UR.GU.LA: Difference between revisions
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A Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs, the abbreviation <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. |
A Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs, the abbreviation <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. |
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[Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76]. |
[Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop. Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76]. |
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==URGULA in Dictionaries of Babylonian Astral-Science== |
==URGULA in Dictionaries of Babylonian Astral-Science== |
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=== Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) === |
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= ''urgulû'' “lion”. The sumerogram (literally “great predator”) seems to be a learned synonym of [[UR.MAḪ]] “lion” (literally “foremost predator”). The Akk. equivalent is a loanword from the Sum. It also designates a disease and musical instrument. <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (EN 10l, 11l, 12l). GABA <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA “breast of the lion” (EN 11l). KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA “tail of the lion” (EN 12l). |
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===Kurtik with Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim === |
===Kurtik with Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim === |
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In Kurtik's original dictionary, (Kurtik u17) UR.A, (Kurtik a01) A and (Kurtik u16) are separate entries that we merge here because they are all abbreviations of the same constellation name ([[UR.GU.LA]]). For the symbol, identification, and individual parts of the constellation Leo, see (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA. |
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==== UR.GU.LA (Kurtik u20) ==== |
==== UR.GU.LA (Kurtik u20) ==== |
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= <sup>mul</sup>''urgullû'' “Lion”; constellation, corresponding to contemporary Lion (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16], |
= <sup>mul</sup>''urgullû'' “Lion”; constellation, corresponding to contemporary Lion (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16], |
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==== UR.A (Kurtik u17) ==== |
==== UR.A (Kurtik u17) and A (Kurtik a01) ==== |
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''nēšu'' "Lion," |
''nēšu'' "Lion," |
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#UR.A: abbreviation of <sup>mul</sup>[[UR.GU.LA]] in astronomical and astrological texts of the first millennium BCE. [AHw, 425a, 783a; CAD N/2, 197; G. 160; Weidner 1963, 118, note 45], |
#UR.A: abbreviation of <sup>mul</sup>[[UR.GU.LA]] in astronomical and astrological texts of the first millennium BCE. [AHw, 425a, 783a; CAD N/2, 197; G. 160; Weidner 1963, 118, note 45], |
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==== UR (Kurtik u16) ==== |
==== UR (Kurtik u16) ==== |
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a nonstandard designation for the zodiac sign "Leo"; abbreviation for |
a nonstandard designation for the zodiac sign "Leo"; abbreviation for <sup>mul</sup>UR.A or perhaps a scribal error. |
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see also: |
see also: |
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*(u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]. |
*(Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]. |
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=== Sources and Identifications === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Sources by Kurtik and Horowitz |
!Sources by Kurtik and Horowitz |
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|'''Identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz''' |
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|'''''Lexical texts'''''. |
|'''''Lexical texts'''''. |
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*'''(1)''' ''Urra'' XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' “Lion = Latarak” [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:287ʹ], [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r]a''<sup>?</sup>''-am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la “[Etur]amme<sup>?</sup> = Lion” [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:20]. |
*'''(1)''' ''Urra'' XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' “Lion = Latarak” [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:287ʹ], [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r]a''<sup>?</sup>''-am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la “[Etur]amme<sup>?</sup> = Lion” [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:20]. |
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*'''(2)''' Series AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (VI 118): <sup>d</sup>ur.gu.la = ''kat-til-lu'' “Lion = a beast that preys” [Litke 1998, 209; AHw 466a]. |
*'''(2)''' Series AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (VI 118): <sup>d</sup>ur.gu.la = ''kat-til-lu'' “Lion = a beast that preys” [Litke 1998, 209; AHw 466a]. |
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'''UR.A in Lexical texts.''' |
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* [ur?].a = ne<sub>2</sub>-e-šu<sub>2</sub> [CT 18, 43 ii 39]. |
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|'''''“Prayers to |
|'''''“Prayers to the Gods of the Night.”''''' |
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Neo-Assyrian prayer: amidst the astral gods is also mentioned <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17]. |
Neo-Assyrian prayer: amidst the astral gods is also mentioned <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17]. |
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|[[File:BabLion gateKeeper b.jpg|alt=Assyrian Gate-Keepers (on display in museums, here: Berlin)|thumb|Assyrian Gate-Keepers (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]] |
|[[File:BabLion gateKeeper b.jpg|alt=Assyrian Gate-Keepers (on display in museums, here: Berlin)|thumb|Assyrian Gate-Keepers (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]] |
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*Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574]. |
*Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574]. |
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*Astrolabe B. |
*Astrolabe B. |
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**'''(1)''' List (12´3): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>… gub-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la…] «Constellation, which [stands] before … [this Lion]» (B ii 18–19); for a parallel see. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 7]. |
**'''(1)''' List (12´3): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>… ''gub''-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la…] «Constellation, which [stands] before … [this Lion]» (B ii 18–19); for a parallel see. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 7]. |
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**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>sig<sub>4</sub> … <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' «Month of Simanu: … the Lion (in the way of) Anu (it appears)» (C ii 3). |
**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>sig<sub>4</sub> … <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' «Month of Simanu: … the Lion (in the way of) Anu (it appears)» (C ii 3). |
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**'''(3)''' List (sunrise–sunset=6<sup>m</sup>): sunrise — simanu, sunset — kislimu [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. (s22) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>UR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''<sub>2</sub> «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:8, 32 note 8]. BM 34713. См. (k10) KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>. “Circular astrolabes”. K.14943+: <sup>iti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la // 2,20 “(Stars of Ea), month of Tebetu, Lion, 140” [CT 33, 12]. Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. a) List of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 8): <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.[la] [CT 33, 9 r. 4; MCG, 176]. b) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): <sup>mul</sup>˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. |
**'''(3)''' List (sunrise–sunset=6<sup>m</sup>): sunrise — simanu, sunset — kislimu [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. (s22) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>UR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''<sub>2</sub> «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:8, 32 note 8]. BM 34713. См. (k10) KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>. “Circular astrolabes”. K.14943+: <sup>iti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la // 2,20 “(Stars of Ea), month of Tebetu, Lion, 140” [CT 33, 12]. Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. a) List of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 8): <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.[la] [CT 33, 9 r. 4; MCG, 176]. b) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): <sup>mul</sup>˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. |
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*''Text Nv. 10''. |
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**[''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>apin ki.min <sup>mul</sup>u]˹r.gu.la˺ // |
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**4 ''šu-ut'' ˹<sup>d</sup>˺[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] / […<sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat'']''-a-nu'' // |
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**3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A''-[''nim''] / […<sup>mul</sup>''Nin-maḫ''] // |
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**2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-[''a''] / […<sup>mul</sup>]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA // |
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**1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.[maḫ] “[In the month of Araksamnu respectively, the L]ion, |
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** 4, (stars in the path of) [Enlil], / [… Ma]rs, |
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**3, (stars in the path of) A[nu], / [… Ninmah], |
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**2, (stars in the path of) E[a], / [… (from)] On top of the standing stars |
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**1 (to) the heights of the Swall[ow]” |
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** (Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64–65, 69]; according to [ibid., 79, Anm. 63], <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' — planetary name for <sup>mul</sup>muš, “Serpent (main star — α Hya). |
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'''UR.A in Astrolabes.''' |
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* BM 34713. The month of duuzu, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:4], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]]. |
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|[[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA|center|thumb|UR.GU.LA as an Assyrian gatekeeper (Jessica Gullberg 2021)]] |
|[[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA|center|thumb|UR.GU.LA as an Assyrian gatekeeper (Jessica Gullberg 2021)]] |
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**b) MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' GABA <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL “Stars, which stands on the Lion’s chest, King» (I i 9), |
**b) MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' GABA <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL “Stars, which stands on the Lion’s chest, King» (I i 9), |
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**c) MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''um-mu-lu-tum'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' “Faint stars, which stand in the Lion’s tail.” (I i 10–11)]. |
