of nisan; ''šumma''(DIŠ) <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>''Nisanni it-tan-mar u''<sub>2</sub>-''kul-tu''<sub>4</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(U.GUR) ''a-bu-bu'': AN ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>''Nisanni ina našê''(IL<sub>2</sub>) ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ru-ru'' IGI-''ma'' "If a planet becomes visible in the month of nisan: doom due to Nergal, flood, (it means): Mars bears radiance in the month of nisan during (its) appearance" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90: 1-2],.


See also [ACh Suppl. 2, 70:15-23].
See also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":4" /> 2, 70:15-23].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==

Latest revision as of 16:37, 5 October 2025

dNergal (𒀭𒌋𒄥) is an ancient Mesopotamian deity, identified with Mars and certain constellations and stars [Gössmann[1] 302; Reynolds 1998[2], 353-354].

Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)

God of the netherworld; other names include Meslamtaʾea and Erra. dU.GUR (EN 27r).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= dU.GUR; Nergal, deity of the underworld, plague, war, and destruction.

Sources Identifications
"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."

Astrolabe B.

  • List (12´3):
  • mulud.ka.du8.a dNergal(u.gur)
  • "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12) [Horowitz 2014[3], 38], parallel [ARAK[4], 284:2], see also (Kurtik u06) UD.KA.DU8.A.
 Example
EAE.

See. [ARAK[4], 114:8, 284:2-3; 502:11, 541:12; LABS[5], 100:20-24; Horowitz 1994b[6], 129:5 + n. 3].

MUL.APIN.

List of Enlil's stars (no. 26):

  • mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR
  • "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27) [MA[7], 26].
"Great Star List and Miscellenia"

List of Mar’s names:

  • (1) [...] = ˹d˺Nergal(u.gur), [...] = [d]min(du.gur);
  • (2) mulmin(=li9.si4) = du.gur [Mesop.Astrol.[8], App. B: 112, 113, 134]; the left-hand sections of identities (1) apparently contained Mars names [Reynolds 1998[2], 198].
List of stars VR 46, 1: 4, 16, 18, 22.
  • (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal.la = dLugal-gir3-ra u dMes-lam-ta-e3-a = Sîn(30) u Nergal(u.gur) "The Great Gemini = Lugalgirra and Meslamtaea = Sîn and Nergal";
  • (2) mul<dingir>.gub.ba.meš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur "Standing (Gods) of Ekur = Sin and Nergal";
  • (3) mulnin.mu2 u dIr3-ra-gal = du.gur u dAḫ-bi-tum; (4) mullu2.lal3 u dLa-ta-rak = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur), see also [HBA[9] 51; Wee 2016[10], 1621-3].
Lists of ziqpu-stars.

VAT 16436.

  • múlmaš.maš dNabû(ag) u Nergal(u.gur) // 2 // 10 igi 8 me
  • "Gemini, Nabû and Nergal // 2 (stars) // 10800 (cubits)"
  • (= ziqpu XVIII) [Schaumberger 1952[11], 226-7:10].
MLC 1866.
  • mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR: SAG.KAL a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺
  • "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, the leader going ahead." (col. i 17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018[12], 36, 39].

Additional

II. Deity.

          Nergál is one of the oldest Mesopotamian gods; his name occurs already in the list of gods from Fara [Krebernik 1986[13], 175, VII 20]. The main place of veneration is the city of Kutu, the temple E2-miš-lam "House of Meslam"; hence the connection of Nergál with Meslamtaea and Lugalirra. Nergal was considered the son of Enlil and Ninlil and the husband of Ereshkigal, queen of the underworld. By its characteristics (god of plague, war, scorching sun and destruction) Nergal was close to Erra, and although originally these two deities were worshiped separately, later they merged into one image [MNM II[14], 212; Weiher 1971[15]; Lambert 1973[16]; Roberts 1972[17], 150; Tallqvist 1938[18], 389-396]. On kudurru his symbol — a rod with a lion's head tip [Seidl 1968[19], 161-163; Kurtik 2007[20], fig. 48]. It is not known when and due to what reasons Nergal was identified with Mars [Weiher 1971[15], 76ff.]. A prayer to Mars, as the celestial incarnation of Nergal, during the plague: dṢalbatānu bēlu rabû rēmēnû "Mars, great lord, merciful" [Mayer 1976[21] 402, Nergal 1], see also [Reiner 1995[22], 18, 22; Ebeling 1953[23], 8-10]. In astrological literatures, the name Nergal is often used to refer to Mars, see below. In a medical astrological text, Nergal, as mulBIR = dṢalbatānu, is associated with the kidney (a Mesopotamian prototype of Greek melothesia?) [Civil 1974[24], 336f., Text 3; Reiner 1995[22], 61], see (Kurtik b11) BIR. See also [Reynolds 1998[2], 353-354].

