MAŠ.MAŠ: Difference between revisions

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<sup>mul / d</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ (𒀯𒈦𒈦) is Sumerian with the Akkadian equivalent ''māšū'', The Twins. In lexical lists both one MAŠ-sign as well as a repeated MAŠ.MAŠ = ''māšū'' itself is originally a loan word from the Sumerian, corresponding to Semitic-Akkadian ''tu'āmu,'' cognate to other Semitic languages for 'twins.'
<sup>mul / d</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ is Sumerian with the Akkadian equivalent ''māšū'', The Twins. The general term MAŠ is used to designate several ancient Mesopotamian asterisms where two stars of similar brightness seem to form a pair in the sky, among them the constellation that survives today as Gemini, The Twins. The Gemini-twins were called The Great Twins ([[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL]]) in ancient Mesopotamia in order to distinguish them from several other "twin"-like asterims. Similarly, the repetition of the term MAŠ.MAŠ is an emphasise; it can be a plural in Sumerian or any other emphasis (e.g. the most famous, the brightest, the great).

==Dictionary==
In general, MAŠ, MAŠ.MAŠ and their Akkadian equivalents are used to designate several ancient Mesopotamian asterisms where two stars or sets of stars of similar brightness seem to form a pair in the sky, among them parts of the constellation that survives today as classical [[Gemini]], The Twins. The most important of the ancient Mesopotamian twins-asterisms are The Great Twins ([[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL]]) followed by the Lesser Twins [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]] , which are listed first and second in two parallel lists of 'Twins' asterisms. In any case, repetition of nouns and adjectives in Sumerian indicates either plurality or emphasis. So for [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], 'The Great Twins,' or even perhaps 'The Greatest Twins.'
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''māšū'' (Akkadian) or <sup>mul / d</sup>''Māšū'' (𒀯𒈠𒀀𒋗), The Twins [[Gemini|(Gemini)]].
= ''māšū'' "Gemini";


<sup>mul / d</sup>MAŠ (𒀯𒈦) is a short writing.
* 1) = zodiac sign and constellation in later astronomical and astrological texts,
* 2) = ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [G. 266].


Var. designations:

* 1) = zodiac sign and constellation in later astronomical and astrological texts,
* 2) = ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 266].
* 3) abbreviation of MAŠ.MAŠ Gemini, a zodiac sign or constellation in late astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 266];
* 4) a nonstandard designation for the zodiac sign Hired Man (= Aries) in late calendar-ritual texts [SpTU III<ref name=":1">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, Nr. 104, 105; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 115, note 522];
*5) <sup>d</sup>MAŠ = <sup>d</sup>''Ninurta'', the deity Ninurta, identified in MUL.APIN I ii 16 with Mercury [MA, 34, 80], see (Kurtik n45) [[NIN.URTA|<sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA]]. In this case, the use of the MAŠ sign derives from a separate history than that of the Twin-stars asterisms.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources
!Sources (Kurtik m13, m15)
!Identifications
!Identifications
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series (MAŠ):
* (1) Urra XXII series: <sup>[mul]</sup>maš.maš = ''ma-šu-u'' "Gemini" [SpTU III, 114A v 37; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 108:294ʹ].
*(1) <sup>mul</sup>maš =[''tu'']-''a-ma'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:293ʹ], parallel in [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 114A v 36].
* (2) Series A I/6, 111-114: ''ma-áš-ma-áš'' ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ''ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu'', <sup>d</sup>''lugal-gir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'', <sup>d</sup>''mes-lam-ta-e''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' [MSL XIV, 227–228]. 
*(2) maš = [...] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1 col. iv 15].
Urra XXII series (MAŠ.MAŠ):

* (1) Urra XXII series: <sup>[mul]</sup>maš.maš = ''ma-šu-u'' "Gemini" [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 114A v 37; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 108:294ʹ].

*(2) Series A I/6, 111-114: ''ma-áš-ma-áš'' ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ''ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu'', <sup>d</sup>''lugal-gir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'', <sup>d</sup>''mes-lam-ta-e''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 227–228].
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* <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>d</sup>AG ''u'' <sup>d</sup>U.GUR // 2 // 10 IGI 8 ME KUŠ<sub>3</sub>
* <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>d</sup>AG ''u'' <sup>d</sup>U.GUR // 2 // 10 IGI 8 ME KUŠ<sub>3</sub>
* "Gemini, Nabu and Nergal // 2 (stars) // 10800 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952, 226-7:10].
* "Gemini, Nabu and Nergal // 2 (stars) // 10800 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J.  ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-7:10].
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|'''Anaphora.'''
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+:
BM 36609+:
** TA<sup>?</sup> 5<sup>?</sup> UŠ ˹''kin''<sup>??</sup>˺-''ṣa'' NU KUR / EN ''a-si-du'' / MAŠ.MAŠ TA SAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub> EN TIL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> KUR
* TA<sup>?</sup> 5<sup>?</sup> UŠ ˹''kin''<sup>??</sup>˺-''ṣa'' NU KUR / EN ''a-si-du'' / MAŠ.MAŠ TA SAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub> EN TIL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> KUR
** "(When the stars culminate) from 5?0, not reaching (i.e., in front of) the Knee, / to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth). / (in this interval) the Twins, from their beginning to their end, ascend."
* "(When the stars culminate) from 5?0, not reaching (i.e., in front of) the Knee, / to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth). / (in this interval) the Twins, from their beginning to their end, ascend." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 20-22]; time of rising: 200 [ibid.<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref> 549].
MLC 1866 iv 18-19:
* [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 20-22]; time of rising: 200 [ibid. 549].
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|MLC 1866 iv 18-19:

