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==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Lunar deity Sin; var. readings and designations: <sup>d</sup>30, <sup>d</sup>EŠ, <sup>d</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>+GAN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>d</sup>EN.ZU, ZU:EN.NA [Gössman 1950, 352]. Modern editions often use a simplified form for recording the name of Sin — Sin/<sup>d</sup>Sin (without fixing the longitude) as the equivalent of 30/<sup>d</sup>30. On the numerical system of recording the names of the gods see. [Litke 1998, 37, note 150]. See also (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]], (Kurtik m32) [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]], (Kurtik L16) [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|<sup>d</sup>LUGAL.GIR<sub>3</sub>.RA]], (Kurtik n06) [[NANNA|<sup>d</sup>NANNA]].
Lunar deity Sin; var. readings and designations: <sup>d</sup>30, <sup>d</sup>EŠ, <sup>d</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>+GAN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>d</sup>EN.ZU, ZU:EN.NA [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 352]. Modern editions often use a simplified form for recording the name of Sin — Sin/<sup>d</sup>Sin (without fixing the longitude) as the equivalent of 30/<sup>d</sup>30. On the numerical system of recording the names of the gods see. [Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 37, note 150]. See also (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]], (Kurtik m32) [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]], (Kurtik L16) [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|<sup>d</sup>LUGAL.GIR<sub>3</sub>.RA]], (Kurtik n06) [[NANNA|<sup>d</sup>NANNA]].
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Series Aa: <sup>si-in</sup>EŠ = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn'' [CT 12, 3 iii 42], see also [AHw, 1046b].
*(1) Series Aa: <sup>si-in</sup>EŠ = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn'' [CT<ref name=":1">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 12, 3 iii 42], see also [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1046b].
*(2) Series AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' III 1-3: <sup>d</sup>''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI), <sup>d</sup>En.zu, <sup>d</sup>30 = <sup>d</sup>''Sin''(EŠ) [Litke 1998, 116-117 + notes 2-3].
*(2) Series AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' III 1-3: <sup>d</sup>''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI), <sup>d</sup>En.zu, <sup>d</sup>30 = <sup>d</sup>''Sin''(EŠ) [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 116-117 + notes 2-3].
|Example
|Example
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|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":2">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 40, 56, passim; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 24b, 30a, VI 6, XVIII 9; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.</ref>, 240:23b-25a, 246:55-56, 251: 93, 252:94-95; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, RA 51, No. 1, 21-27, 1957.</ref>; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 248; Rochberg-Halton 1987a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F. '' The Assumed  29<sup>th</sup> ''aẖû '' Tablet of ''Enūma Anu Enlil'' / Fs. Reiner, 327-350.</ref>; Van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 149; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90:15-16; 91:6'-10'; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 40].
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 40, 56, passim; Borger 1973, LB 1321; BPO 2, III 24b, 30a, VI 6, XVIII 9; BPO 3, 286; Largement 1957, 240:23b-25a, 246:55-56, 251: 93, 252:94-95; Leibovici 1957; Verderame 2002, 248; Rochberg-Halton 1987a; Van Soldt 1995, 149; SpTU I, 90:15-16; 91:6'-10'; SpTU II, 40].
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|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII, 149-165.</ref>].
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999].
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*(3) The first intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|<sup>d</sup>UTU]].
*(3) The first intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|<sup>d</sup>UTU]].
*(4) Second intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
*(4) Second intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
*(5) Astrological predictions: DIŠ ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>GAN ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AB ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> SI ''Sin'' 2,30 ''tar-ṣa-at-ma'' / KI ''ina-ṭal nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u''<sub>2</sub>-''de-e'' "If in (the months of) kislim, tebetu (or) sabbat the left horn of the moon is sharp and faces towards the earth: ''nuḫḫut udê''" (II iii 38-39), for a parallel to the lengthy and apparently erroneous commentary, see. VR, 46, 1: 54-56 below [MA, 67-69, 74, 75, 89-91, 114, 135].
*(5) Astrological predictions: DIŠ ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>GAN ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AB ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> SI ''Sin'' 2,30 ''tar-ṣa-at-ma'' / KI ''ina-ṭal nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u''<sub>2</sub>-''de-e'' "If in (the months of) kislim, tebetu (or) sabbat the left horn of the moon is sharp and faces towards the earth: ''nuḫḫut udê''" (II iii 38-39), for a parallel to the lengthy and apparently erroneous commentary, see. VR, 46, 1: 54-56 below [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 67-69, 74, 75, 89-91, 114, 135].
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|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":5">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380; SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 351].
See. [SAA 10, 380; SAA 8, 351].
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| '''Late astrology.'''
| '''Late astrology.'''
*Predictions from the culminations of the stars, lunar eclipses, and the positions of the Sun relative to the constellations [SpTU III, 102, passim]; see also [SpTU III, 103].
*Predictions from the culminations of the stars, lunar eclipses, and the positions of the Sun relative to the constellations [SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102, passim]; see also [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 103].
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*(2) the astrological significance of the lunar quadrants: 15 30 = kur [uri]<sup>ki</sup>, 150 30 = kur nim.[ma<sup>ki</sup>], an.ta 30 = kur mar.[tu<sup>ki</sup>], [ki.ta] 30 = kur su<sup>ki</sup> ''u'' [kur ''gu''-''ti''] "The right side of the moon = Ak[kad], the left side of the moon = Ela[m], the top of the moon = Amur[ru], [the bottom] of the moon = Subartu and [the country of the Gutians]";
*(2) the astrological significance of the lunar quadrants: 15 30 = kur [uri]<sup>ki</sup>, 150 30 = kur nim.[ma<sup>ki</sup>], an.ta 30 = kur mar.[tu<sup>ki</sup>], [ki.ta] 30 = kur su<sup>ki</sup> ''u'' [kur ''gu''-''ti''] "The right side of the moon = Ak[kad], the left side of the moon = Ela[m], the top of the moon = Amur[ru], [the bottom] of the moon = Subartu and [the country of the Gutians]";