III. Identification.

         As a planet:

         = Mars, see above, and also section IV.

         As a star or constellation:

         = mulUD.KA.DU8.A, see above Astr. B, MUL.APIN, etc.

         = mulMAŠ.TAB.BA, see (Kurtik m16) MAŠ.TAB.BA, VI 2-3.

         = dLi9-si4 (= Antares, a Scorpii), see (Kurtik L07) LI9.SI4.

         = dMes-lam-ta-e3-a, see above, and also (Kurtik m15) MAŠ.MAŠ, (Kurtik m17) MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.

         = mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš, see. "Great Star List and Miscellenia."

         = mulNIN.MU2 (mulNIN.SAR) , see above Star List VR 46, 1:18.

         = dLa-ta-rak , see above List of Stars VR 46, 1:22.

IV. Astrology.

         (1) Mars during its rising is small and bright; DIŠ dU.GUR ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ṣu2-ḫur u BABBAR GAR-in / ki-ma MUL. MEŠ AN-e ma-a-aʼ-diš um-mul ... "If Nergal is small and white during his appearance, and, like the stars of heaven, twinkles greatly: it is auspicious for Akkad; the strength of my armies will go and smite the armies of the enemy, it will conquer the country against which it fights; the armies of the enemy will not (be able to) stand in the face of my armies; the cattle of Akkad will lie unharmed in the steppe; sesame (and) dates will be in abundance" [ARAK, 114:8-15]; for a parallel see. [ibid., 541:12-r. 2; LABS, 100:20-24].

           (2) Mars in Scorpius; DIŠ dU.GUR ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-iz ... "If Nergal stands in Scorpius: a strong enemy will plunder the country; Enlil will give his weapons to the enemy; several enemy armies will defeat my numerous troops'' [ARAK[4], 502:11-12]; for a parallel see [ARAK[4], 502:11-12]; for a parallel see [ARAK[4], 502:11-12]. [ACh Suppl.[25] 2, 70:12-13].

           (3) Mars bears radiance in the month of nisan; šumma(DIŠ) dUDU.IDIM ina itiNisanni it-tan-mar u2-kul-tu4 dNergal(U.GUR) a-bu-bu: AN ina itiNisanni ina našê(IL2) ša2-ru-ru IGI-ma "If a planet becomes visible in the month of nisan: doom due to Nergal, flood, (it means): Mars bears radiance in the month of nisan during (its) appearance" [SpTU I[26], 90: 1-2],.

See also [ACh Suppl.[25] 2, 70:15-23].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, n18) Gössmann (1950)
= dU.GUR; Нергал, божество преисподней, чумы, войны и разрушения, отождествляемое с Марсом и некоторыми созвездиями и звездами [G. 302; Reynolds 1998, 353–354].

I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mulud.ka.du8.a dNergal(u.gur) «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (B ii 12) [Horowitz 2014, 38], параллель [ARAK, 284:2], см. также u06UD.KA.DU8.A. EAE. См. [ARAK, 114:8, 284:2–3; 502:11, 541:12; LABS, 100:20–24; Horowitz 1994b, 129:5 + n. 3]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 26): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (I i 27) [MA, 26]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: (1) […] = ˹d˺Nergal(u.gur), […] = [d]min(du.gur); (2) mulmin(=li9.si4) = du.gur [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 112, 113, 134]; левые части тождеств (1) содержали, по-видимому, имена Марса [Reynolds 1998, 198]. Список звезд VR 46, 1: 4, 16, 18, 22. (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la = dLugal-gir3-ra u dMes-lam-ta-e3-a = Sîn(30) u Nergal(u.gur) «Великие Близнецы = Лугальгирра и Месламтаэа = Син и Нергал»; (2) mul<dingir>.gub.bameš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur  «Стоящие (Боги) из Экура = Син и Нергал»; (3) mulnin.mu2 u dIr3-ra-gal = du.gur u dAḫ-bi-tum; (4) mullu2.lal3 u dLa-ta-rak = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur), см. также [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 1621–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436. múlmaš.maš dNabû(ag) u Nergal(u.gur) // 2 // 10 igi 8 me «Близнецы, Набу и Нергал // 2 (звезды) // 10800 (локтей)» (= ziqpu XVIII) [Schaumberger 1952, 226–7:10]. MLC 1866. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR : SAG.KAL a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺ «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал, лидер, идущий впереди.» (col. i 17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39].

