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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Zibānītum''}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Zibānītum''}}


<sup>mul</sup>''Zibānītum'' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
<sup>mul</sup>''Zibānītum'' (𒀯𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.


==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Dictionary==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Akkadian parallel to <sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.ERIN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>ZI.BA.AN.NA "Libra"; 1) the constellation Libra (Libra), 2) Saturn, Mercury, or Mars [G. 176; CAD Z, 100], see also e18[[ERIN2|ERIN<sub>2</sub>]], g12[[GI6|GI<sub>6</sub>]], g22[[GIŠ.ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN<sub>2</sub>]], z07[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]], z08[[ZIB|ZIB<sup>me</sup>]].
Akkadian parallel to <sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.ERIN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>ZI.BA.AN.NA "Libra";

* 1) the constellation Libra (Libra),
* 2) Saturn, Mercury, or Mars [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176; CAD<ref name=":1">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 100], see also (Kurtik e18) [[ERIN2|ERIN<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik g12) [[GI6|GI<sub>6</sub>]], (Kurtik g22) [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]], (Kurtik z08) [[ZIB|ZIB<sup>me</sup>]].

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|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
See z07[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]], b10[[Bibbu]].
See (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]], (Kurtik b10) ''[[Bibbu]]''.
|Example
|Example
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|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, IX 10, XVII 15; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 235:5′; Largement 1957<ref name=":4">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:96-98; NSAM 2<ref name=":5">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; Van Soldt 1995<ref name=":6">''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, Table 24(25) III 65].
See. [BPO 2, IX 10, XVII 15; BPO 3, 235:5′; Largement 1957, 252:96-98; NSAM 2, 249; Van Soldt 1995, Table 24(25) III 65].
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|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)".'''
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)".'''
Astrolabe P.
Astrolabe P. Stars of Anu, month of tashrit, 80 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) List (12´3): mul sa<sub>5</sub> ša i-na zi im.ulu<sub>3</sub>.lu / ana igi <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab gub-zu / <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim <sup>d</sup>Zi-ba-ni-tum "The red star that stands at the rising of the south wind in front of Scorpius: planet, Libra" (B ii 8-10); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 3]. (2) List (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub>] ... <sup>mul</sup>Zi-ba-ni-tum šu-ut <sup>d</sup>A-nim "[Tashritu]: ... The Libra (rises in the path of) Anu " (C ii 7). (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising – Tashrit, setting – Nisan [KAV 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see n35[[NIN.MAḪ]]. BM 82923. Month of Tashrit, stars of Anu: <sup>mul</sup>Zi-ba-ni-tum // 1,20 // EN <sup>d</sup>UTU "Libra // 80 // Lord(?), Shamash" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 28, 30:20]. LBAT 1499.In the Anu column in the line for tashritu, <sup>múl</sup>Zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> is replaced by <sup>múl</sup>A-nu-ni-tu<sub>4</sub>. Text Nv. 10. <sup>mul</sup>zi-˹ba-nit˺<sup>?</sup> - AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA star in the month of duuzu, see sh16[[ŠU.GI]].

* Stars of Anu, month of tashrit, 80 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3): mul sa<sub>5</sub> ''ša i-na'' zi im.ulu<sub>3</sub>.lu / ''ana'' igi <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab gub-''zu'' / <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim <sup>d</sup>''Zi-ba-ni-tum'' "The red star that stands at the rising of the south wind in front of Scorpius: planet, Libra" (B ii 8-10); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 3].
* (2) List (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub>] ... <sup>mul</sup>''Zi-ba-ni-tum šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' "[Tashritu]: ... The Libra (rises in the path of) Anu " (C ii 7).
* (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising – Tashrit, setting – Nisan [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40], see (Kurtik n35) [[NIN.MAḪ]].

BM 82923.

* Month of Tashrit, stars of Anu: <sup>mul</sup>''Zi-ba-ni-tum'' // 1,20 // EN <sup>d</sup>UTU "Libra // 80 // Lord(?), Shamash" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:20].

LBAT 1499.

* In the Anu column in the line for tashritu, <sup>múl</sup>''Zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> is replaced by <sup>múl</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub>.

Text Nv. 10.

* <sup>mul</sup>''zi''-˹''ba-nit''˺<sup>?</sup> - AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA star in the month of duuzu, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
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|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (No. 10): <sup>mul</sup>Zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>2</sub> [CT 33, 9 r. 12; MCG, 176]. (b) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 6): [<sup>mul</sup>Zi-ba-n]i-tu<sub>4</sub> [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
* (a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (No. 10): <sup>mul</sup>''Zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>2</sub> [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 12; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
* (b) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 6): [<sup>mul</sup>''Zi-ba-n'']''i-tu''<sub>4</sub> [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
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|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
Anu. 3.
Anu. 3. [MUL S]A<sub>5</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> ina ZI IM.ULU<sub>3</sub><sup>lu</sup> IGI-it <sup>múl</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB GUB<sub>3</sub><sup>!</sup> MUL<sub>2</sub> UDU.IDIM: <sup>d</sup>z[i-ba-ni-tum] / [(<sup>mul)</sup>SA]G.UŠ<sup>!</sup> MUL bi-ib-bu zi-ba-ni-tum <sup>d</sup>UTU a-˹na˺ [...] "The [re]d [star] that stands at the rising of the south wind and in front of Scorpius, is a planet: L[ibra, Sa]turn, the planet, the Libra of Shamash. For [...]" (B.17-18) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178-179].