*(3) diš 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ta ud.1.kam en ud.5.kam / 5 ud-''mi'' ud.sakar <sup>d</sup>''a-nim'' / ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam / 5 ud-''mi'' ''ka-li-tu''<sub>2</sub> ''de''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' / ta ud.11.kam en ud.15.kam 5 ud-''mi'' aga ''taš-ri-iḫ-ti'' / [''ip-pir'']-''ma'' <sup>d</sup>en.lil<sub>2</sub> "The moon at its appearance from day 1 to day 5, 5 days, is sickle-shaped, Anu; from day 6 to day 10, 5 days, (resembles) a kidney, Ea; from day 11 to day 15, 5 days, it [bears] a crown of greatness, Enlil";
*(3) diš 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ta ud.1.kam en ud.5.kam / 5 ud-''mi'' ud.sakar <sup>d</sup>''a-nim'' / ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam / 5 ud-''mi'' ''ka-li-tu''<sub>2</sub> ''de''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' / ta ud.11.kam en ud.15.kam 5 ud-''mi'' aga ''taš-ri-iḫ-ti'' / [''ip-pir'']-''ma'' <sup>d</sup>en.lil<sub>2</sub> "The moon at its appearance from day 1 to day 5, 5 days, is sickle-shaped, Anu; from day 6 to day 10, 5 days, (resembles) a kidney, Ea; from day 11 to day 15, 5 days, it [bears] a crown of greatness, Enlil";
*(4) <sup>d</sup>30 <sup>d</sup>''a-nim'' <sup>d</sup>en.lil<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''e''<sub>2</sub>-''a par-ṣu-šu''<sub>2</sub> "Parṣu of the moon — Anu, Enlil, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154, 183-186, 281-287].
*(4) <sup>d</sup>30 <sup>d</sup>''a-nim'' <sup>d</sup>en.lil<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''e''<sub>2</sub>-''a par-ṣu-šu''<sub>2</sub> "Parṣu of the moon — Anu, Enlil, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154, 183-186, 281-287].
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|'''Star List VR 46, 1.'''
|'''Star List VR 46, 1.'''
*(1) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la  = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "Great Twins = Sin and Nergal", <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "Standing gods from Ekur = Sin and Nergal", <sup>mul</sup>lu<sub>2</sub>.lal<sub>3</sub> and <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-rak'' = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "Lulal and Latarak = Sin and Nergal" (lines 5, 15, 22).
*(1) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la  = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "Great Twins = Sin and Nergal", <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "Standing gods from Ekur = Sin and Nergal", <sup>mul</sup>lu<sub>2</sub>.lal<sub>3</sub> and <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-rak'' = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "Lulal and Latarak = Sin and Nergal" (lines 5, 15, 22).
*(2)  <sup>iti</sup>gan <sup>iti</sup>ab <sup>iti</sup>ziz<sub>2</sub> si <sup>d</sup>''sin'' 2,30 ''lal-at-ma'' KI ''ina-ṭal'' / ''nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u''<sub>2</sub>-''de-e'' / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> 3 iti.meš ''an-nu-ti'' ud.14.kam<sub>2</sub> dingir ki dingir nu igi-''ra'' kimin ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ud.30.kam<sub>2</sub> nu diri-''u''<sub>2</sub> "(If in the months of) kislim, tebet, or shabbat, the left horn of the moon is sharp and faces the earth: nuḫḫut udê; (this means) that during these three months one god did not see another god on the 14th day (viz. i.e., the Sun and the Moon were not in opposition on the 14th day of the month); or the Moon did not complete the 30th day (i.e., the length of the month was only 29 days)" (lines 54-56) [HBA, 51-52; Wee 2016, 162-63], for a parallel see. [ACh Sin, 4:23-24; MA, 114, 135].
*(2)  <sup>iti</sup>gan <sup>iti</sup>ab <sup>iti</sup>ziz<sub>2</sub> si <sup>d</sup>''sin'' 2,30 ''lal-at-ma'' KI ''ina-ṭal'' / ''nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u''<sub>2</sub>-''de-e'' / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> 3 iti.meš ''an-nu-ti'' ud.14.kam<sub>2</sub> dingir ki dingir nu igi-''ra'' kimin ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ud.30.kam<sub>2</sub> nu diri-''u''<sub>2</sub> "(If in the months of) kislim, tebet, or shabbat, the left horn of the moon is sharp and faces the earth: nuḫḫut udê; (this means) that during these three months one god did not see another god on the 14th day (viz. i.e., the Sun and the Moon were not in opposition on the 14th day of the month); or the Moon did not complete the 30th day (i.e., the length of the month was only 29 days)" (lines 54-56) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51-52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-63], for a parallel see. [ACh Sin<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 4:23-24; MA<ref name=":4" />, 114, 135].
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|'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''
|'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''
*<sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''mu-nam-mir'' <<mir>> ''ek-let'' "Sin who illuminates the darkness" [RAcc. 138:315; Linssen 2004, 220, 229].
*<sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''mu-nam-mir'' <<mir>> ''ek-let'' "Sin who illuminates the darkness" [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 138:315; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220, 229].
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* (1) The nature of astrological influence.
* (1) The nature of astrological influence.
**a) DIŠ <sup>d</sup>30 ZALAG<sub>2</sub>-''at'' SIG<sub>5</sub> ''ki-na-at u'' GID<sub>2</sub>.DA "If the Moon (appears): (this sign is) bright, good; right and long (life)".
**a) DIŠ <sup>d</sup>30 ZALAG<sub>2</sub>-''at'' SIG<sub>5</sub> ''ki-na-at u'' GID<sub>2</sub>.DA "If the Moon (appears): (this sign is) bright, good; right and long (life)".
**(b) DIŠ AN.MI 30 ''ek-let dal-ḫat'' NU ZALAG<sub>2</sub>-''at'' ˹KIN NU GI˺ "If (there is) an eclipse of the Moon: (this sign is) dark, destructive, not bright; no prosperous predictions" [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 4; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215; 1988b, 324-325]. Parallel: LU<sub>2</sub>.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' <sup>d</sup>''Sin E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' ZALAG<sub>2</sub>-''at'' SIG<sub>5</sub>-''at ki-na-at u'' GID<sub>2</sub>.DA "If a child is born when the Moon has come forward (i.e., there has been a neomenia): (his life will be) bright, good, right and long." LU<sub>2</sub>.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' AN.MI <sup>d</sup>''Sin'' GAR-''nu ek-let dal-ḫal'' NU ZALAG<sub>2</sub>-''at'' KIN NU GI "If a child is born (and) the Moon is eclipsed: (his life will be) dark, gloomy, not bright..." [TCL 6, 14 obv. 34-35; Sachs 1952, 66].
**(b) DIŠ AN.MI 30 ''ek-let dal-ḫat'' NU ZALAG<sub>2</sub>-''at'' ˹KIN NU GI˺ "If (there is) an eclipse of the Moon: (this sign is) dark, destructive, not bright; no prosperous predictions" [TCL 6<ref name=":7">Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 4; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":8">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 212, 215; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 324-325]. Parallel: LU<sub>2</sub>.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' <sup>d</sup>''Sin E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' ZALAG<sub>2</sub>-''at'' SIG<sub>5</sub>-''at ki-na-at u'' GID<sub>2</sub>.DA "If a child is born when the Moon has come forward (i.e., there has been a neomenia): (his life will be) bright, good, right and long." LU<sub>2</sub>.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' AN.MI <sup>d</sup>''Sin'' GAR-''nu ek-let dal-ḫal'' NU ZALAG<sub>2</sub>-''at'' KIN NU GI "If a child is born (and) the Moon is eclipsed: (his life will be) dark, gloomy, not bright..." [TCL 6<ref name=":7" />, 14 obv. 34-35; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66].
*(2) "Horoscopes." <sup>d</sup>30 [BH, passim].