* <sup>d</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>d</sup>''tu-ma-mu''<sup>meš</sup> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina pa-na-at'' GUB-''zu''
* <sup>d</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>d</sup>''tu-ma-mu''<sup>meš</sup> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina pa-na-at'' GUB-''zu''
* "The Gemini, the twins who stand ahead" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42].
* "The Gemini, the twins who stand ahead" [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 38, 42].
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* 1) MAŠ.MAŠ — the sign of the zodiac Gemini [AD I-III, passim], the earliest example in the diary, -418 [ibid., 62, no.-418:5, 12];
* 1) MAŠ.MAŠ — the sign of the zodiac Gemini [AD I-III<ref name=":2">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim], the earliest example in the diary, -418 [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 62, no.-418:5, 12];
* 2) the designation MAŠ.MAŠ was part of the names of the five "normal stars" (nos. s8-12 in Kurtik m39 [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]]).
* 2) the designation MAŠ.MAŠ was part of the names of the five "normal stars" (nos. s8-12 in Kurtik m39 [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]]).
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|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
MAŠ is a esignation of the zodiac sign Gemini '''''in [ACT I-III'''''; LBAT<ref name=":3">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, passim]; used already in lunar tables of the late 5th century BC. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989].
MAŠ.MAŠ is the sign of the zodiac Gemini [ACT II, 482; LBAT, passim].

MAŠ.MAŠ is the sign of the zodiac Ge'''''mini [ACT II''''', 482; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, passim].
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|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Horoscopes". MAŠ.MAŠ is the zodiac sign Gemini [BH, passim].
* (1) "Horoscopes". MAŠ.MAŠ is the zodiac sign Gemini [BH, passim], [BH, 16 r. 5].
* (2) "Lunaries."
* (2) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV 20: ki <sup>mul</sup>maš.maš "Region of Gemini" (in the same text: ki <sup>mul</sup><maš>.tab.ba.gal. gal "Region of the Great Twins"), it corresponds to the following activities: magic ritual against threat to life, (ritual against disease) fatigue, (ritual against) "female spirit" (it seems to refer also to disease), the noble does not heed slander [Ungnad 1941-44, 256, 268-269:9, 10, 30, 38; Reiner 1995, 108-109; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (a) BRM IV 20: ki <sup>mul</sup>maš.maš "Region of Gemini" (in the same text: ki <sup>mul</sup><maš>.tab.ba.gal. gal "Region of the Great Twins"), it corresponds to the following activities: magic ritual against threat to life, (ritual against disease) fatigue, (ritual against) "female spirit" (it seems to refer also to disease), the noble does not heed slander [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":4">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 256, 268-269:9, 10, 30, 38; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108-109; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5">''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV 19: maš.maš — the designation for the zodiac sign Gemini in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: c, f, k, 10, 33; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
** (b) BRM IV 19: maš.maš — the designation for the zodiac sign Gemini in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":4" />, 274-275: c, f, k, 10, 33; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>].
* (3) "Microzodiac."
* (3) "Microzodiac."
** The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: [3-tu]m ḫa.la <sup>múl</sup>maš.maš ''šum''<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "[3]-th part, its name is Gemini" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. 
** The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: [3-tu]m ḫa.la <sup>múl</sup>maš.maš ''šum''<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "[3]-th part, its name is Gemini" [TU<ref name=":6">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:15; Sachs 1952<ref name=":7">''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66]. 
* (4) Text W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ].˹MAŠ˺ U<sub>3</sub>.T[U...] "If he, [when the Gem]ini (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V, 265:2'].
* (4) Text W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ].˹MAŠ˺ U<sub>3</sub>.T[U...] "If he, [when the Gem]ini (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V<ref name=":8">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:2'].
* (5) W22554/2:
* (5) W22554/2:
** ''ki-i'' <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ ''a-na ziq-p''[''i''...] / <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''a-di-i'' <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš'' <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA [...]
** ''ki-i'' <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ ''a-na ziq-p''[''i''...] / <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''a-di-i'' <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš'' <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA [...]
** "If the Gemini culmin[ates and the (lunar) eclipse should begin], / The Great Gemini, the True Shepherd of Anu. / Until the Sun of the True Shepherd of Anu [reaches...] " [SpTU III, 102:3-5].  
** "If the Gemini culmin[ates and the (lunar) eclipse should begin], / The Great Gemini, the True Shepherd of Anu. / Until the Sun of the True Shepherd of Anu [reaches...] " [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 102:3-5].  
* (6) Zodiacal astrology.
* (6) Zodiacal astrology.
** a) KI <sup>múl</sup>SIPA ''u'' MAŠ.MAŠ UŠ<sub>2</sub> ''ki-li'' "Region of the Gemini: death in captivity" [SpTU II, 43:21]; for a parallel see. [TU, 14: 22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 5'], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
** a) KI <sup>múl</sup>SIPA ''u'' MAŠ.MAŠ UŠ<sub>2</sub> ''ki-li'' "Region of the Gemini: death in captivity" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:21]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref name=":6" />, 14: 22; Sachs 1952<ref name=":7" />, 66, 68; LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1600 obv. 5'], see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5" />, 192].
** (b) Mars in Gemini, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.
** (b) Mars in Gemini, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.
* (7) Calendar and ritual texts ['''single sign MAŠ'''].
** a) BM 34452+: 3 1 // 3 13 // ''Sin ina'' MAŠ.QA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ EGIR-''i'' / GUB GU<sub>2</sub>.DU<sub>8</sub>.A<sup>ki</sup> "Simanu 1 // simanu 13 // The moon on the posterior position, the shoulder of the Gemini. / Kutu's place." [LBAT<ref name=":3" />, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41: rev. 5-6].
**(b) W 22704 (recipe for making ointment? + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 14 // MAŠ 8 // ''dām''(UŠ<sub>2</sub>) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) ''šaman''(I<sub>3</sub>.GIŠ) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) ''u šārat''(SIG<sub>2</sub><sup>ḫi</sup>.a) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) MIN(=''tapaššaš'') MIN(=''tapaššaš'') "Duuzu 14 // Aries 80 // You smear ram's blood, ram's fat, and ram's wool" [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 104:14, as well as 104:1, 27]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 105:11, 24]. See also [SpTU I<ref name=":9">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 98:VIII; TU<ref name=":6" />, 22:3, 15].
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|}         See also MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> TAG-''su'', <sup>mul</sup>ABSIN(KI.DIDLI) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-''su''] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ ''a-na ziq-p''[''i''...] "When the Gemini culminate[s]" [SpTU III, 102:3]; also [SpTU V, 268:16].
!Sources (Kurtik m21) ''Māšū''
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|'''EAE.'''
See. [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:73; BPO 2<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 33; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 403a].
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|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref name=":3" />, 8 r. 5].
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|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
{| class="wikitable"
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!Kurtik
!KAR 142 (VAT 9418)
(Pongratz-Leisten, ina šulmi īrub, 221-227 text 7)


