SIM.MAḪ: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:37, 10 January 2026

Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).

a reflection flight of barn swallow captured in bagmati river in kathmandy valley in nepal (CC BY SA Prasan Shrestha)

Babylonian constellation that has undergone massive transformations: the original Giant Swallow was turned into a Swallow-Fish and into two fish connected with a ribbon. It is located in the area of modern Pisces. Alternative Mesopotamian terms are ^mulŠIM.MAḪ (𒀯𒋆𒈤) and ^(mul)Šinūnūtu.

Concordance, Etymology, History^[1]

Var. reading:

^mulŠIM₂.MAḪ;
var. name record: ^mulŠIM.MAḪ;
= ^(mul)šinūnūtu, sinuntu "Swallow"(?); constellation in western Pisces and Pegasus (Pisces + Pegasus) [Gössman 1950^[2], 389; CAD^[3] Š/3, 55f.].

Akkadian parallel:

^(mul)Šinūnūtu, "Swallow" (?) in lexical and other texts

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources	Identifications
Lexical texts. (1) Urra XXII series: ^mulsim.maḫ = si-nu-un-tu₄ [Emar VI/4^[4], 151:180], ^mulsim.maḫ^mušen = si-nun-tum/tu₂ [SpTU III^[5], 114A v 52], ^[mu]lsim.maḫ = si-nun-tum [Cavigneaux 1979^[6], 134, 17:24; Bloch-Horowitz 2015^[7], 110:309ʹ]. (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: ^{mul íd}buranun = si-nun-tum = [...] "Euphrates = Swallow" [MSL XI^[8], 40:23].
Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night. ^mulŠa-am-ma-aḫ [KUB^[9] IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2^[10], 2:14; Van der Toorn 1985^[11], 130:45].
EAE. See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988^[12], 219, EAE 20 Text a: 5′; BPO 2^[10], X 22, XI 8; Borger 1973^[13], LB 1321 r. 11′].
"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes). Astrolabe P. Sabbat month, stars of Anu, 80 [Pinches 1900^[14], 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) List (12´3): mul ša dal.ba.an ^mulšu.gi / u₃ ^dA-nim gub-zu / ^mulsim.maḫ [...] "The constellation that stands between the Old Man and Anu, (is) the Swallow [...]" (B ii 15-17); for a parallel see. [BPO 2^[10], III 32-32a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98^[15], Anu 6 + comment.]. (2) List (3´12): [^itiziz₂] ... ^mulsim.maḫ šu-ut ^dA-nim "[Shabbat]. ... The swallow (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 11). (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is shabbat, setting is ab [KAV^[16] 218, C 22, 33; Horowitz 2014^[17], 38, 40], see (Kurtik n49) NU.MUŠ.DA. BM 82923. Shabbat, stars of Anu: ^mulSIM.MAḪ // 1,20 // DINGIR-at nag-bi "Swallow // 80 // Goddess of Springs" [Walker-Hunger 1977^[18], 30:32]. BM 34713. Adar, stars of Anu [LBAT^[19], 1499:12], see (Kurtik k24) KU₆. Text Nv. 10. (1) Intercalation scheme: sim.maḫ (=ε Peg) is the leading star, relative to which the positions of the AN.TA.GUB.BA stars are counted as they pass through the meridian [Donbaz-Koch 1995^[20], 78], see (Kurtik a02) A.EDIN, (Kurtik d05) DI, (Kurtik L04) Lammu, (Kurtik u19) UR.GI₇, (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA. (2) [^mulsim.]˹maḫ˺ is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of siman, see (Kurtik sh17) ŠU.PA. Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): ^mul[sim].maḫ [CT^[21] 33, 9 r. 8; Horowitz 1998, 176]. (b) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 10): ^mulsim.maḫ [TCL 6^[22], 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b^[23], 212].
"Catalog of 30 stars". Anu 6. [MUL SA₅ ša DAL.BA.AN (A: b[i^?-ri-it]) ^mu]^lši-bi u ^dA-nim GUB-zu ^múlši-nu-nu-tum "[The red star that stands between] the Old Man and Anu, (is) the Swallow" (A. 20, B. 21) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98^[15], 178].
Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999^[24], 161:120].
MUL.APIN. (1) The stars of Anu (no. 2): MUL ša₂ ina IGI-it ^mulAŠ.IKU GUB-zu ^mulŠi-nu-nu-tu₄ "The star that stands before the Field, the Swallow" (I i 41 = (AN 2r)^[25]), for a parallel see. MLC 1866. (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th day of tebet' (I iii 7), see (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA₂. (3) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ša₂ ^mulUD. KA.DUḪ.A 30 UD^meš ana KUR ša₂ ^mulSIM.MAḪ / TA KUR ša₂ ^mulSIM.MAḪ 20 UD^meš ana KUR ša₂ ^mulAŠ.IKU "30 days from the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the rising of the Swallow. 20 days from the rising of the Swallow to the rising of Field" (I iii 40-41). (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal sunrises: culmination of Standing Gods, the Swallow rises (I iv 28), see (Kurtik d10) ^mulDINGIR.GUB.BA^meš. (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": ^mulSIM.MAḪ, after ^<mul>KUN^meš, before ^mulA-nu-ni-tu₄ (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn [MA^[26], 29, 45, 54, 55, 66, 68]. Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik d10) ^mulDINGIR.GUB.BA^meš.	Giant Swallow, IKU, and Ea (The Great One), Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)
"Reports." See. [SAA 8^[27], 77:1, 253:5].
"Great Star List." (1) ^{mul íd}buranun = ^mulšim.maḫ "Euphrates = Swallow"; (2) 12 stars of Amurru: ^mulsim.maḫ [Mesop.Astrol.^[28], App. B: 147, 220]. S [HBA^[29], 52; Wee 2016^[30], 162-3].
"Planisphere K 8538." Sector 1: ^muls[im^?.maḫ] "S[wallow]" [Koch 1989^[31], 56 Abb. 2, 59].
Dalbanna-text. §e. (a) ^mulsim.maḫ (ω Psc), (b) ^mulsag sim.m[aḫ] "Head of the Swall[ows]" (ε Peg) [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995^[32], 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999^[33], 108].	Dalbana "a", map by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024) Dalbana "b", map by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)
Uranologies MLC 1866. MUL ša₂ ina] miḫ-rat ^mulIKU GUB-˹zu˺ ^mulSi₂-˹nu˺-nu-tu₂ / ˹MUŠEN˺ ^mulKAP.ḪI.A mut-tap-ri-iš ša₂ kap-pi ˹ra˺-šu-u₂ / MUL ša₂ EGIR.MEŠ ^mulIKU GUB-zu ^mulA-nu-ni-tu₄ na-a-ru / ^[mu]lSi₂-nu-nu-tu₄ u₃ ^mulA-nu-ni-tu₄ ina KUN.MEŠ-šu₂-nu it-gu-ru-u₂-ma / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ ^ídIDIGNA u ^ídBURANUN^ki ina ṣip-ri ^mulZIB / ˹ṣab-tu₄˺ ^mulSIM.MAḪ u GU₂.LA₂ ^mulA-nu-ni-tu₄ man-za-za ^muldil-bat "[The star, that] stands in front of the Field, the Swallow: / (It is) a bird, a star with wings, flying, meaning that it has wings. / The star that stands behind the Field, Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu that have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, the points of their tails are placed together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — anchor point of Venus" (D i 4-9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018^[34], 35, 39].
Text W. 22281a. See (Kurtik u06) UD.KA.DU₈.A.
Text 36609+ rev. List of "normal stars": DUR sim.ma "Swallow Ribbon" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004^[35], 551:21′, 553].	constellations Swallow-Fish, IKU and Ea (The Great One) in Stellarium, paintings by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016)
"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts". Early diaries make mention of the Swallow constellation: ^dSAG.UŠ/^dGENNA ina IGI SIM.<MAḪ> "Saturn in front of Swallow" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I^[36], 46, No.-567:2,9], Sin ina SIM.MAḪ IGI "The moon became visible in the Swallow" [ibid.^[36], 48, No.-567 r. 5′], and also: DUR ša₂ SIM.MAḪ "Swallow's ribbon" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I^[36], 50, No.-567 rev. 17′, 19′], MUL₂ KUR ša₂ DUR SIM.MAḪ "Brilliant star of the Swallow's ribbon" (= η Piscium) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I^[36], 84, No.-380:5′].
Late astrology, magic, and the calendar. (1) "Dodecatemoria." BM 34452+: 12 8 // 3 14 // Sin ina ^múlSIM.MAḪ KI / ^múlSIPA GUB E₂ ^dNANŠE "Adar 8 // siman 14 // Moon in the Swallow. Region / of the True Shepherd of Anu (=Saturn?), place of the temple of Nanshe" [LBAT^[19], 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975^[37], 41: rev. 7-8], see also [SpTU III^[5], 103:4].

