SUḪUR.MAŠ2: Difference between revisions

From All Skies Encyclopaedia
SUḪUR.MAŠ2
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
Line 9: Line 9:


===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''suḫurmāšu''<sup>[1]</sup> "Goat-Fish" (lit. "Carp-Goat"); a constellation corresponding to modern Capricorn (Capricornus) [G. 344; BPO 2, 14; Wiggermann 1992, 184-185].
= ''suḫurmāšu'' "Goat-Fish" (lit. "Carp-Goat"); a constellation corresponding to modern Capricorn (Capricornus) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 344; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 14; Wiggermann 1992, 184-185].
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
Line 16: Line 16:
|-
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ<sub>2</sub> [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46].
* <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ<sub>2</sub> [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:46].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 26a, 28b, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; NSAM 2<ref name=":3">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; SpTU I<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 93:10'; SpTU IV<ref name=":5">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 6].
* See. [BPO 2, III 26a, 28b, 31a; BPO 3, 286; NSAM 2, 248; SpTU I, 93:10'; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
* Predictions of EAE (new reading based on photograph in CDLI P238211 (K2906+10108)):
* Predictions of EAE (new reading based on photograph in [https://cdli.earth/artifacts/238211 CDLI P238211] (K2906+10108)):
** [DIŠ <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> TU-''ma''...
** [DIŠ <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> TU-''ma''...
** "[If] Mars enters the area <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ ..." [ACh Ištar, 34:16].
** "[If] Mars enters the area <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ ..." [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 34:16].
|
|
|-
|-
Line 29: Line 29:
Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.


* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 12): <sup>mul</sup>suḫur.maš<sub>2</sub><sup>ku<sub>6</sup> [CT 33, 9 r. 20; HBA, 105; MCG, 176].
* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 12): <sup>mul</sup>suḫur.maš<sub>2</sub><sup>ku<sub>6</sup> [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 20; HBA<ref name=":6">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 105; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15): <sup>mul</sup>MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku<sub>6</sup> "Ship and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34).
* (1) The stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15): <sup>mul</sup>MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku<sub>6</sup> "Ship and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34).
* (2) Stars "in the path of the Moon": <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>, after <sup>mul</sup>PA.BIL.SAG, before <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA, 39, 68].
* (2) Stars "in the path of the Moon": <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>, after <sup>mul</sup>PA.BIL.SAG, before <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 39, 68].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [LABS<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 104 r. 2, 6; 172 r. 7; ARAK<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 73 r. 3].
See. [LABS, 104 r. 2, 6; 172 r. 7; ARAK, 73 r. 3].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Star List V R 46, 1:38.'''
|'''Star List V R 46, 1:38.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>ma<sub>2</sub>.gur<sub>8</sub> <sup>mul</sup>suḫur.maš<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Nabû''(PA) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Taš-me-tu''<sub>4</sub> "Ship (and) Goat-fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA, 52:38; Wee 2016, 162-3].
* <sup>mul</sup>ma<sub>2</sub>.gur<sub>8</sub> <sup>mul</sup>suḫur.maš<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Nabû''(PA) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Taš-me-tu''<sub>4</sub> "Ship (and) Goat-fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA<ref name=":6" />, 52:38; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|
|-
|-
Line 51: Line 51:
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BAR UD 1[5 KAM<sub>2</sub>...] / MURUB<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.[MAŠ<sub>2</sub> ''šit-qu-lu''...]
* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BAR UD 1[5 KAM<sub>2</sub>...] / MURUB<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.[MAŠ<sub>2</sub> ''šit-qu-lu''...]
** "On the 1[5th] of nisan (before sunrise) [...] the midpoint of the Goat-Fi[sh would be in equilibrium] (= culminates)" [SpTU I, 95:1'-2'; ASM, 99].
** "On the 1[5th] of nisan (before sunrise) [...] the midpoint of the Goat-Fi[sh would be in equilibrium] (= culminates)" [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 95:1'-2'; ASM<ref name=":10">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 99].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) S[I ...] "Hor[n of ( Goat-Fish) ...]" (β Capricorni).
* (a) S[I ...] "Hor[n of ( Goat-Fish) ...]" (β Capricorni).
* (b) S[UḪUR<sup>?</sup> ...] "(Front star) Go[at-Fish]" (γ Capricorni) [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 564:10′-11′].
* (b) S[UḪUR<sup>?</sup> ...] "(Front star) Go[at-Fish]" (γ Capricorni) [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 564:10′-11′].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
* (1) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki <sup>mul</sup>suḫur.maš<sub>2</sub> "Area of the Goat-Fish," astrological meanings: removal of evil from a person's house, removal from former positions, etc. [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259: 11, 28, 49; Emelyanov 1999, 193-197],
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki <sup>mul</sup>suḫur.maš<sub>2</sub> "Area of the Goat-Fish," astrological meanings: removal of evil from a person's house, removal from former positions, etc. [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 258-259: 11, 28, 49; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193-197],
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ<sub>2</sub>]].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ<sub>2</sub>]].
* (2) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 6th part is <sup>mul</sup>suḫur.maš<sub>2</sub> [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (2) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 6th part is <sup>mul</sup>suḫur.maš<sub>2</sub> [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner  E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen  auf  babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI <sup>múl</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sup>ku6</sup> ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of  Goat-Fish was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 9′; Reiner 2000].
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI <sup>múl</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sup>ku6</sup> ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of  Goat-Fish was born..." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1593 rev. 9′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
* (4) Predictions of grain prices based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations (among them <sup>múl</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku<sub>6</sup>) and other phenomena [SpTU I, 94, passim], ''zibbat''(KUN) SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> "Tail of the  Goat-Fish" [SpTU I, 94:36]. See also [SpTU III, 102 r. 5; Civil 1974, 336:11].
* (4) Predictions of grain prices based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations (among them <sup>múl</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku<sub>6</sup>) and other phenomena [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 94, passim], ''zibbat''(KUN) SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> "Tail of the  Goat-Fish" [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 94:36]. See also [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102 r. 5; Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 336:11].
* (5) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the sign of the zodiac. DIŠ S[ina <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ AN.MI GAR-''ma''...] "If the Mo[on eclipses in the  Goat-Fish...]" [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 19], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (5) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the sign of the zodiac. DIŠ S[ina <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ AN.MI GAR-''ma''...] "If the Mo[on eclipses in the  Goat-Fish...]" [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 135: rev. 19], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|
|}
|}
See also: <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> = ''suḫur-ma-šu-u''<sub>2</sub> [BPO 2, III 28b] (Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]], VI 2), <sup>mulx</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> (in unclear context) [SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
See also: <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> = ''suḫur-ma-šu-u''<sub>2</sub> [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 28b] (Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]], VI 2), <sup>mulx</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> (in unclear context) [SpTU IV<ref name=":5" />, 162 r. 6].