(collated)
== Historical Dictionaries ==
|-
|List of the 7 Celestial Twins:
* (1) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal,
*(2) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur,
*(3) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' igi''-it'' <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na gub-''zu'',
*(4) <sup>mul</sup>nin.mu<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ir<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal,
*(5) <sup>mul d</sup>''Šullat''(pa) <sup>mul</sup>''Ḫaniš''(lugal),
* (6) <sup>mul</sup>šar<sub>2</sub>.ur <sup>mul</sup>šar<sub>2</sub>.gaz,
*(7) <sup>mul</sup>zi.ba.an. na: 7 ''ma-a-šu''<sub>2</sub>
|7 names of Marduk;

7 Adad-(name)s,

7 MUL.MAŠ.ME (7 twins), then:
#obv. i 26 MUL.MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL

#obv. i 27 MUL.MA[Š.TA]B.BA.TUR.TUR
#obv. i 28 MUL.MAŠ.TA[B.B]A ''ša ina'' IGI <sup>d</sup>PAP.SUKKAL
#obv. i 29 MUL.PA [0] <sup>⌈</sup>''u''<sup>⌉</sup> <sup>d</sup>LUGAL
#obv. i 30 MUL.ŠÁR.<sup>⌈</sup>UR<sub>4</sub> ''u''<sup>⌉</sup> <sup>d</sup>ŠÁR.GAZ
#obv. i 31 MUL.KU.AN.NA229
#obv. i 32 MUL.KU.KI.[S]IKIL (erasure)
#obv. i 33 MUL.NIN.SAR <sup>d</sup>[''è'']''r-ra''-GAL
#obv. i 34 7 MU<sup>⌈</sup>L<sup>⌉</sup>.MAŠ-<sup>⌈</sup>''ši''<sup>⌉</sup>
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|'''"Great Twins, Lesser Gemini, the Twins that stands opposite the True Shepherd of Anu, Ninmu (and) Erragal, Shullat (and) Hanish, Sharur (and) Shargaz, Libra: 7 (Heavenly) Twins"'''
[Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:231-236].
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|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
See (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
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|'''Text VAT 9418.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal / <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur / <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba ''ša ina'' igi <sup>d</sup>pap.sukkal / <sup>mul</sup>si[pa.z]i.<an.na> <<sup>d</sup>pa> <sup>d</sup>lugal / <sup>mul</sup>šar<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>šar<sub>2</sub>.gaz / <sup>mul</sup>KU.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>KU.ki.sikil.la / <sup>mul</sup>nin.mu<sub>2</sub> <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>i]r<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal: 7 mul ''maš''-[''š'']''i'' [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 26–34]; here <sup>mul</sup>KU.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>KU.ki.sikil.la refer apparently to the two parts of Libra [Weidner 1957-1959<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b].
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|}         See also MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> TAG-''su'', <sup>mul</sup>ABSIN(KI.DIDLI) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-''su''] [SpTU I<ref name=":9" />, 96:4, 6]; <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ ''a-na ziq-p''[''i''...] "When the Gemini culminate[s]" [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 102:3]; also [SpTU V<ref name=":8" />, 268:16].
===Additional===
====II. Astrology.====
         (1) The sideways motion of Mars relative to Leo, Cancer and Gemini; ''ki-ma'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra'' TA ŠA<sub>3</sub>-''bi'' / SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''is-su-ḫur'' / <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL <sup>d</sup>''Ma-a-ši ul-tap-pit'' ... "When Mars returns from the Lion's Head, touches the Crab and Gemini, its meaning is: the end of the reign of the king of the western country" [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 8 r. 3-7].

