MAŠ.MAŠ: Difference between revisions

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In general, MAŠ, MAŠ.MAŠ and their Akkadian equivalents are used to designate several ancient Mesopotamian asterisms where two stars of similar brightness seem to form a pair in the sky, among them parts of the the constellation that survives today as classical [[Gemini]], The Twins. The most important of the ancient Mesopotamian twins-asterisms are the The Great Twins ([[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL]]) followed by the Lesser Twins [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|MAŠ.TAB.BA]].TUR.TUR which are listed first and second in two parallel lists of 'Twins' asterisms. In any case, repetition of nouns and adjectives in Sumerian indicates either plurality, or emphasis, e.g. for : So for [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL]], 'The Great Twins,' or even perhaps 'The Greatest Twins..'
In general, MAŠ, MAŠ.MAŠ and their Akkadian equivalents are used to designate several ancient Mesopotamian asterisms where two stars of similar brightness seem to form a pair in the sky, among them parts of the the constellation that survives today as classical [[Gemini]], The Twins. The most important of the ancient Mesopotamian twins-asterisms are the The Great Twins ([[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL]]) followed by the Lesser Twins [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|MAŠ.TAB.BA]].TUR.TUR which are listed first and second in two parallel lists of 'Twins' asterisms. In any case, repetition of nouns and adjectives in Sumerian indicates either plurality, or emphasis, e.g. for : So for [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL]], 'The Great Twins,' or even perhaps 'The Greatest Twins..'


==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''māšū'' "Gemini";
= ''māšū'' (Akkadian) The Twins [[Gemini|(Gemini)]]

<sup>mul / d</sup>MAŠ (𒀯𒈦) is a short writing.


Var. designations:
Var. designations:
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* 1) = zodiac sign and constellation in later astronomical and astrological texts,
* 1) = zodiac sign and constellation in later astronomical and astrological texts,
* 2) = ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [G. 266].
* 2) = ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [G. 266].

*1) abbreviation of MAŠ.MAŠ Gemini, a zodiac sign or constellation in late astronomical and astrological texts [G. 266];
* 2) a nonstandard designation for the zodiac sign Hired Man (= Aries) in late calendar-ritual texts [SpTU III, Nr. 104, 105; Reiner 1995, 115, note 522];
*3) <sup>d</sup>MAŠ = <sup>d</sup>''Ninurta'', the deity Ninurta, identified in MUL.APIN I ii 16 with Mercury [MA, 34, 80], see (Kurtik n45) [[NIN.URTA|<sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA]]. In this case, the use of the MAŠ sign derives from a separate history than that of the Twin-stars asterisms.
Parallel lists of 7 'Twins' constellations are available in The Great Star List and the compendium KAR 142 ''(courtesy of W. Horowitz and J. Fincke).''
Parallel lists of 7 'Twins' constellations are available in The Great Star List and the compendium KAR 142 ''(courtesy of W. Horowitz and J. Fincke).''

''should we give these here - for example KAR 142 etc/???''


''XXXVI.''
''XXXVI.''


''KAR 142 (VAT 9418) (Pongratz-Leisten, ina šulmi īrub, 221-227 text 7) (collated, 11.07.2017 JCF)''
KAR 142 (VAT 9418) (Pongratz-Leisten, ina šulmi īrub, 221-227 text 7) (collated, 11.07.2017 JCF)

''7 names of Marduk; 7 Adad-(name)s, 7 MUL.MAŠ.ME (7 twins), then:''

''obv. i 26 MUL.MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL''

''obv. i 27 MUL.MA[Š.TA]B.BA.TUR.TUR''

''obv. i 28 MUL.MAŠ.TA[B.B]A ša ina IGI dPAP.SUKKAL''

''obv. i 29 MUL.PA [0] u dLUGAL''

''obv. i 30 MUL.ŠÁR.UR4 u dŠÁR.GAZ''

''obv. i 31 MUL.KU.AN.NA229''

obv. i 32 MUL.KU.KI.[S]IKIL (erasure)

obv. i 33 MUL.NIN.SAR d[è]r-ra-GAL


7 names of Marduk; 7 Adad-(name)s, 7 MUL.MAŠ.ME (7 twins), then:
obv. i 34 7 MUL.MAŠ-ši
#obv. i 26 MUL.MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL


#obv. i 27 MUL.MA[Š.TA]B.BA.TUR.TUR
#obv. i 28 MUL.MAŠ.TA[B.B]A ša ina IGI <sup>d</sup>PAP.SUKKAL
#obv. i 29 MUL.PA [0] <sup>⌈</sup>u<sup>⌉</sup> dLUGAL
#obv. i 30 MUL.ŠÁR.<sup>⌈</sup>UR<sub>4</sub> u<sup>⌉</sup> dŠÁR.GAZ
#obv. i 31 MUL.KU.AN.NA229
#obv. i 32 MUL.KU.KI.[S]IKIL (erasure)
#obv. i 33 MUL.NIN.SAR <sup>d</sup>[è]r-ra-GAL
#obv. i 34 7 MU<sup>⌈</sup>L<sup>⌉</sup>.MAŠ-<sup>⌈</sup>ši<sup>⌉</sup>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Sources
!Sources (Kurtik m13, m15)
!Identifications
!Identifications
|-
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series (MAŠ):
* (1) Urra XXII series: <sup>[mul]</sup>maš.maš = ''ma-šu-u'' "Gemini" [SpTU III, 114A v 37; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 108:294ʹ].
*(1) ) <sup>mul</sup>maš =[''tu'']-''a-ma'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:293ʹ].
* (2) Series A I/6, 111-114: ''ma-áš-ma-áš'' ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ''ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu'', <sup>d</sup>''lugal-gir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'', <sup>d</sup>''mes-lam-ta-e''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' [MSL XIV, 227–228]. 
*(2) maš = [...] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 col. iv 15].
*'''''(3 the SpTU entry is just one ms of Bloch-Horowitz'''''
Urra XXII series (MAŠ.MAŠ):*(1) Urra XXII series: <sup>[mul]</sup>maš.maš = ''ma-šu-u'' "Gemini" [SpTU III, 114A v 37; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 108:294ʹ].
*(2) Series A I/6, 111-114: ''ma-áš-ma-áš'' ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ''ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu'', <sup>d</sup>''lugal-gir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'', <sup>d</sup>''mes-lam-ta-e''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' [MSL XIV, 227–228].
|
|
|-
|-
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|'''Anaphora.'''
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+:
* BM 36609+:
** TA<sup>?</sup> 5<sup>?</sup> UŠ ˹''kin''<sup>??</sup>˺-''ṣa'' NU KUR / EN ''a-si-du'' / MAŠ.MAŠ TA SAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub> EN TIL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> KUR
** TA<sup>?</sup> 5<sup>?</sup> UŠ ˹''kin''<sup>??</sup>˺-''ṣa'' NU KUR / EN ''a-si-du'' / MAŠ.MAŠ TA SAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub> EN TIL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> KUR
** "(When the stars culminate) from 5?0, not reaching (i.e., in front of) the Knee, / to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth). / (in this interval) the Twins, from their beginning to their end, ascend."
** "(When the stars culminate) from 5?0, not reaching (i.e., in front of) the Knee, / to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth). / (in this interval) the Twins, from their beginning to their end, ascend."
* [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 20-22]; time of rising: 200 [ibid. 549].
* [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 20-22]; time of rising: 200 [ibid. 549].
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
MAŠ is a esignation of the zodiac sign Gemini in [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; used already in lunar tables of the late 5th century BC. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989].