=== Additional===
=== Additional===


==== II. Deity. ====
==== II. Deity. ====
         In the earliest images, the Goat-Fish is associated with the following: water, the jug from which water pours out, the god Enki/Ea, and is also confirmed in the texts [Seidl 1968, 178-181; Wiggermann 1992, 184]. In astronomical texts the Goat-Fish is identified with the goddess of fate Tašmētu (Tašmētu), who was considered to be the consort of Nabu [Tallqvist 1938, 381] (see n02). The Goat-Fish also appears as an astral incarnation of Tiamat in the text BM 55466, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is seen as an astral image of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu; ina qaq-qa-ri / <sup>múl</sup>maš<sub>2</sub> ti-amat pu-uḫ-ri ana ṣal-tu<sub>4</sub> "In the region (of the constellation) of the Goat-Fish, Tiamat, (the head of the warrior) assembly, for the battle (settled down)" [STC II, Pl. LXX rev. 3-4; Reynolds 1999, 370-371]. In astrological geography, the Goat-Fish is associated with the cities of Eridu and Hit, see g27GU.LA, VI 4.
         In the earliest images, the Goat-Fish is associated with the following: water, the jug from which water pours out, the god Enki/Ea, and is also confirmed in the texts [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 178-181; Wiggermann 1992, 184]. In astronomical texts the Goat-Fish is identified with the goddess of fate Tašmētu (Tašmētu), who was considered to be the consort of Nabu [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 381] (see Kurtik n02 [[Nabû|<sup>d</sup>''Nabû'']]). The Goat-Fish also appears as an astral incarnation of Tiamat in the text BM 55466, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is seen as an astral image of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu; ''ina qaq-qa-ri'' / <sup>múl</sup>maš<sub>2</sub> ''ti-amat pu-uḫ-ri ana ṣal-tu''<sub>4</sub> "In the region (of the constellation) of the Goat-Fish, Tiamat, (the head of the warrior) assembly, for the battle (settled down)" [STC II<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, Pl. LXX rev. 3-4; Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>, 370-371]. In astrological geography, the Goat-Fish is associated with the cities of Eridu and Hit, see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]], VI 4.