See also: SAG.DU [...] / ša₂ ^mulSIM.MAḪ: ^dDili-pat₂: SIM: s[i-nu-un-tu] "Head of [...] Swallow(?) = Venus = Venus = SIM = L[swallow]" [SpTU I^[38], 47:19].

Simmakh, Great Swallow, in MUL.APIN for Stellarium (CC BY SMH).

Convex Hull for the stars inside SIM.MAḪ (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).

Stars within the Constellation Area


id	Label	IAU design.	description	Vmag
1	η Ceti	HIP 5364	Constellation lines (Vertex)	3.45
2	Kaffaljidhma	HIP 12706	Inside the Hull	3.47
3	Kaffaljidhma A	HIP 12706	Inside the Hull	3.54
4	θ Ceti	HIP 6537	Constellation lines	3.59
5	Alpherg	HIP 7097	Constellation lines	3.62
6	δ Ceti	HIP 12387	Constellation lines (Vertex)	4.07
7	Alrescha A	HIP 9487	Constellation lines	4.11
8	Torcular	HIP 8198	Constellation lines	4.26
9	μ Ceti	HIP 12828	Inside the Hull	4.26
10	ϵ Piscium	HIP 4906	Constellation lines	4.28
11	ξ 2 Ceti	HIP 11484	Inside the Hull	4.3
12	ξ 1 Ceti	HIP 10324	Inside the Hull	4.35
13	Botein	HIP 14838	Constellation lines (Vertex)	4.37
14	δ Piscium	HIP 3786	Constellation lines (Vertex)	4.44
15	ν Piscium	HIP 7884	Inside the Hull	4.44
16	Mesarthim	HIP 8832	Inside the Hull	4.52
17	* gam01 Ari	HIP 8832	Inside the Hull	4.589
18	ξ Piscium	HIP 8833	Inside the Hull	4.604
19	μ Piscium	HIP 7007	Constellation lines	4.84
20	ν Ceti	HIP 12093	Inside the Hull	4.871
21	175 G. Cet	HIP 7999	Inside the Hull	4.982
22	ι Arietis	HIP 9110	Inside the Hull	5.105
23	37 Cet	HIP 5799	Inside the Hull	5.13
24	Alrescha	HIP 9487	Constellation lines	5.135
25	89 Psc	HIP 6061	Inside the Hull	5.137
26	38 Ari	HIP 12832	Inside the Hull	5.17
27	Revati (रेवती)	HIP 5737	Inside the Hull	5.19
28	259 G. Cet	HIP 11738	Constellation lines	5.269
29	69 Cet	HIP 11021	Constellation lines	5.287
30	179 G. Cet	HIP 8230	Inside the Hull	5.34
31	* pi. Ari A	HIP 13165	Inside the Hull	5.34
32	75 Cet	HIP 11791	Constellation lines (Vertex)	5.358
33	25 Cet	HIP 4914	Inside the Hull	5.408
34	70 Cet	HIP 11046	Inside the Hull	5.421
35	60 Cet	HIP 9589	Inside the Hull	5.423
36	39 Cet	HIP 5951	Inside the Hull	5.428
37	ξ Arietis	HIP 11249	Inside the Hull	5.478
38	94 Psc	HIP 6732	Constellation lines (Vertex)	5.495
39	80 Psc	HIP 5346	Inside the Hull	5.501
40	σ Arietis	HIP 13327	Inside the Hull	5.516
41	π Piscium	HIP 7535	Inside the Hull	5.535
42	ρ 3 Arietis	HIP 13702	Inside the Hull	5.58
43	232 G. Cet	HIP 10723	Inside the Hull	5.59
44	203 G. Cet	HIP 9622	Inside the Hull	5.609
45	64 Cet	HIP 10212	Inside the Hull	5.623
46	31 Ari	HIP 12153	Inside the Hull	5.64
47	66 Cet	HIP 10305	Inside the Hull	5.66
48	38 Cet	HIP 5833	Inside the Hull	5.69
49	19 Ari	HIP 10328	Inside the Hull	5.7
50	165 G. Cet	HIP 7276	Inside the Hull	5.76
51	ο Arietis	HIP 12803	Inside the Hull	5.777
52	-	HIP 12114	Inside the Hull	5.79
53	272 G. Cet	HIP 12148	Inside the Hull	5.811
54	40 Ari	HIP 13108	Inside the Hull	5.83
55	4 Ari	HIP 8387	Inside the Hull	5.841
56	42 Cet	HIP 6226	Inside the Hull	5.87
57	-	HIP 9353	Inside the Hull	5.87
58	-	HIP 7359	Inside the Hull	5.903
59	131 G. Psc	HIP 8404	Inside the Hull	5.904
60	34 Cet	HIP 5594	Inside the Hull	5.918
61	137 G. Cet	HIP 6564	Inside the Hull	5.92
62	54 Cet	HIP 8588	Inside the Hull	5.922
63	ρ 2 Arietis	HIP 13654	Inside the Hull	5.93
64	63 Cet	HIP 10234	Inside the Hull	5.933
65	-	HIP 9533	Inside the Hull	5.94
66	33 Cet	HIP 5510	Inside the Hull	5.942
67	61 Cet	HIP 9631	Inside the Hull	5.942
68	-	HIP 7447	Inside the Hull	5.95
69	105 Psc	HIP 7740	Inside the Hull	5.979
70	29 Ari	HIP 11843	Inside the Hull	5.988
71	256 G. Cet	HIP 11687	Inside the Hull	5.99
72	73 Psc	HIP 5074	Inside the Hull	6.007
73	88 Psc	HIP 5824	Inside the Hull	6.022
74	97 Psc	HIP 6981	Inside the Hull	6.023
75	297 G. Cet	HIP 12862	Inside the Hull	6.031
76	26 Cet	HIP 4979	Inside the Hull	6.065
77	-	HIP 9295	Inside the Hull	6.076
78	ζ Piscium B	HIP 5743	Inside the Hull	6.1
79	254 G. Cet	HIP 11603	Inside the Hull	6.111
80	53 Ari	HIP 14514	Inside the Hull	6.117
81	Kaffaljidhma B	HIP 12706	Constellation lines	6.12
82	WW Psc	HIP 4655	Inside the Hull	6.14
83	75 Psc	HIP 5204	Inside the Hull	6.144
84	264 G. Cet	HIP 12022	Inside the Hull	6.163
85	138 G. Cet	HIP 6605	Inside the Hull	6.164
86	176 G. Cet	HIP 8094	Inside the Hull	6.19
87	131 G. Cet	HIP 6432	Inside the Hull	6.201
88	44 Cet	HIP 6539	Inside the Hull	6.21
89	118 G. Psc	HIP 6868	Inside the Hull	6.214
90	-	HIP 9627	Inside the Hull	6.214
91	101 Psc	HIP 7436	Inside the Hull	6.219
92	27 Ari	HIP 11698	Inside the Hull	6.225
93	279 G. Cet	HIP 12318	Inside the Hull	6.237
94	-	HIP 12318	Inside the Hull	6.24
95	127 G. Cet	HIP 6283	Inside the Hull	6.246
96	54 Ari	HIP 14586	Inside the Hull	6.25
97	285 G. Cet	HIP 12447	Inside the Hull	6.26
98	207 G. Cet	HIP 9827	Inside the Hull	6.295
99	-	HIP 13448	Inside the Hull	6.3
100	WZ Psc	HIP 9809	Inside the Hull	6.303
101	85 Cet	HIP 12647	Inside the Hull	6.31
102	-	HD 9496A	Inside the Hull	6.33
103	121 G. Psc	HIP 7243	Inside the Hull	6.33
104	-	HIP 5141	Inside the Hull	6.34
105	124 G. Psc	HIP 7819	Inside the Hull	6.345
106	-	HIP 14318	Inside the Hull	6.37
107	276 G. Cet	HIP 12272	Inside the Hull	6.39
108	-	HIP 10050	Inside the Hull	6.39
109	32 Cet	HIP 5485	Inside the Hull	6.394
110	36 Ari	HIP 12784	Inside the Hull	6.398
111	CY Psc	HIP 7505	Inside the Hull	6.42
112	144 G. Cet	HIP 6717	Inside the Hull	6.426
113	166 G. Cet	HIP 7362	Inside the Hull	6.43
114	-	HIP 8210	Inside the Hull	6.43
115	138 G. Psc	HIP 9706	Inside the Hull	6.43
116	-	HIP 11427	Inside the Hull	6.43
117	171 G. Cet	HIP 7597	Inside the Hull	6.44
118	* 42 Cet A	HIP 6226	Inside the Hull	6.45
119	Mira	HIP 10826	Inside the Hull	6.47
120	221 G. Cet	HIP 10273	Inside the Hull	6.49
121	112 G. Psc	HIP 5575	Inside the Hull	6.493
122	-	HIP 6687	Inside the Hull	6.5
123	-	HIP 5646	Inside the Hull	6.54
124	-	HIP 13269	Inside the Hull	6.63

Additional

Deity.