MAŠ.MAŠ is the sign of the zodiac Gemini [ACT II, 482; LBAT, passim].
MAŠ.MAŠ is the sign of the zodiac Gemini [ACT II, 482; LBAT, passim].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Horoscopes". MAŠ.MAŠ is the zodiac sign Gemini [BH, passim].
* (1) "Horoscopes". MAŠ.MAŠ is the zodiac sign Gemini [BH, passim], [BH, 16 r. 5].
* (2) "Lunaries."
* (2) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV 20: ki <sup>mul</sup>maš.maš "Region of Gemini" (in the same text: ki <sup>mul</sup><maš>.tab.ba.gal. gal "Region of the Great Twins"), it corresponds to the following activities: magic ritual against threat to life, (ritual against disease) fatigue, (ritual against) "female spirit" (it seems to refer also to disease), the noble does not heed slander [Ungnad 1941-44, 256, 268-269:9, 10, 30, 38; Reiner 1995, 108-109; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (a) BRM IV 20: ki <sup>mul</sup>maš.maš "Region of Gemini" (in the same text: ki <sup>mul</sup><maš>.tab.ba.gal. gal "Region of the Great Twins"), it corresponds to the following activities: magic ritual against threat to life, (ritual against disease) fatigue, (ritual against) "female spirit" (it seems to refer also to disease), the noble does not heed slander [Ungnad 1941-44, 256, 268-269:9, 10, 30, 38; Reiner 1995, 108-109; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV 19: maš.maš — the designation for the zodiac sign Gemini in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: c, f, k, 10, 33; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
** (b) BRM IV 19: maš.maš — the designation for the zodiac sign Gemini in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: c, f, k, 10, 33; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac."
* (3) "Microzodiac."
** The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: [3-tu]m ḫa.la <sup>múl</sup>maš.maš ''šum''<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "[3]-th part, its name is Gemini" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. 
** The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: [3-tu]m ḫa.la <sup>múl</sup>maš.maš ''šum''<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "[3]-th part, its name is Gemini" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. 
* (4) Text W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ].˹MAŠ˺ U<sub>3</sub>.T[U...] "If he, [when the Gem]ini (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V, 265:2'].
* (4) Text W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ].˹MAŠ˺ U<sub>3</sub>.T[U...] "If he, [when the Gem]ini (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V, 265:2'].
* (5) W22554/2:
* (5) W22554/2:
** ''ki-i'' <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ ''a-na ziq-p''[''i''...] / <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''a-di-i'' <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš'' <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA [...]
** ''ki-i'' <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ ''a-na ziq-p''[''i''...] / <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''a-di-i'' <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš'' <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA [...]
** "If the Gemini culmin[ates and the (lunar) eclipse should begin], / The Great Gemini, the True Shepherd of Anu. / Until the Sun of the True Shepherd of Anu [reaches...] " [SpTU III, 102:3-5].  
** "If the Gemini culmin[ates and the (lunar) eclipse should begin], / The Great Gemini, the True Shepherd of Anu. / Until the Sun of the True Shepherd of Anu [reaches...] " [SpTU III, 102:3-5].  
* (6) Zodiacal astrology.
* (6) Zodiacal astrology.
** a) KI <sup>múl</sup>SIPA ''u'' MAŠ.MAŠ UŠ<sub>2</sub> ''ki-li'' "Region of the Gemini: death in captivity" [SpTU II, 43:21]; for a parallel see. [TU, 14: 22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 5'], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
** a) KI <sup>múl</sup>SIPA ''u'' MAŠ.MAŠ UŠ<sub>2</sub> ''ki-li'' "Region of the Gemini: death in captivity" [SpTU II, 43:21]; for a parallel see. [TU, 14: 22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 5'], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
** (b) Mars in Gemini, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.
** (b) Mars in Gemini, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.
* (7) Calendar and ritual texts ['''single sign MAŠ'''].
** a) BM 34452+: 3 1 // 3 13 // ''Sin ina'' MAŠ.QA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ EGIR-''i'' / GUB GU<sub>2</sub>.DU<sub>8</sub>.A<sup>ki</sup> "Simanu 1 // simanu 13 // The moon on the posterior position, the shoulder of the Gemini. / Kutu's place." [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41: rev. 5-6].
**(b) W 22704 (recipe for making ointment? + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 14 // MAŠ 8 // ''dām''(UŠ<sub>2</sub>) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) ''šaman''(I<sub>3</sub>.GIŠ) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) ''u šārat''(SIG<sub>2</sub><sup>ḫi</sup>.a) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) MIN(=''tapaššaš'') MIN(=''tapaššaš'') "Duuzu 14 // Aries 80 // You smear ram's blood, ram's fat, and ram's wool" [SpTU III, 104:14, as well as 104:1, 27]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. [SpTU III, 105:11, 24]. See also [SpTU I, 98:VIII; TU, 22:3, 15].
|
|
|}         See also MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> TAG-''su'', <sup>mul</sup>ABSIN(KI.DIDLI) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-''su''] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ ''a-na ziq-p''[''i''...] "When the Gemini culminate[s]" [SpTU III, 102:3]; also [SpTU V, 268:16].
|}         See also MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> TAG-''su'', <sup>mul</sup>ABSIN(KI.DIDLI) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-''su''] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ ''a-na ziq-p''[''i''...] "When the Gemini culminate[s]" [SpTU III, 102:3]; also [SpTU V, 268:16].