*(2) "Horoscopes." <sup>d</sup>30 [BH, passim].
*(3) "Lunaries." See BRM IV, 19-20 [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108ff.; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193-198].
*(3) "Lunaries." See BRM IV, 19-20 [Ungnad 1941-44; Reiner 1995, 108ff.; Emelyanov 1999, 193-198].
*(4) "Hypsoma".
*(4) "Hypsoma".
**(a) KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 / <sup>múl</sup>ŠU.GI ''u'' MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub> MUL<sub>2</sub> MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> [KUR<sup>?</sup>].NIM.MA.[KI] "The Secret Place of the Moon: the Old Man and the Star Cluster, the Stars of Elam" [STC I, 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], cited in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 55: 28-29].
**(a) KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 / <sup>múl</sup>ŠU.GI ''u'' MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub> MUL<sub>2</sub> MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> [KUR<sup>?</sup>].NIM.MA.[KI] "The Secret Place of the Moon: the Old Man and the Star Cluster, the Stars of Elam" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], cited in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":2" />, 55: 28-29].
**(b) According to E. Weidner's interpretation, Tablet VAT 7851 contains an image of the Moon in its hypsoma (from left to right: Pleiades, seven stars with the inscription MUL.MUL, disk of the Moon, galloping humpbacked bull) [Weidner 1927, 73, Taf. V, 1; 1967, Taf. 1-2].
**(b) According to E. Weidner's interpretation, Tablet VAT 7851 contains an image of the Moon in its hypsoma (from left to right: Pleiades, seven stars with the inscription MUL.MUL, disk of the Moon, galloping humpbacked bull) [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 73, Taf. V, 1; 1967, Taf. 1-2].
*(5) Prediction on the child’s gender is based on observations of the positions of the planets and the Moon [LBAT, 1593:7′-11′; Reiner 2000].
*(5) Prediction on the child’s gender is based on observations of the positions of the planets and the Moon [LBAT<ref name=":5" />, 1593:7′-11′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the 12 signs of the zodiac (BM 36746+36842+37173); examples:
*(6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the 12 signs of the zodiac (BM 36746+36842+37173); examples:
**a) DIŠ ''Sin ina'' <sup>mul</sup>UR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' EN.NUN ''i'']''g-mur u'' IM.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> DU AN.MI <sup>d</sup>SAG.ME.GAR NU DU-''iz'' <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'']  / ''ina'' <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.G[A<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu ina''] <sup>mul</sup>PA.BIL.SAG ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu ina'' <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> DU-''iz'' … "If the Moon [eclipses] in the Li[on] (and nighttime) [observances are over, and the north wind is blowing, Jupiter is not present (lit. not standing) during the eclipse; [Saturn or Mars] stands in Mercenar[y (= Aries) or in] Pabilsag (= Sagittarius) or Pole (=Pisces)..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′-6′];
**a) DIŠ ''Sin ina'' <sup>mul</sup>UR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' EN.NUN ''i'']''g-mur u'' IM.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> DU AN.MI <sup>d</sup>SAG.ME.GAR NU DU-''iz'' <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'']  / ''ina'' <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.G[A<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu ina''] <sup>mul</sup>PA.BIL.SAG ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu ina'' <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> DU-''iz'' … "If the Moon [eclipses] in the Li[on] (and nighttime) [observances are over, and the north wind is blowing, Jupiter is not present (lit. not standing) during the eclipse; [Saturn or Mars] stands in Mercenar[y (= Aries) or in] Pabilsag (= Sagittarius) or Pole (=Pisces)..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":10">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:5′-6′];
**(b) DIŠ ''Sin ina'' <sup>mul</sup>''Zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> AN.MI GAR-''ma'' EN.NUN ''ig''-[''mir''] IM.U<sub>18</sub>.LU ˹''u''˺ IM.MAR.TU DU ''ina'' AN.MI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>SAG.ME.GAR DU-''zu'' […] / <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' KI <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu ina'' KI <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL DU.MEŠ… "If the Moon eclipses in Libra (and nocturnal) observations are ov[er], and a southwesterly wind blows; Jupiter is present during the eclipse [...], Saturn or Mars stands in the area of the Giant (=Aodoleus) or in the area of the Great Twins..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:16′-17′]. According to Rochberg-Halton, this text represents the Babylonian version of what later in Greek astrology came to be called the theory of aspects, namely the trigonal aspect [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 121; 1988a, 60ff.]; see also [Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 208, 226-228] in this connection.
**(b) DIŠ ''Sin ina'' <sup>mul</sup>''Zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> AN.MI GAR-''ma'' EN.NUN ''ig''-[''mir''] IM.U<sub>18</sub>.LU ˹''u''˺ IM.MAR.TU DU ''ina'' AN.MI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>SAG.ME.GAR DU-''zu'' […] / <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' KI <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu ina'' KI <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL DU.MEŠ… "If the Moon eclipses in Libra (and nocturnal) observations are ov[er], and a southwesterly wind blows; Jupiter is present during the eclipse [...], Saturn or Mars stands in the area of the Giant (=Aodoleus) or in the area of the Great Twins..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":10" />, 134:16′-17′]. According to Rochberg-Halton, this text represents the Babylonian version of what later in Greek astrology came to be called the theory of aspects, namely the trigonal aspect [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":10" />, 121; 1988a, 60ff.]; see also [Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":8" />, 208, 226-228] in this connection.
|
|
|}
|}
         See also [SpTU I, 27 r. 14; SpTU IV, 161], Sîn(AB<sub>2</sub>+GAN<sub>2</sub>) [SpTU I, 84:1,3 + Bemerk.].
         See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 27 r. 14; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 161], Sîn(AB<sub>2</sub>+GAN<sub>2</sub>) [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:1,3 + Bemerk.].