==== III. Symbol. ====
==== III. Symbol. ====
         A mythological character from Ea/Enki's entourage who had goat-like frontal features (head, horns, and a pair of legs) and fish-like features in the hind (torso and tail). Images are found from the Ur III (XXI century BC) to the Hellenistic periods on seals, kudurru, and as clay statuettes that had apotropaic significance [CS; Braun-Holzinger 1996, Nr. 903-905, 907, etc.; Seidl 1968, 178; AUWE 19, nos. 661-714; Kurtik 1998, 41; Kurtik 2007, figs. 36, 37, 38, 48]. According to some descriptions, the Goat-fish also had a dogwood cane (eʼru) [Wiggermann 1992, 184]. It is not known exactly when this symbol acquired astral significance as a figure of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup>. Most of the known images do not contain astral signs, which appear only on seals from Hellenistic times [AUWE 19]. However, in the Old Babylonian period it seems to have already taken place. In astrology they distinguished between the frontal parts of the constellation - <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> "Goat" and the hind parts - <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> "Fish" (see below), and they should not be confused with constellations with similar names that were outside the zodiacal belt. In the text W 22646, which, according to [Foxvog 1993, 107], contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations, Capricorn corresponds to the word u<sub>2</sub>-ri-ṣa "goat" [SpTU II, 43:10, 26].
         A mythological character from Ea/Enki's entourage who had goat-like frontal features (head, horns, and a pair of legs) and fish-like features in the hind (torso and tail). Images are found from the Ur III (XXI century BC) to the Hellenistic periods on seals, kudurru, and as clay statuettes that had apotropaic significance [CS<ref>''Frankfort H.'' Cylinder Seals. London, 1939.</ref>; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, Nr. 903-905, 907, etc.; Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 178; AUWE 19<ref name=":11">''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, nos. 661-714; Kurtik 1998, 41; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 36, 37, 38, 48]. According to some descriptions, the Goat-fish also had a dogwood cane (eʼru) [Wiggermann 1992, 184]. It is not known exactly when this symbol acquired astral significance as a figure of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup>. Most of the known images do not contain astral signs, which appear only on seals from Hellenistic times [AUWE 19<ref name=":11" />]. However, in the Old Babylonian period it seems to have already taken place. In astrology they distinguished between the frontal parts of the constellation - <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> "Goat" and the hind parts - <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> "Fish" (see below), and they should not be confused with constellations with similar names that were outside the zodiacal belt. In the text W 22646, which, according to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations, Capricorn corresponds to the word u<sub>2</sub>-ri-ṣa "goat" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:10, 26].


==== IV. Identification. ====
==== IV. Identification. ====
         = Capricorn [G. 344; Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; Weidner 1957-59, 78a; BPO 2, 11, 14; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 248].
         = Capricorn [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 344; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 14; 1952-53, 219; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78a; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11, 14; MA<ref name=":7" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":10" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 248].


==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
Line 93: Line 93:
         (4) The middle star in the horn of the Goat-Fish, see (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ<sub>2</sub>]].
         (4) The middle star in the horn of the Goat-Fish, see (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ<sub>2</sub>]].


         (5) [...MU]L<sub>2</sub><sup>?</sup> SIG ˹''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI MAŠ<sub>2</sub>˺ "The lower [sta]r in the horn of the Goat-Fish" [AD III, No. -87 rev. 18].
         (5) [...MU]L<sub>2</sub><sup>?</sup> SIG ˹''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI MAŠ<sub>2</sub>˺ "The lower [sta]r in the horn of the Goat-Fish" [AD III<ref name=":12">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -87 rev. 18].


         (6) KUN <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> "Tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3 84, K.6021 r. 13′; 248, K.2346+:58].
         (6) KUN <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> "Tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" /> 84, K.6021 r. 13′; 248, K.2346+:58].


         (7) SI MAŠ<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> "The hind horn of the Goat-Fish" [AD I 242, No.-307 B: 6′].
         (7) SI MAŠ<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> "The hind horn of the Goat-Fish" [AD I<ref name=":12" /> 242, No.-307 B: 6′].


         (8) SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> "Head of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3 194, K. 42+:24′].
         (8) SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> "Head of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" /> 194, K. 42+:24′].


==== VI. Astrology. ====
==== VI. Astrology. ====
Line 108: Line 108:
         (2) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 2.
         (2) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 2.


         (3) = Kidney; MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ZI IM ''ana'' IGI''-it'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN DU-''iz'' <sup>mul</sup>BIR / <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN: <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>BIR <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> "The star that stands ahead of the Yoke during windrise is the Kidney. Yoke = Giant, Kidney = Goat-Fish" [BPO 2, III 31a].
         (3) = Kidney; MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ZI IM ''ana'' IGI''-it'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN DU-''iz'' <sup>mul</sup>BIR / <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN: <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>BIR <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> "The star that stands ahead of the Yoke during windrise is the Kidney. Yoke = Giant, Kidney = Goat-Fish" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31a].


         (4) = Mars; [...<sup>mul</sup>''Ma-ak-r'']''u-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> KUN <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> " [...Red Star (=Mars) = Fish = the tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3, 84, K. 6021+ rev. 13′].
         (4) = Mars; [...<sup>mul</sup>''Ma-ak-r'']''u-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> KUN <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> " [...Red Star (=Mars) = Fish = the tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 84, K. 6021+ rev. 13′].


         (5) = Fish; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 9 and below (9).
         (5) = Fish; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 9 and below (9).
Line 121: Line 121:
         (7) Venus approaches Piscis Austrinus (=Great One, Aqr, after Goat-Fish); see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 9.
         (7) Venus approaches Piscis Austrinus (=Great One, Aqr, after Goat-Fish); see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 9.