* [MUL S]A<sub>5</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU<sub>3</sub><sup>lu</sup> IGI-''it'' <sup>múl</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB GUB<sub>3</sub><sup>!</sup> MUL<sub>2</sub> UDU.IDIM: <sup>d</sup>''z''[''i-ba-ni-tum''] / [(<sup>mul)</sup>SA]G.UŠ<sup>!</sup> MUL ''bi-ib-bu zi-ba-ni-tum'' <sup>d</sup>UTU ''a''-˹''na''˺ [...] "The [re]d [star] that stands at the rising of the south wind and in front of Scorpius, is a planet: L[ibra, Sa]turn, the planet, the Libra of Shamash. For [...]" (B.17-18) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7" />, 178-179].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
(1) Dates of heliacal risings: ina <sup>iti</sup>DU<sub>6</sub> UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM <sup>mul</sup>EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / u <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU IGI<sup>me</sup>-ma 3 MA.NA EN.NUN u<sub>4</sub>-mi 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI<sub>6</sub> "On the 15th of Tashrit, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gulas) become visible; 3 mins – the day guard, 3 mins – the night guard" (I iii 1-2), see also: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>Zi-b]a-ni-tum [...] ina ITI x IGI-mar [...] "[L]ibra [...] rises heliacally in the month of [...]" [BPO 2, IX 10]. (2) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets (I iii 23-24), see h12[[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]. (3) Intervals between the dates of heliacal sunrises: TA KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> 20 UD<sup>meš</sup> ana KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> / TA KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ana KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> "20 days from the rising of the Furrow to the rising of Libra. 30 days from the rising of Libra to the rising of the Goat" (I iii 37-38). (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: ina <sup>iti</sup>DU<sub>6</sub> UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ina MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> KUR-ḫa "On the 15th of tashrit, the Lion stands in the middle of the sky opposite its chest, and Libra rises" (I iv 25), see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 117, BM 73815: 5′]. (5) Stars "in the path of the moon": <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub>, after <sup>mul</sup>AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>, before <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB (I iv 35), see s20[[Sîn|<sup>d</sup>Sîn]]. (6) First intercalation scheme: (II i 14, 20), see m35[[MUL.MUL]], u30[[UTU|<sup>d</sup>UTU]]. (7) List of planets: <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [KIMIN] <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> MUL <sup>d</sup>UTU "Saturn, [also called] Libra (or) the Star of Shamash" (II i 38-39). (8) In the observations of Saturn: <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KIMIN <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> MUL <sup>d</sup>UTU "Saturn, [called also] Libra (or) the Star of the Sun" (II i 64) [MA, 43, 50, 54, 65, 68, 73, 76, 80, 86]; see also z07[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* (1) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>DU<sub>6</sub> UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM <sup>mul</sup>EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU IGI<sup>me</sup>-''ma'' 3 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mi'' 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI<sub>6</sub> "On the 15th of Tashrit, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gulas) become visible; 3 mins – the day guard, 3 mins – the night guard" (I iii 1-2), see also: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>''Zi-b'']''a-ni-tum'' [...] ''ina'' ITI x IGI-''mar'' [...] "[L]ibra [...] rises heliacally in the month of [...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, IX 10].
* (2) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets (I iii 23-24), see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].
* (3) Intervals between the dates of heliacal sunrises: TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> 20 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> / TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> "20 days from the rising of the Furrow to the rising of Libra. 30 days from the rising of Libra to the rising of the Goat" (I iii 37-38).
* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>DU<sub>6</sub> UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> KUR-''ḫa'' "On the 15th of tashrit, the Lion stands in the middle of the sky opposite its chest, and Libra rises" (I iv 25), see also [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 117, BM 73815: 5′].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the moon": <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub>, after <sup>mul</sup>AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>, before <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|<sup>d</sup>''Sîn'']].
* (6) First intercalation scheme: (II i 14, 20), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|<sup>d</sup>UTU]].
* (7) List of planets: <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [KIMIN] <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> MUL <sup>d</sup>UTU "Saturn, [also called] Libra (or) the Star of Shamash" (II i 38-39).
* (8) In the observations of Saturn: <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KIMIN <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> MUL <sup>d</sup>UTU "Saturn, [called also] Libra (or) the Star of the Sun" (II i 64) [MA<ref name=":9">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 43, 50, 54, 65, 68, 73, 76, 80, 86]; see also (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
Text BM 77054.
* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub> ud.15.kam sag.du mu[l...] / <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tum'' [...] "On the 15th of tashrit, the head of the constellat[ion ...] / Libra [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, rev. 3′-4′].
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|'''"Reports."'''
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [ARAK<ref name=":10">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 353].
See. [ARAK, 353].
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|'''Text BM 77054.'''
ina <sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub> ud.15.kam sag.du mu[l...] / <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tum [...] "On the 15th of tashrit, the head of the constellat[ion ...] / Libra [...]" [George 1991, 304-305, rev. 3′-4′].
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|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
(1) 12 stars of Akkad: <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tum; (2) 7 Celestial Twins: <sup>mul</sup>zi.ba.an.na [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211, 235].
* (1) 12 stars of Akkad: <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tum'';
* (2) 7 Celestial Twins: <sup>mul</sup>zi.ba.an.na [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:211, 235].
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|'''GU text.'''
|'''GU text.'''
(L) kal-lum <sup>mul</sup>giš.erin<sub>2</sub> igi-u<sub>2</sub> "Front bowl of Libra" (α Lib), see d11[[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]]. (M) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-nit "The middle portion of Libra" (β Lib). (N) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-nit "Middle of Libra" (γ Lib), see g19[[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]].
* (L) ''kal-lum'' <sup>mul</sup>giš.erin<sub>2</sub> igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Front bowl of Libra" (α Lib), see (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]].
* (M) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-nit'' "The middle portion of Libra" (β Lib).
* (N) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-nit'' "Middle of Libra" (γ Lib), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]].
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|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
See z07[[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
See (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
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|'''LBAT 1502.'''
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
[<sup>múl</sup>zi-ba-ni-t]u<sub>4</sub> is the star Antashurra, see t01[[Tak-ša2-a-ti|Tak-ša<sub>2</sub>-a-ti]].
* [<sup>múl</sup>''zi-ba-ni-t'']''u''<sub>4</sub> is the star Antashurra, see (Kurtik t01) [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''a-ti'']].
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|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
* (1) Libra as the hypsoma of Saturn, cf. [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; MA, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11" />, 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 56], as well as (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]], (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].
(1) Libra as the hypsoma of Saturn, cf. [G. 176; MA, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol., 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56], as well as u07[[UDU.IDIM]], u09[[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]. (2) "Lunaries": a) BRM IV, 20: ki <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-nu "Region of Libra," astrological meaning: the love of the man for a woman, return of lost things [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259: 5, 20; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193], see also g22[[GIŠ.ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN<sub>2</sub>]], e18[[ERIN2|ERIN<sub>2</sub>]]. (3) Extispicy involving correspondences between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars: ZE<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A-nim <sup>iti</sup>DU<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> "'Gallbladder' Anu, month of tashrit, Libra" [SpTU IV, 159:13; Reiner 1995, 78]. (4) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ Sin ina <sup>mul</sup>Zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> AN.MI GAR-ma... "If the Moon eclipses in Libra..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:16′], see s20[[Sîn]].
* (2) "Lunaries":
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-nu'' "Region of Libra," astrological meaning: the love of the man for a woman, return of lost things [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 258-259: 5, 20; Reiner 1995<ref name=":12">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193], see also (Kurtik g22) [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik e18) [[ERIN2|ERIN<sub>2</sub>]].
* (3) Extispicy involving correspondences between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars: ZE<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' <sup>iti</sup>DU<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> "'Gallbladder' Anu, month of tashrit, Libra" [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:13; Reiner 1995<ref name=":12" />, 78].
* (4) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ ''Sin ina'' <sup>mul</sup>''Zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> AN.MI GAR-''ma''... "If the Moon eclipses in Libra..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:16′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
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    See also: <sup>múl</sup>zi-ba-ni-[tum] ša<sub>2</sub> ki-na-a-tum // mu-šaq-qil-tum "Libr[a] revealing the truth = scales" [CT 41, 39:6; CAD Z, 99b], as well as [SpTU II, 42:13; SpTU III, 103:10; SpTU V, 270:3′ +Bemerkung].
    See also: <sup>múl</sup>''zi-ba-ni''-[''tum''] ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ki-na-a-tum'' // ''mu-šaq-qil-tum'' "Libr[a] revealing the truth = scales" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 41, 39:6; CAD<ref name=":1" /> Z, 99b], as well as [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 42:13; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 103:10; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 270:3′ +Bemerkung].


===Additional===
===Additional===
    '''II. Deity.'''


==== II. Deity. ====
    The name Libra is not often written with the determinative d. Many texts note of Libra's association with Shamash and Saturn, see in this connection [LAS 2, 342-3; Wolters 1993]. The ritual of "washing the mouth" or "reviving" a statue of a deity (mīs pî) is prescribed as the following: 6 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na <sup>mul</sup>Zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> E<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>UTU <sup>mul</sup>APIN <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA / <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> tara-kas<sub>2</sub> KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U<sub>3</sub>.DA DU<sub>3</sub>-uš) "6 altars you set up before the Libra, the house of Shamash, the Plow, the Shupa, the Chariot, the Erua, the Goat (and perform) the same (= mouth washing)" [Smith 1925; TuL, 105:32-33; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:32-33]. The definition of Libra as the "house of Shamash" is consistent with the notion that Libra was considered the hypsoma of Saturn (see above). The signs corresponding to E<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>UTU "House of Shamash" are read as MULU<sub>4</sub> <sup>d</sup>UTU "Star of Shamash"(?) in [SAALT I, 72:32]. See also <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-<tum> in the list of "12 city gods of Babylon"(?) in the same group as Saturn and Mercury [Livingstone 1986, 54:1, 58]. In astrological geography, the Libra was correlated with the following: a) with Sippar and Larsa, b) with Girsu, Lagash and Isin [Weidner 1963].
    The name Libra is not often written with the determinative d. Many texts note of Libra's association with Shamash and Saturn, see in this connection [LAS 2<ref name=":13">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, 342-3; Wolters 1993<ref>''Wolters A.'' An Allusion to Libra in Daniel 5* / Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. von H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 291-306.</ref>]. The ritual of "washing the mouth" or "reviving" a statue of a deity (''mīs pî'') is prescribed as the following: 6 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>''Zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> E<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>UTU <sup>mul</sup>APIN <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA / <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ''tara-kas''<sub>2</sub> KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U<sub>3</sub>.DA DU<sub>3</sub>-''uš'') "6 altars you set up before the Libra, the house of Shamash, the Plow, the Shupa, the Chariot, the Erua, the Goat (and perform) the same (= mouth washing)" [Smith 1925<ref>''Smith S.'' The Babylonian Ritual for the Consecration and Induction of a Divine Statue // JRAS. 1925. P. 37-60.</ref>; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 105:32-33; Reiner 1995<ref>Reiner 1995</ref>, 141; SAALT I<ref name=":14">''Walker, C. B. F., Dick, M. B.'' Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian ''Mīs Pî'' Ritual. Helsinki, 2001 (State Archives of Assyria, Literary Texts, Vol. I).</ref>, 72:32-33]. The definition of Libra as the "house of Shamash" is consistent with the notion that Libra was considered the hypsoma of Saturn (see above). The signs corresponding to E<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>UTU "House of Shamash" are read as MULU<sub>4</sub> <sup>d</sup>UTU "Star of Shamash"(?) in [SAALT I<ref name=":14" />, 72:32]. See also <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni''-<''tum''> in the list of "12 city gods of Babylon"(?) in the same group as Saturn and Mercury [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone  A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 54:1, 58]. In astrological geography, the Libra was correlated with the following: a) with Sippar and Larsa, b) with Girsu, Lagash and Isin [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>].