===Additional===
===Additional===
Line 103: Line 103:


===== Prayers and rituals: =====
===== Prayers and rituals: =====
         (1) The ritual of "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: 2 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na'' <sup>d</sup>''Sin u'' <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''tara-kas''<sub>2</sub> KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U<sub>3</sub>.DA DU<sub>3</sub>-''uš'') "2 altars for the Moon and Saturn you set up (and perform) the same (= washing of the mouth)" [Smith 1925; TuL 105:30; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 71:30].
         (1) The ritual of "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the statue-deity: 2 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na'' <sup>d</sup>''Sin u'' <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''tara-kas''<sub>2</sub> KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U<sub>3</sub>.DA DU<sub>3</sub>-''uš'') "2 altars for the Moon and Saturn you set up (and perform) the same (= washing of the mouth)" [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babylonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref> 105:30; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 141; SAALT I<ref>''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 71:30].


         (2) Namburbi spell series: a spell "against the evil (foreshadowed) by an eclipse of the moon" [CT 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954, 10-11].
         (2) Namburbi spell series: a spell "against the evil (foreshadowed) by an eclipse of the moon" [CT<ref name=":1" /> 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.</ref>, 10-11].


==== Symbol.====
==== Symbol.====
          Since ancient times, the symbol of the lunar deity on seals and kudurru served as months, cf. [Kurtik 2007, figs. 15, 16, 18, 19, 21-28, 32, 34, 35, 37-39, 48].
          Since ancient times, the symbol of the lunar deity on seals and kudurru served as months, cf. [Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 15, 16, 18, 19, 21-28, 32, 34, 35, 37-39, 48].


====Astrology.====
====Astrology.====

Latest revision as of 21:17, 9 January 2026

King Melishipak II presents his daughter to the goddess Nannaya. The eight-pointed star of Inanna/Ishtar is present next to the sun disc of her brother Shamash (Sumerian Utu) and the crescent moon of her father Sin (Sumerian Nanna).

dSîn (𒀭𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of the Moon. The lunar crescent is frequently depicted on kudurru stones and seals, in most cases together with the Sun and Venus on the top of the image. In this ritual context, the Moon is considered a divine witness and judge that observes everything from above.

Name Variants and History

In Mesopotamia, the Moon is considered a god (Sîn).

Name Variants

  • The term for "month", Arḫum, is occasionally also used for Moon.
  • The two male gods depicted in the constellation of the Great Twins, Lugalirra & Meslamta’ea, are gods of the Netherworld that are also connected to the Moon.
  • The Sumerian goddess NANNA is a moon goddess.
  • The fire deity dNusku is associated with the day of the moon's invisibility.
drawing of the Man in the Moon on VAT 7851 by Susanne M Hoffmann (CC BY 4.0, 2025)

Dark Spots on the Moon

May (2019, 2023)[1][2] comprehensively compiled the suggestion of "Men in the Moon" in ancient Mesopotamia. The Moon with a male god fighting with an animal (a lion or the bašmu-snake) is prominently depicted on the microzodiac tablet VAT 7851.[3] Fincke (2023)[4] comprehensively compiled various suggestions to interpret the animal and the man drawn in the moon, such as the gods Nabû, Marduk, Nergal, and Tišpak fighting with a lion or the bašmu-snake. The mythologies of male gods defeating creatures within the moon are a well known motif in Mesopotamia (cf. Fincke 2023)

Phases of the Moon

Lunar Eclipse

As the obverse of tablet VAT 7851 indeed mentions a lunar eclipse.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Lunar deity Sin; var. readings and designations: d30, dEŠ, dAB2+GAN2, dEN.ZU, ZU:EN.NA [Gössmann 1950[5], 352]. Modern editions often use a simplified form for recording the name of Sin — Sin/dSin (without fixing the longitude) as the equivalent of 30/d30. On the numerical system of recording the names of the gods see. [Litke 1998[6], 37, note 150]. See also (Kurtik d09) DINGIR, (Kurtik m32) MUL.GAL, (Kurtik L16) dLUGAL.GIR3.RA, (Kurtik n06) dNANNA.

Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Series Aa: si-inEŠ = dSîn [CT[7] 12, 3 iii 42], see also [AHw[8], 1046b].
  • (2) Series AN:dAnum III 1-3: dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI), dEn.zu, d30 = dSin(EŠ) [Litke 1998[6], 116-117 + notes 2-3].
 Example
EAE.

See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988[9], 40, 56, passim; Borger 1973[10], LB 1321; BPO 2[11], III 24b, 30a, VI 6, XVIII 9; BPO 3[12], 286; Largement 1957[13], 240:23b-25a, 246:55-56, 251: 93, 252:94-95; Leibovici 1957[14]; Verderame 2002[15], 248; Rochberg-Halton 1987a[16]; Van Soldt 1995[17], 149; SpTU I[18], 90:15-16; 91:6'-10'; SpTU II[19], 40].

Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).

See (Kurtik a33) mulAN.TA.GUB.

Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.

See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999[20]].

MUL.APIN.
  • (1) Stars "in the path of the Moon": DINGIRmeš ša i-na KASKAL dSin GUBmeš-ma dSin e-ma ITI / ina pi-rik-šu2-nu DIBmeš-ma TAGmeš-šu2-nu-ti / MUL.MUL mulGU4.AN.NA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA mulŠU.GI / mulGAM3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA / mulAB.SIN2 mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 mulGIR2.TAB mulPa-bil-sag / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 mulGU.LA <mul>KUNmeš mulSIM.MAḪ / mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mul lúḪUN.GA "Deities that stand in the path of the Moon, through which the Moon passes during the month and which it touches: the Star Cluster, the Celestial Bull, the True Shepherd of Anu, the Old Man, the Staff, the Great Twins, the Crab, the Lion, the Thorn, Libra, the Scorpius, the Pabilsag, the Goat-Fish, the Giant, the Tails of the Swallow, Anunitu, and the Hired Man" (I iv 31-37).
  • (2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": PAP 6 DINGIRmeš ša2 1-en NAmeš-su-nu MULme AN-e / TAGmeš NAmeš-su-nu KUR2.KUR2-ru "Collectively 6 gods who have the same positions (as the Moon), (and) who touch the stars of the heavens and change their positions (relative to the stars)" (II i 7-8).
  • (3) The first intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik u30) dUTU.
  • (4) Second intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL.
  • (5) Astrological predictions: DIŠ ina itiGAN ina itiAB ina itiZIZ2 SI Sin 2,30 tar-ṣa-at-ma / KI ina-ṭal nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u2-de-e "If in (the months of) kislim, tebetu (or) sabbat the left horn of the moon is sharp and faces towards the earth: nuḫḫut udê" (II iii 38-39), for a parallel to the lengthy and apparently erroneous commentary, see. VR, 46, 1: 54-56 below [MA[21], 67-69, 74, 75, 89-91, 114, 135].
"Letters" and "Reports."

See. [SAA 10[22], 380; SAA 8[23], 351].