II. Божество.

Нергáл ― один из самых древних месопотамских богов; его имя встречается уже в списке богов из Фары [Krebernik  1986, 175, VII 20]. Основное место почитания — город Куту, храм E2-miš-lam «Дом Меслама»; отсюда связь Нергала с Месламтаэа и Лугальиррой. Нергал считался сыном Энлиля и Нинлиль и мужем Эрешкигаль, царицы преисподней. По своим характеристикам (бог чумы, войны, палящего солнца и разрушения) Нергал был близок Эрре, и хотя первоначально два эти божества почитались раздельно, позднее слились в один образ [МНМ II, 212; Weiher 1971; Lambert 1973; Roberts 1972, 150; Tallqvist 1938, 389–396]. На кудурру его символ — жезл с навершием в виде головы льва [Seidl 1968, 161–163; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Неизвестно, когда и вследствие каких причин Нергал был отождествлен с Марсом [Weiher 1971, 76ff.]. Молитва к Марсу, как к небесному воплощению Нергала, во время чумы: dṢalbatānu bēlu rabû rēmēnû «Марс, господин великий, милосердный» [Mayer 1976 402, Nergal 1], см. также [Reiner 1995, 18, 22; Ebeling 1953, 8–10]. В астрологической литературе имя Нергала нередко используется для обозначения Марса, см ниже. В медицинском астрологическом тексте Нергал, как mulBIR = dṢalbatānu, связан с почкой (месопотамский прообраз греческой мелотезии?) [Civil 1974, 336f., Text 3; Reiner 1995, 61], см. b11BIR. См. также [Reynolds 1998, 353–354].

III. Отождествление.

Как планета:

= Марс, см. выше, а также раздел IV.

Как звезда или созвездие:

= mulUD.KA.DU8.A, см. выше Astr. B, MUL.APIN и др.

= mulMAŠ.TAB.BA, см. m16MAŠ.TAB.BA, VI 2–3.

= dLi9-si4 (= Aнтарес, a Scorpii), см.  L07LI9.SI4.

= dMes-lam-ta-e3-a, см. выше, а также m15MAŠ.MAŠ, m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.

= mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš, см. «Большой список звезд».

= mulNIN.MU2 (mulNIN.SAR) , см. выше Список звезд VR 46, 1:18.

= dLa-ta-rak, см. выше Список звезд VR 46, 1:22.

IV. Астрология.

(1) Марс при своем восходе маленький и светлый; DIŠ dU.GUR ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ṣu2-ḫur u BABBAR GAR-in / ki-ma MUL.MEŠ AN-e ma-aʼ-diš um-mul … «Если Нергал при своем появлении маленький и белый, и, подобно звездам небесным, сильно мерцает: это благоприятно для Аккада; сила моих войск отправится и поразит войска врага, она завоюет страну, против которой сражается; войска врага не (смогут) выстоять перед лицом моих войск; скот Аккада будет нежиться в степи невредимым; сезам (и) финики будут изобильными» [ARAK, 114:8–15]; параллель см. [ibid., 541:12–r. 2; LABS, 100:20–24].

(2) Марс в Скорпионе; DIŠ dU.GUR ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-iz … «Если Нергал стоит в Скорпионе: сильный враг расхитит страну; Энлиль отдаст свое оружие врагу; несколько вражеских армий нанесут поражение моим многочисленным войскам» [ARAK, 502:11–12]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 70:12–13].

(3) Марс в месяце нисану несет сияние; šumma(DIŠ) dUDU.IDIM ina itiNisanni it-tan-mar u2-kul-tu4 dNergal(U.GUR) a-bu-bu : AN ina itiNisanni ina našê(IL2) ša2-ru-ru IGI-ma «Если планета в месяце нисану становится видна: гибель из-за Нергала, наводнение, (это означает): Марс в месяце нисану при (своем) появлении несет сияние» [SpTU I, 90: 1–2],.

См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 70:15–23].

Example

References

  1. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Reynolds F. Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.
  3. ↑ Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
  5. ↑ Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
  6. ↑ Horowitz W. A Join to Enuma Anu Enlil 50 // JCS. 1994. V. 46. P. 127-129.
  7. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  8. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  9. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  10. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  11. ↑ Schaumberger J.  Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
  12. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  13. ↑ Krebernik M. Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.
  14. ↑ Мифы народов мира. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Weiher E. von. Der babylonische Gott Nergal. Kevelaer, 1971.
  16. ↑ Lambert W.G. Studies in Nergal // BO. 1973. Bd. 30, № 5/6. P. 355-363.
  17. ↑ Roberts J.J.M. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.
  18. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  19. ↑ Seidl U. Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.
  20. ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  21. ↑ Mayer W.R. Untersuchungen zur Formensprache der babylonischen “Gebetsbeschwörungen / Studia Pohl: Series Maior 5. Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1976.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  23. ↑ Ebeling E. Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.
  24. ↑ Civil M. Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  26. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
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