According to the “texts of the Bird cry”, the Swallow (šu-nu-nu-tu₂^mušen, sim.mu^mušen) is considered to be the bird of Tiamat (mušen tam-tim) as well as of ^dAnzû (iṣ-ṣur ^dZU-u₂); in the latter case her cry is: e-bi-rat a.ab.ba "She who crosses the sea" [Lambert 1970^[39], 112:9-11, 114:3; Salonen 1973^[40], 294-295]. Thus, each of the identifications emphasize the Swallow's connection to the sea. On the other hand, the Astrolabes (BM 82923) characterize her as the "goddess of springs," see above.

Prayers and rituals.

(1) Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above.
(2) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (mīs pî) or "reviving" the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN₂.

Symbol.

A bird or flying fish, see (Kurtik a42) ^dAnunītu, III. In the commentary on stk. 242 of Aratus' poem “Apparitions”, it is stated that the North Fish in the constellation Pisces has the head of a swallow "and therefore the Chaldeans called it the Swallow Fish" [Rossius 1992^[41], 115; Maass 1958^[42], 382-383]. Here, obviously, we are talking about the southern fish from the constellation Pisces. The constellation Swallow-Fish is also mentioned in a Greek horoscope dated 81 AD. [Neugeb.-Van Hoesen 1959^[43], 22-23, 25]. Greek evidence reflects, albeit with distortions, the Mesopotamian tradition. Images of the constellation Pisces on Seleucid seals from Uruk in the form of a fish (=Anunitu) and a bird (= flying fish or Swallow), whose tails are connected by a V-shaped ribbon, see [Wallenfels 1994, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2002, 98, fig. 21; ibid., figs. 44, 45, 46].

Previous Identification.

= southern Pisces in the constellation Pisces [3. Erg.^[44], 330; HBA^[29], 144; Gössman 1950^[43], 389, I].

= southwestern Pisces + stars up to ε Pegasi [Waerden 1949^[45], 13; 1952-53^[46], 219; 1974^[47], 72].

= western Pisces (Pisces W) [Weidner 1957-59^[48], 73b].

= western fish in the constellation Pisces (Pisces) with some western parts of Pegasus (Pegasus) [BPO 2^[10], 11, 14; Horowitz 2014^[17], 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018^[34], 75].

= the wings are ζ, θ and ε of Pegasus (Pegasi) and α of the Lesser Horse (Equulei); the tail corresponds to the western fish in the constellation Pisces (Pisces) [MA^[26], 138].

= wings of Pegasus, tail western of Pisces [Mesop.Astrol.^[28], 208, App. C].

= ε, ζ, θ Pegasi, α Equulei, and the western fish in Pisces (Pisces) [Hunger-Pingree 1999^[33], 276].

Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

(1) DUR ša₂ SIM.MAḪ, DUR SIM.MAḪ "Swallow's Ribbon" (= ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star (?) [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004^[35], 553, 566]); used as a "normal star" in early diaries, see above.

(2) ^mulsag sim.m[aḫ] "Head of the Swallow[s]" (ε Peg), see dbn text.

(3) GU₂ ^mulSIM.MAḪ "Swallow's neck," see below (8).

(4) Swallow's wings, see MLC 1866.

(5) Swallow's and Anunītu's tails; MUL.MEŠ ša KUN.MEŠ ša ^mulSIM.MAḪ u ^mulAn[nunīti] "Stars on the tails of Swallow and A[nunītu]" (K. 11018 r. 2), quoted in [CAD^[3] Š/3, 56a].

Astrology.

Identifications:

(1) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) MAN-ma, II 7.

(2) = Mars(?); cf. [Bezold 1920^[49], 122:157], highly doubtful.

Predications:

(3) Rising on its own time and not on its own time; "In the month of Shabbat the Swallow (^mulSIM.MAḪ) [...] if it rises on its fixed date (ina UD.DUG₄.GA-ša₂ KUR-ḫa): there will be obedience in the land (taš-mu-u2 ina KUR GAL2), [if it rises not on its fixed date]: there will be [...]" [BPO 2^[10], X 22, XI 8].

(4) Lunar eclipse in Swallow; [DIŠ 30 ina K]I ^mulSIM.MAḪ a-di[r EŠ.BAR ID₂ Pu-rat-tum u EŠ.BAR A.AB.BA: NI.TUK^ki] "[If the Moon] eclipses in the region of Swallow: [solution for the Euphrates River and solution for the (Land of) the Sea, var.: for Dilmun]" [Rochberg-Halton 1988^[12], 219, BM 38164:5′], for a parallel see. [Weidner 1963^[50], 118, MNB 1849:51].

(5) The Moon, the halo of the Swallow and Anunitu; [...^d]tir.an.na nigin₂-ma kimin kal ud-mi gub-iz ki [...] / [...] ud-mi gub-iz: tur₃ ^mulsim.maḫ u ^mula-nu-ni-[tum ...] "[If the Moon] is surrounded by a [halo], (having the appearance of) a rainbow, var.: it stands all day (in) the region of [...] / [...] stands (all) days, it is the halo of the Swallow and Anuni[tu ...]" [Koch-Westenholz 1999^[24], 161:119-120].

(6) The swallow gives rise to mišḫu; DIŠ ^mulSIM.MAḪ (glossa: mu-ul ši-im-ma-a[ḫ]) [x x x x x] / meš-ḫa [im-šu-uḫ] / ZI-ut ERIM-ni (glossa: ti-bu-ut um-ma-[ni]) [x x x x x] "If the Swallow [gives rise to] mišḫu: attack by (hostile) armies" [SAA 8, 77:1-3], for a parallel see. [ACh Ištar^[51], 34:6], and also: ^ulSIM.MAḪ MEŠ.U im-šu₄-uḫ [...] [SpTU I^[38], 84:4; CAD^[3] Š/3, 56a]. See also [ACh Suppl.^[51], 54:11].

(7) The swallow is dark; ^múlSIM.MAḪ a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN MURUB₄.BA AN.MI GAR-ma "(If) the swallow is dark, (it means): The moon is darkened in the middle watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU^[52], 11:1].

(8) Mercury and Mars stand in the Swallow (observ.); ^[mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina ŠA₃ ^mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-ma "Mercury stands in the Swallow" [SAA 8^[27], 253:5′]; Ṣalbatānu ina ŠA₃ GU₂ ^mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-ma "Mars stands on the Swallow's neck" (Rm. 2548+:1′), quoted in [CAD^[3] Š/3, 56a].

(9) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) KU₆, V 10.