Late astrology.
  • Predictions from the culminations of the stars, lunar eclipses, and the positions of the Sun relative to the constellations [SpTU III[24], 102, passim]; see also [SpTU III[24], 103].
"Great Star List and Miscellenia"
  • (1) muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 u dutu "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash";
  • (2) the astrological significance of the lunar quadrants: 15 30 = kur [uri]ki, 150 30 = kur nim.[maki], an.ta 30 = kur mar.[tuki], [ki.ta] 30 = kur suki u [kur gu-ti] "The right side of the moon = Ak[kad], the left side of the moon = Ela[m], the top of the moon = Amur[ru], [the bottom] of the moon = Subartu and [the country of the Gutians]";
  • (3) diš 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 ta ud.1.kam en ud.5.kam / 5 ud-mi ud.sakar da-nim / ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam / 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a / ta ud.11.kam en ud.15.kam 5 ud-mi aga taš-ri-iḫ-ti / [ip-pir]-ma den.lil2 "The moon at its appearance from day 1 to day 5, 5 days, is sickle-shaped, Anu; from day 6 to day 10, 5 days, (resembles) a kidney, Ea; from day 11 to day 15, 5 days, it [bears] a crown of greatness, Enlil";
  • (4) d30 da-nim den.lil2 de2-a par-ṣu-šu2 "Parṣu of the moon — Anu, Enlil, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.[25], App. B:154, 183-186, 281-287].
Star List VR 46, 1.
  • (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la  = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) "Great Twins = Sin and Nergal", mul<dingir>.gub.bameš = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) "Standing gods from Ekur = Sin and Nergal", mullu2.lal3 and dLa-ta-rak = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) "Lulal and Latarak = Sin and Nergal" (lines 5, 15, 22).
  • (2)  itigan itiab itiziz2 si dsin 2,30 lal-at-ma KI ina-ṭal / nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u2-de-e / ša2 3 iti.meš an-nu-ti ud.14.kam2 dingir ki dingir nu igi-ra kimin ša2 ud.30.kam2 nu diri-u2 "(If in the months of) kislim, tebet, or shabbat, the left horn of the moon is sharp and faces the earth: nuḫḫut udê; (this means) that during these three months one god did not see another god on the 14th day (viz. i.e., the Sun and the Moon were not in opposition on the 14th day of the month); or the Moon did not complete the 30th day (i.e., the length of the month was only 29 days)" (lines 54-56) [HBA[26], 51-52; Wee 2016[27], 162-63], for a parallel see. [ACh Sin[28], 4:23-24; MA[21], 114, 135].
Temple ritual in Babylon.
  • dSîn(30) mu-nam-mir <<mir>> ek-let "Sin who illuminates the darkness" [RAcc.[29] 138:315; Linssen 2004[30], 220, 229].
Late astrology, magic and ritual.
  • (1) The nature of astrological influence.
    • a) DIŠ d30 ZALAG2-at SIG5 ki-na-at u GID2.DA "If the Moon (appears): (this sign is) bright, good; right and long (life)".
    • (b) DIŠ AN.MI 30 ek-let dal-ḫat NU ZALAG2-at ˹KIN NU GI˺ "If (there is) an eclipse of the Moon: (this sign is) dark, destructive, not bright; no prosperous predictions" [TCL 6[31], 13 obv. ii 4; Rochberg-Halton 1987b[32], 212, 215; 1988b[33], 324-325]. Parallel: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dSin E3-a ZALAG2-at SIG5-at ki-na-at u GID2.DA "If a child is born when the Moon has come forward (i.e., there has been a neomenia): (his life will be) bright, good, right and long." LU2.TUR a-lid-ma AN.MI dSin GAR-nu ek-let dal-ḫal NU ZALAG2-at KIN NU GI "If a child is born (and) the Moon is eclipsed: (his life will be) dark, gloomy, not bright..." [TCL 6[31], 14 obv. 34-35; Sachs 1952[34], 66].
  • (2) "Horoscopes." d30 [BH, passim].
  • (3) "Lunaries." See BRM IV, 19-20 [Ungnad 1941-44[35]; Reiner 1995[36], 108ff.; Emelyanov 1999[37], 193-198].
  • (4) "Hypsoma".
    • (a) KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 d30 / múlŠU.GI u MUL2.MUL2 MUL2 MUL2 ša2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] "The Secret Place of the Moon: the Old Man and the Star Cluster, the Stars of Elam" [STC I[38], 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923[39]], cited in [Rochberg-Halton 1988a[9], 55: 28-29].
    • (b) According to E. Weidner's interpretation, Tablet VAT 7851 contains an image of the Moon in its hypsoma (from left to right: Pleiades, seven stars with the inscription MUL.MUL, disk of the Moon, galloping humpbacked bull) [Weidner 1927[40], 73, Taf. V, 1; 1967, Taf. 1-2].
  • (5) Prediction on the child’s gender is based on observations of the positions of the planets and the Moon [LBAT[22], 1593:7′-11′; Reiner 2000[41]].
  • (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the 12 signs of the zodiac (BM 36746+36842+37173); examples:
    • a) DIŠ Sin ina mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-ma EN.NUN i]g-mur u IM.SI.SA2 DU AN.MI dSAG.ME.GAR NU DU-iz m[ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ u2-lu dṢal-bat-a-nu]  / ina mul lúḪUN.G[A2 u2-lu ina] mulPA.BIL.SAG u2-lu ina mulAŠ.GAN2 DU-iz … "If the Moon [eclipses] in the Li[on] (and nighttime) [observances are over, and the north wind is blowing, Jupiter is not present (lit. not standing) during the eclipse; [Saturn or Mars] stands in Mercenar[y (= Aries) or in] Pabilsag (= Sagittarius) or Pole (=Pisces)..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984[42], 134:5′-6′];
    • (b) DIŠ Sin ina mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 AN.MI GAR-ma EN.NUN ig-[mir] IM.U18.LU ˹u˺ IM.MAR.TU DU ina AN.MI-šu2 dSAG.ME.GAR DU-zu […] / dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ u2-lu dṢal-bat-a-nu ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu ina KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL DU.MEŠ… "If the Moon eclipses in Libra (and nocturnal) observations are ov[er], and a southwesterly wind blows; Jupiter is present during the eclipse [...], Saturn or Mars stands in the area of the Giant (=Aodoleus) or in the area of the Great Twins..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984[42], 134:16′-17′]. According to Rochberg-Halton, this text represents the Babylonian version of what later in Greek astrology came to be called the theory of aspects, namely the trigonal aspect [Rochberg-Halton 1984[42], 121; 1988a, 60ff.]; see also [Rochberg-Halton 1987b[32], 208, 226-228] in this connection.

         See also [SpTU I[18], 27 r. 14; SpTU IV[43], 161], Sîn(AB2+GAN2) [SpTU I[18], 84:1,3 + Bemerk.].

Additional

Deity.

          Sîn is one of the most popular astral deities of Mesopotamia.

Prayers and rituals:

         (1) The ritual of "washing of the mouth" (mīs pî) or "reviving" the statue-deity: 2 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na dSin u dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš) "2 altars for the Moon and Saturn you set up (and perform) the same (= washing of the mouth)" [Smith 1925[44]; TuL[45] 105:30; Reiner 1995[36], 141; SAALT I[46], 71:30].

         (2) Namburbi spell series: a spell "against the evil (foreshadowed) by an eclipse of the moon" [CT[7] 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954[47], 10-11].

Symbol.

          Since ancient times, the symbol of the lunar deity on seals and kudurru served as months, cf. [Kurtik 2007[48], figs. 15, 16, 18, 19, 21-28, 32, 34, 35, 37-39, 48].

Astrology.