    '''III. Symbol.'''
==== III. Symbol. ====
    For astral representations of scales on Seleucid seals see. [AUWE 19<ref>''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, 155, nos. 138, 149-152, 369, 420, 550-552, 820; Wallenfels 1993<ref>''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 285, Fig. 10; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":15">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 20, 21, 30]. On them one can distinguish a scales' lever, to which a characteristic V-shaped element is attached (apparently, this is the *''zibana'' from which the name is derived) and two bowls. On the "Planisphere" K 8538 in sector 6, according to Koch, the constellation of Libra is depicted, not similar to Seleucid images [Koch 1989<ref name=":16">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 59-60, 115; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":15" />, fig. 9]. According to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which the zodiac sign Libra <sup>múl</sup>ZI is put in correspondence with ERIN<sub>2</sub> "scales" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:7, 24].


==== IV. Identification. ====
    For astral representations of scales on Seleucid seals see. [AUWE 19, 155, nos. 138, 149-152, 369, 420, 550-552, 820; Wallenfels 1993, 285, Fig. 10; Kurtik 2007, figs. 20, 21, 30]. On them one can distinguish a scales' lever, to which a characteristic V-shaped element is attached (apparently, this is the *zibana from which the name is derived) and two bowls. On the "Planisphere" K 8538 in sector 6, according to Koch, the constellation of Libra is depicted, not similar to Seleucid images [Koch 1989, 59-60, 115; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which the zodiac sign Libra <sup>múl</sup>ZI is put in correspondence with ERIN<sub>2</sub> "scales" [SpTU II, 43:7, 24].
    = Libra (Libra) [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 176; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":17">''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75a, 76a, 77; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 16]


    = α + β Librae (= <sup>mul</sup>zi.ba.an.na) in the list of astral Gemini [Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":17" />, 80b].
    '''IV. Identification.'''


    = Libra (Libra) [G. 176; Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 75a, 76a, 77; BPO 2, 16]
    = Libra and part of Virgo [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138].


    = α + β Librae (= <sup>mul</sup>zi.ba.an.na) in the list of astral Gemini [Weidner 1957-59, 80b].
    = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri [Koch 1989<ref name=":16" />, 78-79, 115].


    = Librae [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11" />, 208, App. C; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8" />, 249].
    = Libra and part of Virgo [MA, 138].


==== V. Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
    = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri [Koch 1989, 78-79, 115].
    (1) ERIN<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub> "Southern part of Librae" (= α Librae);


    (2) ERIN<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "Northern part of Libra" (β Librae);      
    = Librae [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 249].


(1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL.ŠID.MEŠ]].
    '''V. Constellation parts and individual stars.'''


    (3) ''kal-lum'' <sup>mul</sup>giš.erin<sub>2</sub> igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Front bowl of the Libra" (= λ Vir, according to [Pingree-Walker 1988, 320], = α Librae, according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":18">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58; ASM<ref name=":12" />, 275]).
    (1) ERIN<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub> "Southern part of Librae" (= α Librae);


    (4) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-nit'' "Middle of Librae" (= β Librae, according to [Pingree-Walker 1988, 320]; = γ, λ Librae, according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":18" />, 58; 1995<ref name=":19">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 61]), see also Dbn-text (§d).
    (2) ERIN<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> SI "Northern part of Libra" (β Librae);      


    (5) zi.ba.an.na igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Front (star) of Librae" (= α Librae) [Koch 1995<ref name=":19" />, 61-62].
    (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see m39[[MUL.ŠID.MEŠ]].


    (3) kal-lum <sup>mul</sup>giš.erin<sub>2</sub> igi-u<sub>2</sub> "Front bowl of the Libra" (= λ Vir, according to [Pingree-Walker 1988, 320], = α Librae, according to [Koch 1992, 58; ASM, 275]).
    (6) zi.ba.an.na egir-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Rear (star) of Librae" (= β Librae) [Koch 1995<ref name=":19" />, 61-62].


    (7) <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-nu'', an element of the figure of the constellation Libra, corresponding probably to its middle part; only in BRM IV, 20: 5, 20 [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257-9; CAD<ref name=":1" /> Z, 100b].
    (4) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-nit "Middle of Librae" (= β Librae, according to [Pingree-Walker 1988, 320]; = γ, λ Librae, according to [Koch 1992, 58; 1995, 61]), see also Dbn-text (§d).


    (8) The "upper" and "lower" parts of the Libra are implied, apparently, in VAT 9418, where the list of "7 (celestial) Twins" is replaced by <sup>mul</sup>zi.ba.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>KU.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>KU.ki.sikil.la [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 31-32; Weidner 1957-1959<ref name=":17" />, 80b], see (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.
    (5) zi.ba.an.na igi-u<sub>2</sub> "Front (star) of Librae" (= α Librae) [Koch 1995, 61-62].


==== VI. Astrology. ====
    (6) zi.ba.an.na egir-u<sub>2</sub> "Rear (star) of Librae" (= β Librae) [Koch 1995, 61-62].


===== Identifications: =====
    (7) <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-nu, an element of the figure of the constellation Libra, corresponding probably to its middle part; only in BRM IV, 20: 5, 20 [Ungnad 1941-44, 257-9; CAD Z, 100b].
    (1) = Saturn; [<sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM].SAG.UŠ [<sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni'']-''tum'' / [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba'']-''ni-tum'' KI.GUB-''su'' GI.NA / [''taš-mu'']-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL<sub>2</sub>-''ši'' "[Sat]urn = [Li]bra. [If] the position of the [Lib]ra (=Saturn) is stable (i.e., Saturn is standing): there will be [reconciliation and harmony in the country" [ARAK<ref name=":10" />, 547:5, r. 1-2]; for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 39:1-3]; see also: [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-t'']''um ma-diš'' SA<sub>5</sub> ''taš-mu-u''<sub>2</sub> [...] "[If the Libra is very red: reconciliation [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 73 r. 41]; see also [LAS 2<ref name=":13" />, 342-343; MA<ref name=":9" />, 130; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7" />, 180, Anu 3 + note 38].


    (2) = Star of Shamash; <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KI.MIN <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> MUL <sup>d</sup>UTU 'Saturn, or Libra, the star of Shamash' [Largement 1957<ref name=":4" />, 252:96]; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Zibānītu'' MUL <sup>d</sup>UTU ''ša ki'']-''na-a-ti in-nam-mar'' "[Libra –star of Shamash, jus]tice – becomes obvious " [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 235, Text 82-323,49: B r. 5'], see also the literature cited in (1).
    (8) The "upper" and "lower" parts of the Libra are implied, apparently, in VAT 9418, where the list of "7 (celestial) Twins" is replaced by <sup>mul</sup>zi.ba.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>KU.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>KU.ki.sikil.la [KAR, 142 i 31-32; Weidner 1957-1959, 80b], see m21[[Māšū]].


      (3) = Sun; DIŠ MAN ''ina'' EŠ.BAR <sup>d</sup>''a-nun-na-ki'' A.IGI AN-''e'' IGI.BAR-''ma'' DARA<sub>4</sub>-''meš'' / GAL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ <sup>d</sup>''Zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> TUR<sub>3</sub> SIG<sub>7</sub> NIGIN-''at''<sub>2</sub> ... "If the Sun weeps because of the decision of the Anunnaki, (and when) you observe the sky, there is darkness, (and) the Scales are surrounded by a green halo: ... the time of enmity will come, one king will defeat another (king) [...], a king from a distant barbarian country, an enemy, who knows not the country, will rise..." [Van Soldt 1995<ref name=":6" />, 36, 24(25) III 65]; the commentary on this prediction (Sa r. 11′) says: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>N[E UD].˹28˺.KAM <sup>d</sup>UTU AN.MI GAR-''ma'' TUR<sub>3</sub> SIG<sub>7</sub> NIGIN-''ma'' "on the 28th of A[b], the Sun will eclipse and be surrounded by a green halo" [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 36, note 4], which suggests the identity: Sun = Libra.
    '''VI. Astrology.'''