**c) MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''um-mu-lu-tum'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' “Faint stars, which stand in the Lion’s tail.” (I i 10–11)]. |
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* '''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings: “On the 15th of Duuzu, the Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises” (I ii 42), см. (k10) KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>. |
* '''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings: “On the 15th of Duuzu, the Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises” (I ii 42), см. (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>. |
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*'''(3)''' Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: |
*'''(3)''' Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: |
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**а) “The Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises, the Giant and the Eagle goes in” (I iii 17–18), see. (Kurtik a04) A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>, |
**а) “The Arrow, Serpent and the Lion rises, the Giant and the Eagle goes in” (I iii 17–18), see. (Kurtik a04) A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>, |
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**b) “The Field, Giant and Deer rises, the Lion, Serpent and Enenabarhum goes in» (I iii 31–32), см. (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>. |
**b) “The Field, Giant and Deer rises, the Lion, Serpent and Enenabarhum goes in» (I iii 31–32), см. (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>. |
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*'''(4)''' List of ''ziqpu''-stars: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA after <sup>mul</sup>[[AL.LUL]] “the Crab,” and before <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> “Erua” (I iv 6). |
*'''(4)''' List of ''ziqpu''-stars: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA after <sup>mul</sup>[[AL.LUL]] “the Crab,” and before <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> “Erua” (I iv 6). |
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*'''(5)''' Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Lion culminates, and the Scales rise (I iv 25), see. (z10) ''Zibānītum'', see also [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 4′]. |
*'''(5)''' Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Lion culminates, and the Scales rise (I iv 25), see. (Kurtik z10) ''Zibānītum'', see also [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 4′]. |
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*'''(6)''' stars “in the path of the moon”: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA, after <sup>mul</sup>[[AL.LUL]], and before <sup>mul</sup>AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> (I iv 34), see. (s20) ''Sîn''. |
*'''(6)''' stars “in the path of the moon”: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA, after <sup>mul</sup>[[AL.LUL]], and before <sup>mul</sup>AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> (I iv 34), see. (Kurtik s20) ''Sîn''. |
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*'''(7)''' First intercalation scheme: SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA “Head of the Lion” (II i 11, 17) [MA, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75]. |
*'''(7)''' First intercalation scheme: SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA “Head of the Lion” (II i 11, 17) [MA, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75]. |
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|[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA as winged lion|thumb|UR.GU.LA as winged lion with the bright star Regulus at its heart. Drawing by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster 2016). ]] |
|[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA as winged lion|thumb|UR.GU.LA as winged lion with the bright star Regulus at its heart. Drawing by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster 2016). ]] |
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|'''''List “4-x of Enlil”'''''. |
|'''''List “4-x of Enlil”'''''. |
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see. (e10) <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>. |
see. (Kurtik e10) <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>. |
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|'''''GU-text'''''. (E), (G), (H), (I), (J), |
|'''''GU-text'''''. (E), (G), (H), (I), (J), |
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see. (a18) [[AL.LUL]] |
see. (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] |
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|same as in MUL.APIN [[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA in MUL.APIN (painted by J. Gullberg)|thumb|The GU-text dates half a millennium later and the name of the constellation is abbreviated. We are not sure that the creature is still considerd with the wing or a simple, normal Lion (as the constellation is depicted on the circular Dendera-zodiac) but as it has been a Babylonian/ Assyrian gate keeper before and after, this interpretation is still likely.]] |
|same as in MUL.APIN [[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA in MUL.APIN (painted by J. Gullberg)|thumb|The GU-text dates half a millennium later and the name of the constellation is abbreviated. We are not sure that the creature is still considerd with the wing or a simple, normal Lion (as the constellation is depicted on the circular Dendera-zodiac) but as it has been a Babylonian/ Assyrian gate keeper before and after, this interpretation is still likely.]] |
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|'''GU text: UR.A''' |
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*(F) 2 mul ˹ša<sub>2</sub>˺ sag.du <sup>mul</sup>˹ur.a˺ "2 stars on the Lion's head." (G4 ˹mul˺.meš ša<sub>2</sub> gaba <sup>mul</sup>ur.a kimin gir<sub>3</sub>II imittu(15) igi-tum ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ur.a / murub<sub>4</sub> mul˹muš<sup>?</sup>˺ u <sup>mul</sup>nunki gu "4 stars on the chest of the Lion (''ziqpu'' XXII: ζ, γ, η, α Leo) or the frontal right hand side paw of the Lion (π Leo), the middle of the Serpent (κ Hydr) and (constellation) Eridu (λ Vel) : rope". |
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*(H) ½ danna egir 4 ša<sub>2</sub> gaba-šu<sub>2</sub> kimin / gir<sub>3</sub>II murub<sub>4</sub>-˹tu<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub>˺ <sup>mul</sup>ur.a u šu <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ ša<sub>2</sub> ugu ka.kešda gu " (The point corresponding to) half of bēru(150) behind the 4 (stars) on its (i.e. the Lion’s) chest, or the paw on the middle section of the Lion (ρ Leo) and the hand of Ninmah, which is on the knot (φ Vel), – rope." |
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*(I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša<sub>2</sub> giš.kun <sup>mul</sup>ur.a kimin kun <sup>mul</sup>uga u ni-˹šik˺ / ša<sub>2</sub> mul <sup>giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> gu "2 stars on the thigh of the Lion (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) or the tail of the Raven (α Crt) and the bite(?) of the Harrow (μ Vel): rope". |
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*(J) ēdu(AŠ) ša<sub>2</sub> kun <sup>mul</sup>ur.a kimin murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uga u<sub>3</sub> šu <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum gu "The separate star on the tail of the Leo (ziqpu XXIV: β Leo) or the middle part of the Raven (γ Crv) and the arm of Entenabarhum (δ Cen) : rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:9, 11-16]. According to [Koch 1992, 57-58], gir<sub>3</sub>II imittu(15) igi-tum ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ur.a — ο Leo, murub<sub>4</sub> mul˹muš<sup>?</sup>˺ — ζ, θ Hya, <sup>mul</sup>nunki — α Car, šu <sup>mul</sup>Nin-maḫ ša<sub>2</sub> ugu KA.kešda — 196G. PupQ, kun <sup>mul</sup>uga — Pi 140, ni-˹šik˺ ša2 <sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> — ε Cen, murub4 <sup>mul</sup>uga — β Crv, šu <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum — CenM. |
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|[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA (MUL.APIN)|thumb|UR.GU.LA (MUL.APIN)]][[File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|alt=star chart with the Leo-Vir region and Dendera images mapped to it|thumb|part of Leo-Vir region of the Babylonian zodiac in Egyptized painting style (Denderah temple, "circular zodiac", now: Louvre Paris).]]The GU-text always abbreviates the name of the constellation that is written [[UR.GU.LA]] in MUL.APIN when referring to the same area in the sky. |
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It is a lion-like figure but it is under debate whether or not this creature is considered with wings. Hoffmann (2022) compared the GU-text with the depiction in the circular (so-called) "zodiac" in Dendera and found some interesting similarities (random coincidence or trace of exchange?). There, the creature is a normal lion without wings. However, the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian gate-keepers typically have wings - although the procession to the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (that dates only a few decades earlier than this text) also has lions without wings. We assume that the imagination of the constellation has not been changed in this time between the earlier MUL.APIN and the later VAT 7847 (from Uruk), and suggest that the creature referred to in the GU-text with UR.A is the same as UR.GU.LA in the MUL.APIN. |
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|'''''Dalbanna-text'''''. |
|'''''Dalbanna-text'''''. |
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**b) [mul s]u<sub>6</sub><sup>?</sup> ur.g[u.la] “[Furr]ow of the Lio[n]” (λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]<sup>?</sup> “[…furrow of the Lion]” (θ Leo), see. (Kurtik m18) MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. |
**b) [mul s]u<sub>6</sub><sup>?</sup> ur.g[u.la] “[Furr]ow of the Lio[n]” (λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]<sup>?</sup> “[…furrow of the Lion]” (θ Leo), see. (Kurtik m18) MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. |
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*'''§Q'''. […ur]gu.la ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min “[…], [L]ion, damage: 3 sta[rs …]. 2 intervals, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106–107; Koch 1995, 46, 59]. |
*'''§Q'''. […ur]gu.la ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min “[…], [L]ion, damage: 3 sta[rs …]. 2 intervals, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106–107; Koch 1995, 46, 59]. |
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|There is a note in the edition by Hunger and Pingree (1999) that one of the Lions mentioned here may possibly be female. This interpretation is changed in Horowitz and Hoffmann (2024). |
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[[File:Dalbanna N.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Map for the Babylonian Dalbanna-Text, §N, Susanne M Hoffmann (2024). ]][[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|star chart for Dalbanna pattern number "O"; for this pattern two versions are given, here distinguished in blue and green (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]] |
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This interpretation is changed in Horowitz and Hoffmann (2024). |
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|'''''Text Nv. 10'''''. |
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*[''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>apin ki.min <sup>mul</sup>u]˹r.gu.la˺ // |
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*4 ''šu-ut'' ˹<sup>d</sup>˺[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] / […<sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat'']''-a-nu'' // |
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*3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A''-[''nim''] / […<sup>mul</sup>''Nin-maḫ''] // |
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*2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-[''a''] / […<sup>mul</sup>]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA // |
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*1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.[maḫ] “[In the month of Araksamnu respectively, the L]ion, |
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* 4, (stars in the path of) [Enlil], / [… Ma]rs, |
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*3, (stars in the path of) A[nu], / [… Ninmah], |
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*2, (stars in the path of) E[a], / [… (from)] On top of the standing stars |
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*1 (to) the heights of the Swall[ow]” |
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* |
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(Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64–65, 69]; according to [ibid., 79, Anm. 63], <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' — planetary name for <sup>mul</sup>muš, “Serpent (main star — α Hya). |
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|'''''Astronomical Diaries and Related Text (ADRT).''''' |
|'''''Astronomical Diaries and Related Text (ADRT).''''' |
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Within the constellation, 5 "normal stars" are distinguished, see below, as well as (Kurtik m39) MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ. |
Within the constellation, 5 "normal stars" are distinguished, see below, as well as (Kurtik m39) MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ. |
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'''UR.A''' was used during the pre-Seleucid period for the designation of the Leo constellation and zodiac, see, for example: <sup>mulx</sup>UR.A u <sup>mulx</sup>ALLA ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> TUR<sub>3</sub> "Leo and Crab (standing) in the lunar halo " [AD I, No.-567 rev. 7′, 15′], Dele-bat <nowiki><u> GU</nowiki><sub>4</sub>.UD ina UR.A "Venus (and) Mercury in Leo" [AD I, No.-463:3′], AN ina qi<sub>2</sub>-it UR.A "Mars (standing) at the end of Leo " [AD I, No.-418:10′], GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ina ŠU<sub>2</sub> ina UR.A IGI "First appearance of Mercury in the west in Leo" [AD I, No.-418:18], as well as individual stars (e.g., MULx KUR<sub>4</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> TIL GIR<sub>3</sub> UR.A "Brilliant star at the end of Leo's paw" [AD I, no.-567 :14]), including three "normal stars": |
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*(1) SAG UR.A "Lion's head" (ε Leonis); |
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*(2) GIŠ.KUN UR.A "Lion's thigh" (q Leonis); |
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*(3) GIR3 ar2 ša2 UR.A "Lion's hind paw" (b Virginis) [AD I, passim] |
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'''''there abbreviated as A.''''' |
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*(1) SAG A "Head of the Lion" (ε Leonis); |
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*(2) GIŠ.KUN A "Thigh of the Lion" (q Leonis); |
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*(3) GIR<sub>3</sub> ar<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> A "Hind paw of the Lion" (b Virginis) [AD I 18], |
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see (Kurtik m39) MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ, nos 17, 20, 21 |
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|'''Anaphora (used UR.A)''' |
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BM 36609+: |
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*(a) [TA...] a-na SA<sub>4</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>ŠU.GI / [EN...] SA4 KI ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>UR.A "[From...] – the Brilliant Star of the Old Man / [to...] The Brilliant Star: the place of the Lion" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 17-18]. |
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*(b) ˹TA˺ 5 [U]Š ar<sub>2</sub> um-mu-lut / [E]N 5 UŠ ar2 GAM3 / [UR.A]? ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR "From (a point located) 50 behind the Dull (stars) / [t]o (a point located) 50 behind the Staff. / [The Lion], rises from its beginning to its end." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 26-28]; time of rising: 400 [ibid., 549]. |
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|'''Mathematical Astronomy (used A)''' |
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*A |
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**the standard designation of the zodiac sign Leo [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; found as early as the lunar tables year –474 [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. |
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Late astrology, magic and the calendar. "Horoscopes." See. [BH, passim], the earliest example is from year –297 [BH 58, 3:2]. |
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|[[File:Leo urgula+hyaCrv.jpg|alt=drawing of constellations on a star map|thumb|Winged Lion (UR.GU.LA) standing upon a huge, dog-headed creature with snake-like body and front legs.]] |
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|'''Late Babylonian catalogue BM 46083 (used A)''' |
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*(a) gi[š].kun [...] 20(?) a(?) "The loin? [Lion ...]: 20 of the Lion" (θ Leonis). |
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*(b) gir<sub>3</sub> ar<sub>2</sub>-tu<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> a 30(?) : 1 absin "The hind paw of the Lion: 30(?) (Lion? or?) 1 Beard/furrows" (β Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:1′-2′; ASM 149-150]; |
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for a new edition of the text see. [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564]; |
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see also (Kurtik g23) GIŠ.KUN. |
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|'''In designation ziqpu XXI (used A)''' |
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* MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> SAG A "2 stars of the head of the Lion". [Schaumberger 1952 226-7], |
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*2 MUL<sub>2</sub>.ME ša<sub>2</sub> SAG A [Schaumberger 1955 238:1-2], |
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*2 MUL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ša<sub>2</sub> SAG A [Roughton-Steele-Walker 565]. |
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*'''(1)''' Hypsoma. The constellation Leo was considered a hypsoma, i.e., the place where planetary action reaches its maximum: |
*'''(1)''' Hypsoma. The constellation Leo was considered a hypsoma, i.e., the place where planetary action reaches its maximum: |
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**'''a)''' Venus, see (Kurtik d06) ''Dilbat''. |
**'''a)''' Venus, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''. |
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**'''b)''' Jupiter, see (Kurtik s09) SAG.ME.GAR. |
**'''b)''' Jupiter, see (Kurtik s09) SAG.ME.GAR. |
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*'''(2''') Prediction of the prices of cereal via the observation of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: <sup>múl</sup>UR.GU.LA [SpTU I, 94:31]. |
*'''(2''') Prediction of the prices of cereal via the observation of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: <sup>múl</sup>UR.GU.LA [SpTU I, 94:31]. |
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*See also [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša<sub>2</sub> SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA "[If within the regi]on, two stars are on the Lion’s head (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 4 ša<sub>2</sub> GABA-šu<sub>2</sub> "If within the region, there are 4 stars on his (=Leo) chest (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ. KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> "If within the region, 2 stars are on his (= Lion) sacrum (he is born)", [DIŠ K]I |
*See also [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša<sub>2</sub> SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA "[If within the regi]on, two stars are on the Lion’s head (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 4 ša<sub>2</sub> GABA-šu<sub>2</sub> "If within the region, there are 4 stars on his (=Leo) chest (he is born)", DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ. KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> "If within the region, 2 stars are on his (= Lion) sacrum (he is born)", [DIŠ K]I <sup>mul</sup>e-du ša<sub>2</sub> KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> "[If within the regi]on, an Individual star is on his (= Lion) tail (he is born)". [SpTU V, 265: 4'-7']. |
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* See also [SpTU I, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1]. |
* See also [SpTU I, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1]. |
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|'''UR.A in Late astrology, magic and the calendar.''' |
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==== '''UR.A in Late astrology, magic and the calendar.''' ==== |
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*(1) "Horoscopes." In one of the earliest horoscopes (-287) UR.A is the designation of the zodiac sign Leo [BH, 61, 4 r. 1]. |
*(1) "Horoscopes." In one of the earliest horoscopes (-287) UR.A is the designation of the zodiac sign Leo [BH, 61, 4 r. 1]. |
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*(2) "Lunaries." |
*(2) "Lunaries." |
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|'''UR in ''Late astrology'''''. |
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==== UR in '''''Late astrology'''''. ==== |
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KI <sup>múl</sup>UR SIG UŠ<sub>2</sub> BAR NI<sub>3</sub>.TUK ša<sub>2</sub>-niš KUR EN DU<sub>11</sub>-šu<sub>2</sub> |
KI <sup>múl</sup>UR SIG UŠ<sub>2</sub> BAR NI<sub>3</sub>.TUK ša<sub>2</sub>-niš KUR EN DU<sub>11</sub>-šu<sub>2</sub> |
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"The area of the Leo: (first) he will live long (lit. late death) (and) leave riches, secondly, he will gain an upper hand over his adversary." [SpTU II, 43: 22]; |
"The area of the Leo: (first) he will live long (lit. late death) (and) leave riches, secondly, he will gain an upper hand over his adversary." [SpTU II, 43: 22]; |
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for a parallel see. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192]. |
for a parallel see. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192]. |
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(6) 2 stars on the head of the Lion (= ziqpu XXI: μ , ε Leo). |
(6) 2 stars on the head of the Lion (= ziqpu XXI: μ , ε Leo). |
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(7) Front right paw of the Lion, see. (Kurtik u17) UR.A, GU- |
(7) Front right paw of the Lion, see. (Kurtik u17) UR.A, GU-text '''(G)'''. |
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(8) Paw in the central portion of the Lion (ρ Leo), see. (Kurtik u17) UR.A, GU-text ('''H''') |
(8) Paw in the central portion of the Lion (ρ Leo), see. (Kurtik u17) UR.A, GU-text ('''H''') |
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(10) Individual star on the Lion’s tail (= ziqpu XXIV: β Leo). |
(10) Individual star on the Lion’s tail (= ziqpu XXIV: β Leo). |
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(11) “Upper (star) Lion” or “Upper from the star on the head of the Lion” (μ Leo), |
(11) “Upper (star) Lion” or “Upper from the star on the head of the Lion” (μ Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ N). |
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(12) “Lower (star) Lion” or “Lower from the star on the head of the Lion” (ε Leo), see |
(12) “Lower (star) Lion” or “Lower from the star on the head of the Lion” (ε Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ О). |
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(13) Lion’s Beard (λ Leo), see |
(13) Lion’s Beard (λ Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ О). |
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(14) KA2 mul<sub>x</sub>UR.A “Lion’s gate” [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4]. |
(14) KA2 mul<sub>x</sub>UR.A “Lion’s gate” [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4]. |
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Latarak (see Kurtik L05). |