         (8) Venus passes ahead of the Goat-Fish; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AŠ<sub>2</sub> UD.2.KAM UD.3.KAM KUR-''ma ina'' SI <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>] / ''E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'': ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AŠ<sub>2</sub> UD.1.KAM ''ina'' SI <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN [''iṭ-ḫi-m'']''a'' / ''i-ti-iq ṭe-em ina'' KUR ''i-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''an-ni'' / KI.MIN KI.TUŠ KUR KUR KUR<sub>2</sub>-''ir'' / <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>: SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup>/ <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN: <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup>/ ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AŠ<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Venus rises in the month of Shabbat on the 2nd (or) 3rd day and appears in the horn [of the Goat], var.: in the month of Shabbat on the 1st day [it comes close] and passes the horn of the Yoke: the order of the country will change, var.: the place of the country will become different; (explanation): Goat = the head (possibly the front part) of the Goat-Fish, Yoke = Goat-Fish, in the month of Shabbat, it (=Venus) passes in front of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3, 194, K.42:7], see also [ibid., 196, K.12373:2].
         (8) Venus passes ahead of the Goat-Fish; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AŠ<sub>2</sub> UD.2.KAM UD.3.KAM KUR-''ma ina'' SI <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>] / ''E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'': ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AŠ<sub>2</sub> UD.1.KAM ''ina'' SI <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN [''iṭ-ḫi-m'']''a'' / ''i-ti-iq ṭe-em ina'' KUR ''i-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''an-ni'' / KI.MIN KI.TUŠ KUR KUR KUR<sub>2</sub>-''ir'' / <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>: SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup>/ <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN: <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup>/ ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AŠ<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Venus rises in the month of Shabbat on the 2nd (or) 3rd day and appears in the horn [of the Goat], var.: in the month of Shabbat on the 1st day [it comes close] and passes the horn of the Yoke: the order of the country will change, var.: the place of the country will become different; (explanation): Goat = the head (possibly the front part) of the Goat-Fish, Yoke = Goat-Fish, in the month of Shabbat, it (=Venus) passes in front of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 194, K.42:7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 196, K.12373:2].


         (9) In Piscis Austrinus (behind the Goat-Fish) one star is red; [DIŠ ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' ˹SA<sub>5</sub>˺ ... KU[N] <sup>˹mul˺</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> DU-''ma'' KU<sub>6</sub>.ME ḪA.A.ME ... "[If in] Pisces 1 star is very red: ... [Mars?] stands [in] the tail of the Goat-Fish: the fish will disappear ..." [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:58]; here <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> appears to denote the back of the constellation Goat-Fish, i.e., its tail.
         (9) In Piscis Austrinus (behind the Goat-Fish) one star is red; [DIŠ ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' ˹SA<sub>5</sub>˺ ... KU[N] <sup>˹mul˺</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> DU-''ma'' KU<sub>6</sub>.ME ḪA.A.ME ... "[If in] Pisces 1 star is very red: ... [Mars?] stands [in] the tail of the Goat-Fish: the fish will disappear ..." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:58]; here <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> appears to denote the back of the constellation Goat-Fish, i.e., its tail.


         (10) Eclipse of the Moon in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]], VI 4.
         (10) Eclipse of the Moon in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]], VI 4.
Line 131: Line 131:
         (12) Mars in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|<sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'']], III 35.
         (12) Mars in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|<sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'']], III 35.


[1] In writing ''suḫurmāšu'' we follow [AHw, 1055; ARAK; Borger 2004; LABS; NSAM 2], although the only known syllabic entry suggests a longitude at the end of the word; accordingly the Chicago Dictionary gives: suḫurmašû [CAD S, 351a].
[1] In writing ''suḫurmāšu'' we follow [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1055; ARAK<ref name=":9" />; Borger 2004<ref>''Borger, R.'' Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004</ref>; LABS<ref name=":8" />; NSAM 2<ref name=":3" />], although the only known syllabic entry suggests a longitude at the end of the word; accordingly the Chicago Dictionary gives: suḫurmašû [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 351a].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==

Latest revision as of 07:34, 21 September 2025

Babylonian Goat-Fish in Capricornus (painted by J. Gullberg 2021 for Stellarium).
Babylonian Goat-Fish in Capricornus (painted by R. Perdok 2016 for LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, here on Stellarium map).

mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (𒀯𒋦𒈧), syllabic spelling (mul)Suḫurmāšu, "The Goat-Fish", is the Mesopotamian equivalent of the Greek Αἰγόκερος (The Goat-Horned), Latin Capricornus.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)

= suḫurmāšu “goat-fish” (emblematic animal of Enki/Ea). mulMÁ.GUR8 u mulSUḪUR.MÁŠ (EA 15l). mulSUḪUR.MÁŠku6 (EA 14–15l).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= suḫurmāšu "Goat-Fish" (lit. "Carp-Goat"); a constellation corresponding to modern Capricorn (Capricornus) [Gössmann[1] 344; BPO 2[2], 14; Wiggermann 1992, 184-185].

Sources Identifications
Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.
  • mulMAŠ2 [KUB[3] IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2[2], 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985[4], 130:46].
EAE.
  • See. [BPO 2[2], III 26a, 28b, 31a; BPO 3[5], 286; NSAM 2[6], 248; SpTU I[7], 93:10'; SpTU IV[8], 162 r. 6].
  • Predictions of EAE (new reading based on photograph in CDLI P238211 (K2906+10108)):
    • [DIŠ mu]lṢal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 TU-ma...
    • "[If] Mars enters the area mulSUḪUR.MAŠ ..." [ACh Ištar[9], 34:16].
"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."

Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.

  • List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 12): mulsuḫur.maš2ku6 [CT[10] 33, 9 r. 20; HBA[11], 105; MCG[12], 176].
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) The stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Ship and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34).
  • (2) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, after mulPA.BIL.SAG, before mulGU.LA (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn [MA[13], 39, 68].
"Letters" and "Reports."

See. [LABS[14], 104 r. 2, 6; 172 r. 7; ARAK[15], 73 r. 3].

Star List V R 46, 1:38.
  • mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = dNabû(PA) u dTaš-me-tu4 "Ship (and) Goat-fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA[11], 52:38; Wee 2016[16], 162-3].
Dalbanna-text.
  • §r. ˹mulsuḫur˺.maš2ku6 "Goat-Fish" (β Cap), see (Kurtik a04) A2mušen.
Text W. 22281a.
  • ina itiBAR UD 1[5 KAM2...] / MURUB4 mulSUḪUR.[MAŠ2 šit-qu-lu...]
    • "On the 1[5th] of nisan (before sunrise) [...] the midpoint of the Goat-Fi[sh would be in equilibrium] (= culminates)" [SpTU I[7], 95:1'-2'; ASM[17], 99].
Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.
  • (a) S[I ...] "Hor[n of ( Goat-Fish) ...]" (β Capricorni).
  • (b) S[UḪUR? ...] "(Front star) Go[at-Fish]" (γ Capricorni) [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004[18], 564:10′-11′].
Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.
  • (1) "Lunaries."
    • (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulsuḫur.maš2 "Area of the Goat-Fish," astrological meanings: removal of evil from a person's house, removal from former positions, etc. [Ungnad 1941-44[19], 258-259: 11, 28, 49; Emelyanov 1999[20], 193-197],
    • (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik m22) MAŠ2.
  • (2) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 6th part is mulsuḫur.maš2 [Weidner 1967[21], 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
  • (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlSUḪUR.MAŠku6 a-lid ... "In the region of  Goat-Fish was born..." [LBAT[22], 1593 rev. 9′; Reiner 2000[23]].
  • (4) Predictions of grain prices based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations (among them múlSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6) and other phenomena [SpTU I[7], 94, passim], zibbat(KUN) SUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Tail of the  Goat-Fish" [SpTU I[7], 94:36]. See also [SpTU III[8], 102 r. 5; Civil 1974[24], 336:11].
  • (5) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the sign of the zodiac. DIŠ S[ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ AN.MI GAR-ma...] "If the Mo[on eclipses in the  Goat-Fish...]" [Rochberg-Halton 1984[25], 135: rev. 19], see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.

See also: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 = suḫur-ma-šu-u2 [BPO 2[2], III 28b] (Kurtik a18 AL.LUL, VI 2), mulxSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (in unclear context) [SpTU IV[8], 162 r. 6].

Additional

II. Deity.

         In the earliest images, the Goat-Fish is associated with the following: water, the jug from which water pours out, the god Enki/Ea, and is also confirmed in the texts [Seidl 1968[26], 178-181; Wiggermann 1992, 184]. In astronomical texts the Goat-Fish is identified with the goddess of fate Tašmētu (Tašmētu), who was considered to be the consort of Nabu [Tallqvist 1938[27], 381] (see Kurtik n02 dNabû). The Goat-Fish also appears as an astral incarnation of Tiamat in the text BM 55466, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is seen as an astral image of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu; ina qaq-qa-ri / múlmaš2 ti-amat pu-uḫ-ri ana ṣal-tu4 "In the region (of the constellation) of the Goat-Fish, Tiamat, (the head of the warrior) assembly, for the battle (settled down)" [STC II[28], Pl. LXX rev. 3-4; Reynolds 1999[29], 370-371]. In astrological geography, the Goat-Fish is associated with the cities of Eridu and Hit, see (Kurtik g27) GU.LA, VI 4.

III. Symbol.

         A mythological character from Ea/Enki's entourage who had goat-like frontal features (head, horns, and a pair of legs) and fish-like features in the hind (torso and tail). Images are found from the Ur III (XXI century BC) to the Hellenistic periods on seals, kudurru, and as clay statuettes that had apotropaic significance [CS[30]; Braun-Holzinger 1996[31], Nr. 903-905, 907, etc.; Seidl 1968[32], 178; AUWE 19[33], nos. 661-714; Kurtik 1998, 41; Kurtik 2007[34], figs. 36, 37, 38, 48]. According to some descriptions, the Goat-fish also had a dogwood cane (eʼru) [Wiggermann 1992, 184]. It is not known exactly when this symbol acquired astral significance as a figure of the constellation mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6. Most of the known images do not contain astral signs, which appear only on seals from Hellenistic times [AUWE 19[33]]. However, in the Old Babylonian period it seems to have already taken place. In astrology they distinguished between the frontal parts of the constellation - mulUZ3 "Goat" and the hind parts - mulKU6 "Fish" (see below), and they should not be confused with constellations with similar names that were outside the zodiacal belt. In the text W 22646, which, according to [Foxvog 1993[35], 107], contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations, Capricorn corresponds to the word u2-ri-ṣa "goat" [SpTU II[36], 43:10, 26].