         (2) Gemini stands ahead of (star) Anu (=Crab); MUL ''Ma-a-šu ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' GUB-''zu'' / <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL "The Twins standing ahead of Anu. Anu is the Crab" [BPO 2<ref name=":10" />, III 33-33a + Parallels]; see also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], I
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m14)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m13) MAŠ
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) сокращение от MAŠ.MAŠ «Близнецы» (Gemini) — знак зодиака или созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 266]; 2) нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник (= Овен) в поздних календарно-ритуальных текстах [SpTU III, Nr. 104, 105; Reiner 1995, 115, note 522]; 3) <sup>d</sup>MAŠ = dNinurta — божество Нинурта, отождествляемое в MUL.APIN I ii 16 c Меркурием [MA, 34, 80], см. n45<sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: (1) <sup>[mul]</sup>maš = […]-a-x [SpTU III, 114A v 36]. (2) <sup>mul</sup>maš = […] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 col. iv 15]. (3) <sup>mul</sup>maš =[tu]-a-ma [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:293ʹ]. Математическая астрономия. Обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы в [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется уже в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 16 r. 5]. (2) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. a) BM 34452+: 3 1 // 3 13  // Sin ina MAŠ.QA ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ EGIR-i / GUB GU<sub>2</sub>.DU<sub>8</sub>.A<sup>ki</sup> «Симану 1 // симану 13 // Луна на плече заднего из Близнецов. / Место Куту» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41: rev. 5–6]. b) W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази? + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 14 // MAŠ 8 // dām(UŠ<sub>2</sub>) immeri(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) šaman(I<sub>3</sub>.GIŠ) immeri(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) u šārat(SIG<sub>2</sub><sup>ḫi</sup>.a) immeri(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Дуузу 14 //  Овен 80 //  Кровь барана, жир барана и шерсть барана ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:14, а также 104:1, 27]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. [SpTU III, 105:11, 24]. См. также [SpTU I, 98:VIII; TU, 22:3, 15].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m15) MAŠ. MAŠ
|
|-
|-
| = māšū «Близнецы»; 1) = знак зодиака и созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, 2) =  ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [G. 266].
|= māšū «Близнецы»; 1) = знак зодиака и созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, 2) =  ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [G. 266].
I. Источники.
I. Источники.


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См. также MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> TAG-su, <sup>mul</sup>ABSIN(KI.DIDLI) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-su] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i…] «Когда Близнецы кульминиру[ют]» [SpTU III, 102:3]; а также [SpTU V, 268:16].
См. также MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> TAG-su, <sup>mul</sup>ABSIN(KI.DIDLI) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-su] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i…] «Когда Близнецы кульминиру[ют]» [SpTU III, 102:3]; а также [SpTU V, 268:16].
|
| Example
|}
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m21) <sup>mul / d</sup>''Māšū''
|[G. 265] <sup>mul / d</sup>''Māšū''
|-
|= <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA «Близнецы»; редко используемое обозначение созвездия Близнецов в астрологических текстах [G. 265].
I. Источники.


EAE. См. [ACh Ištar, 25:73; BPO 2, III 33; CAD M/1, 403a]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 8 r. 5]. «Большой список звезд». Список 7 Небесных Близнецов: (1) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal, (2) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur, (3) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba ša<sub>2</sub> ina igi-it <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na gub-zu, (4) <sup>mul</sup>nin.mu<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ir<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal, (5) <sup>mul d</sup>Šullat(pa) <sup>mul</sup>Ḫaniš(lugal), (6) <sup>mul</sup>šar<sub>2</sub>.ur <sup>mul</sup>šar<sub>2</sub>.gaz, (7) <sup>mul</sup>zi.ba.an.na : 7 ma-a-šu<sub>2</sub> «Большие Близнецы, Малые Близнецы, Близнецы, что напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану стоят, Нинму (и) Эррагаль, Шуллат (и) Ханиш, Шарур (и) Шаргаз, Весы: 7 (Небесных) Близнецов» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:231–236]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. См. m16MAŠ.TAB.BA. Текст VAT 9418. <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal / <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur / <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba ša ina igi <sup>d</sup>pap.sukkal / <sup>mul</sup>si[pa.z]i.<an.na> <<sup>d</sup>pa> <sup>d</sup>lugal / <sup>mul</sup>šar<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>šar<sub>2</sub>.gaz / <sup>mul</sup>KU.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>KU.ki.sikil.la / <sup>mul</sup>nin.mu<sub>2</sub> <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>i]r<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal : 7 mul maš-[š]i [KAR, 142 i 26–34]; здесь <sup>mul</sup>KU.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>KU.ki.sikil.la относятся, по-видимому, к двум частям Весов [Weidner 1957–1959, 80b].