          For a corpus of astrological predictions related to the Moon, see the literature cited above, as well as other articles in this edition.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, s20) Gössmann (1950)
лунное божество Син; вар. чтения и обозначения: d30, dEŠ, dAB2+GAN2, dEN.ZU, ZU:EN.NA [Gössman 1950, 352]. В современных изданиях используется нередко упрощенная форма записи имени Сина — Sin/dSin (без фиксации долготы) как эквивалент 30/d30. О цифровой системе записи имен богов см. [Litke 1998, 37, note 150]. См. также d09DINGIR, m32MUL.GAL, L16dLUGAL.GIR3.RA, n06dNANNA.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Aa: si-inEŠ = dSîn [CT 12, 3 iii 42], см. также [AHw, 1046b]. (2) Серия AN:dAnum III 1–3: dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI), dEn.zu, d30 = dSin(EŠ) [Litke 1998, 116–117 + notes 2–3]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 40, 56, passim; Borger 1973, LB 1321; BPO 2, III 24b, 30a, VI 6, XVIII 9; BPO 3, 286; Largement 1957, 240:23b–25a, 246:55–56, 251:93, 252:94–95; Leibovici 1957; Verderame 2002, 248; Rochberg-Halton 1987a; Van Soldt 1995, 149; SpTU I, 90:15–16; 91:6'–10'; SpTU II, 40]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды «на пути Луны»: DINGIRmeš ša i-na KASKAL dSin GUBmeš-ma dSin e-ma ITI / ina pi-rik-šu2-nu DIBmeš-ma TAGmeš-šu2-nu-ti / MUL.MUL mulGU4.AN.NA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA mulŠU.GI / mulGAM3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA / mulAB.SIN2 mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 mulGIR2.TAB mulPa-bil-sag / mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 mulGU.LA <mul>KUNmeš mulSIM.MAḪ / mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Божества, которые стоят на пути Луны, через пределы которых Луна в течение месяца проходит и которых она касается: Звезды, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану, Старик, Посох, Великие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Борозда, Весы, Скорпион, Пабилсаг, Коза-Рыба, Великан, Хвост ласточки, Ануниту и Наемник» (I iv 31–37). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: PAP 6 DINGIRmeš ša2 1-en NAmeš-su-nu MULme AN-e / TAGmeš NAmeš-su-nu KUR2.KUR2-ru «В совокупности 6 богов, у которых те же положения, (что у Луна), (и) которые касаются звезд небесных  и изменяют свои положения (относительно звезд)» (II i 7–8). (3) Первая интеркаляционная схема: см. u30dUTU. (4) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: см. m35MUL.MUL. (5) Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ ina itiGAN ina itiAB ina itiZIZ2 SI Sin 2,30 tar-ṣa-at-ma / KI ina-ṭal nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u2-de-e «Если в (месяцы) кислиму, тебету (или) шабату левый рог Луны острый и смотрит по направлению к земле: nuḫḫut udê» (II iii 38–39), параллель с пространными и, по-видимому, ошибочными комментариями см. ниже VR, 46, 1: 54–56 [MA, 67–69, 74, 75, 89–91, 114, 135]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380; SAA 8, 351]. Поздняя астрология. Предсказания по кульминациям звезд, лунным затмениям и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий [SpTU III, 102, passim]; см. также [SpTU III, 103]. «Большой список звезд». (1) muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие Боги = Син и Шамаш»; (2) астрологическое значение лунных квадрантов: 15 30 = kur [uri]ki, 150 30 = kur nim.[maki], an.ta 30 = kur mar.[tuki], [ki.ta] 30 = kur suki u [kur gu-ti] «Правая сторона Луны = Ак[кад], левая сторона Луны = Эла[м], верх Луны = Амур[ру], [низ] Луны = Субарту и [страна гутеев]»; (3) diš 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 ta ud.1.kam en ud.5.kam / 5 ud-mi ud.sakar da-nim / ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam / 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a / ta ud.11.kam en ud.15.kam 5 ud-mi aga taš-ri-iḫ-ti / [ip-pir]-ma den.lil2 «Луна при своем появлении от 1-го дня до 5-го, 5 дней, серповидна, Ану; от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней,  (напоминает) почку, Эа; от 11-го дня до 15-го дня, 5 дней, она [несет] корону величия, Энлиль»; (4) d30 da-nim den.lil2 de2-a par-ṣu-šu2 «Parṣu Луны — Ану, Энлиль, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154, 183–186, 281–287]. Список звезд VR, 46, 1. (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la  = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Большие Близнецы = Син и Нергал»,  mul<dingir>.gub.bameš = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Стоящие боги из Экура = Син и Нергал», mullu2.lal3 и dLa-ta-rak = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Лулал и Латарак = Син и Нергал» (lines 5, 15, 22). (2) itigan itiab itiziz2 si dsin 2,30 lal-at-ma KI ina-ṭal / nu-uḫ-ḫu-ut u2-de-e / ša2 3 iti.meš an-nu-ti ud.14.kam2 dingir ki dingir nu igi-ra kimin ša2 ud.30.kam2 nu diri-u2 «(Если в месяцы) кислиму, тебету или шабату левый рог Луны острый и смотрит в землю: nuḫḫut udê; (это означает), что в течение этих трех месяцев один бог не увиделся с другим богом в 14-й день (т.е. Солнце и Луна не находились в оппозиции в 14-й день месяца); или Луна не завершала 30-й день (т.е. длина месяца составляла только 29 дней)» (lines 54–56) [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–63], параллель см. [ACh Sin, 4:23–24; MA, 114, 135]. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. dSîn(30) mu-nam-mir <<mir>> ek-let «Син, освещающий тьму» [RAcc. 138:315; Linssen 2004, 220,  229]. Поздняя астрология, магия и ритуал. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) DIŠ d30 ZALAG2-at SIG5 ki-na-at u GID2.DA «Если Луна (появляется): (этот знак) светлый, хороший; правильная и долгая (жизнь)». b)  DIŠ AN.MI 30 ek-let dal-ḫat NU ZALAG2-at ˹KIN NU GI˺ «Если (произошло) затмение Луны: (этот знак) темный, разрушительный, не светлый; не будет благополучных предсказаний» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 4; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dSin E3-a ZALAG2-at SIG5-at ki-na-at u GID2.DA «Если ребенок родился, когда Луна вышла вперед (т.е. имела место неомения): (его жизнь будет) светлой, хорошей, правильной и долгой». LU2.TUR a-lid-ma AN.MI dSin GAR-nu ek-let dal-ḫal NU ZALAG2-at KIN NU GI «Если ребенок родился (и) Луна затмилась: (его жизнь будет) темной, мрачной, не светлой…» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 34–35; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гороскопы». d30 [BH, passim]. (3) «Лунарии». См. BRM IV, 19–20 [Ungnad 1941–44; Reiner 1995, 108ff.; Емельянов 1999, 193–198]. (4) «Гипсома». a) KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 d30 / múlŠU.GI u MUL2.MUL2 MUL2 ša2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] «Секретное место Луны: Старик и Звезды, звезды Элама» [STC I, 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 55: 28–29]. b) Cогласно интерпретации Э.Вайднера, табл. VAT 7851 содержит изображение Луны в ее гипсоме (слева направо: Плеяды, семь звезд с надписью MUL.MUL, диск Луны, скачущий горбатый бык) [Weidner 1927, 73, Taf. V, 1; 1967, Taf. 1–2]. (5) Предсказания пола ребенка, основанные на наблюдениях положений планет и Луны [LBAT, 1593:7′–11′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно 12 знаков зодиака (BM 36746+36842+37173); примеры: a) DIŠ Sin ina mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-ma EN.NUN i]g-mur u IM.SI.SA2 DU AN.MI dSAG.ME.GAR NU DU-iz m[ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ u2-lu dṢal-bat-a-nu]  / ina mul lúḪUN.G[A2 u2-lu ina] mulPA.BIL.SAG u2-lu ina mulAŠ.GAN2 DU-iz … «Если Луна [затмевается] во Ль[ве] (и ночные) [наблюдения за]кончились, и северный ветер дует, Юпитер не присутствует (букв. не стоит) при затмении; [Сатурн или Марс] стоят в Наемни[ке (= Овен) или в] Пабилсаге (= Стрельце) или в Поле (=Рыбах)…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′–6′]; b) DIŠ Sin ina mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 AN.MI GAR-ma EN.NUN ig-[mir] IM.U18.LU ˹u˺ IM.MAR.TU DU ina AN.MI-šu2 dSAG.ME.GAR DU-zu […] / dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ u2-lu dṢal-bat-a-nu ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu ina KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL DU.MEŠ… «Если Луна затмевается в Весах (и ночные) наблюдения закон[чились], и юго-западный ветер дует; Юпитер присутствует при затмении […], Сатурн или Марс стоят в области Великана (=Водолея) или в области Больших Близнецов…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:16′–17′]. Согласно Rochberg-Halton, в этом тексте представлена вавилонская версия того, что позднее в греческой астрологии получило название теории аспектов, а именно тригональный аспект [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 121; 1988a, 60ff.]; см. в этой связи также [Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 208, 226–228].