IV. Identification.

         = Capricorn [Gössmann[1] 344; Waerden 1949[37], 14; 1952-53, 219; Weidner 1957-59[38], 78a; BPO 2[2], 11, 14; MA[13], 138; Mesop.Astrol.[39], 207, App. C; ASM[17], 272; Horowitz 2014[40], 248].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

         (1) SI MAŠ2 "Horn of the Goat-Fish" (β Capricorni).

         (2) MUL2 IGI ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 "The front star of the Goat-Fish" (γ Capricorni).

         (3) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 "Rear star of the Goat-Fish" (δ Capricorni).

Stars (1)-(3) were used in the Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts as "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) MUL.ŠID.MEŠ.

         (4) The middle star in the horn of the Goat-Fish, see (Kurtik m22) MAŠ2.

         (5) [...MU]L2? SIG ˹ša2 SI MAŠ2˺ "The lower [sta]r in the horn of the Goat-Fish" [AD III[41], No. -87 rev. 18].

         (6) KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3[5] 84, K.6021 r. 13′; 248, K.2346+:58].

         (7) SI MAŠ2 ar2 "The hind horn of the Goat-Fish" [AD I[41] 242, No.-307 B: 6′].

         (8) SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Head of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3[5] 194, K. 42+:24′].

VI. Astrology.

Identifications:

         (1) = Raven; see (Kurtik k24) KU6, V 10.

         (2) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, VI 2.

         (3) = Kidney; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM ana IGI-it mulŠUDUN DU-iz mulBIR / mulŠUDUN: mulGU.LA mulBIR mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 "The star that stands ahead of the Yoke during windrise is the Kidney. Yoke = Giant, Kidney = Goat-Fish" [BPO 2[2], III 31a].

         (4) = Mars; [...mulMa-ak-r]u-u2 mulKU6 KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 " [...Red Star (=Mars) = Fish = the tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3[5], 84, K. 6021+ rev. 13′].

         (5) = Fish; see (Kurtik k24) KU6, V 9 and below (9).

         (6) = Yoke; see below (8).

         (7) = Goat; see below (8).

Predictions:

         (7) Venus approaches Piscis Austrinus (=Great One, Aqr, after Goat-Fish); see (Kurtik k24) KU6, V 9.

         (8) Venus passes ahead of the Goat-Fish; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAŠ2 UD.2.KAM UD.3.KAM KUR-ma ina SI m[ulUZ3] / E3-a: ina itiAŠ2 UD.1.KAM ina SI mulŠUDUN [iṭ-ḫi-m]a / i-ti-iq ṭe-em ina KUR i-ša2-an-ni / KI.MIN KI.TUŠ KUR KUR KUR2-ir / mulUZ3: SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ mulŠUDUN: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ ina itiAŠ2 ina IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 DIB-iq-ma "If Venus rises in the month of Shabbat on the 2nd (or) 3rd day and appears in the horn [of the Goat], var.: in the month of Shabbat on the 1st day [it comes close] and passes the horn of the Yoke: the order of the country will change, var.: the place of the country will become different; (explanation): Goat = the head (possibly the front part) of the Goat-Fish, Yoke = Goat-Fish, in the month of Shabbat, it (=Venus) passes in front of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3[5], 194, K.42:7], see also [ibid.[5], 196, K.12373:2].

         (9) In Piscis Austrinus (behind the Goat-Fish) one star is red; [DIŠ ina ŠA3 m]ulKU6 1 MUL ma-diš ˹SA5˺ ... KU[N] ˹mul˺SUḪUR.MAŠ2 DU-ma KU6.ME ḪA.A.ME ... "[If in] Pisces 1 star is very red: ... [Mars?] stands [in] the tail of the Goat-Fish: the fish will disappear ..." [BPO 3[5], 248, K.2346+:58]; here mulKU6 appears to denote the back of the constellation Goat-Fish, i.e., its tail.

         (10) Eclipse of the Moon in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik g27) GU.LA, VI 4.

         (11) Mercury becomes visible in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik k24) KU6, V 10.

         (12) Mars in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik ts02) dṢalbatānu, III 35.

[1] In writing suḫurmāšu we follow [AHw[42], 1055; ARAK[15]; Borger 2004[43]; LABS[14]; NSAM 2[6]], although the only known syllabic entry suggests a longitude at the end of the word; accordingly the Chicago Dictionary gives: suḫurmašû [CAD[44] S, 351a].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, h06) G. 190
mulḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA (𒀯𒄭𒈗𒈦𒂟𒄩)     

should now be read mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2.

See the photograph in CDLI P238211 (K2906+10108).   

mulḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA

only found in the predictions from EAE: correct reading is now S.

Kurtik (2022, s24 + s25) Gössmann (1950)
= suḫurmāšu[1] «Коза-Рыба» (букв. «Карп-Коза»); созвездие, соответствующее современному Козерогу (Capricornus) [G. 344; BPO 2, 14; Wiggermann 1992, 184–185].