II. Астрология.

(1) Попятное движение Марса относительно Льва, Рака и Близнецов; ki-ma <sup>d</sup>Ṣal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra TA ŠA<sub>3</sub>-bi /  SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA is-su-ḫur / <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL <sup>d</sup>Ma-a-ši ul-tap-pit … «Когда Марс опять от Головы Льва возвращается, касается Краба и Близнецов, его значение таково: конец правления царя западной страны» [LABS, 8 r. 3–7].

(2) Близнецы впереди (звезды) Ану (=Краб); MUL Ma-a-šu ša<sub>2</sub> ina IGI <sup>d</sup>A-nim GUB-zu / <sup>d</sup>A-nim <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL «Близнецы, которые стоят впереди Ану. Ану — Краб» [BPO 2, III 33–33a + Parallels]; см. также a18AL.LUL, I
|
|}
== References ==
== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
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[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Latest revision as of 06:08, 16 September 2025

mul / dMAŠ.MAŠ (𒀯𒈦𒈦) is Sumerian with the Akkadian equivalent māšū, The Twins. In lexical lists both one MAŠ-sign as well as a repeated MAŠ.MAŠ = māšū itself is originally a loan word from the Sumerian, corresponding to Semitic-Akkadian tu'āmu, cognate to other Semitic languages for 'twins.'

In general, MAŠ, MAŠ.MAŠ and their Akkadian equivalents are used to designate several ancient Mesopotamian asterisms where two stars or sets of stars of similar brightness seem to form a pair in the sky, among them parts of the constellation that survives today as classical Gemini, The Twins. The most important of the ancient Mesopotamian twins-asterisms are The Great Twins (MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL) followed by the Lesser Twins MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR , which are listed first and second in two parallel lists of 'Twins' asterisms. In any case, repetition of nouns and adjectives in Sumerian indicates either plurality or emphasis. So for MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, 'The Great Twins,' or even perhaps 'The Greatest Twins.'

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= māšū (Akkadian) or mul / dMāšū (𒀯𒈠𒀀𒋗), The Twins (Gemini).

mul / dMAŠ (𒀯𒈦) is a short writing.

Var. designations:

  • 1) = zodiac sign and constellation in later astronomical and astrological texts,
  • 2) = ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [Gössmann[1] 266].
  • 3) abbreviation of MAŠ.MAŠ Gemini, a zodiac sign or constellation in late astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann[1] 266];
  • 4) a nonstandard designation for the zodiac sign Hired Man (= Aries) in late calendar-ritual texts [SpTU III[2], Nr. 104, 105; Reiner 1995[3], 115, note 522];
  • 5) dMAŠ = dNinurta, the deity Ninurta, identified in MUL.APIN I ii 16 with Mercury [MA, 34, 80], see (Kurtik n45) dNIN.URTA. In this case, the use of the MAŠ sign derives from a separate history than that of the Twin-stars asterisms.
Sources (Kurtik m13, m15) Identifications
Lexical texts.

Urra XXII series (MAŠ):

  • (1) mulmaš =[tu]-a-ma [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:293ʹ], parallel in [SpTU III[2], 114A v 36].
  • (2) maš = [...] [Cavigneaux 1981[4], 105, 79.B.1 col. iv 15].

Urra XXII series (MAŠ.MAŠ):

  • (1) Urra XXII series: [mul]maš.maš = ma-šu-u "Gemini" [SpTU III[2], 114A v 37; Bloch-Horowitz 2015[5], 108:294ʹ].
  • (2) Series A I/6, 111-114: ma-áš-ma-áš ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu, dlugal-gir3-ra, dmes-lam-ta-e3-a [MSL XIV[6], 227–228].
Lists of ziqpu-stars.

VAT 16436:

  • múlMAŠ.MAŠ dAG u dU.GUR // 2 // 10 IGI 8 ME KUŠ3
  • "Gemini, Nabu and Nergal // 2 (stars) // 10800 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952[7], 226-7:10].
Anaphora.

BM 36609+:

  • TA? 5? UŠ ˹kin??˺-ṣa NU KUR / EN a-si-du / MAŠ.MAŠ TA SAG-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR
  • "(When the stars culminate) from 5?0, not reaching (i.e., in front of) the Knee, / to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth). / (in this interval) the Twins, from their beginning to their end, ascend." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004[8], 548, Section 7: obv. iii 20-22]; time of rising: 200 [ibid.[9] 549].