      (4) = Mercury; <sup>mul</sup>gi<sub>6</sub> = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim.gu<sub>4</sub>.ud "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [IIR 57, 59 a, b], see also [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7" />, 180, Anu 3 + note 39].
    Identifications:


      (5) = Dark star; see (Kurtik g12) [[GI6|GI<sub>6</sub>]].
    (1) = Saturn; [<sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM].SAG.UŠ [<sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni]-tum / [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba]-ni-tum KI.GUB-su GI.NA / [taš-mu]-u<sub>2</sub> u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL<sub>2</sub>-ši "[Sat]urn = [Li]bra. [If] the position of the [Lib]ra (=Saturn) is stable (i.e., Saturn is standing): there will be [reconciliation and harmony in the country" [ARAK, 547:5, r. 1-2]; for a parallel see. [ibid., 39:1-3]; see also: [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-t]um ma-diš SA<sub>5</sub> taš-mu-u<sub>2</sub> [...] "[If the Libra is very red: reconciliation [...]" [ACh Suppl. 2, 73 r. 41]; see also [LAS 2, 342-343; MA, 130; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 180, Anu 3 + note 38].

    (2) = Star of Shamash; <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KI.MIN <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> MUL <sup>d</sup>UTU 'Saturn, or Libra, the star of Shamash' [Largement 1957, 252:96]; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>Zibānītu MUL <sup>d</sup>UTU ša ki]-na-a-ti in-nam-mar "[Libra –star of Shamash, jus]tice – becomes obvious " [BPO 3, 235, Text 82-323,49: B r. 5'], see also the literature cited in (1).

      (3) = Sun; DIŠ MAN ina EŠ.BAR <sup>d</sup>a-nun-na-ki A.IGI AN-e IGI.BAR-ma DARA<sub>4</sub>-meš / GAL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ <sup>d</sup>Zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> TUR<sub>3</sub> SIG<sub>7</sub> NIGIN-at<sub>2</sub> ... "If the Sun weeps because of the decision of the Anunnaki, (and when) you observe the sky, there is darkness, (and) the Scales are surrounded by a green halo: ... the time of enmity will come, one king will defeat another (king) [...], a king from a distant barbarian country, an enemy, who knows not the country, will rise..." [Van Soldt 1995, 36, 24(25) III 65]; the commentary on this prediction (Sa r. 11′) says: ina <sup>iti</sup>N[E UD].˹28˺.KAM <sup>d</sup>UTU AN.MI GAR-ma TUR<sub>3</sub> SIG<sub>7</sub> NIGIN-ma "on the 28th of A[b], the Sun will eclipse and be surrounded by a green halo" [ibid., 36, note 4], which suggests the identity: Sun = Libra.

      (4) = Mercury; <sup>mul</sup>gi<sub>6</sub> = zi-ba-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim.gu<sub>4</sub>.ud "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [IIR 57, 59 a, b], see also [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 180, Anu 3 + note 39].

      (5) = Dark star; see g12[[GI6|GI<sub>6</sub>]].


      (6) = Red star (=Mars?); see prediction (8) below.
      (6) = Red star (=Mars?); see prediction (8) below.
Line 127: Line 162:
      (7) = Mars in Scorpius; see prediction (11) below.
      (7) = Mars in Scorpius; see prediction (11) below.


      Predictions:
===== Predictions: =====
      (8) The Moon in the month of Nisan – surrounded by a halo and the Red Star (= Libra) stands in it; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> TUR<sub>3</sub> NIGIN<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Zi''-[''ba-ni-t'']''um ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''iz'' / BALA LUGAL TIL SU.GU<sub>7</sub> U<sub>2</sub>.ḪI. A GAR <sup>d</sup>IM [...R]A KUR KUR<sub>2</sub> GAR-''ma'' KUR TUR-''ir'' "[If] the moon (during its appearance) in the month of Nisan is surrounded by a halo and the Red Star, (also called) L[ib]ra, stands in it: the king's reign will end; famine of vegetation and food will befall; Adad [...will flood the country; an enemy will appear and the country will shrink" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" /> 2, 16:35].

      (8) The Moon in the month of Nisan – surrounded by a halo and the Red Star (= Libra) stands in it; [DIŠ] 30 ina <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> TUR<sub>3</sub> NIGIN<sub>2</sub>-ma <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>Zi-[ba-ni-t]um ina ŠA<sub>3</sub>-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-iz / BALA LUGAL TIL SU.GU<sub>7</sub> U<sub>2</sub>.ḪI. A GAR <sup>d</sup>IM [...R]A KUR KUR<sub>2</sub> GAR-ma KUR TUR-ir "[If] the moon (during its appearance) in the month of Nisan is surrounded by a halo and the Red Star, (also called) L[ib]ra, stands in it: the king's reign will end; famine of vegetation and food will befall; Adad [...will flood the country; an enemy will appear and the country will shrink" [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:35].


      (9) Libra and the Moon; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tum ana IGI <sup>d</sup>30 x[xxx] / BALA LUGAL GID<sub>2</sub>.DA [...] "If Libra (= Saturn?) [approaches...] the front of the Moon: the king's reign will be long [...]" [ARAK, 544:2-3], see also [NSAM 2, 199, VIo: v. 6]; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>MIN (=Zi-ba-ni-tum) ana UGU <sup>d</sup>30 [TE ...] "If Libra [approaches ...] the upper part of the Moon [NSAM 2, 199, VIo: v. 7].
      (9) Libra and the Moon; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tum ana'' IGI <sup>d</sup>30 x[xxx] / BALA LUGAL GID<sub>2</sub>.DA [...] "If Libra (= Saturn?) [approaches...] the front of the Moon: the king's reign will be long [...]" [ARAK<ref name=":10" />, 544:2-3], see also [NSAM 2<ref name=":5" />, 199, VIo: v. 6]; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>MIN (=''Zi-ba-ni-tum'') ''ana'' UGU <sup>d</sup>30 [TE ...] "If Libra [approaches ...] the upper part of the Moon [NSAM 2<ref name=":5" />, 199, VIo: v. 7].


      (10) Eclipse of the Moon in the True Shepherd of Anu or Libra; see s22[[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], VI 8.
      (10) Eclipse of the Moon in the True Shepherd of Anu or Libra; see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], VI 8.


      (11) Libra darkens = Mars stands in the Scorpius; [DIŠ] <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tum a-dir MU.3.KAM<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>5</sub>.ḪI.A ZI-ma BURU<sub>14</sub> KUR KU<sub>2</sub> KI.MIN BURU<sub>5</sub>.ḪI.A KUR KU<sub>2</sub> / ... / <sup>mul</sup>ṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB GUB-ma "[If] Libra is dark: for 3 years, locusts will attack and eat the country's crops, var. : locusts will eat the country; the country will eat meager bread ... (this means): Mars stands in Scorpius." [ARAK, 502:15-17], see also [ACh Suppl., 48:5].
      (11) Libra darkens = Mars stands in the Scorpius; [DIŠ] <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tum a-dir'' MU.3.KAM<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>5</sub>.ḪI.A ZI-''ma'' BURU<sub>14</sub> KUR KU<sub>2</sub> KI.MIN BURU<sub>5</sub>.ḪI.A KUR KU<sub>2</sub> / ... / <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB GUB-''ma'' "[If] Libra is dark: for 3 years, locusts will attack and eat the country's crops, var.: locusts will eat the country; the country will eat meager bread ... (this means): Mars stands in Scorpius." [ARAK<ref name=":10" />, 502:15-17], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" />, 48:5].


      (12) Saturn's sideways motion from the Scorpius to the Libra; see u09[[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]], III 27.
      (12) Saturn's sideways motion from the Scorpius to the Libra; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]], III 27.


      (13) Libra(= Saturn?) approaches the Crown of Anu (= the Hyades); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tum ana AGA <sup>d</sup>A-nim TE A.AB.[BA ...] "If Libra approaches the Crown of Anu: se[a ...]" [ACh Suppl. 2, 73:44].
      (13) Libra(= Saturn?) approaches the Crown of Anu (= the Hyades); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tum ana'' AGA <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' TE A.AB.[BA ...] "If Libra approaches the Crown of Anu: se[a ...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" /> 2, 73:44].


      (14) Scorpius's claws are twisted? = the planet(=Mars?) is standing in Libra; see g19[[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], VI 6.
      (14) Scorpius's claws are twisted? = the planet(=Mars?) is standing in Libra; see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], VI 6.


      (15) Libra gives rise to mišḫu; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>ZI.BA.AN.NA meš-ḫa im-šuḫ SU.[KU<sub>2</sub> ...] "If Libra gives rise to mišḫu: go[lod ...]" [ACh Suppl. 2, 73:48].
      (15) Libra gives rise to ''mišḫu''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>ZI.BA.AN.NA ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' SU.[KU<sub>2</sub> ...] "If Libra gives rise to mišḫu: go[lod ...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" /> 2, 73:48].