Latarak (see Kurtik L05). |
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'''''Prayers and rituals'''''. |
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'''''Prayers and rituals'''''. '''(1)''' Namburbi series, cf. [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7]. In astrological geography, Leo is correlated with a number of cities and temples, including: (a) c Enamhe, (b) Isin, Egalmah, (c) Eridu, (d) Kulaba, etc. [Weidner 1963]. |
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* '''(1)''' Namburbi series, cf. [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7]. In astrological geography, Leo is correlated with a number of cities and temples, including: |
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* (a) c Enamhe, (b) Isin, Egalmah, (c) Eridu, (d) Kulaba, etc. [Weidner 1963]. |
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====III. Symbol.==== |
====III. Symbol.==== |
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The Walking Lion. The image of a lion (upon which is the inscription: |
The Walking Lion. The image of a lion (upon which is the inscription: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA) strolling on the serpent-dragon's back <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ see on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927, Taf. V. 2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. For a description of this scene see thefragmentary text: [MUL] <sup>d</sup>UR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / [...] MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. See also the astral images of the Lion on Hellenistic Uruk seals [AUWE 19, no. 783-785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Kurtik 2007, figures 28, 29, 30]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], text W 22646 contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations in which the month Abu (<sup>iti</sup>NE) is associated with the Lion (<sup>múl</sup>UR), corresponding to UR.MAḪ "lion" [SpTU II, 43:5, 22]. |
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====VI. Astrology.==== |
====VI. Astrology.==== |
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Identifications: |
Identifications: |
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(1) = <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ "Lion"; see (Kurtik ts02)<sup>d</sup>Ṣalbatānu, III 38. |
(1) = <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ "Lion"; see (Kurtik ts02)<sup>d</sup>[[Ṣalbatānu]], III 38. |
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(2) = <sup>mul</sup>''Rappu'' "bridle"; see (Kurtik r03)Rappu, II 2. |
(2) = <sup>mul</sup>''Rappu'' "bridle"; see (Kurtik r03)Rappu, II 2. |
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Predictions: |
Predictions: |
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(5) If the Lion is black, Mercury stands in Leo; <sup>mul</sup>GUD.UD ina |
(5) If the Lion is black, Mercury stands in Leo; <sup>mul</sup>GUD.UD ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''it-ti-ti-zi'' / DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA GI<sub>6</sub> / ŠA<sub>3</sub>-bi KUR NU DUG<sub>3</sub>.GA / DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL GI<sub>6</sub> / ''mu-ʼi-ir-ru'' E<sub>2</sub>.GAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> "Mercury stands within Leo. If the Lion is black: the hearts of people in the country will not be happy. If Regulus is black: the governor of the palace will die." [ARAK, 146:1-6], see also [ibid., 180:3-4]; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA MI (var.: ''ma-diš'' MI) ŠA<sub>3</sub> KUR NU DUG<sub>3</sub>-''ab'' "If the Lion is dark (var.: very dark): the heart of the country will not be happy". [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15 + Parallels, XIX 4; ARAK, 180 r. 3; 337:3]. |
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(6) If the Lion is black, the first morning appearances of Saturn is in Leo; DIŠ |
(6) If the Lion is black, the first morning appearances of Saturn is in Leo; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''a-dir'' / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / ''u'' UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U<sub>18</sub>.LU GAZ A.RA<sub>2</sub> KUR [MAR.T]U KUD. MEŠ "If the Lion is dark: within 3 years, [li]ons and wol[ves] will kill off people and cut short lines of communication with [Weste]rn portions of the country." [ARAK, 324:3-6; 437:6-r. 2]. |
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(7) The moon eclipses within the regions of the Leo; [... |
(7) The moon eclipses within the regions of the Leo; [...<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.L]A ˹''a-dir''˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' UR.A.MEŠ IDIM. MEŠ "(If the Moon) eclipses [in the region of) the [Leo]: a decision for the king, (the king) will die and the lions will become fierce" [NSAM 2, 54, Text IIa: 2′], see also [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 r. 45]. |
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(8) ''If the stars of Leo flare'' ''(the first morning appearance of Jupiter in Leo)''; see |
(8) ''If the stars of Leo flare'' ''(the first morning appearance of Jupiter in Leo)''; see (Kurtik u22) UR.MAḪ, IV 3. |
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(9) Jupiter's retracting motion moving away from the chest of the Lion (i.e., from Regulus); "And as for Jupiter, the following can be said of it: If it comes back right away from the chest of the Lion (šum-ma TA |
(9) Jupiter's retracting motion moving away from the chest of the Lion (i.e., from Regulus); "And as for Jupiter, the following can be said of it: If it comes back right away from the chest of the Lion (''šum-ma'' TA ŠA<sub>3</sub> GABA ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA / ''a-na qi<sub>2</sub>-in-niš is-si-ḫur''): it is a sinister (sign)". [LABS, 8 r. 12-14]. |
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(10) ''Venus stands in Leo''; DIŠ |
(10) ''Venus stands in Leo''; DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>ul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB''-iz'' ME<sub>3</sub> (GAL) GAL<sub>2</sub> "If Venus stands within Leo: (a great) battle will occur". [Stev. O.T 232:9, Pl. XVII 11], see also [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:21; 217, K.3601+: r. 14]. |
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(11) ''Venus stands in the eastern portion of the Leo''; DIŠ |
(11) ''Venus stands in the eastern portion of the Leo''; DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>ul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB ''ina'' KUR NIM.MA<sup>(ki)</sup> ME<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub> "If Venus stands in the inner and eastern portion of the Leo: a (great) battle will occur in Elam". [Stev. O.T., 232:10, Pl. XVII 12], see also [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:22; 217, K.3601+: r. 15; SpTU III, 101 r. 14]. |
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(12) ''Venus stands in the western portion of the Leo''; DIŠ |
(12) ''Venus stands in the western portion of the Leo''; DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A MIN (= ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>ul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB) ''ina'' KUR URI<sup>ki</sup> ME<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub> "If Venus stands in the inner and western portion of the Leo: a (great) battle will occur in Akkad [Stev. O.T., 232:11, Pl. XVII 13], see also [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23; 217, K.3601+: r. 16; SpTU III, 101 r. 15]. |
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(13) ''Venus reaches Leo, its "secret place''"; see (Kurtik d06)Dilbat, ''Late Astrology, Hipsoma'' (a). |
(13) ''Venus reaches Leo, its "secret place''"; see (Kurtik d06)''[[Dilbat]]'', ''Late Astrology, Hipsoma'' (a). |
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(14) ''The Wolf Star'' (= ''Mars'') reaches Leo; see |
(14) ''The Wolf Star'' (= ''Mars'') reaches Leo; see (Kurtik u18) UR.BAR.RA, IV 7. |
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(15) ''Mars standing in Leo''; (Kurtik ts02) Ṣalbatānu, III 38. |
(15) ''Mars standing in Leo''; (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu]], III 38. |
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(16) ''Mars' retracting motion moving away from the head of the Leo''; (Kurtik ts02) Ṣalbatānu, III 38. |
(16) ''Mars' retracting motion moving away from the head of the Leo''; (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu]], III 38. |
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(17) ''Leo (= Mars) rises towards Zababa''; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>U]R.GU.LA ana |
(17) ''Leo (= Mars) rises towards Zababa''; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>U]R.GU.LA ''ana'' A<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Za-ba<sub>4</sub>-ba<sub>4</sub> iš-qu'' A.KAL.MEŠ KUD.MEŠ [...] "[If the L]ion rises towards Zababa: flooding will cease<sup>?</sup> [...]" [ACh Ištar, 34:15]. |
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(18) Predicting the first morning appearance of Venus in Leo; ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> ITI a-ga-a ina <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> / ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA in-nam-mar "During this month (Venus) will become visible in the east end of Leo" [ARAK, 247 r. 2-3]. |
(18) Predicting the first morning appearance of Venus in Leo; ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> ITI ''a-ga-a ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> / ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''in-nam-mar'' "During this month (Venus) will become visible in the east end of Leo" [ARAK, 247 r. 2-3]. |
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== Historical Dictionaries== |
== Historical Dictionaries== |
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==== UR.GU.LA |
==== (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA ==== |
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= <sup>mul</sup>''urgullû'' «Лев»; созвездие, соответствующее современному Льву (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16], см. также a01A, u16UR, u17UR.A, u22UR.MAḪ. |
= <sup>mul</sup>''urgullû'' «Лев»; созвездие, соответствующее современному Льву (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16], см. также a01A, u16UR, u17UR.A, u22UR.MAḪ. |
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==== |
==== (Kurtik u17) UR.A ==== |
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= ''nēšu'' «Лев», сокращение от <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA в астрономических и астрологических текстах I тыс. до н.э. [AHw, 425a, 783a; CAD N/2, 197; G. 160; Weidner 1963, 118, note 45], cм. u20UR.GU.LA, а также a01A, u16UR, u22UR.MAḪ. I. Источники. |
= ''nēšu'' «Лев», сокращение от <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA в астрономических и астрологических текстах I тыс. до н.э. [AHw, 425a, 783a; CAD N/2, 197; G. 160; Weidner 1963, 118, note 45], cм. u20UR.GU.LA, а также a01A, u16UR, u22UR.MAḪ. I. Источники. |
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==== UR ==== |
==== (Kurtik u16) UR ==== |
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нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака «Лев»; сокращение от <sup>mul</sup>UR.A или, возможно, ошибка писца. |
нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака «Лев»; сокращение от <sup>mul</sup>UR.A или, возможно, ошибка писца. |
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==== |
==== (Kurtik a01) A ==== |
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R.A "Лев", обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Лев (Leo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 1; Ungnad 257, Anm. 44]. См. также u16UR, u17UR.A, u20UR.GU.LA, u22UR.MAD. I. Источники. |
R.A "Лев", обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Лев (Leo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 1; Ungnad 257, Anm. 44]. См. также u16UR, u17UR.A, u20UR.GU.LA, u22UR.MAD. I. Источники. |
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[[Category:Cuneiform]] |
Latest revision as of 18:49, 2 August 2024
A Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with Leo, The Lion. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs, the abbreviation (mul)A was used.
[Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop. Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].
URGULA in Dictionaries of Babylonian Astral-Science
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)
= urgulû “lion”. The sumerogram (literally “great predator”) seems to be a learned synonym of UR.MAḪ “lion” (literally “foremost predator”). The Akk. equivalent is a loanword from the Sum. It also designates a disease and musical instrument. mulUR.GU.LA (EN 10l, 11l, 12l). GABA mulUR.GU.LA “breast of the lion” (EN 11l). KUN mulUR.GU.LA “tail of the lion” (EN 12l).
Kurtik with Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim
In Kurtik's original dictionary, (Kurtik u17) UR.A, (Kurtik a01) A and (Kurtik u16) are separate entries that we merge here because they are all abbreviations of the same constellation name (UR.GU.LA). For the symbol, identification, and individual parts of the constellation Leo, see (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA.
UR.GU.LA (Kurtik u20)
= mulurgullû “Lion”; constellation, corresponding to contemporary Lion (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16],
UR.A (Kurtik u17) and A (Kurtik a01)
nēšu "Lion,"
- UR.A: abbreviation of mulUR.GU.LA in astronomical and astrological texts of the first millennium BCE. [AHw, 425a, 783a; CAD N/2, 197; G. 160; Weidner 1963, 118, note 45],
- A: In the late time of cuneiform, is a designation of the constellation and zodiacal sign Leo (Leo) in both astronomical and astrological texts [G. 1; Ungnad 257, Anm. 44].
Transition from UR.A to А occurred ca. –300 year. (see, for example, [AD I, No.-291], where both designations are present in the same text), although individual examples occur before [AD I, No.-380 A 4, -321 obv. 4]. Included in the names of the three "normal stars".
UR (Kurtik u16)
a nonstandard designation for the zodiac sign "Leo"; abbreviation for mulUR.A or perhaps a scribal error.
see also:
- (Kurtik u22) UR.MAḪ.
Sources and Identifications
Sources by Kurtik and Horowitz | Identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz |
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Lexical texts.
UR.A in Lexical texts.
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“Prayers to the Gods of the Night.”
Neo-Assyrian prayer: amidst the astral gods is also mentioned mulUR.GU.LA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17]. |
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Enuma Anu Enlil (ЕАЕ).
См. [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15, XIX 4; BPO 3, 289; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 14–15; Stev. O.T 232:9–11, Pl. XVII 11–13]. |
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“Astrolabes”.
UR.A in Astrolabes.
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“Catalog of 30 stars”.
Anu 7. [mulUR.GU.LA ša2 EGI]R.BI GUB-zu dLa-ta-ra-a[k…] “[The Lion, which] stands [aft]er it, the Latara[k…]” (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. |
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MUL.APIN.
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“Letters and Reports”. See. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 352]. | |
“The Great star List”.
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List of ziqpu-stars.
in mulUR.GU.LA,
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List “4-x of Enlil”.
see. (Kurtik e10) dEn-lil2. |
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GU-text. (E), (G), (H), (I), (J),
see. (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL 𒀠𒈜 |
same as in MUL.APIN |
GU text: UR.A
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The GU-text always abbreviates the name of the constellation that is written UR.GU.LA in MUL.APIN when referring to the same area in the sky.
It is a lion-like figure but it is under debate whether or not this creature is considered with wings. Hoffmann (2022) compared the GU-text with the depiction in the circular (so-called) "zodiac" in Dendera and found some interesting similarities (random coincidence or trace of exchange?). There, the creature is a normal lion without wings. However, the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian gate-keepers typically have wings - although the procession to the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (that dates only a few decades earlier than this text) also has lions without wings. We assume that the imagination of the constellation has not been changed in this time between the earlier MUL.APIN and the later VAT 7847 (from Uruk), and suggest that the creature referred to in the GU-text with UR.A is the same as UR.GU.LA in the MUL.APIN. |
Dalbanna-text.
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There is a note in the edition by Hunger and Pingree (1999) that one of the Lions mentioned here may possibly be female. This interpretation is changed in Horowitz and Hoffmann (2024). |
Astronomical Diaries and Related Text (ADRT).
Within the constellation, 5 "normal stars" are distinguished, see below, as well as (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. UR.A was used during the pre-Seleucid period for the designation of the Leo constellation and zodiac, see, for example: mulxUR.A u mulxALLA ina ŠA3 TUR3 "Leo and Crab (standing) in the lunar halo " [AD I, No.-567 rev. 7′, 15′], Dele-bat <u> GU4.UD ina UR.A "Venus (and) Mercury in Leo" [AD I, No.-463:3′], AN ina qi2-it UR.A "Mars (standing) at the end of Leo " [AD I, No.-418:10′], GU4.UD ina ŠU2 ina UR.A IGI "First appearance of Mercury in the west in Leo" [AD I, No.-418:18], as well as individual stars (e.g., MULx KUR4 ša2 TIL GIR3 UR.A "Brilliant star at the end of Leo's paw" [AD I, no.-567 :14]), including three "normal stars":
there abbreviated as A.
see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, nos 17, 20, 21 |
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Anaphora (used UR.A)
BM 36609+:
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Mathematical Astronomy (used A)
Late astrology, magic and the calendar. "Horoscopes." See. [BH, passim], the earliest example is from year –297 [BH 58, 3:2]. |
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Late Babylonian catalogue BM 46083 (used A)
for a new edition of the text see. [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564]; see also (Kurtik g23) GIŠ.KUN. |
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In designation ziqpu XXI (used A)
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Late astrology.
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UR.A in Late astrology, magic and the calendar.
See also [LBAT, 1595:3, 5; SpTU I, 96:5; SpTU V, 268:17]. |
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UR in Late astrology.
KI múlUR SIG UŠ2 BAR NI3.TUK ša2-niš KUR EN DU11-šu2 "The area of the Leo: (first) he will live long (lit. late death) (and) leave riches, secondly, he will gain an upper hand over his adversary." [SpTU II, 43: 22];
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Parts of the constellation and individual stars
(1) SAG A “Head of the Lion” (ε Leonis). (2) LUGAL “King” (α Leonis). (3) MUL2 TUR ša2 4 KUŠ3 ar2 LUGAL “Small star four cubits behind the King” (ρ Leonis). (4) GIŠ.KUN A “The hip of the Lion” (θ Leonis). (5) GIR3 ar2 ša2 A “Hind paw of the Lion” (β Virginis); GIR3 ša2 UR.<A> “Lion’s paw” в [ADRT I, 70, No.-384: 9′]. Stars (1)–(5) used as “normal stars” within diaries and other observational texts, see. (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, no. 17–21. (6) 2 stars on the head of the Lion (= ziqpu XXI: μ , ε Leo). (7) Front right paw of the Lion, see. (Kurtik u17) UR.A, GU-text (G). (8) Paw in the central portion of the Lion (ρ Leo), see. (Kurtik u17) UR.A, GU-text (H) (9) 2 stars on the Lion’s hip (= ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo). (10) Individual star on the Lion’s tail (= ziqpu XXIV: β Leo). (11) “Upper (star) Lion” or “Upper from the star on the head of the Lion” (μ Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ N). (12) “Lower (star) Lion” or “Lower from the star on the head of the Lion” (ε Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ О). (13) Lion’s Beard (λ Leo), see Dalbana-text (§ О). (14) KA2 mulxUR.A “Lion’s gate” [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4]. |
Further mentions of the term
II. Deity.
Latarak (see Kurtik L05).