See also: [...^mul]ši-nu-nu-tu₂ ina i-di ^mulAŠ.GAN₂ e-sir₂ MUL ša₂ KUR URI^ki šu₂-u "[...If] the Swallow is surrounded by the Field on the side: the star Ura it.." [ACh Suppl.^[51], 54:12]; [^mulSI]M.MAḪ GUB-ma "[Sw]allow stands" [ACh Ištar^[51], 28:31], [...] ^dSIM.MAḪ u ^da-nu-ni-[tum] "[...] Swallow and Anunitu [...]" [ACh Ištar^[51], 29:3].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022)	Gössmann (1950)
(Kurtik sh13) Šinūnūtu
вар.: (mul)Sinuntu; аккадская параллель к ^mulSIM.MAḪ «Ласточка» (?) в лексических и других текстах, см. s19SIM.MAḪ.
(Kurtik sh19) ^mulŠIM₂.MAḪ
вар. чтения: ^mulŠIM₂.MAḪ; вар. записи названия: ^mulŠIM.MAḪ; = ^(mul)šinūnūtu, sinuntu «Ласточка»(?); созвездие в западной части Рыб и Пегаса (Pisces + Pegasus) [Gössman 1950, 389; CAD Š/3, 55f.].	Example
I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: ^mulsim.maḫ = si-nu-un-tu₄ [Emar VI/4, 151:180], ^mulsim.maḫ^mušen = si-nun-tum/tu₂ [SpTU III, 114A v 52], ^[mu]lsim.maḫ = si-nun-tum [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:24; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 110:309ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: ^mul ^ídburanun = si-nun-tum = […] «Евфрат = Ласточка» [MSL XI, 40:23]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. ^mulŠa-am-ma-aḫ [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:14; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, EAE 20 Text a: 5'; BPO 2, X 22, XI 8; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 11′]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц шабату, звезды Ану, 80 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša dal.ba.an ^mulšu.gi / u₃ ^dA-nim gub-zu / ^mulsim.maḫ […] «Созвездие, которое между Стариком и Ану стоит, (это) Ласточка […]» (B ii 15–17); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 32–32a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 6 + comment.]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [^itiziz₂] … ^mulsim.maḫ šu-ut ^dA-nim «[Шабату]: … Ласточка (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 11). (3) Список (восход–заход=6^m): восход — шабату, заход — абу [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. BM 82923. Шабату, звезды Ану: ^mulSIM.MAḪ // 1,20 // DINGIR-at nag-bi «Ласточка // 80 // Богиня источников» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:32]. BM 34713. Аддару, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:12], см. k24KU₆. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 1): ^mul[sim].maḫ [CT 33, 9 r. 8; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 10): ^mulsim.maḫ [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 6. [MUL SA₅ ša DAL.BA.AN (A: b[i^?-ri-it]) ^mu]^lši-bi u ^dA-nim GUB-zu ^múlši-nu-nu-tum «[Красная звезда, которая стоит между] Стариком и Ану, (это) Ласточка» (A. 20, B. 21) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch Westenholz 1999, 161:120]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 2): MUL ša₂ ina IGI-it ^mulAŠ.IKU GUB-zu ^mulŠi-nu-nu-tu₄ «Звезда, которая стоит перед Полем, Ласточка» (I i 41), параллель см. MLC 1866. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го тебету» (I iii 7), см. k10KAK.SI.SA₂. (3) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša₂ ^mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UD^meš ana KUR ša₂ ^mulSIM.MAḪ / TA KUR ša₂ ^mulSIM.MAḪ 20 UD^meš ana KUR ša₂ ^mulAŠ.IKU «30 дней от восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью до восхода Ласточки. 20 дней от восхода Ласточки до восхода Поля» (I iii 40–41). (4) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: Стоящие Боги кульминируют, Ласточка восходит (I iv 28), см. d10DINGIR.GUB.BA^meš. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: ^mulSIM.MAḪ, после ^<mul>KUN^meš, перед ^mulA-nu-ni-tu₄ (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 29, 45, 54, 55, 66, 68]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 77:1, 253:5]. Текст BM 77054. См. d10DINGIR.GUB.BA^meš. «Большой список звезд». (1) ^{mul íd}buranun = ^mulšim.maḫ «Евфрат = Ласточка»; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: ^mulsim.maḫ [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 147, 220]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. ^mulA-nu-ni-tu₄ u ^mulŠi-nu-nu-tu₄ = ^ídidigna u ^ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. «Планисфера К 8538». Сектор 1: ^muls[im^?.maḫ] «Л[асточка]» [Koch 1989, 56 Abb. 2, 59]. Dalbanna-текст. §е. a) ^mulsim.maḫ (ω Psc), b) ^mulsag sim.m[aḫ] «Голова Ласто[чки]» (ε Peg) [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108]. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Схема интеркаляций: sim.maḫ (=ε Peg) — ведущая звезда, относительно которой производится отсчет положений AN.TA.GUB.BA звезд при их прохождении через меридиан [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 78], см. a02A.EDIN, d05DI, L04Lammu, u19UR.GI₇, u20UR.GU.LA. (2) [^mulsim.]˹maḫ˺ — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. MLC 1866. [MUL ša₂ ina] miḫ-rat ^mulIKU GUB-˹zu˺ ^mulSi₂-˹nu˺-nu-tu₂ / ˹MUŠEN˺ ^mulKAP.ḪI.A mut-tap-ri-iš ša₂ kap-pi ˹ra˺-šu-u₂ / MUL ša₂ EGIR.MEŠ ^mulIKU GUB-zu ^mulA-nu-ni-tu₄ na-a-ru / [^mu]^lSi₂-nu-nu-tu₄ u₃ ^mulA-nu-ni-tu₄ ina KUN.MEŠ-šu₂-nu it-gu-ru-u₂-ma / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ ^ídIDIGNA u ^ídBURANUN^ki ina ṣip-ri ^mulZIB / ˹ṣab-tu₄˺ ^mulSIM.MAḪ u GU₂.LA₂ ^mulA-nu-ni-tu₄ man-za-za ^muldil-bat «[Звезда, которая] перед Полем стоит, Ласточка: / (Это) птица, звезда с крыльями, летающая, это означает, что у нее есть крылья. / Звезда, которая позади Поля стоит, Ануниту, река. / [Лас]точка и Ануниту хвостами своими одна с другой пересекаются, / звезды Тигра и Евфрата, острия хвостов у них расположены вместе. Ласточка и вытянутая шея Ануниту – стоянка Венеры» (D i 4–9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39]. Текст W. 22281a. См. u06UD.KA.DU₈.A. Текст 36609+ rev. Список «нормальных звезд»: DUR sim.maC «Лента Ласточки» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 551:21′, 553]. «Дневники наблюдений». В ранних дневниках упоминается созвездие Ласточка: ^dSAG.UŠ/^dGENNA ina IGI SIM.<MAḪ> «Сатурн перед Ласточкой» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 46, No.-567:2,9], Sin ina SIM.MAḪ IGI «Луна стала видна в Ласточке» [ibid., 48, No.-567 r. 5′], а также: DUR ša₂ SIM.MAḪ «Лента Ласточки» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 50, No.-567 rev. 17′, 19′], MUL₂ KUR ša₂ DUR SIM.MAḪ «Блестящая звезда ленты Ласточки» (= η Piscium) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 84, No.-380:5′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Додекатемория». BM 34452+: 12 8 // 3 14 // Sin ina ^múlSIM.MAḪ KI / ^múlSIPA GUB E₂ ^dNANŠE «Аддару 8 // симану 14 // Луна в Ласточке. Область / Праведного Пастуха Ану (=Сатурн?), место храма Нанше» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41: rev. 7–8], см. также [SpTU III, 103:4]. См. также: SAG.DU […] / ša₂ ^mulSIM.MAḪ : ^dDili-pat₂ : SIM : s[i-nu-un-tu] «Голова […] Ласточки(?) = Венера = SIM = Л[асточка]» [SpTU I, 47:19]. II. Божество. Согласно «Текстам криков птиц» (Birdcall texts) Ласточка (šu-nu-nu-tu₂^mušen, sim.mu^mušen) считается птицей Тиамат (mušen tam-tim), а также ^dAnzû (iṣ-ṣur ^dZU-u₂); в последнем случае ее крик: e-bi-rat a.ab.ba «Та, что пересекает море» [Lambert 1970, 112:9–11, 114:3; Salonen 1973, 294–295]. Таким образом, в каждом из отождествлений подчеркивается связь Ласточки с морем. С другой стороны, в «Астролябии» (BM 82923) она охарактеризована как «богиня источников», см. выше. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Хеттская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN₂. III. Символ. Птица или летающая рыба, см. a42^dAnunītu, III. В комментарии к стк. 242 поэмы Арата «Явления» утверждается, что у Северной Рыбы в созвездии Рыбы голова ласточки “и поэтому халдеи называют ее Ласточкиной Рыбой” [Россиус 1992, 115; Maass 1958, 382–383]. Здесь, очевидно, речь идет о южной рыбе из созвездия Рыбы. Созвездие Ласточка-Рыба упоминается также в греческом гороскопе, датируемом 81 г. н. э. [Neugeb.–Van Hoesen 1959, 22–23, 25]. Греческие свидетельства отражают, хотя и с искажениями, месопотамскую традицию. Изображения созвездия Рыбы на печатях селевкидского времени из Урука в виде рыбы (=Ануниту) и птицы (= летающая рыба или Ласточка), хвосты которых соединены V-образной лентой см. [Wallenfels 1994, 128–129, 156; Куртик 2002, 98, илл. 21; ibid., рис. 44, 45, 46]. IV. Отождествление. = южная Рыба в созвездии Рыбы [3. Erg., 330; HBA, 144; Gössman 1950, 389, I]. = юго-западная часть Рыб + звезды до ε Pegasi [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 72]. = западная часть Рыб (Pisces W) [Weidner 1957–59, 73b]. = западная рыба в созвездии Рыбы (Pisces) с некоторыми западными частями Пегаса (Pegasus) [BPO 2, 11, 14; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75]. = крылья — ζ, θ и ε Пегаса (Pegasi) и α Малого Коня (Equulei); хвост соответствует западной рыбе в созвездии Рыбы (Pisces) [MA, 138]. = крылья Пегаса, хвост западной из Рыб [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C]. = ε, ζ, θ Pegasi, α Equulei и западная рыба в Рыбах (Pisces) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276]. V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды. (1) DUR ša₂ SIM.MAḪ, DUR SIM.MAḪ «Лента Ласточки» (= ε Piscium или группа звезд, включающая эту звезду (?) [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 553, 566]); использовалась в качестве «нормальной звезды» в ранних дневниках, см. выше. (2) ^mulsag sim.m[aḫ] «Голова Ласточ[ки]» (ε Peg), см. dbn-текст. (3) GU₂ ^mulSIM.MAḪ «Шея Ласточки», см. ниже (8). (4) Крылья Ласточки, см. MLC 1866. (5) Хвосты Ласточки и Ануниту; MUL.MEŠ ša KUN.MEŠ ša ^mulSIM.MAḪ u ^mulAn[nunīti] «Звезды на хвостах Ласточки и А[нуниту]» (K. 11018 r. 2), цит. по [CAD Š/3, 56a]. VI. Астрология. Отождествления: (1) = Поле; см. m05MAN-ma, II 7. (2) = Марс(?); см. [Bezold 1920, 122:157], крайне сомнительно. Предсказания: (3) Восход в свое и не в свое время; «В месяце шабату Ласточка (^mulSIM.MAḪ) […], если она восходит в свою установленную дату (ina UD.DUG₄.GA-ša₂ KUR-ḫa): в стране будет послушание (taš-mu-u₂ ina KUR GAL₂), [если она восходит не в свою установленную дату]: в стране будет […]» [BPO 2, X 22, XI 8]. (4) Лунное затмение в Ласточке; [DIŠ 30 ina K]I ^mulSIM.MAḪ a-di[r EŠ.BAR ID₂ Pu-rat-tum u EŠ.BAR A.AB.BA : NI.TUK^ki] «[Если Луна] затмила[сь в обла]сти Ласточки: [решение для реки Евфрат и решение для (Страны) Моря, вар.: для Дильмуна]» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:5′], параллель см. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:51]. (5) Луна, гало Ласточки и Ануниту; […^d]tir.an.na nigin₂-ma kimin kal ud-mi gub-iz ki […] / […] ud-mi gub-iz : tur₃ ^mulsim.maḫ u ^mula-nu-ni-[tum …] «[Если Луна] окружена [гало], (имеющего вид) радуги, вар.: она стоит все дни (в) области […] / […] стоит (все) дни, это гало Ласточки и Ануни[ту …]» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:119–120]. (6) Ласточка порождает mišḫu; DIŠ ^mulSIM.MAḪ (глосса: mu-ul ši-im-ma-a[ḫ]) [x x x x] / meš-ḫa [im-šu-uḫ] / ZI-ut ERIM-ni (глосса: ti-bu-ut um-ma-[ni]) [x x x x] «Если Ласточка [порождает] mišḫu: нападение (враждебных) армий» [SAA 8, 77:1–3], параллель см. [ACh Ištar, 34:6], а также: ^ulSIM.MAḪ MEŠ.U im-šu₄-uḫ […] [SpTU I, 84:4; CAD Š/3, 56a]. См. также [ACh Suppl., 54:11]. (7) Ласточка темная; ^múlSIM.MAḪ a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN MURUB₄.BA AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) Ласточка темная, (это означает): Луна в среднюю стражу затмилась» (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1]. (8) Меркурий, Марс в Ласточке стоят (наблюд.); [^mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina ŠA₃ ^mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-ma «Меркурий стоит в Ласточке» [SAA 8, 253:5′]; Ṣalbatānu ina ŠA₃ GU₂ ^mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-ma «Марс на шее Ласточки стоит» (Rm. 2548+:1′), цит. по [CAD Š/3, 56a]. (9) Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту; см. k24KU₆, V 10. См. также: […^mul]ši-nu-nu-tu₂ ina i-di ^mulAŠ.GAN₂ e-sir₂ MUL ša₂ KUR URI^ki šu₂-u «[…Если] Ласточка со стороны Поля окружена: звезда Ура она» [ACh Suppl., 54:12]; [^mulSI]M.MAḪ GUB-ma «[Ла]сточка стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:31], […] ^dSIM.MAḪ u ^da-nu-ni-[tum] «[…] Ласточка и Ануниту […]» [ACh Ištar, 29:3].	Example