      (16) Libra becomes dark; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tum a-dir zi-ba-ni-tum la [kitti KUR] DIB-bat KI.LAM i-ša-pil [...] KI.LAM 2.GIN<sub>2</sub>.TA.AM<sub>3</sub> ana ½.GIN<sub>2</sub>.TA.AM<sub>3</sub> GAR-x "If Libra becomes dark: untruthful scales will take over the country, business activity will decrease. [...], the price of 2 shekels will become (the price of) ½ shekels" [ACh Suppl., 48: 2-4; Suppl. 2, 73:46-47; BPO 2, 26].
      (16) Libra becomes dark; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tum a-dir zi-ba-ni-tum la'' [''kitti'' KUR] DIB-''bat'' KI.LAM ''i-ša-pil'' [...] KI.LAM 2.GIN<sub>2</sub>.TA.AM<sub>3</sub> ''ana'' ½.GIN<sub>2</sub>.TA.AM<sub>3</sub> GAR-x "If Libra becomes dark: untruthful scales will take over the country, business activity will decrease. [...], the price of 2 shekels will become (the price of) ½ shekels" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" />, 48: 2-4; Suppl. 2<ref name=":20" />, 73:46-47; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 26].


      (17) Libra has great brilliance; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>ZI.BA.AN.NA SUR-ma <sup>d</sup>UTU NIGIN<sub>2</sub>-mi [...] "If Libra sparkles and the Sun (= Saturn?) is surrounded v=by [(halo) ...]" [ACh Suppl. 2, 73:49].
      (17) Libra has great brilliance; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>ZI.BA.AN.NA SUR-''ma'' <sup>d</sup>UTU NIGIN<sub>2</sub>-''mi'' [...] "If Libra sparkles and the Sun (= Saturn?) is surrounded v=by [(halo) ...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":20" /> 2, 73:49].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==
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[[Category:Mercury]]

Latest revision as of 11:34, 11 October 2025


mulZibānītum (𒀯𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Akkadian parallel to mulGIŠ.ERIN2, mulZI.BA.AN.NA "Libra";

  • 1) the constellation Libra (Libra),
  • 2) Saturn, Mercury, or Mars [Gössmann[1] 176; CAD[2] Z, 100], see also (Kurtik e18) ERIN2, (Kurtik g12) GI6, (Kurtik g22) GIŠ.ERIN2, (Kurtik z07) ZI.BA.AN.NA, (Kurtik z08) ZIBme.
Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.

See (Kurtik z07) ZI.BA.AN.NA, (Kurtik b10) Bibbu.

Example
EAE.

See. [BPO 2[3], IX 10, XVII 15; BPO 3[4], 235:5′; Largement 1957[5], 252:96-98; NSAM 2[6], 249; Van Soldt 1995[7], Table 24(25) III 65].

"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)".

Astrolabe P.

  • Stars of Anu, month of tashrit, 80 [Pinches 1900[8], 573].

Astrolabe B.

  • (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ša i-na zi im.ulu3.lu / ana igi mulgir2.tab gub-zu / muludu.idim dZi-ba-ni-tum "The red star that stands at the rising of the south wind in front of Scorpius: planet, Libra" (B ii 8-10); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98[9], Anu 3].
  • (2) List (3´12): [itidu6] ... mulZi-ba-ni-tum šu-ut dA-nim "[Tashritu]: ... The Libra (rises in the path of) Anu " (C ii 7).
  • (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising – Tashrit, setting – Nisan [KAV[10] 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014[11], 38, 40], see (Kurtik n35) NIN.MAḪ.

BM 82923.

  • Month of Tashrit, stars of Anu: mulZi-ba-ni-tum // 1,20 // EN dUTU "Libra // 80 // Lord(?), Shamash" [Walker-Hunger 1977[12], 28, 30:20].

LBAT 1499.

  • In the Anu column in the line for tashritu, múlZi-ba-ni-tu4 is replaced by múlA-nu-ni-tu4.

Text Nv. 10.

  • mulziba-nit˺? - AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA star in the month of duuzu, see (Kurtik sh16) ŠU.GI.
The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
  • (a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (No. 10): mulZi-ba-ni-tu2 [CT[13] 33, 9 r. 12; MCG[14], 176].
  • (b) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 6): [mulZi-ba-n]i-tu4 [TCL 6[15], 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b[16], 212].
"Catalog of 30 stars".

Anu. 3.

  • [MUL S]A5 ša2 ina ZI IM.ULU3lu IGI-it múlGIR2.TAB GUB3! MUL2 UDU.IDIM: dz[i-ba-ni-tum] / [(mul)SA]G.UŠ! MUL bi-ib-bu zi-ba-ni-tum dUTU ana˺ [...] "The [re]d [star] that stands at the rising of the south wind and in front of Scorpius, is a planet: L[ibra, Sa]turn, the planet, the Libra of Shamash. For [...]" (B.17-18) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98[9], 178-179].
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) Dates of heliacal risings: ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 mulUR.IDIM mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / u mulUR.KU IGIme-ma 3 MA.NA EN.NUN u4-mi 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 "On the 15th of Tashrit, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gulas) become visible; 3 mins – the day guard, 3 mins – the night guard" (I iii 1-2), see also: mu[lZi-b]a-ni-tum [...] ina ITI x IGI-mar [...] "[L]ibra [...] rises heliacally in the month of [...]" [BPO 2[3], IX 10].
  • (2) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets (I iii 23-24), see (Kurtik h12) ḪUN.GA2.
  • (3) Intervals between the dates of heliacal sunrises: TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 / TA KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 30 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulUZ3 "20 days from the rising of the Furrow to the rising of Libra. 30 days from the rising of Libra to the rising of the Goat" (I iii 37-38).
  • (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM mulUR.GU.LA ina MURUB4 AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 KUR-ḫa "On the 15th of tashrit, the Lion stands in the middle of the sky opposite its chest, and Libra rises" (I iv 25), see also [Horowitz 1989-90[17], 117, BM 73815: 5′].
  • (5) Stars "in the path of the moon": mulzi-ba-ni-tu4, after mulAB.SIN2, before mulGIR2.TAB (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) dSîn.
  • (6) First intercalation scheme: (II i 14, 20), see (Kurtik m35) MUL2.MUL2, (Kurtik u30) dUTU.
  • (7) List of planets: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [KIMIN] mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU "Saturn, [also called] Libra (or) the Star of Shamash" (II i 38-39).
  • (8) In the observations of Saturn: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KIMIN mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU "Saturn, [called also] Libra (or) the Star of the Sun" (II i 64) [MA[18], 43, 50, 54, 65, 68, 73, 76, 80, 86]; see also (Kurtik z07) ZI.BA.AN.NA.

Text BM 77054.

  • ina itidu6 ud.15.kam sag.du mu[l...] / mulzi-ba-ni-tum [...] "On the 15th of tashrit, the head of the constellat[ion ...] / Libra [...]" [George 1991[19], 304-305, rev. 3′-4′].
"Reports."

See. [ARAK[20], 353].

"Great Star List and Miscellenia."
  • (1) 12 stars of Akkad: mulzi-ba-ni-tum;
  • (2) 7 Celestial Twins: mulzi.ba.an.na [Mesop.Astrol.[21], App. B:211, 235].
GU text.
  • (L) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 "Front bowl of Libra" (α Lib), see (Kurtik d11) DINGIR.KU.Ameš.
  • (M) murub4 mulzi-ba-nit "The middle portion of Libra" (β Lib).
  • (N) murub4 mulzi-ba-nit "Middle of Libra" (γ Lib), see (Kurtik g19) GIR2.TAB.
Dalbanna-text.

See (Kurtik z07) ZI.BA.AN.NA.

"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."

2 "normal stars" were distinguished in the constellation, see below.

LBAT 1502.
  • [múlzi-ba-ni-t]u4 is the star Antashurra, see (Kurtik t01) Tak-ša2-a-ti.
Late astrology, magic and calendar.
  • (1) Libra as the hypsoma of Saturn, cf. [Gössmann[1] 176; MA, 146-147; Mesop.Astrol.[21], 134-136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a[22], 56], as well as (Kurtik u07) UDU.IDIM, (Kurtik u09) UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.
  • (2) "Lunaries":
    • (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulzi-ba-nu "Region of Libra," astrological meaning: the love of the man for a woman, return of lost things [Ungnad 1941-44[23], 258-259: 5, 20; Reiner 1995[24], 108; Emelyanov 1999[25], 193], see also (Kurtik g22) GIŠ.ERIN2, (Kurtik e18) ERIN2.
  • (3) Extispicy involving correspondences between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars: ZE2 dA-nim itiDU6 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "'Gallbladder' Anu, month of tashrit, Libra" [SpTU IV[26], 159:13; Reiner 1995[24], 78].
  • (4) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. DIŠ Sin ina mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 AN.MI GAR-ma... "If the Moon eclipses in Libra..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984[27], 134:16′], see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.