Prayers and rituals.
- (1) Namburbi series, cf. [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7]. In astrological geography, Leo is correlated with a number of cities and temples, including:
- (a) c Enamhe, (b) Isin, Egalmah, (c) Eridu, (d) Kulaba, etc. [Weidner 1963].
III. Symbol.
The Walking Lion. The image of a lion (upon which is the inscription: mulUR.GU.LA) strolling on the serpent-dragon's back mulMUŠ see on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927, Taf. V. 2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. For a description of this scene see thefragmentary text: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / [...] MUL dMUŠ ka-bi-is, quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. See also the astral images of the Lion on Hellenistic Uruk seals [AUWE 19, no. 783-785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Kurtik 2007, figures 28, 29, 30]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], text W 22646 contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations in which the month Abu (itiNE) is associated with the Lion (múlUR), corresponding to UR.MAḪ "lion" [SpTU II, 43:5, 22].
VI. Astrology.
Identifications:
(1) = mulUR.MAḪ "Lion"; see (Kurtik ts02)dṢalbatānu, III 38.
(2) = mulRappu "bridle"; see (Kurtik r03)Rappu, II 2.
(3) = mulEturammi "Star of Eturammi," see Lexical Texts, “The Great Star lists”, and also (Kurtik e06)E2.TUR3.
(4) = Wolf Star = Mars; [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = dṢal-bat-a-nu "Lion = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I, 50:37].
Predictions:
(5) If the Lion is black, Mercury stands in Leo; mulGUD.UD ina ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA it-ti-ti-zi / DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA GI6 / ŠA3-bi KUR NU DUG3.GA / DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 / mu-ʼi-ir-ru E2.GAL UŠ2 "Mercury stands within Leo. If the Lion is black: the hearts of people in the country will not be happy. If Regulus is black: the governor of the palace will die." [ARAK, 146:1-6], see also [ibid., 180:3-4]; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA MI (var.: ma-diš MI) ŠA3 KUR NU DUG3-ab "If the Lion is dark (var.: very dark): the heart of the country will not be happy". [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15 + Parallels, XIX 4; ARAK, 180 r. 3; 337:3].
(6) If the Lion is black, the first morning appearances of Saturn is in Leo; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA a-dir / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / u UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U18.LU GAZ A.RA2 KUR [MAR.T]U KUD. MEŠ "If the Lion is dark: within 3 years, [li]ons and wol[ves] will kill off people and cut short lines of communication with [Weste]rn portions of the country." [ARAK, 324:3-6; 437:6-r. 2].
(7) The moon eclipses within the regions of the Leo; [...mulUR.GU.L]A ˹a-dir˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ2-ma UR.A.MEŠ IDIM. MEŠ "(If the Moon) eclipses [in the region of) the [Leo]: a decision for the king, (the king) will die and the lions will become fierce" [NSAM 2, 54, Text IIa: 2′], see also [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 r. 45].
(8) If the stars of Leo flare (the first morning appearance of Jupiter in Leo); see (Kurtik u22) UR.MAḪ, IV 3.
(9) Jupiter's retracting motion moving away from the chest of the Lion (i.e., from Regulus); "And as for Jupiter, the following can be said of it: If it comes back right away from the chest of the Lion (šum-ma TA ŠA3 GABA ša2 mulUR.GU.LA / a-na qi2-in-niš is-si-ḫur): it is a sinister (sign)". [LABS, 8 r. 12-14].
(10) Venus stands in Leo; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB-iz ME3 (GAL) GAL2 "If Venus stands within Leo: (a great) battle will occur". [Stev. O.T 232:9, Pl. XVII 11], see also [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:21; 217, K.3601+: r. 14].
(11) Venus stands in the eastern portion of the Leo; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB ina KUR NIM.MA(ki) ME3 GAL2 "If Venus stands in the inner and eastern portion of the Leo: a (great) battle will occur in Elam". [Stev. O.T., 232:10, Pl. XVII 12], see also [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:22; 217, K.3601+: r. 15; SpTU III, 101 r. 14].
(12) Venus stands in the western portion of the Leo; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A MIN (= ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB) ina KUR URIki ME3 GAL2 "If Venus stands in the inner and western portion of the Leo: a (great) battle will occur in Akkad [Stev. O.T., 232:11, Pl. XVII 13], see also [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23; 217, K.3601+: r. 16; SpTU III, 101 r. 15].
(13) Venus reaches Leo, its "secret place"; see (Kurtik d06)Dilbat, Late Astrology, Hipsoma (a).
(14) The Wolf Star (= Mars) reaches Leo; see (Kurtik u18) UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.
(15) Mars standing in Leo; (Kurtik ts02) Ṣalbatānu, III 38.
(16) Mars' retracting motion moving away from the head of the Leo; (Kurtik ts02) Ṣalbatānu, III 38.
(17) Leo (= Mars) rises towards Zababa; [DIŠ mulU]R.GU.LA ana A2 dZa-ba4-ba4 iš-qu A.KAL.MEŠ KUD.MEŠ [...] "[If the L]ion rises towards Zababa: flooding will cease? [...]" [ACh Ištar, 34:15].
(18) Predicting the first morning appearance of Venus in Leo; ina ŠA3 ITI a-ga-a ina dUTU.E3 / ina ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA in-nam-mar "During this month (Venus) will become visible in the east end of Leo" [ARAK, 247 r. 2-3].
Historical Dictionaries
Kurtik (2022) | Gössmann (1950) |
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(Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA= mulurgullû «Лев»; созвездие, соответствующее современному Льву (Leo) [G. 162; AHw, 1429a; BPO 2, 16], см. также a01A, u16UR, u17UR.A, u22UR.MAḪ. I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulur.gu.la = la-ta-rak «Лев = Латарак» [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:287ʹ], [mule-tu-r]a?-am-me = mulur.gu.la «[Этур]амме? = Лев» [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:20]. (2) Серия AN:dAnum (VI 118): dur.gu.la = kat-til-lu «Лев = хищный зверь» [Litke 1998, 209; AHw 466a]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: среди астральных богов упоминается также mulUR.GU.LA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15, XIX 4; BPO 3, 289; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 14–15; Stev. O.T 232:9–11, Pl. XVII 11–13]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц симану, звезды Ану, 120 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): ˹mul˺ ša ina igi-it m[ul… gub-z]u / [mulur.gu.la…] «Созвездие, которое [стоит] впереди … [это Лев…]» (B ii 18–19); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 7]. (2) Список (3´12): itisig4 … mulur.gu.la šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц симану: … Лев (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 3). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — симану, заход — кислиму [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Месяц симану, звезды Ану: mu[lUR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-u2 «[Лев // 120] // Большой …» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:8, 32 note 8]. BM 34713. См. k10KAK.SI.SA2. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: itiab.ba.e3 // mulur.gu.la // 2,20 «(Звезды Эа), месяц тебету, Лев, 140» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 8): mulur.gu.[la] [CT 33, 9 r. 4; MCG, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): mul˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 7. [mulUR.GU.LA ša2 EGI]R.BI GUB-zu dLa-ta-ra-a[k…] «[Лев, который] стоит [пос]ле него, Латара[к…]» (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 8, 9, 10): a) mulUR.GU.LA dLa-ta-ra-ak «Лев, Латарак» (I i 8), b) MUL ša2 ina GABA mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu mulLUGAL «Звезда, которая стоит на груди Льва, Царь» (I i 9), c) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tum ša2 ina KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu «Тусклые звезды, которые стоят на хвосте Льва» (I i 10–11)]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го дуузу Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят» (I ii 42), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) «Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят» (I iii 17–18), см. a04A2mušen, b) «Поле, Великан и Олень восходят, Лев, Змея и Энтенабархум заходят» (I iii 31–32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulUR.GU.LA после mulAL.LUL 𒀠𒈜 «Краб» перед mulE4-ru6 «Эруа» (I iv 6). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: Лев кульминирует, Весы восходят (I iv 25), см. z10Zibānītum, см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 4′]. (6) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulUR.GU.LA, после mulAL.LUL 𒀠𒈜, перед mulAB.SIN2 (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn. (7) Первая интеркаляционная схема: SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «Голова Льва» (II i 11, 17) [MA, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 59, 65, 68, 72, 75]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 352]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulra-ap-pu = mulur.gu.la «Узда = Лев», mule-tu!