References

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↑ J.Schaumberger, 3. Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von Kugler F.X. Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Münster, 1935.
↑ Waerden B. L. van der. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.
↑ Waerden B.L. van der. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.
↑ Waerden B.L. van der (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).
↑ Weidner E. mul gir₂.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
↑ Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.
↑ Weidner E. Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.
↑ ^51.0 ^51.1 ^51.2 ^51.3 ^51.4 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).

[1] Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.

[2] Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010

[4] D. Arnaud. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).

[:1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.

[6] Cavigneaux A. // Baghdader Mitteilungen 10, 132-134.

[7] Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.

[8] Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.

[9] Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi (Berlin).

[:2-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).

[11] K. van der Toorn. Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.

[:3-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).

[13] Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.

[14] Pinches T.G. Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.

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[16] Schroeder O. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.

[:5-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.

[18] Walker C.B.F., Hunger H. Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.

[:6-19] 19.0 ^19.1 A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.

[20] Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.

[21] Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.

[22] Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.

[23] Rochberg-Halton F. TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.

[:7-24] 24.0 ^24.1 Koch-Westenholz U. The Astrological Commentary Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII, 149-165.

[25] Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579

[:8-26] 26.0 ^26.1 Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY

[:9-27] 27.0 ^27.1 Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).

[:10-28] 28.0 ^28.1 Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.

[:11-29] 29.0 ^29.1 Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.

[30] Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.

[31] Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.

[32] Koch J. Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.

[:12-33] 33.0 ^33.1 Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)

[:13-34] 34.0 ^34.1 Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.

[:14-35] 35.0 ^35.1 Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F. A Late Babylonian Normal and Ziqpu Star Text // AHES 58 (2004) 537-572.

[:15-36] 36.0 ^36.1 ^36.2 ^36.3 Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.

[37] Hunger H. Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.

[:16-38] 38.0 ^38.1 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.

[39] Lambert W.G. The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.

[40] Salonen A. Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.

[41] Небо, наука, поэзия. Античные авторы о небесных светилах / Пер. и коммент. А.А.Россиуса, вступ. статья Г.М.Дашевского, под ред. Н.А.Федорова и П.В.Щеглова. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1992.

[42] Commentariorum in Aratum reliquiae, collegit recensuit prolegomenis indicibusque instruxit E.Maass. Berlin 1898 (reprint, Berlin 1958).

[:17-43] 43.0 ^43.1 Neugebauer O., Van Hoesen H.B. Greek Horoscopes. Philadelphia, 1959.

[44] J.Schaumberger, 3. Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von Kugler F.X. Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Münster, 1935.

[45] Waerden B. L. van der. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.

[46] Waerden B.L. van der. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.

[47] Waerden B.L. van der (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).

[48] Weidner E. mul gir₂.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].

[49] Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.

[50] Weidner E. Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.