I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulMAŠ2 [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 26a, 28b, 31a; BPO 3, 286; NSAM 2, 248; SpTU I, 93:10'; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 12): mulsuḫur.maš2ku6 [CT 33, 9 r. 20; HBA, 105; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Корабль и Коза-Рыба» (I ii 34). (2) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, после mulPA.BIL.SAG, перед mulGU.LA (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn  [MA, 39, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 104 r. 2, 6;  172 r. 7; ARAK, 73 r. 3]. Список звезд V R, 46, 1:38. mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = dNabû(PA) u dTaš-me-tu4 «Корабль (и) Коза-рыба = Набу и Ташмету» [HBA, 52:38; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Dalbanna-текст. §r. ˹mulsuḫur˺.maš2ku6 «Коза-Рыба» (β Cap), см. a04A2mušen. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiBAR UD 1[5 KAM2…] / MURUB4 mulSUḪUR.[MAŠ2 šit-qu-lu…] «1[5-го] нисану (перед восходом Солнца) […] середина Козы-Ры[бы в равновесии] (= кульминирует)» [SpTU I, 95:1'–2'; ASM, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) S[I …] «Ро[г (Козы-Рыбы) …]» (β Capricorni). b) S[UḪUR? …] «(Передняя звезда) Ко[зы-Рыбы]» (γ Capricorni) [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:10′–11′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulsuḫur.maš2 «Область Козы-Рыбы», астрологические значения: удаление зла от дома человека, удаление с прежних позиций и др. [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 11, 28, 49; Емельянов 1999, 193–197], b) BRM IV, 19, см. m22MAŠ2. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 6-я часть — mulsuḫur.maš2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlSUḪUR.MAŠku6 a-lid … «В области Козы-Рыбы родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 9′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий (среди них múlSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6) и другим явлениям [SpTU I, 94, passim], zibbat(KUN) SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6 «Хвост Козы-Рыбы» [SpTU I, 94:36]. См. также [SpTU III, 102 r. 5; Civil 1974, 336:11]. (5) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ S[in ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ AN.MI GAR-ma…] «Если Лу[на затмилась в Козе-Рыбе…]» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 19], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 = suḫur-ma-šu-u2 [BPO 2, III 28b] (a18AL.LUL, VI 2), mulxSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (в неясном контексте) [SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].

II. Божество.

На самых ранних изображениях Коза-Рыба ассоциируется с водой, кувшином, из которого изливается вода, богом Энки/Эа, что подтверждается также текстами [Seidl 1968, 178–181; Wiggermann 1992, 184]. В астрономических текстах Коза–Рыба отождествляется с богиней судьбы Ташмету (Tašmētu), считавшейся супругой Набу [Tallqvist 1938, 381] (см. n02). Коза-Рыба выступает также в роли астрального воплощения Тиамат в тексте BM 55466, где ночное небо в месяце тебету рассматривается как астральное изображение сражения Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу; ina qaq-qa-ri / múlmaš2 ti-amat pu-uḫ-ri ana ṣal-tu4  «В области (созвездия) Коза-Рыба Тиамат, (глава воинского) собрания, для битвы (расположилась)» [STC II, Pl. LXX rev. 3–4; Reynolds 1999, 370–371]. В астрологической географии Коза-Рыба связана с городами Эриду и Хит, см. g27GU.LA, VI 4.

III. Символ.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Эа/Энки, у которого передняя часть (голова, рога и пара ног) была козлиная, а задняя часть (туловище и хвост) — рыбья. Его изображения встречаются с эпохи III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.) до эллинистического времени на печатях, кудурру, а также в виде глиняных статуэток, имевших апотропеическое значение [CS; Braun-Holzinger 1996, Nr. 903–905, 907 и др.; Seidl 1968, 178; AUWE 19, № 661–714; Куртик 1998, 41; Куртик 2007, рис. 36, 37, 38, 48]. Согласно некоторым описаниям, у него имелась также кизиловая трость (eʼru) [Wiggermann 1992, 184]. В точности неизвестно, когда именно этот символ приобрел астральное значение как фигура созвездия mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6. Большинство известных изображений не содержит астральных признаков, которые появляются лишь на печатях эллинистического времени [AUWE 19]. Однако в старовавилонский период, по-видимому, это уже имело место. В астрологии различали переднюю часть созвездия — mulUZ3 «Коза» и заднюю часть — mulKU6 «Рыба» (см. ниже), которые не следует путать с созвездиями, имевшими аналогичные названия, но находившимися за пределами зодиакального пояса. В тексте W 22646, который, согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, Козерогу соответствует слово u2-ri-ṣa «коза» [SpTU II, 43:10, 26].

IV. Отождествление.

= Capricorn [G. 344; Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; Weidner 1957–59, 78a; BPO 2, 11, 14; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 248].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) SI MAŠ2 «Рог Козы-Рыбы» (β Capricorni).

(2) MUL2 IGI ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Передняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (γ Capricorni).

(3) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Задняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (δ Capricorni).