MLC 1866 iv 18-19:

  • dMAŠ.MAŠ dtu-ma-mumeš / ša2 ina pa-na-at GUB-zu
  • "The Gemini, the twins who stand ahead" [Beaulieu et al. 2018[10], 38, 42].
"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".
  • 1) MAŠ.MAŠ — the sign of the zodiac Gemini [AD I-III[11], passim], the earliest example in the diary, -418 [ibid.[11], 62, no.-418:5, 12];
  • 2) the designation MAŠ.MAŠ was part of the names of the five "normal stars" (nos. s8-12 in Kurtik m39 MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ).
Mathematical astronomy.

MAŠ is a esignation of the zodiac sign Gemini in [ACT I-III; LBAT[12], passim]; used already in lunar tables of the late 5th century BC. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989].

MAŠ.MAŠ is the sign of the zodiac Gemini [ACT II, 482; LBAT[12], passim].

Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.
  • (1) "Horoscopes". MAŠ.MAŠ is the zodiac sign Gemini [BH, passim], [BH, 16 r. 5].
  • (2) "Lunaries."
    • (a) BRM IV 20: ki mulmaš.maš "Region of Gemini" (in the same text: ki mul<maš>.tab.ba.gal. gal "Region of the Great Twins"), it corresponds to the following activities: magic ritual against threat to life, (ritual against disease) fatigue, (ritual against) "female spirit" (it seems to refer also to disease), the noble does not heed slander [Ungnad 1941-44[13], 256, 268-269:9, 10, 30, 38; Reiner 1995[14], 108-109; Emelyanov 1999[15], 193-194].
    • (b) BRM IV 19: maš.maš — the designation for the zodiac sign Gemini in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44[13], 274-275: c, f, k, 10, 33; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53[16]].
  • (3) "Microzodiac."
    • The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: [3-tu]m ḫa.la múlmaš.maš šum3-šu2 "[3]-th part, its name is Gemini" [TU[17], 14:15; Sachs 1952[18], 66]. 
  • (4) Text W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulMAŠ].˹MAŠ˺ U3.T[U...] "If he, [when the Gem]ini (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V[19], 265:2'].
  • (5) W22554/2:
    • ki-i múlMAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i...] / múlMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / a-di-i dŠamaš múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [...]
    • "If the Gemini culmin[ates and the (lunar) eclipse should begin], / The Great Gemini, the True Shepherd of Anu. / Until the Sun of the True Shepherd of Anu [reaches...] " [SpTU III[2], 102:3-5].  
  • (6) Zodiacal astrology.
    • a) KI múlSIPA u MAŠ.MAŠ UŠ2 ki-li "Region of the Gemini: death in captivity" [SpTU II[20], 43:21]; for a parallel see. [TU[17], 14: 22; Sachs 1952[18], 66, 68; LBAT[12], 1600 obv. 5'], see also [Emelyanov 1999[15], 192].
    • (b) Mars in Gemini, see (Kurtik ts02) Ṣalbatānu.
  • (7) Calendar and ritual texts [single sign MAŠ].
    • a) BM 34452+: 3 1 // 3 13 // Sin ina MAŠ.QA ša2 múlMAŠ EGIR-i / GUB GU2.DU8.Aki "Simanu 1 // simanu 13 // The moon on the posterior position, the shoulder of the Gemini. / Kutu's place." [LBAT[12], 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975[21], 41: rev. 5-6].
    • (b) W 22704 (recipe for making ointment? + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 14 // MAŠ 8 // dām(UŠ2) immeri(UDU.NITA2) šaman(I3.GIŠ) immeri(UDU.NITA2) u šārat(SIG2ḫi.a) immeri(UDU.NITA2) MIN(=tapaššaš) MIN(=tapaššaš) "Duuzu 14 // Aries 80 // You smear ram's blood, ram's fat, and ram's wool" [SpTU III[2], 104:14, as well as 104:1, 27]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. [SpTU III[2], 105:11, 24]. See also [SpTU I[22], 98:VIII; TU[17], 22:3, 15].
Sources (Kurtik m21) Māšū
EAE.

See. [ACh Ištar[23], 25:73; BPO 2[24], III 33; CAD[25] M/1, 403a].

"Letters."

See. [LABS[12], 8 r. 5].

"Great Star List and Miscellenia."
Kurtik KAR 142 (VAT 9418)

(Pongratz-Leisten, ina šulmi īrub, 221-227 text 7)

(collated)

List of the 7 Celestial Twins:
  • (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal,
  • (2) mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur,
  • (3) mulmaš.tab.ba ša2 ina igi-it mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-zu,
  • (4) mulnin.mu2 mulir3.ra.gal,
  • (5) mul dŠullat(pa) mulḪaniš(lugal),
  • (6) mulšar2.ur mulšar2.gaz,
  • (7) mulzi.ba.an. na: 7 ma-a-šu2
 7 names of Marduk;

7 Adad-(name)s,

7 MUL.MAŠ.ME (7 twins), then:

  1. obv. i 26 MUL.MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
  1. obv. i 27 MUL.MA[Š.TA]B.BA.TUR.TUR
  2. obv. i 28 MUL.MAŠ.TA[B.B]A ša ina IGI dPAP.SUKKAL
  3. obv. i 29 MUL.PA [0] ⌈u⌉ dLUGAL
  4. obv. i 30 MUL.ŠÁR.⌈UR4 u⌉ dŠÁR.GAZ
  5. obv. i 31 MUL.KU.AN.NA229
  6. obv. i 32 MUL.KU.KI.[S]IKIL (erasure)
  7. obv. i 33 MUL.NIN.SAR d[è]r-ra-GAL
  8. obv. i 34 7 MU⌈L⌉.MAŠ-⌈ši⌉
"Great Twins, Lesser Gemini, the Twins that stands opposite the True Shepherd of Anu, Ninmu (and) Erragal, Shullat (and) Hanish, Sharur (and) Shargaz, Libra: 7 (Heavenly) Twins"

[Mesop.Astrol.[26], App. B:231-236].