[:18-51] 51.0 ^51.1 ^51.2 ^51.3 ^51.4 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)

[52] Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

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[17]

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[19]

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[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

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[50]

[51]

[52]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 * <sup>mul</sup>ŠIM<sub>2</sub>.MAḪ;
 * var. name record: <sup>mul</sup>ŠIM.MAḪ;
-* = ''<sup>(mul)</sup>šinūnūtu, sinuntu'' "Swallow"(?); constellation in western Pisces and Pegasus (Pisces + Pegasus) [Gössman 1950, 389; CAD Š/3, 55f.].
+* = ''<sup>(mul)</sup>šinūnūtu, sinuntu'' "Swallow"(?); constellation in western Pisces and Pegasus (Pisces + Pegasus) [Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 389; CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> Š/3, 55f.].
 Akkadian parallel:
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 |-
 |'''Lexical texts.'''
-* (1) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ = ''si-nu-un-tu''<sub>4</sub> [Emar VI/4, 151:180], <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ<sup>mušen</sup> = ''si-nun-tum''/''tu''<sub>2</sub> [SpTU III, 114A v 52], <sup>[mu]l</sup>sim.maḫ = ''si-nun-tum'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:24; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 110:309ʹ].
+* (1) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ = ''si-nu-un-tu''<sub>4</sub> [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:180], <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ<sup>mušen</sup> = ''si-nun-tum''/''tu''<sub>2</sub> [SpTU III<ref name=":1">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 52], <sup>[mu]l</sup>sim.maḫ = ''si-nun-tum'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen 10, 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:24; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:309ʹ].
-* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul íd</sup>''buranun'' = ''si-nun-tum'' = [...] "Euphrates = Swallow" [MSL XI, 40:23].
+* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul íd</sup>''buranun'' = ''si-nun-tum'' = [...] "Euphrates = Swallow" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:23].
 |
 |-
 |'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
-* <sup>mul</sup>''Ša-am-ma-aḫ'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:14; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
+* <sup>mul</sup>''Ša-am-ma-aḫ'' [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin'').</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:14; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:45].
 |
 |-
 |'''EAE.'''
-See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, EAE 20 Text a: 5′; BPO 2, X 22, XI 8; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 11′].
+See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":3">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 219, EAE 20 Text a: 5′; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, X 22, XI 8; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al., 38-55. Leiden, 1973.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 11′].
 |
 |-
 |'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
-* Astrolabe P. Sabbat month, stars of Anu, 80 [Pinches 1900, 575].
+* Astrolabe P. Sabbat month, stars of Anu, 80 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
 * Astrolabe B.
-** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' dal.ba.an <sup>mul</sup>šu.gi / ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' gub-''zu'' / <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ [...] "The constellation that stands between the Old Man and Anu, (is) the Swallow [...]" (B ii 15-17); for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 32-32a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 6 + comment.].
+** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' dal.ba.an <sup>mul</sup>šu.gi / ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' gub-''zu'' / <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ [...] "The constellation that stands between the Old Man and Anu, (is) the Swallow [...]" (B ii 15-17); for a parallel see. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 32-32a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 6 + comment.].
 ** (2) List (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>ziz<sub>2</sub>] ... <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' "[Shabbat]. ... The swallow (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 11).
-** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is shabbat, setting is ab [KAV 218, C 22, 33; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]].
+** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is shabbat, setting is ab [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 22, 33; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":5">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]].
-* BM 82923. Shabbat, stars of Anu: <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ // 1,20 // DINGIR-''at nag-bi'' "Swallow // 80 // Goddess of Springs" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:32].
+* BM 82923. Shabbat, stars of Anu: <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ // 1,20 // DINGIR-''at nag-bi'' "Swallow // 80 // Goddess of Springs" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:32].
-* BM 34713. Adar, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:12], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]].
+* BM 34713. Adar, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref name=":6">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:12], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]].
 * Text Nv. 10.
-** (1) Intercalation scheme: sim.maḫ (=ε Peg) is the leading star, relative to which the positions of the AN.TA.GUB.BA stars are counted as they pass through the meridian [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 78], see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], (Kurtik d05) [[DI]], (Kurtik L04) ''[[Lammu]]'', (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI<sub>7</sub>]], (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
+** (1) Intercalation scheme: sim.maḫ (=ε Peg) is the leading star, relative to which the positions of the AN.TA.GUB.BA stars are counted as they pass through the meridian [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 78], see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], (Kurtik d05) [[DI]], (Kurtik L04) ''[[Lammu]]'', (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI<sub>7</sub>]], (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
 ** (2) [<sup>mul</sup>sim.]˹maḫ˺ is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of siman, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
 * Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
-** a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>[sim].maḫ [CT 33, 9 r. 8; Horowitz 1998, 176].
+** a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>[sim].maḫ [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 8; Horowitz 1998, 176].
-** (b) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 10): <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
+** (b) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 10): <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 212].
 |
 |-
 |'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
-* Anu 6. [MUL SA<sub>5</sub> ''ša'' DAL.BA.AN (A: ''b''[''i''<sup>?</sup>-''ri-it'']) <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>''ši-bi u'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' GUB-''zu'' <sup>múl</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' "[The red star that stands between] the Old Man and Anu, (is) the Swallow" (A. 20, B. 21) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].
+* Anu 6. [MUL SA<sub>5</sub> ''ša'' DAL.BA.AN (A: ''b''[''i''<sup>?</sup>-''ri-it'']) <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>''ši-bi u'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' GUB-''zu'' <sup>múl</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' "[The red star that stands between] the Old Man and Anu, (is) the Swallow" (A. 20, B. 21) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":4" />, 178].
 |
 |-
 |'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''''
+See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII, 149-165.</ref>, 161:120].
-See. [Koch Westenholz 1999, 161:120].
 |
 |-
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 * (3) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD. KA.DUḪ.A 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ / TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ 20 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU "30 days from the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the rising of the Swallow. 20 days from the rising of the Swallow to the rising of Field" (I iii 40-41).
 * (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal sunrises: culmination of Standing Gods, the Swallow rises (I iv 28), see (Kurtik d10) [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup>]].
-* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ, after <sup><mul></sup>KUN<sup>meš</sup>, before <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA, 29, 45, 54, 55, 66, 68].
+* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ, after <sup><mul></sup>KUN<sup>meš</sup>, before <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA<ref name=":8">Hunger, H. and  J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 29, 45, 54, 55, 66, 68].
 Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik d10) [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup>]].
 |[[File:Swallow+IKU Aqr stellarium .jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Giant Swallow, IKU, and Ea (The Great One), Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
 |-
 |'''"Reports."'''
+See. [SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 77:1, 253:5].
-See. [SAA 8, 77:1, 253:5].
 |
 |-
 |'''"Great Star List."'''
 * (1) <sup>mul íd</sup>''buranun'' = <sup>mul</sup>šim.maḫ "Euphrates = Swallow";
-* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 147, 220]. S [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162-3].
+* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 147, 220]. S [HBA<ref name=":11">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
 |
 |-
 |'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
-* Sector 1: <sup>mul</sup>s[im<sup>?</sup>.maḫ] "S[wallow]" [Koch 1989, 56 Abb. 2, 59].
+* Sector 1: <sup>mul</sup>s[im<sup>?</sup>.maḫ] "S[wallow]" [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56 Abb. 2, 59].