    See also: múlzi-ba-ni-[tum] ša2 ki-na-a-tum // mu-šaq-qil-tum "Libr[a] revealing the truth = scales" [CT[28] 41, 39:6; CAD[2] Z, 99b], as well as [SpTU II[29], 42:13; SpTU III[30], 103:10; SpTU V[31], 270:3′ +Bemerkung].

Additional

II. Deity.

    The name Libra is not often written with the determinative d. Many texts note of Libra's association with Shamash and Saturn, see in this connection [LAS 2[32], 342-3; Wolters 1993[33]]. The ritual of "washing the mouth" or "reviving" a statue of a deity (mīs pî) is prescribed as the following: 6 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 E2 dUTU mulAPIN mulŠU.PA / mulMAR.GID2.DA mulE4.RU6 mulUZ3 tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-) "6 altars you set up before the Libra, the house of Shamash, the Plow, the Shupa, the Chariot, the Erua, the Goat (and perform) the same (= mouth washing)" [Smith 1925[34]; TuL[35], 105:32-33; Reiner 1995[36], 141; SAALT I[37], 72:32-33]. The definition of Libra as the "house of Shamash" is consistent with the notion that Libra was considered the hypsoma of Saturn (see above). The signs corresponding to E2 dUTU "House of Shamash" are read as MULU4 dUTU "Star of Shamash"(?) in [SAALT I[37], 72:32]. See also mulzi-ba-ni-<tum> in the list of "12 city gods of Babylon"(?) in the same group as Saturn and Mercury [Livingstone 1986[38], 54:1, 58]. In astrological geography, the Libra was correlated with the following: a) with Sippar and Larsa, b) with Girsu, Lagash and Isin [Weidner 1963[39]].

III. Symbol.

    For astral representations of scales on Seleucid seals see. [AUWE 19[40], 155, nos. 138, 149-152, 369, 420, 550-552, 820; Wallenfels 1993[41], 285, Fig. 10; Kurtik 2007[42], figs. 20, 21, 30]. On them one can distinguish a scales' lever, to which a characteristic V-shaped element is attached (apparently, this is the *zibana from which the name is derived) and two bowls. On the "Planisphere" K 8538 in sector 6, according to Koch, the constellation of Libra is depicted, not similar to Seleucid images [Koch 1989[43], 59-60, 115; Kurtik 2007[42], fig. 9]. According to [Foxvog 1993[44], 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which the zodiac sign Libra múlZI is put in correspondence with ERIN2 "scales" [SpTU II[45], 43:7, 24].

IV. Identification.

    = Libra (Libra) [Gössmann[1] 176; Waerden 1949[46], 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59[47], 75a, 76a, 77; BPO 2[3], 16]

    = α + β Librae (= mulzi.ba.an.na) in the list of astral Gemini [Weidner 1957-59[47], 80b].

    = Libra and part of Virgo [MA[48], 138].

    = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri [Koch 1989[43], 78-79, 115].

    = Librae [Mesop.Astrol.[21], 208, App. C; ASM[49], 275; Horowitz 2014[11], 249].

V. Constellation parts and individual stars.

    (1) ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 "Southern part of Librae" (= α Librae);

    (2) ERIN2 ša2 SI "Northern part of Libra" (β Librae);      

(1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) MUL.ŠID.MEŠ.

    (3) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 "Front bowl of the Libra" (= λ Vir, according to [Pingree-Walker 1988, 320], = α Librae, according to [Koch 1992[50], 58; ASM[24], 275]).

    (4) murub4 mulzi-ba-nit "Middle of Librae" (= β Librae, according to [Pingree-Walker 1988, 320]; = γ, λ Librae, according to [Koch 1992[50], 58; 1995[51], 61]), see also Dbn-text (§d).

    (5) zi.ba.an.na igi-u2 "Front (star) of Librae" (= α Librae) [Koch 1995[51], 61-62].

    (6) zi.ba.an.na egir-u2 "Rear (star) of Librae" (= β Librae) [Koch 1995[51], 61-62].

    (7) mulzi-ba-nu, an element of the figure of the constellation Libra, corresponding probably to its middle part; only in BRM IV, 20: 5, 20 [Ungnad 1941-44[52], 257-9; CAD[2] Z, 100b].

    (8) The "upper" and "lower" parts of the Libra are implied, apparently, in VAT 9418, where the list of "7 (celestial) Twins" is replaced by mulzi.ba.an.na / mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la [KAR[53], 142 i 31-32; Weidner 1957-1959[47], 80b], see (Kurtik m21) Māšū.

VI. Astrology.

Identifications:

    (1) = Saturn; [mulUDU.IDIM].SAG.UŠ [mulzi-ba-ni]-tum / [DIŠ mulzi-ba]-ni-tum KI.GUB-su GI.NA / [taš-mu]-u2 u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši "[Sat]urn = [Li]bra. [If] the position of the [Lib]ra (=Saturn) is stable (i.e., Saturn is standing): there will be [reconciliation and harmony in the country" [ARAK[20], 547:5, r. 1-2]; for a parallel see. [ibid.[20], 39:1-3]; see also: [DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-t]um ma-diš SA5 taš-mu-u2 [...] "[If the Libra is very red: reconciliation [...]" [ACh Suppl.[54] 2, 73 r. 41]; see also [LAS 2[32], 342-343; MA[18], 130; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98[9], 180, Anu 3 + note 38].

    (2) = Star of Shamash; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KI.MIN mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU 'Saturn, or Libra, the star of Shamash' [Largement 1957[5], 252:96]; [DIŠ mulZibānītu MUL dUTU ša ki]-na-a-ti in-nam-mar "[Libra –star of Shamash, jus]tice – becomes obvious " [BPO 3[4], 235, Text 82-323,49: B r. 5'], see also the literature cited in (1).

      (3) = Sun; DIŠ MAN ina EŠ.BAR da-nun-na-ki A.IGI AN-e IGI.BAR-ma DARA4-meš / GAL2.MEŠ dZi-ba-ni-tu4 TUR3 SIG7 NIGIN-at2 ... "If the Sun weeps because of the decision of the Anunnaki, (and when) you observe the sky, there is darkness, (and) the Scales are surrounded by a green halo: ... the time of enmity will come, one king will defeat another (king) [...], a king from a distant barbarian country, an enemy, who knows not the country, will rise..." [Van Soldt 1995[7], 36, 24(25) III 65]; the commentary on this prediction (Sa r. 11′) says: ina itiN[E UD].˹28˺.KAM dUTU AN.MI GAR-ma TUR3 SIG7 NIGIN-ma "on the 28th of A[b], the Sun will eclipse and be surrounded by a green halo" [ibid.[7], 36, note 4], which suggests the identity: Sun = Libra.

      (4) = Mercury; mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [IIR 57, 59 a, b], see also [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98[9], 180, Anu 3 + note 39].

      (5) = Dark star; see (Kurtik g12) GI6.

      (6) = Red star (=Mars?); see prediction (8) below.

      (7) = Mars in Scorpius; see prediction (11) below.

Predictions:

      (8) The Moon in the month of Nisan – surrounded by a halo and the Red Star (= Libra) stands in it; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulSA5 mulZi-[ba-ni-t]um ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz / BALA LUGAL TIL SU.GU7 U2.ḪI. A GAR dIM [...R]A KUR KUR2 GAR-ma KUR TUR-ir "[If] the moon (during its appearance) in the month of Nisan is surrounded by a halo and the Red Star, (also called) L[ib]ra, stands in it: the king's reign will end; famine of vegetation and food will befall; Adad [...will flood the country; an enemy will appear and the country will shrink" [ACh Suppl.[54] 2, 16:35].

      (9) Libra and the Moon; DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-tum ana IGI d30 x[xxx] / BALA LUGAL GID2.DA [...] "If Libra (= Saturn?) [approaches...] the front of the Moon: the king's reign will be long [...]" [ARAK[20], 544:2-3], see also [NSAM 2[6], 199, VIo: v. 6]; DIŠ mulMIN (=Zi-ba-ni-tum) ana UGU d30 [TE ...] "If Libra [approaches ...] the upper part of the Moon [NSAM 2[6], 199, VIo: v. 7].