-ram-mi = mulmin «Этурамми = Лев», mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin «Голова Пса = Лев». (2) 12 звезд Элама: [mulur.gu.la] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:136–138, 202]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 36]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. См. s06SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA, g03(MUL) 4 ša2 GABA-šu2, g23MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2, d08MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2. Список «4-х Энлилей». См. e10dEn-lil2. GU-текст. (E), (G), (H), (I), (J), см. a18AL.LUL 𒀠𒈜, u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §N. [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхняя [звезда] Льва (μ Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхн[яя] из [звезд] головы Льва», согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58]. §O. a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum «Нижняя [звезда …] Льва» (ε Leo); = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum «Нижняя (звезда) головы Льва», согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58], b) [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] «[боро]да Ль[ва]»(λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. §Q. […ur]gu.la ḫe-pi2 ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min «[…], [Л]ев, повреждение: 3 зве[зды …]. 2 интервала, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106–107; Koch 1995, 46, 59]. Текст Nv. 10. [ina itiapin ki.min mulu]˹r.gu.la˺ // 4 šu-ut ˹d˺[En-lil2] / […mulṣal-bat]-a-nu // 3 šu-ut dA-[nim] / […mulNin-maḫ] // 2 šu-ut dE2-[a] / […mul]˹AN.TA˺.GUB.BA // 1 šu-qa2 sim.[maḫ] «[В месяце арахсамну соответственно Л]ев, 4, (звезда на пути) [Энлиля], / [… Ма]рс, 3, (звезда на пути) А[ну], / [… Нинмах], 2, (звезда на пути) Э[а], / [… (от)] Наверху стоящей звезды 1 (до) высоты Ласто[чки]» (Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64–65, 69]; согласно [ibid., 79, Anm. 63], mulṢal-bat-a-nu — планетное имя для mulmuš «Змея (главная звезда — α Hya). «Дневники наблюдений». В пределах созвездия выделялось 5 «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Поздняя астрология. (1) «Гипсома». Созвездие Лев считалось гипсомой, т.е. местом, где действие планеты достигает максимума: a) Венеры, см. d06Dilbat. b) Юпитера, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. (2) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlUR.GU.LA [SpTU I, 94:31]. (3) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ki-i múlUR.GU.LA a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-ma […] / múlUR.A múl dMUŠ […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlUR.A ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.GI6) u[l …] «Если Лев кульминирует […] / Лев, Змея […] / До тех пор пока Солнце достигает Льва. Его значение: затмения н[е (будет)]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:9–11]. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ Sin ina mulUR.G[U.LA AN.MI GAR-ma]… «Если Луна [затмилась] во Ль[ве]…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:5′ + passim], см. s20Sîn. См. также [DIŠ K]I MUL 2 MUL2 ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «[Если в обла]сти 2 звезд головы Льва (он родился)», DIŠ KI MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Если в области 4 звезд его (= Льва) груди (он родился)», DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «Если в области 2 звезд на его (= Льва) крестце (он родился)», [DIŠ K]I mule-du ša2 KUN-šu2 «[Если в обла]сти Отдельной звезды на его (= Льва) хвосте (он родился)» [SpTU V, 265: 4'–7']. См. также [SpTU I, 97:3; SpTU V, 270:1]. II. Божество. Латарак (см. L05). Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Серия Намбурби, см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Лев соотносится с рядом городов и храмов, в том числе: a) c Энамхе, b) Исином, Эгальмахом, c) Эриду, d) Кулабой и др. [Weidner 1963]. III. Символ. Идущий Лев. Изображение Льва (над которым надпись: mulUR.GU.LA), идущего по спине змеиного дракона mulMUŠ, см. на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927, Taf. V. 2; 1967, Taf. 5–6; Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Описание этой сцены см. в фрагментарном тексте: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / […] MUL dMUŠ ka-bi-is, цит. по [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. См. также астральные изображения Льва на печатях из эллинистического Урука [AUWE 19, No. 783–785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Куртик 2007, рис. 28, 29, 30]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в нем месяцу абу (itiNE), связанному со Львом (múlUR), соответствует UR.MAḪ «лев» [SpTU II, 43:5, 22]. IV. Отождествление. = Leo [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 74b; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76]. V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды. (1) SAG A «Голова Льва» (ε Leonis). (2) LUGAL «Царь» (α Leonis). (3) MUL2 TUR ša2 4 KUŠ3 ar2 LUGAL «Маленькая звезда в 4 локтях позади Царя» (ρ Leonis). (4) GIŠ.KUN A «Бедро Льва» (θ Leonis). (5) GIR3 ar2 ša2 A «Задняя лапа Льва» (β Virginis); GIR3 ša2 UR.<A> «лапа Льва» в [ADRT I, 70, No.-384: 9′]. Звезды (1)–(5) использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд» в дневниках и других текстах наблюдений, см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17–21. (6) 2 звезды головы Льва (= ziqpu XXI: μ , ε Leo). (7) Передняя правая лапа Льва, см. u17UR.A, GU-текст (G). (8) Лапа в средней части Льва (ρ Leo), см. u17UR.A, GU-текст (H) (9) 2 звезды на бедре Льва (= ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo). (10) Отдельная звезда на хвосте Льва (= ziqpu XXIV: β Leo). (11) «Верхняя (звезда) Льва» или «Верхняя из звезд головы Льва» (μ Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ N). (12) «Нижняя (звезда) Льва» или «Нижняя из звезд головы Льва» (ε Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ О). (13) Борода Льва (λ Leo), см. dbn-текст (§ О). (14) KA2 mulxUR.A «Ворота Льва» [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4]. VI. Астрология. Отождествления: (1) = mulUR.MAḪ «Лев»; см. ts02dṢalbatānu, III 38. (2) = mulRappu «Узда»; см. r03Rappu, II 2. (3) = mulEturammi «Звезда Этурамми», см. Лексич. тексты, «Большой список звезд», а также e06E2.TUR3. (4) = Волчья звезда = Марс; [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лев = Волк = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37]. Предсказания: (5) Лев черный, Меркурий стоит во Льве; mulGUD.UD ina ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA it-ti-ti-zi / DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA GI6 / ŠA3-bi KUR NU DUG3.GA / DIŠ mulLUGAL GI6 / mu-ʼi-ir-ru E2.GAL UŠ2 «Меркурий стоял внутри Льва. Если Лев черный: сердце страны не будет счастливо. Если Регул черный: управляющий дворцом умрет» [ARAK, 146:1–6], cм. также [ibid., 180:3–4]; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA MI (вар.: ma-diš MI) ŠA3 KUR NU DUG3-ab «Если Лев темный (вар.: очень темный): сердце страны не будет счастливо» [BPO 2, XV 14, XVI 15 + Parallels, XIX 4; ARAK, 180 r. 3; 337:3]. (6) Лев черный, первое утреннее появление Сатурна во Льве; DIŠ mulUR.GU.LA a-dir / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / u UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U18.LU GAZ A.RA2 KUR [MAR.T]U KUD.MEŠ «Если Лев темный: в течение 3 лет [ль]вы и вол[ки] будут убивать людей и перережут пути сообщения с [Запад]ной страной» [ARAK, 324:3–6; 437:6–r. 2]. (7) Луна в области Льва затмилась; […mulUR.GU.L]A ˹a-dir˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ2-ma UR.A.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ «(Если Луна в области) [Льв]а затмилась: решение для царя, (царь) умрет и львы станут свирепыми» [NSAM 2, 54, Text IIa: 2′], см. также [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 r. 45]. (8) Если звезды Льва вспыхивают (первое утреннее появление Юпитера во Льве); см. u22UR.MAḪ, IV 3. (9) Попятное движение Юпитера от груди Льва (т.е. от Регула); «А что касается Юпитера, можно сказать следующее: Если он возвращается обратно от груди Льва (šum-ma TA ŠA3 GABA ša2 mulUR.GU.LA / a-na qi2-in-niš is-si-ḫur): это зловещий (знак)» [LABS, 8 r. 12–14]. (10) Венера во Льве стоит; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB-iz ME3 (GAL) GAL2 «Если Венера стоит внутри Льва: (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T 232:9, Pl. XVII 11], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:21; 217, K.3601+: r. 14]. (11) Венера на востоке во Льве стоит; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB ina KUR NIM.MA(ki) ME3 GAL2 «Если Венера стоит на востоке внутри Льва: в Эламе (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T., 232:10, Pl. XVII 12], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:22; 217, K.3601+: r. 15; SpTU III, 101 r. 14]. (12) Венера на западе во Льве стоит; DIŠ ulDil-bat ina dUTU.ŠU2.A MIN (= ina ŠA3 ulUR.GU.LA GUB) ina KUR URIki ME3 GAL2 «Если Венера стоит на западе внутри Льва: в Аккаде (большое) сражение будет» [Stev. O.T., 232:11, Pl. XVII 13], см. также [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:23; 217, K.3601+: r. 16; SpTU III, 101 r. 15]. (13) Венера достигает Льва, своего “секретного места”; см. d06Dilbat, Поздняя астрология, Гипсома (а). (14) Волчья звезда (= Марс) достигает Льва; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7. (15) Стояние Марса во Льве; ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 38. (16) Попятное движение Марса от головы Льва; ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 38. (17) Лев (= Марс) в сторону Забабы поднялся; [DIŠ mulU]R.GU.LA ana A2 dZa-ba4-ba4 iš-qu A.KAL.MEŠ KUD.MEŠ […] «[Если Л]ев в сторону Забабы поднялся: наводнения прекратятся? […]» [ACh Ištar, 34:15]. (18) Предсказание первого утреннего появления Венеры во Льве; ina ŠA3 ITI a-ga-a ina dUTU.E3 / ina ŠA3 mulUR.GU.LA in-nam-mar «В течение этого месяца (Венера) станет видна на востоке во Льве» [ARAK, 247 r. 2–3]. |