 |
 |-
@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 * (a) <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ (ω Psc),
-* (b) <sup>mul</sup>sag sim.m[aḫ] "Head of the Swall[ows]" (ε Peg) [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108].
+* (b) <sup>mul</sup>sag sim.m[aḫ] "Head of the Swall[ows]" (ε Peg) [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":12">Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 108].
 |[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a", map by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]][[File:Dalb b.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "b", map by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]
 |-
@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 '''MLC 1866.'''
 * MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina''] ''miḫ-rat'' <sup>mul</sup>IKU GUB-˹''zu''˺ <sup>mul</sup>Si<sub>2</sub>-˹''nu''˺-''nu-tu''<sub>2</sub> / ˹MUŠEN˺ <sup>mul</sup>KAP.ḪI.A ''mut-tap-ri-iš ša''<sub>2</sub> ''kap-pi'' ˹''ra''˺-''šu-u''<sub>2</sub> / MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR.MEŠ <sup>mul</sup>IKU GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''na-a-ru'' / <sup>[mu]l</sup>''Si''<sub>2</sub>''-nu-nu-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu it-gu-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>-''ma''  / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' <sup>íd</sup>BURANUN<sup>ki</sup> ''ina ṣip-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu''<sub>4</sub>˺ <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU<sub>2</sub>.LA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''man-za-za'' <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat''
-* "[The star, that] stands in front of the Field, the Swallow: / (It is) a bird, a star with wings, flying, meaning that it has wings. / The star that stands behind the Field, Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu that have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, the points of their tails are placed together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — anchor point of Venus" (D i 4-9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].
+* "[The star, that] stands in front of the Field, the Swallow: / (It is) a bird, a star with wings, flying, meaning that it has wings. / The star that stands behind the Field, Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu that have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, the points of their tails are placed together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — anchor point of Venus" (D i 4-9) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":13">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35, 39].
 |
 |-
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 |'''Text 36609+''' rev.
-* List of "normal stars": DUR sim.ma "Swallow Ribbon" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 551:21′, 553].
+* List of "normal stars": DUR sim.ma "Swallow Ribbon" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":14">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES 58 (2004)  537-572.</ref>, 551:21′, 553].
 |[[File:SwallowFish+IKU+Aqr stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|constellations Swallow-Fish, IKU and Ea (The Great One) in Stellarium, paintings by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016)]]
 |-
 |'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
 *Early diaries make mention of the Swallow constellation:
-*<sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ/<sup>d</sup>GENNA ''ina'' IGI SIM.<MAḪ> "Saturn in front of Swallow" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 46, No.-567:2,9],
+*<sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ/<sup>d</sup>GENNA ''ina'' IGI SIM.<MAḪ> "Saturn in front of Swallow" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":15">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 46, No.-567:2,9],
-*''Sin ina'' SIM.MAḪ IGI "The moon became visible in the Swallow" [ibid., 48, No.-567 r. 5′], and also:
+*''Sin ina'' SIM.MAḪ IGI "The moon became visible in the Swallow" [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, 48, No.-567 r. 5′], and also:
-*DUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SIM.MAḪ "Swallow's ribbon" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 50, No.-567 rev. 17′, 19′],
+*DUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SIM.MAḪ "Swallow's ribbon" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":15" />, 50, No.-567 rev. 17′, 19′],
-*MUL<sub>2</sub> KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> DUR SIM.MAḪ "Brilliant star of the Swallow's ribbon" (= η Piscium) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 84, No.-380:5′].
+*MUL<sub>2</sub> KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> DUR SIM.MAḪ "Brilliant star of the Swallow's ribbon" (= η Piscium) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":15" />, 84, No.-380:5′].
 |
 |-
 |'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
-*(1) "Dodecatemoria." BM 34452+: 12 8 // 3 14 // ''Sin ina'' <sup>múl</sup>SIM.MAḪ KI / <sup>múl</sup>SIPA GUB E<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>NANŠE "Adar 8 // siman 14 // Moon in the Swallow. Region / of the True Shepherd of Anu (=Saturn?), place of the temple of Nanshe" [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41: rev. 7-8], see also [SpTU III, 103:4].
+*(1) "Dodecatemoria." BM 34452+: 12 8 // 3 14 // ''Sin ina'' <sup>múl</sup>SIM.MAḪ KI / <sup>múl</sup>SIPA GUB E<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>NANŠE "Adar 8 // siman 14 // Moon in the Swallow. Region / of the True Shepherd of Anu (=Saturn?), place of the temple of Nanshe" [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41: rev. 7-8], see also [SpTU III<ref name=":1" />, 103:4].
 |
 |}
-          See also: SAG.DU [...] / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ: <sup>d</sup>''Dili-pat''<sub>2</sub>: SIM: ''s''[''i-nu-un-tu''] "Head of [...] Swallow(?) = Venus = Venus = SIM = L[swallow]" [SpTU I, 47:19].
+          See also: SAG.DU [...] / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ: <sup>d</sup>''Dili-pat''<sub>2</sub>: SIM: ''s''[''i-nu-un-tu''] "Head of [...] Swallow(?) = Venus = Venus = SIM = L[swallow]" [SpTU I<ref name=":16">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 47:19].
 [[File:SIMMAH stellarium.jpg|thumb|Simmakh, Great Swallow, in MUL.APIN for Stellarium (CC BY SMH).]]
@@ Line 873: / Line 873: @@
 ==== Deity.====
-          According to the “texts of the Bird cry”, the Swallow (''šu-nu-nu-tu''<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>, sim.mu<sup>mušen</sup>) is considered to be the bird of Tiamat (mušen ''tam-tim'') as well as of <sup>d</sup>''Anzû'' (''iṣ-ṣur'' <sup>d</sup>ZU-''u''<sub>2</sub>); in the latter case her cry is: ''e-bi-rat'' a.ab.ba "She who crosses the sea" [Lambert 1970, 112:9-11, 114:3; Salonen 1973, 294-295]. Thus, each of the identifications emphasize the Swallow's connection to the sea. On the other hand, the Astrolabes (BM 82923) characterize her as the "goddess of springs," see above.
+          According to the “texts of the Bird cry”, the Swallow (''šu-nu-nu-tu''<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>, sim.mu<sup>mušen</sup>) is considered to be the bird of Tiamat (mušen ''tam-tim'') as well as of <sup>d</sup>''Anzû'' (''iṣ-ṣur'' <sup>d</sup>ZU-''u''<sub>2</sub>); in the latter case her cry is: ''e-bi-rat'' a.ab.ba "She who crosses the sea" [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112:9-11, 114:3; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 294-295]. Thus, each of the identifications emphasize the Swallow's connection to the sea. On the other hand, the Astrolabes (BM 82923) characterize her as the "goddess of springs," see above.
 ===== Prayers and rituals. =====
@@ Line 880: / Line 880: @@
 ====Symbol.====
-          A bird or flying fish, see (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|<sup>d</sup>Anunītu]], III. In the commentary on stk. 242 of Aratus' poem “Apparitions”, it is stated that the North Fish in the constellation Pisces has the head of a swallow "and therefore the Chaldeans called it the Swallow Fish" [Rossius 1992, 115; Maass 1958, 382-383]. Here, obviously, we are talking about the southern fish from the constellation Pisces. The constellation Swallow-Fish is also mentioned in a Greek horoscope dated 81 AD. [Neugeb.-Van Hoesen 1959, 22-23, 25]. Greek evidence reflects, albeit with distortions, the Mesopotamian tradition. Images of the constellation Pisces on Seleucid seals from Uruk in the form of a fish (=Anunitu) and a bird (= flying fish or Swallow), whose tails are connected by a V-shaped ribbon, see [Wallenfels 1994, 128-12]. [Wallenfels 1994, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2002, 98, fig. 21; ibid., figs. 44, 45, 46].
+          A bird or flying fish, see (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|<sup>d</sup>Anunītu]], III. In the commentary on stk. 242 of Aratus' poem “Apparitions”, it is stated that the North Fish in the constellation Pisces has the head of a swallow "and therefore the Chaldeans called it the Swallow Fish" [Rossius 1992<ref>''Небо,  наука,  поэзия''.  Античные  авторы  о  небесных светилах / Пер. и коммент. А.А.Россиуса, вступ. статья Г.М.Дашевского, под ред. Н.А.Федорова и П.В.Щеглова. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1992.</ref>, 115; Maass 1958<ref>''Commentariorum in Aratum'' reliquiae, collegit recensuit prolegomenis indicibusque instruxit E.Maass. Berlin 1898 (reprint, Berlin 1958).</ref>, 382-383]. Here, obviously, we are talking about the southern fish from the constellation Pisces. The constellation Swallow-Fish is also mentioned in a Greek horoscope dated 81 AD. [Neugeb.-Van Hoesen 1959<ref name=":17">''Neugebauer  O., Van Hoesen H.B.'' Greek Horoscopes. Philadelphia, 1959.</ref>, 22-23, 25]. Greek evidence reflects, albeit with distortions, the Mesopotamian tradition. Images of the constellation Pisces on Seleucid seals from Uruk in the form of a fish (=Anunitu) and a bird (= flying fish or Swallow), whose tails are connected by a V-shaped ribbon, see [Wallenfels 1994, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2002, 98, fig. 21; ibid., figs. 44, 45, 46].
 ====Previous Identification.====
-          = southern Pisces in the constellation Pisces [3. Erg., 330; HBA, 144; Gössman 1950, 389, I].
+          = southern Pisces in the constellation Pisces [3. Erg.<ref>J.Schaumberger,  3. Ergänzungsheft   zum   ersten  und   zweiten   Buch von ''Kugler   F.X.  '' Sternkunde   und   Sterndienst   in    Babel.  Münster, 1935.</ref>, 330; HBA<ref name=":11" />, 144; Gössman 1950<ref name=":17" />, 389, I].
-          = southwestern Pisces + stars up to ε Pegasi [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 72].