      (10) Eclipse of the Moon in the True Shepherd of Anu or Libra; see (Kurtik s22) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, VI 8.

      (11) Libra darkens = Mars stands in the Scorpius; [DIŠ] mulzi-ba-ni-tum a-dir MU.3.KAM2 BURU5.ḪI.A ZI-ma BURU14 KUR KU2 KI.MIN BURU5.ḪI.A KUR KU2 / ... / mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-ma "[If] Libra is dark: for 3 years, locusts will attack and eat the country's crops, var.: locusts will eat the country; the country will eat meager bread ... (this means): Mars stands in Scorpius." [ARAK[20], 502:15-17], see also [ACh Suppl.[54], 48:5].

      (12) Saturn's sideways motion from the Scorpius to the Libra; see (Kurtik u09) UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ, III 27.

      (13) Libra(= Saturn?) approaches the Crown of Anu (= the Hyades); DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-tum ana AGA dA-nim TE A.AB.[BA ...] "If Libra approaches the Crown of Anu: se[a ...]" [ACh Suppl.[54] 2, 73:44].

      (14) Scorpius's claws are twisted? = the planet(=Mars?) is standing in Libra; see (Kurtik g19) GIR2.TAB, VI 6.

      (15) Libra gives rise to mišḫu; DIŠ mulZI.BA.AN.NA meš-ḫa im-šuḫ SU.[KU2 ...] "If Libra gives rise to mišḫu: go[lod ...]" [ACh Suppl.[54] 2, 73:48].

      (16) Libra becomes dark; DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-tum a-dir zi-ba-ni-tum la [kitti KUR] DIB-bat KI.LAM i-ša-pil [...] KI.LAM 2.GIN2.TA.AM3 ana ½.GIN2.TA.AM3 GAR-x "If Libra becomes dark: untruthful scales will take over the country, business activity will decrease. [...], the price of 2 shekels will become (the price of) ½ shekels" [ACh Suppl.[54], 48: 2-4; Suppl. 2[54], 73:46-47; BPO 2[3], 26].

      (17) Libra has great brilliance; DIŠ mulZI.BA.AN.NA SUR-ma dUTU NIGIN2-mi [...] "If Libra sparkles and the Sun (= Saturn?) is surrounded v=by [(halo) ...]" [ACh Suppl.[54] 2, 73:49].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, z10) Gössmann (1950)
аккадская параллель к mulGIŠ.ERIN2, mulZI.BA.AN.NA «Весы»; 1) созвездие Весы (Libra), 2) Сатурн, Меркурий или Марс [G. 176; CAD Z, 100], см. также e18ERIN2, g12GI6, g22GIŠ.ERIN2, z07ZI.BA.AN.NA, z08ZIBme.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. См. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA, b10Bibbu. EAE. См. [BPO 2, IX 10, XVII 15; BPO 3, 235:5′; Largement 1957, 252:96–98; NSAM 2, 249; Van Soldt 1995, Table 24(25) III 65]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Звезды Ану, месяц ташриту, 80 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul sa5 ša i-na zi im.ulu3.lu / ana igi mulgir2.tab gub-zu / muludu.idim dZi-ba-ni-tum «Красная звезда, которая стоит при восходе южного ветра перед Скорпионом: планета, Весы» (B ii 8–10); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 3]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itidu6] … mulZi-ba-ni-tum šu-ut dA-nim  «[Ташриту]: … Весы (на пути) Ану (восходят)» (C ii 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход – ташриту, заход – нисану [KAV 218, C 14, 25; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. n35NIN.MAḪ. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Ану: mulZi-ba-ni-tum // 1,20 // EN dUTU «Весы // 80 // Господин(?), Шамаш» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:20]. LBAT 1499. В колонке Ану в строке для ташриту на месте múlZi-ba-ni-tu4 стоит múlA-nu-ni-tu4. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 10): mulZi-ba-ni-tu2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; MCG, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 6): [mulZi-ba-n]i-tu4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu. 3. [MUL S]A5 ša2 ina ZI IM.ULU3lu IGI-it múlGIR2.TAB GUB3! MUL2 UDU.IDIM: dz[i-ba-ni-tum] / [(mul)SA]G.UŠ! MUL bi-ib-bu zi-ba-ni-tum dUTU a-˹na˺ […] «[Крас]ная [звезда], которая стоит при восходе южного ветра перед Скорпионом, это планета: В[есы, Са]турн, планета, Весы Шамаша. Для […]» (B.17–18) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178–179]. MUL.APIN. (1) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 mulUR.IDIM mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / u mulUR.KU IGIme-ma 3 MA.NA EN.NUN u4-mi 3 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 «15-го ташриту Весы, Бешеный Пес, Энтенабархум и Собака (Гулы) становятся видны; 3 мины — дневная стража, 3 мины — ночная стража» (I iii 1–2), см. также: mu[lZi-b]a-ni-tum […] ina ITI x IGI-mar […] «[В]есы […] восходят гелиакически в месяце […]» [BPO 2, IX 10]. (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы (I iii 23–24), см. h12ḪUN.GA2. (3) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 / TA KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 30 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulUZ3 «20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов. 30 дней от восхода Весов до восхода Козы» (I iii 37–38). (4) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM mulUR.GU.LA ina MURUB4 AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 KUR-ḫa «15-го ташриту Лев стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Весы восходят» (I iv 25), см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 5′]. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulzi-ba-ni-tu4, после mulAB.SIN2, перед mulGIR2.TAB (I iv 35), см. s20dSin. (6) Первая схема интеркаляций: (II i 14, 20), см. m35MUL.MUL, u30dUTU. (7) Список планет: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [KIMIN] mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU «Сатурн, [называемый также] Весами (или) Звездой Шамаша» (II i 38–39). (8) В наблюдениях Сатурна: mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KIMIN mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU «Сатурн, называемый также «Весами» (или) «Звездой Солнца» (II i 64) [MA, 43, 50, 54, 65, 68, 73, 76, 80, 86]; см. также z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 353]. Текст BM 77054. ina itidu6 ud.15.kam sag.du mu[l…] / mulzi-ba-ni-tum […] «15-го ташриту голова созвез[дия …] / Весы […]» [George 1991, 304–305, rev. 3′–4′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Аккада: mulzi-ba-ni-tum; (2) 7 Небесных Близнецов: mulzi.ba.an.na [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211, 235]. GU-текст. (L) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов» (α Lib), см. d11DINGIR.KU.Ameš. (M) murub4 mulzi-ba-nit «Середина Весов» (β Lib). (N) murub4 mulzi-ba-nit «Середина Весов» (γ Lib), см. g19GIR2.TAB. Dalbanna-текст. См. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. Текст Nv. 10. mulzi-˹ba-nit˺? — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце дуузу, см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Дневники наблюдений». В созвездии выделялось 2 «нормальных звезды», см. ниже. LBAT 1502. [múlzi-ba-ni-t]u4 — звезда Анташурра, см. t01Tak-ša2-a-ti. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Весы как гипсома Сатурна, см. [G. 176; MA, 146–147; Mesop.Astrol., 134–136; Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56], а также u07UDU.IDIM, u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ. (2) «Лунарии»: а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulzi-ba-nu «Область Весов», астрологическое значение: любовь мужчины к женщине,  возврат потерянного [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 5, 20; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193], см. также g22GIŠ.ERIN2, e18ERIN2. (3) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ZE2 dA-nim itiDU6 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 «“Желчный пузырь” Ану, месяц ташриту, Весы» [SpTU IV, 159:13; Reiner 1995, 78]. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ Sin ina mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 AN.MI GAR-ma… «Если Луна затмилась в Весах…» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:16′], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: múlzi-ba-ni-[tum] ša2 ki-na-a-tum // mu-šaq-qil-tum «Вес[ы], показывающие истину = весы» [CT 41, 39:6; CAD Z, 99b], а также [SpTU II, 42:13; SpTU III, 103:10; SpTU V, 270:3′ +Bemerkung].