Звезды (1)–(3) использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений» в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL.ŠID.MEŠ.

(4)  Средняя звезда рога Козы-Рыбы, см. m22MAŠ2.

(5)  […MU]L2? SIG ˹ša2 SI MAŠ2˺ «Нижняя [звезд]а рога Козы-Рыбы» [AD III, No. -87 rev. 18].

(6)  KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Хвост Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3 84, K.6021 r. 13′; 248, K.2346+:58].

(7)  SI MAŠ2 ar2 «Задний рог Козы-Рыбы» [AD I 242, No.-307 B: 6′].

(8)  SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Голова Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3 194, K. 42+:24′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1)  = Ворон; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(2)  = Краб; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 2.

(3) = Почка; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM ana IGI-it mulŠUDUN DU-iz mulBIR / mulŠUDUN: mulGU.LA mulBIR mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Звезда, которая при восходе ветра впереди Ярма стоит, это Почка. Ярмо = Великан, Почка = Коза-Рыба» [BPO 2, III 31a].

(4) = Марс; […mulMa-ak-r]u-u2 mulKU6 KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «[… Красн]ая звезда (=Марс) = Рыба = хвост Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 84, K. 6021+ rev. 13′].

(5) = Рыба; см. k24KU6, V 9 и ниже (9).

(6) = Ярмо; см. ниже (8).

(7) = Коза; см. ниже (8).

Предсказания:

(7) Венера подходит к Рыбе (= Коза-Рыба); см. k24KU6, V 9.

(8) Венера проходит впереди Козы-Рыбы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAŠ2 UD.2.KAM UD.3.KAM KUR-ma ina SI m[ulUZ3] / E3-a: ina itiAŠ2 UD.1.KAM ina SI mulŠUDUN [iṭ-ḫi-m]a / i-ti-iq ṭe-em ina KUR i-ša2-an-ni / KI.MIN KI.TUŠ KUR KUR2-ir / mulUZ3: SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ mulŠUDUN: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ ina itiAŠ2 ina IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6 DIB-iq-ma «Если Венера в месяце шабату восходит во 2-й (или) 3-й день и появляется на роге [Козы], вар.: в месяце шабату в 1-й день [она подходит близко] и проходит рог Ярма: порядок в стране изменится, вар.: место страны станет другим; (пояснение): Коза = голова (возможно, передняя часть) Козы-Рыбы, Ярмо = Коза-Рыба, в месяце шабату она (=Венера) проходит впереди Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 194, K.42:7], см. также [ibid., 196, K.12373:2].

(9) В Рыбе (= задняя часть Козы-Рыбы?) одна звезда красная; [DIŠ ina ŠA3 m]ulKU6 1 MUL ma-diš ˹SA5˺ … KU[N] ˹mul˺SUḪUR.MAŠ2 DU-ma KU6.ME ḪA.A.ME … «[Если в] Рыбе 1 звезда очень красная: … [Марс? в] хвосте Козы-Рыбы стоит: рыбы исчезнут …» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:58]; здесь mulKU6, по-видимому, обозначает заднюю часть созвездия Коза-Рыба, т.е. ее хвост.

(10) Затмение Луны в Козе-Рыбе; см. g27GU.LA, VI 4.

(11) Меркурий становится виден в Козе-Рыбе; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(12) Марс в Козе-Рыбе; см. ts02dṢalbatānu, III 35.

[1] При написании suḫurmāšu мы следуем [AHw, 1055; ARAK; Borger 2004; LABS; NSAM 2], хотя единственная известная силлабическая запись предполагает долготу на конце слова; соответственно Чикагский словарь дает: suḫurmašû [CAD S, 351a]. 		Example
Kurtik (2022, s24)

(mul)Suḫurmāšu
редко используемая аккадская параллель к mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Коза-Рыба» (букв. «Карп-Коза»), месопотамский эквивалент греческого Козерога, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  3. ↑ Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi (Berlin). KBo
  4. ↑ K. van der Toorn. Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Verderame L. Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
  9. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  10. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  12. ↑ Horowitz W. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
  16. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  18. ↑ Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F. A Late Babylonian Normal and Ziqpu Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.
  19. ↑ Ungnad A. Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.
  20. ↑ Емельянов В.В. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.
  21. ↑ Weidner  E.  Gestirn-Darstellungen  auf  babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).
  22. ↑ A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
  23. ↑ Reiner E. Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.
  24. ↑ Civil M. Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.
  25. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.
  26. ↑ Seidl U. Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.
  27. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  28. ↑ King L.W. The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.
  29. ↑ Reynolds F. Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.
  30. ↑ Frankfort H. Cylinder Seals. London, 1939.
  31. ↑ Braun-Holzinger E.A. Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.
  32. ↑ Seidl U. Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Wallenfels R. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).
  34. ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  35. ↑ Foxvog D.A. Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.
  36. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.
  37. ↑ Waerden B. L. van der. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.
  38. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  39. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  40. ↑ Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
  42. ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
  43. ↑ Borger, R. Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004
  44. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
Retrieved from "https://xing.fmi.uni-jena.de/mediawiki/index.php?title=SUḪUR.MAŠ2&oldid=33136"