Lists of ziqpu stars.

See (Kurtik m16) MAŠ.TAB.BA.

Text VAT 9418.
  • mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal / mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur / mulmaš.tab.ba ša ina igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> <dpa> dlugal / mulšar2.ur4 mulšar2.gaz / mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la / mulnin.mu2 m[uli]r3.ra.gal: 7 mul maš-[š]i [KAR[27], 142 i 26–34]; here mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la refer apparently to the two parts of Libra [Weidner 1957-1959[28], 80b].

         See also MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], mulMAŠ.MAŠ mul lúḪUN.GA2 TAG-su, mulABSIN(KI.DIDLI) mulMAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-su] [SpTU I[22], 96:4, 6]; múlMAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i...] "When the Gemini culminate[s]" [SpTU III[2], 102:3]; also [SpTU V[19], 268:16].

Additional

II. Astrology.

         (1) The sideways motion of Mars relative to Leo, Cancer and Gemini; ki-ma dṢal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra TA ŠA3-bi / SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA is-su-ḫur / mulAL.LUL dMa-a-ši ul-tap-pit ... "When Mars returns from the Lion's Head, touches the Crab and Gemini, its meaning is: the end of the reign of the king of the western country" [LABS[29], 8 r. 3-7].

         (2) Gemini stands ahead of (star) Anu (=Crab); MUL Ma-a-šu ša2 ina IGI dA-nim GUB-zu / dA-nim mulAL.LUL "The Twins standing ahead of Anu. Anu is the Crab" [BPO 2[24], III 33-33a + Parallels]; see also (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, I

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, m13) MAŠ Gössmann (1950)
1) сокращение от MAŠ.MAŠ «Близнецы» (Gemini) — знак зодиака или созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 266]; 2) нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник (= Овен) в поздних календарно-ритуальных текстах [SpTU III, Nr. 104, 105; Reiner 1995, 115, note 522]; 3) dMAŠ = dNinurta — божество Нинурта, отождествляемое в MUL.APIN I ii 16 c Меркурием [MA, 34, 80], см. n45dNIN.URTA.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: (1) [mul]maš = […]-a-x [SpTU III, 114A v 36]. (2) mulmaš = […] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 col. iv 15]. (3) mulmaš =[tu]-a-ma [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:293ʹ]. Математическая астрономия. Обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы в [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется уже в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 16 r. 5]. (2) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. a) BM 34452+: 3 1 // 3 13  // Sin ina MAŠ.QA ša2 múlMAŠ EGIR-i / GUB GU2.DU8.Aki «Симану 1 // симану 13 // Луна на плече заднего из Близнецов. / Место Куту» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41: rev. 5–6]. b) W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази? + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 14 // MAŠ 8 // dām(UŠ2) immeri(UDU.NITA2) šaman(I3.GIŠ) immeri(UDU.NITA2) u šārat(SIG2ḫi.a) immeri(UDU.NITA2) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Дуузу 14 //  Овен 80 //  Кровь барана, жир барана и шерсть барана ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:14, а также 104:1, 27]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. [SpTU III, 105:11, 24]. См. также [SpTU I, 98:VIII; TU, 22:3, 15].