II. Божество.

Название Весов нечасто записывается с детерминативом d. Во многих текстах отмечается связь Весов с Шамашем и Сатурном, см. в этой связи [LAS 2, 342–3; Wolters 1993]. В ритуале «омовения рта» или «оживления» статуи божества (mīs pî) содержится предписание: 6 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 E2 dUTU mulAPIN mulŠU.PA / mulMAR.GID2.DA mulE4.RU6 mulUZ3 tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš) «6 алтарей ты устанавливаешь перед Весами, домом Шамаша, Плугом, Шупа, Колесницей, Эруа, Козой (и совершаешь) то же (= омовение рта)» [Smith 1925; TuL, 105:32–33; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:32–33]. Определение Весов как «дома Шамаша» соответствует представлению о том, что Весы считались гипсомой Сатурна (см. выше). Знаки, соответствующие E2 dUTU «Дом Шамаша», читаются как MULU4 dUTU «Звезда Шамаша»(?) в [SAALT I, 72:32]. См. также mulzi-ba-ni-<tum> в списке «12 городских богов Вавилона»(?) в одной группе с Сатурном и Меркурием [Livingstone 1986, 54:1, 58]. В астрологической географии Весы соотносились: a) c Сиппаром и Ларсой, b) c Гирсу, Лагашем и Исином [Weidner 1963].

III. Символ.

Астральные изображения весов на селевкидских печатях см. [AUWE 19, 155, № 138, 149–152, 369, 420, 550–552, 820; Wallenfels 1993, 285, Fig. 10; Куртик 2007, рис. 20, 21, 30]. На них можно различить коромысло весов, к которому прикреплен характерный V-образный элемент (по-видимому, это и есть *zibana, от которого происходит название) и две чаши. На «Планисфере» К 8538 в секторе 6, согласно Коху, изображено созвездие Весов, не похожее на селевкидские изображения [Koch 1989, 59–60, 115; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором знаку зодиака Весы múlZI поставлено в соответствие ERIN2 «весы» [SpTU II, 43:7, 24].

IV. Отождествление.

= Весы (Libra) [G. 176; Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 75a, 76a, 77; BPO 2, 16].

= α + β Librae (= mulzi.ba.an.na) в списке астральных Близнецов [Weidner 1957–59, 80b].

= Весы и часть Девы [MA, 138].

= β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri [Koch 1989, 78–79, 115].

= Весы [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 249].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (= α Librae);

(2) ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть Весов» (β Librae);       

(1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 «Передняя чаша Весов» (= λ Vir, согласно [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320], = α Librae, согласно [Koch 1992, 58; ASM, 275]).

(4) murub4 mulzi-ba-nit «Середина Весов» (= β Librae, согласно [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320]; = γ, λ Librae, согласно [Koch 1992, 58; 1995, 61]), см. также Dbn-текст (§d).

(5) zi.ba.an.na igi-u2 «Передняя (звезда) Весов» (= α Librae) [Koch 1995, 61–62].

(6) zi.ba.an.na egir-u2 «Задняя (звезда) Весов» (= β Librae) [Koch 1995, 61–62].

(7) mulzi-ba-nu, элемент фигуры созвездия Весы, соответствовавший, вероятно, их средней части; только в BRM IV, 20: 5, 20 [Ungnad 1941–44, 257–9; CAD Z, 100b].

(8) “Верхняя” и “нижняя” части Весов подразумеваются, по-видимому, в VAT 9418, где в списке «7 (небесных) Близнецов» вместо mulzi.ba.an.na стоит mulKU.an.na / mulKU.ki.sikil.la [KAR, 142 i 31–32; Weidner 1957–1959, 80b], см. m21Māšū.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; [mulUDU.IDIM].SAG.UŠ [mulzi-ba-ni]-tum / [DIŠ mulzi-ba]-ni-tum KI.GUB-su GI.NA / [taš-mu]-u2 u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši «[Сат]урн = [Ве]сы. [Если] положение [Ве]сов (=Сатурн) стабильно (т.е. имеет место стояние Сатурна): в стране будет [прими]рение и согласие» [ARAK, 547:5, r. 1–2]; параллель см. [ibid., 39:1–3]; см. также: [DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-t]um ma-diš SA5 taš-mu-u2 […] «[Если Вес]ы очень красные: примирение […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 73 r. 41]; см. также [LAS 2, 342–343; MA, 130; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 180, Anu 3 + note 38].

(2) = Звезда Шамаша; mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ KI.MIN mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU «Сатурн, или Весы, звезда Шамаша» [Largement 1957, 252:96]; [DIŠ mulZibānītu MUL dUTU ša ki]-na-a-ti in-nam-mar «[Весы — звезда Шамаша, пра]восудия — стала видна» [BPO 3, 235, Text 82-323,49: B r. 5'], см. также литературу, указанную в пункте (1).

(3) = Солнце; DIŠ MAN ina EŠ.BAR da-nun-na-ki A.IGI AN-e IGI.BAR-ma DARA4-meš / GAL2.MEŠ dZi-ba-ni-tu4 TUR3 SIG7 NIGIN-at2 … «Если Солнце плачет из-за решения Ануннаков, (и когда) ты наблюдаешь небо, там темнота, (и) Весы окружены зеленым гало: … время вражды настанет, один царь нанесет поражение другому (царю) […], царь из отдаленной варварской страны, враг, который не знает страны, взойдет…» [Van Soldt 1995, 36, 24(25) III 65]; в комментариях к этому предсказанию (Сa r. 11′) сказано: ina itiN[E UD].˹28˺.KAM dUTU AN.MI GAR-ma TUR3 SIG7 NIGIN-ma «28-го аб[у] Солнце затмится и будет окружено зеленым гало» [ibid., 36, note 4], что предполагает тождество: Солнце = Весы.

(4) = Меркурий; mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [IIR 57, 59 a, b], см. также [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 180, Anu 3 + note 39].

(5) = Темная звезда; см. g12GI6.

(6) = Красная звезда (=Марс?); см. ниже предсказание (8).

(7) = Марс в Скорпионе; см. ниже предсказание (11).

Предсказания:

(8) Луна в месяце нисану окружена гало и Красная звезда (=Весы) в нем стоит; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulSA5 mulZi-[ba-ni-t]um ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz / BALA LUGAL TIL SU.GU7 U2.ḪI.A GAR dIM [… R]A KUR KUR2 GAR-ma KUR TUR-ir «[Если] Луна (при своем появлении) в месяце нисану окружена гало и Красная звезда, (называемая также) В[ес]ы, в ней стоит: царствование царя закончится; голод на растительную пищу случится; Адад […зато]пит страну; враг появится и страна уменьшится» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:35].

(9) Весы и Луна; DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-tum ana IGI d30 x[xxx] / BALA LUGAL GID2.DA […] «Если Весы (= Сатурн?) к передней части Луны [приближаются…]: правление царя будет долгим […]» [ARAK, 544:2–3], см. также [NSAM 2, 199, VIo: v. 6]; DIŠ mulMIN (=Zi-ba-ni-tum) ana UGU d30 [TE …] «Если Весы к верхней части Луны [приближаются …] [NSAM 2, 199, VIo: v. 7]..

(10) Затмение Луны в Праведном Пастухе Ану или в Весах; см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, VI 8.

(11) Весы потемнели = Марс в Скорпионе стоит; [DIŠ] mulzi-ba-ni-tum a-dir MU.3.KAM2 BURU5.ḪI.A ZI-ma BURU14 KUR KU2 KI.MIN BURU5.ḪI.A KUR KU2 / … / mulṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-ma «[Если] Весы темные: 3 года саранча будет нападать и урожай страны съедать, вар.: саранча съест страну; страна будет есть скудный хлеб … (это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [ARAK, 502:15–17], см. также [ACh Suppl., 48:5].

(12) Попятное движение Сатурна из Скорпиона в Весы; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ, III 27.

(13) Весы(= Сатурн?) приближаются к Короне Ану (= Гиады); DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-tum ana AGA dA-nim TE A.AB.[BA …] «Если Весы к Короне Ану  приближаются: мор[е …]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 73:44].

(14) Клешни Скорпиона скручены? = планета(=Марс?) в Весах стоит; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 6.

(15) Весы порождают mišḫu; DIŠ mulZI.BA.AN.NA meš-ḫa im-šuḫ SU.[KU2 …] «Если Весы порождают mišḫu: го[лод …]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 73:48].

(16) Весы стали темными; DIŠ mulzi-ba-ni-tum a-dir zi-ba-ni-tum la [kitti KUR] DIB-bat KI.LAM i-ša-pil […] KI.LAM 2.GIN2.TA.AM3 ana ½.GIN2.TA.AM3 GAR-x «Если Весы стали темными: неправдивые весы страну захватят, деловая активность снизится. […], цена 2 шекелей станет (ценой) ½ шекеля» [ACh Suppl., 48: 2–4; Suppl. 2, 73:46–47; BPO 2, 26].

(17) Весы имеют большой блеск; DIŠ mulZI.BA.AN.NA SUR-ma dUTU NIGIN2-mi […] «Если Весы сверкают и Солнце (= Сатурн?) окружено [(гало) …]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 73:49].

Example

References

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