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(Kurtik u17) UR.A= nēšu «Лев», сокращение от mulUR.GU.LA в астрономических и астрологических текстах I тыс. до н.э. [AHw, 425a, 783a; CAD N/2, 197; G. 160; Weidner 1963, 118, note 45], cм. u20UR.GU.LA, а также a01A, u16UR, u22UR.MAḪ. I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. [ur?].a = ne2-e-šu2 [CT 18, 43 ii 39]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. Месяц дуузу, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:4], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. GU-текст. (F) 2 mul ˹ša2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ «2 звезды головы Льва». (G) 4 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 gaba mulur.a kimin gir3II imittu(15) igi-tum ša2 mulur.a / murub4 mul˹muš?˺ u mulnunki gu «4 звезды на груди Льва (ziqpu XXII: ζ, γ, η, α Leo) или передняя правая лапа Льва (π Leo), середина Змеи (κ Hydr) и (созвездие) Эриду (λ Vel) : веревка». (H) ½ danna egir 4 ša2 gaba-šu2 kimin / gir3II murub4-˹tu2 ša2˺ mulur.a u šu mulnin.maḫ ša2 ugu ka.kešda gu «(Точка, соответствующая) половине bēru(150) позади 4-х (звезд) на его (т.е. Льва) груди, или лапа средней части Льва (ρ Leo) и рука Нинмах, которая на узле (φ Vel), — веревка». (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 giš.kun mulur.a kimin kun muluga u ni-˹šik˺ / ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 gu «2 звезды на бедре Льва (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) или хвост Ворона (α Crt) и укус(?) Бороны (μ Vel) : веревка». (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a kimin murub4 muluga u3 šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum gu «Отдельная звезда на хвосте Льва (ziqpu XXIV: β Leo) или средняя часть Ворона (γ Crv) и рука Энтенабархум (δ Cen) — веревка» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:9, 11–16]. Cогласно [Koch 1992, 57–58], gir3II imittu(15) igi-tum ša2 mulur.a — ο Leo, murub4 mul˹muš?˺ — ζ, θ Hya, mulnunki — α Car, šu mulNin-maḫ ša2 ugu KA.kešda — 196G. PupQ, kun muluga — Pi 140, ni-˹šik˺ ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 — ε Cen, murub4 muluga — β Crv, šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — CenM. Дневники наблюдений. UR.A использовалось в доселевкидский период для обозначения созвездия и знака зодиака Лев, см., например: mulxUR.A u mulxALLA ina ŠA3 TUR3 «Лев и Краб в лунном гало (стоят)» [AD I, No.-567 rev. 7′, 15′], Dele-bat <u> GU4.UD ina UR.A «Венера (и) Меркурий во Льве» [AD I, No.-463:3′], AN ina qi2-it UR.A «Марс в конце Льва (стоит)» [AD I, No.-418:10′], GU4.UD ina ŠU2 ina UR.A IGI «Первое появление Меркурия на западе во Льве» [AD I, No.-418:18], а также отдельных звезд (например, MULx KUR4 ša2 TIL GIR3 UR.A «Блестящая звезда на конце лапы Льва» [AD I, No.-567:14]), в том числе трех «нормальных звезд»: (1) SAG UR.A «Голова Льва» (ε Leonis); (2) GIŠ.KUN UR.A «Бедро Льва» (q Leonis); (3) GIR3 ar2 ša2 UR.A «Задняя лапа Льва» (b Virginis) [AD I, passim], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17, 20, 21, а также a01A. «Анафора». BM 36609+: a) [TA…] a-na SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI / [EN…] SA4 KI ša2 múlUR.A «[От…] — Блестящей звезды Старика / [до…] Блестящей звезды: место Льва» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 17–18]. b) ˹TA˺ 5 [U]Š ar2 um-mu-lut / [E]N 5 UŠ ar2 GAM3 / [UR.A]? ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых (звезд) / [д]о (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Посоха. / [Лев], от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 26–28]; время восхода: 400 [ibid., 549]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». В одном из ранних гороскопов (-287) UR.A — обозначение знака зодиака Лев [BH, 61, 4 r. 1]. (2) «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulur.a «Область Льва», которой соответствуют астрологические значения: изменение настроения, виденное тобой на взгляд приятно [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:1, 16; Емельянов 1999, 194–195]. b) BRM IV, 19: UR.A — знак зодиака Лев в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: a, i, k, 3, 25; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». a) Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 1-я часть — mulur.a [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. b) Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: [5-i-t]um ḫa.la múlur.a šum3-šu2 «[5-я] часть, ее имя Лев» [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952, 66]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 8 // UR.A 26 // dām(UŠ2) nēši(UR.MAḪ) lipî(I3.UDU) nēši(UR.MAḪ) lu šārat(SIG2) nēši(UR.MAḪ) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 8 // Лев 260 // Кровь льва, жир льва или шерсть льва намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:8, а также 104:21]; параллель для месяца арахсамну W22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105: 1(NE), 14(<UR>.A), 27(UR.A)]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI UR.ME? a-lid … «В области Льва родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 4′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений: mul4UR.A [SpTU I, 94:5, 29]. (7) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий [SpTU III, 102:10, 11]. (8) Предсказания izbu: iz-bu ša2 TA UGU <mul>UR.A u2-šar-ru-u2 / ina ŠA3 ša2 <mul>UR.A ina IGI múl dA.EDIN «izbu, которое началось со Львом, внутри (созвездия) Лев перед созвездием Эруа» [Biggs 1968, 54:12–13]. См. также U.197 obv. 1': mul2.me ša2 múlur.a […] «Звезды Льва» [Sachs 1952, 74]; KA2 mulxUR.A «Ворота Льва» [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4]. См. также [LBAT, 1595:3, 5; SpTU I, 96:5; SpTU V, 268:17]. Символ, отождествление и отдельные части созвездия Лев см. (u20) UR.GU.LA. |
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(Kurtik u16) URнестандартное обозначение знака зодиака «Лев»; сокращение от mulUR.A или, возможно, ошибка писца. I. Источники. Поздняя астрология. KI múlUR SIG UŠ2 BAR NI3.TUK ša2-niš KUR EN DU11-šu2 «Область Льва: (во-первых), он будет жить долго (букв. поздняя смерть) (и) оставит богатства, во-вторых, он возьмет верх над своим противником» [SpTU II, 43: 22]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. |
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(Kurtik a01) AR.A "Лев", обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Лев (Leo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 1; Ungnad 257, Anm. 44]. См. также u16UR, u17UR.A, u20UR.GU.LA, u22UR.MAD. I. Источники. "Дневники наблюдений". Переход от UR.A к А совершился ок. –300 г. (см., например, [AD I, No.-291], где в одном и том же тексте присутствуют оба обозначения), хотя отдельные примеры встречаются и раньше [AD I, No.-380 A 4, -321 obv. 4]. Входило в названия трех "нормальных звезд":*(1) SAG A "Голова Льва" (ε Leonis);
Математическая астрономия. A — стандартное обозначение знака зодиака Лев [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; встречается уже в лунных таблицах –474 года [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. "Гороскопы". См. [BH, passim], самый ранний пример относится к –297 году [BH 58, 3:2]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083.
В обозначении ziqpu XXI:*MUL 2 ša2 SAG A "2 звезды головы Льва" [Schaumberger 1952 226-7],
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Transformation from UR.GU.LA to Leo
The templates for the drawings and paintings on our star charts originate from depictions of lions and lion-like daemons that are found in the preserved architecture (e.g. in temple walls, on ceilings, on the wall of the procession street leading towards the Ishtar Gate of the city of Babylon). Here is a gallery of these preserved historical depictions.