См. также [SpTU I, 27 r. 14; SpTU IV, 161], Sîn(AB2+GAN2) [SpTU I, 84:1,3 + Bemerk.].

II. Божество.

Син — одно из самых популярных астральных божеств Месопотамии. Молитвы и ритуалы: (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: 2 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na dSin u dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš) «2 алтаря для Луны и Сатурна ты устанавливаешь (и совершаешь) то же (= омовение рта)» [Smith 1925; TuL 105:30; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 71:30]. (2) Серия заклинаний Намбурби: заклинание «против зла, (предвещаемого) затмением Луны» [CT 41, 23:3; Ebeling 1954, 10–11].

III. Символ.

С глубокой древности символом лунного божества на печатях и кудурру служил месяц, см. [Куртик 2007, рис. 15, 16, 18, 19, 21–28, 32, 34, 35, 37–39, 48].

IV. Астрология.

Корпус астрологических предсказаний, связанных с Луной, см. литературу, указанную выше, а также другие статьи настоящего издания.

Example

References

  1. ↑ May, N. N. (2019). Early Monumental Representations of Constellations in Mari: the Moon between the Giant and the Bull of Heaven. NABU.
  2. ↑ May, N. N. (2023). Towards the History of Representation of the Zodiacal Constellations in Mesopotamia: The Babylonian Man in the Moon and Other Matters. Aula Orientalis 41, 41(1).
  3. ↑ Weidner, E. (1967). Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln, in: Sitzungsberichte Bd. 254 der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien
  4. ↑ Fincke, J.C. (2023) The Man in the Moon Revisited: The bašmu in the Sun, the Lion in the Moon and the lumašu, Kaskal 20, 183-214
  5. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  8. ↑ von Soden, W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
  10. ↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.
  11. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  12. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  13. ↑ Largement R. Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264.
  14. ↑ M. Leibovici, Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, RA 51, No. 1, 21-27, 1957.
  15. ↑ Verderame L. Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.
  16. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F.  The Assumed  29th aẖû  Tablet of Enūma Anu Enlil / Fs. Reiner, 327-350.
  17. ↑ Soldt W.H. van. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  19. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.
  20. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. The Astrological Commentary Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII, 149-165.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
  23. ↑ Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  25. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  26. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  27. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  28. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  29. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.
  30. ↑ Linssen, Marc J.H. The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Rochberg-Halton F. TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.
  33. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.
  34. ↑ Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.
  35. ↑ Ungnad A. Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  37. ↑ Емельянов В.В. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.
  38. ↑ King L.W. The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.
  39. ↑ Landsberger B. Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.
  40. ↑ Weidner E.  Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.
  41. ↑ Reiner E. Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Rochberg-Halton F. New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.
  43. ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
  44. ↑ Smith S. The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.
  45. ↑ Ebeling E. Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babylonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.
  46. ↑ Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B. Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian Mīs Pî Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).
  47. ↑ Ebeling E. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA 48, № 1, 1-15.
  48. ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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