Example
Kurtik (2022, m15) MAŠ. MAŠ
= māšū «Близнецы»; 1) = знак зодиака и созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, 2) =  ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [G. 266].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: [mul]maš.maš = ma-šu-u «Близнецы» [SpTU III, 114A v 37; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:294ʹ]. (2) Серия A I/6, 111–114: ma-áš-ma-áš ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu, dlugal-gir3-ra, dmes-lam-ta-e3-a [MSL XIV, 227–228]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlMAŠ.MAŠ dAG u dU.GUR // 2 // 10 IGI 8 ME KUŠ3 «Близнецы, Набу и Нергал // 2 (звезды) // 10800 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–7:10]. Анафора. BM 36609+: TA? 5? UŠ ˹kin??˺-ṣa NU KUR / EN a-si-du / MAŠ.MAŠ TA SAG-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «(Когда кульминируют звезды) от 5?0, не достигая (т.е. впереди) Колена, / до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью). / (в этот промежуток) Близнецы, от их начала до их конца, восходят» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 20–22]; время восхода: 200 [ibid. 549]. MLC 1866 iv 18–19: dMAŠ.MAŠ dtu-ma-mumeš / ša2 ina pa-na-at GUB-zu «Близнецы, близнецы, которые впереди стоят» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42]. «Дневники наблюдений». 1) MAŠ.MAŠ — знак зодиака Близнецы [AD I–III, passim], самый ранний пример в дневнике за -418 год [ibid., 62, No.-418:5, 12]; 2) обозначение MAŠ.MAŠ входило в названия пяти «нормальных звезд» (№ 8–12 в m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ). Математическая астрономия. MAŠ.MAŠ — знак зодиака Близнецы [ACT II, 482; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». MAŠ.MAŠ — знак зодиака Близнецы [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV 20: ki mulmaš.maš «Область Близнецов» (в этом же тексте: ki mul<maš>.tab.ba.gal.gal «Область Больших Близнецов»), ей соответствуют следующие виды деятельности: магический ритуал против угрозы для жизни, (ритуал против болезни) головокружения, (ритуал против) «женского духа» (речь, по-видимому, идет также о болезни), знатный клевете не внемлет  [Ungnad 1941–44, 256, 268–269:9, 10, 30, 38; Reiner 1995, 108–109; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV 19: maš.maš — обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: c, f, k, 10, 33; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: [3-tu]m ḫa.la múlmaš.maš šum3-šu2 «[3]-я часть, ее имя Близнецы» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].  (4) Текст W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulMAŠ].˹MAŠ˺ U3.T[U…] «Если он, [когда Близ]нецы (кульминируют), роди[лся]…» [SpTU V, 265:2']. (5) W22554/2: ki-i múlMAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i…] / múlMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / a-di-i dŠamaš múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA […] «Если Близнецы кульмин[ируют и (лунное) затмение должно начаться], / Большие Близнецы, Праведный Пастух Ану. / До тех пор пока Солнце Праведного Пастуха Ану [не достигнет…] « [SpTU III, 102:3–5].  (6) Зодиакальная астрология. а) KI múlSIPA u MAŠ.MAŠ UŠ2 ki-li «Область Близнецов: смерть в плену» [SpTU II, 43:21]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 5'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) Марс в Близнецах, см. ts02Ṣalbatānu.

См. также MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], mulMAŠ.MAŠ mul lúḪUN.GA2 TAG-su, mulABSIN(KI.DIDLI) mulMAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-su] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; múlMAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i…] «Когда Близнецы кульминиру[ют]» [SpTU III, 102:3]; а также [SpTU V, 268:16].

Kurtik (2022, m21) mul / dMāšū [G. 265] mul / dMāšū
= mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «Близнецы»; редко используемое обозначение созвездия Близнецов в астрологических текстах [G. 265].

I. Источники.

EAE. См. [ACh Ištar, 25:73; BPO 2, III 33; CAD M/1, 403a]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 8 r. 5]. «Большой список звезд». Список 7 Небесных Близнецов: (1) mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal, (2) mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur, (3) mulmaš.tab.ba ša2 ina igi-it mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-zu, (4) mulnin.mu2 mulir3.ra.gal, (5) mul dŠullat(pa) mulḪaniš(lugal), (6) mulšar2.ur mulšar2.gaz, (7) mulzi.ba.an.na : 7 ma-a-šu2 «Большие Близнецы, Малые Близнецы, Близнецы, что напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану стоят, Нинму (и) Эррагаль, Шуллат (и) Ханиш, Шарур (и) Шаргаз, Весы: 7 (Небесных) Близнецов» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:231–236]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. См. m16MAŠ.TAB.BA. Текст VAT 9418. mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal / mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur / mulmaš.tab.ba ša ina igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> <dpa> dlugal / mulšar2.ur4 mulšar2.gaz / mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la / mulnin.mu2 m[uli]r3.ra.gal : 7 mul maš-[š]i [KAR, 142 i 26–34]; здесь mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la относятся, по-видимому, к двум частям Весов [Weidner 1957–1959, 80b].

II. Астрология.

(1) Попятное движение Марса относительно Льва, Рака и Близнецов; ki-ma dṢal-bat-a-nu tu-u-ra TA ŠA3-bi /  SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA is-su-ḫur / mulAL.LUL dMa-a-ši ul-tap-pit … «Когда Марс опять от Головы Льва возвращается, касается Краба и Близнецов, его значение таково: конец правления царя западной страны» [LABS, 8 r. 3–7].

(2) Близнецы впереди (звезды) Ану (=Краб); MUL Ma-a-šu ša2 ina IGI dA-nim GUB-zu / dA-nim mulAL.LUL «Близнецы, которые стоят впереди Ану. Ану — Краб» [BPO 2, III 33–33a + Parallels]; см. также a18AL.LUL, I

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  3. ↑ Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  4. ↑ Cavigneaux A. Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.
  5. ↑ Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
  6. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XIV. Ea A = nâqu, Aa A = nâqu with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.
  7. ↑ Schaumberger J.  Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
  8. ↑ Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F. A Late Babylonian Normal and Ziqpu Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.
  9. ↑ Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F. A Late Babylonian Normal and Ziqpu Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.
  10. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ungnad A. Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.
  14. ↑ Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Емельянов В.В. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.
  16. ↑ Neugebauer O., Sachs A. The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.
  20. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.
  21. ↑ Hunger H. Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  23. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  25. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  26. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  27. ↑ Ebeling E. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.
  28. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  29. ↑ Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
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