+          = southwestern Pisces + stars up to ε Pegasi [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref>, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 72].
-          = western Pisces (Pisces W) [Weidner 1957-59, 73b].
+          = western Pisces (Pisces W) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73b].
-          = western fish in the constellation Pisces (Pisces) with some western parts of Pegasus (Pegasus) [BPO 2, 11, 14; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].
+          = western fish in the constellation Pisces (Pisces) with some western parts of Pegasus (Pegasus) [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 11, 14; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":5" />, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":13" />, 75].
-          = the wings are ζ, θ and ε of Pegasus (Pegasi) and α of the Lesser Horse (Equulei); the tail corresponds to the western fish in the constellation Pisces (Pisces) [MA, 138].
+          = the wings are ζ, θ and ε of Pegasus (Pegasi) and α of the Lesser Horse (Equulei); the tail corresponds to the western fish in the constellation Pisces (Pisces) [MA<ref name=":8" />, 138].
-          = wings of Pegasus, tail western of Pisces [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].
+          = wings of Pegasus, tail western of Pisces [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 208, App. C].
-          = ε, ζ, θ Pegasi, α Equulei, and the western fish in Pisces (Pisces) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276].
+          = ε, ζ, θ Pegasi, α Equulei, and the western fish in Pisces (Pisces) [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":12" />, 276].
 ==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
-          (1) DUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SIM.MAḪ, DUR SIM.MAḪ "Swallow's Ribbon" (= ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star (?) [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 553, 566]); used as a "normal star" in early diaries, see above.
+          (1) DUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SIM.MAḪ, DUR SIM.MAḪ "Swallow's Ribbon" (= ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star (?) [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":14" />, 553, 566]); used as a "normal star" in early diaries, see above.
           (2) <sup>mul</sup>sag sim.m[aḫ] "Head of the Swallow[s]" (ε Peg), see dbn text.
@@ Line 906: / Line 906: @@
           (4) Swallow's wings, see MLC 1866.
-          (5) Swallow's and Anunītu's tails; MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KUN.MEŠ ''ša'' <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''An''[''nunīti''] "Stars on the tails of Swallow and A[nunītu]" (K. 11018 r. 2), quoted in [CAD Š/3, 56a].
+          (5) Swallow's and Anunītu's tails; MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KUN.MEŠ ''ša'' <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''An''[''nunīti''] "Stars on the tails of Swallow and A[nunītu]" (K. 11018 r. 2), quoted in [CAD<ref name=":0" /> Š/3, 56a].
 ====Astrology.====
@@ Line 913: / Line 913: @@
           (1) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 7.
-          (2) = Mars(?); cf. [Bezold 1920, 122:157], highly doubtful.
+          (2) = Mars(?); cf. [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 122:157], highly doubtful.
 ===== Predications: =====
-          (3) Rising on its own time and not on its own time; "In the month of Shabbat the Swallow (<sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ) [...] if it rises on its fixed date (''ina'' UD.DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA-''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR-''ḫa''): there will be obedience in the land (taš-mu-u2 ina KUR GAL2), [if it rises not on its fixed date]: there will be [...]" [BPO 2, X 22, XI 8].
+          (3) Rising on its own time and not on its own time; "In the month of Shabbat the Swallow (<sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ) [...] if it rises on its fixed date (''ina'' UD.DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA-''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR-''ḫa''): there will be obedience in the land (taš-mu-u2 ina KUR GAL2), [if it rises not on its fixed date]: there will be [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, X 22, XI 8].
-          (4) Lunar eclipse in Swallow; [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' K]I <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''a-di''[''r'' EŠ.BAR ID<sub>2</sub> ''Pu-rat-tum u'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BA: NI.TUK<sup>ki</sup>] "[If the Moon] eclipses in the region of Swallow: [solution for the Euphrates River and solution for the (Land of) the Sea, var.: for Dilmun]" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:5′], for a parallel see. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:51].
+          (4) Lunar eclipse in Swallow; [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' K]I <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''a-di''[''r'' EŠ.BAR ID<sub>2</sub> ''Pu-rat-tum u'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BA: NI.TUK<sup>ki</sup>] "[If the Moon] eclipses in the region of Swallow: [solution for the Euphrates River and solution for the (Land of) the Sea, var.: for Dilmun]" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":3" />, 219, BM 38164:5′], for a parallel see. [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:51].
-          (5) The Moon, the halo of the Swallow and Anunitu; [...<sup>d</sup>]tir.an.na nigin<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' kimin kal ud-''mi'' gub-''iz'' ki [...] / [...] ud-''mi'' gub-''iz'': tur<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-''[''tum'' ...] "[If the Moon] is surrounded by a [halo], (having the appearance of) a rainbow, var.: it stands all day (in) the region of [...] / [...] stands (all) days, it is the halo of the Swallow and Anuni[tu ...]" [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:119-120].
+          (5) The Moon, the halo of the Swallow and Anunitu; [...<sup>d</sup>]tir.an.na nigin<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' kimin kal ud-''mi'' gub-''iz'' ki [...] / [...] ud-''mi'' gub-''iz'': tur<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sim.maḫ ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-''[''tum'' ...] "[If the Moon] is surrounded by a [halo], (having the appearance of) a rainbow, var.: it stands all day (in) the region of [...] / [...] stands (all) days, it is the halo of the Swallow and Anuni[tu ...]" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":7" />, 161:119-120].
-          (6) The swallow gives rise to ''mišḫu''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ (glossa: ''mu-ul ši-im-ma-a''[''ḫ'']) [x x x x x] / ''meš-ḫa'' [''im-šu-uḫ''] / ZI-''ut'' ERIM-''ni'' (glossa: ''ti-bu-ut um-ma''-[''ni'']) [x x x x x] "If the Swallow [gives rise to] mišḫu: attack by (hostile) armies" [SAA 8, 77:1-3], for a parallel see. [ACh Ištar, 34:6], and also: <sup>ul</sup>SIM.MAḪ MEŠ.U ''im-šu''<sub>4</sub>-''uḫ'' [...] [SpTU I, 84:4; CAD Š/3, 56a]. See also [ACh Suppl., 54:11].
+          (6) The swallow gives rise to ''mišḫu''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ (glossa: ''mu-ul ši-im-ma-a''[''ḫ'']) [x x x x x] / ''meš-ḫa'' [''im-šu-uḫ''] / ZI-''ut'' ERIM-''ni'' (glossa: ''ti-bu-ut um-ma''-[''ni'']) [x x x x x] "If the Swallow [gives rise to] mišḫu: attack by (hostile) armies" [SAA 8, 77:1-3], for a parallel see. [ACh Ištar<ref name=":18">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 34:6], and also: <sup>ul</sup>SIM.MAḪ MEŠ.U ''im-šu''<sub>4</sub>-''uḫ'' [...] [SpTU I<ref name=":16" />, 84:4; CAD<ref name=":0" /> Š/3, 56a]. See also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":18" />, 54:11].
-          (7) The swallow is dark; <sup>múl</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN MURUB<sub>4</sub>.BA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the swallow is dark, (it means): The moon is darkened in the middle watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].
+          (7) The swallow is dark; <sup>múl</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN MURUB<sub>4</sub>.BA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the swallow is dark, (it means): The moon is darkened in the middle watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 11:1].
-          (8) Mercury and Mars stand in the Swallow (observ.); <sup>[mul]</sup>UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "Mercury stands in the Swallow" [SAA 8, 253:5′]; ''Ṣalbatānu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> GU<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "Mars stands on the Swallow's neck" (Rm. 2548+:1′), quoted in [CAD Š/3, 56a].
+          (8) Mercury and Mars stand in the Swallow (observ.); <sup>[mul]</sup>UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "Mercury stands in the Swallow" [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 253:5′]; ''Ṣalbatānu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> GU<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "Mars stands on the Swallow's neck" (Rm. 2548+:1′), quoted in [CAD<ref name=":0" /> Š/3, 56a].
           (9) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 10.
-See also: [...<sup>mul</sup>]''ši-nu-nu-tu''<sub>2</sub> ''ina i-di'' <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> ''e-sir''<sub>2</sub> MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR URI<sup>ki</sup> ''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''u'' "[...If] the Swallow is surrounded by the Field on the side: the star Ura it.." [ACh Suppl., 54:12]; [<sup>mul</sup>SI]M.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "[Sw]allow stands" [ACh Ištar, 28:31], [...] <sup>d</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "[...] Swallow and Anunitu [...]" [ACh Ištar, 29:3].
+See also: [...<sup>mul</sup>]''ši-nu-nu-tu''<sub>2</sub> ''ina i-di'' <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> ''e-sir''<sub>2</sub> MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR URI<sup>ki</sup> ''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''u'' "[...If] the Swallow is surrounded by the Field on the side: the star Ura it.." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":18" />, 54:12]; [<sup>mul</sup>SI]M.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "[Sw]allow stands" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":18" />, 28:31], [...] <sup>d</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "[...] Swallow and Anunitu [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":18" />, 29:3].
 ==Historical Dictionaries==

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