== Historical Dictionaries ==
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m14)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, m13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|-
| = māšū «Близнецы»; 1) = знак зодиака и созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, 2) ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [G. 266].
|1) сокращение от MAŠ.MAŠ «Близнецы» (Gemini) знак зодиака или созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 266]; 2) нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник (= Овен) в поздних календарно-ритуальных текстах [SpTU III, Nr. 104, 105; Reiner 1995, 115, note 522]; 3) <sup>d</sup>MAŠ = dNinurta — божество Нинурта, отождествляемое в MUL.APIN I ii 16 c Меркурием [MA, 34, 80], см. n45<sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: (1) <sup>[mul]</sup>maš = […]-a-x [SpTU III, 114A v 36]. (2) <sup>mul</sup>maš = […] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 col. iv 15]. (3) <sup>mul</sup>maš =[tu]-a-ma [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:293ʹ]. Математическая астрономия. Обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы в [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется уже в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 16 r. 5]. (2) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. a) BM 34452+: 3 1 // 3 13  // Sin ina MAŠ.QA ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ EGIR-i / GUB GU<sub>2</sub>.DU<sub>8</sub>.A<sup>ki</sup> «Симану 1 // симану 13 // Луна на плече заднего из Близнецов. / Место Куту» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41: rev. 5–6]. b) W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази? + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 14 // MAŠ 8 // dām(UŠ<sub>2</sub>) immeri(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) šaman(I<sub>3</sub>.GIŠ) immeri(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) u šārat(SIG<sub>2</sub><sup>ḫi</sup>.a) immeri(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Дуузу 14 //  Овен 80 //  Кровь барана, жир барана и шерсть барана ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:14, а также 104:1, 27]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. [SpTU III, 105:11, 24]. См. также [SpTU I, 98:VIII; TU, 22:3, 15].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m15)
|
|-
|= māšū «Близнецы»; 1) = знак зодиака и созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, 2) =  ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [G. 266].
I. Источники.
I. Источники.


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См. также MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> TAG-su, <sup>mul</sup>ABSIN(KI.DIDLI) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-su] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i…] «Когда Близнецы кульминиру[ют]» [SpTU III, 102:3]; а также [SpTU V, 268:16].
См. также MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> TAG-su, <sup>mul</sup>ABSIN(KI.DIDLI) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-su] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i…] «Когда Близнецы кульминиру[ют]» [SpTU III, 102:3]; а также [SpTU V, 268:16].
|
| Example
|}
|}

== References ==
== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

Revision as of 12:53, 4 September 2025

mul / dMAŠ.MAŠ (𒀯𒈦𒈦) is Sumerian with the Akkadian equivalent māšū, The Twins. In lexical lists both one MAŠ-sign as well as a repeated MAŠ.MAŠ = māšū itself is a originally a loan word from the Sumerian, corresponding to Semitic-Akkadian tu'āmu, cognate to other Semitic languages for 'twins.' See for example the ??? star-list:

In general, MAŠ, MAŠ.MAŠ and their Akkadian equivalents are used to designate several ancient Mesopotamian asterisms where two stars of similar brightness seem to form a pair in the sky, among them parts of the the constellation that survives today as classical Gemini, The Twins. The most important of the ancient Mesopotamian twins-asterisms are the The Great Twins (MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL) followed by the Lesser Twins MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR which are listed first and second in two parallel lists of 'Twins' asterisms. In any case, repetition of nouns and adjectives in Sumerian indicates either plurality, or emphasis, e.g. for : So for MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL, 'The Great Twins,' or even perhaps 'The Greatest Twins..'

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= māšū (Akkadian) The Twins (Gemini)

mul / dMAŠ (𒀯𒈦) is a short writing.

Var. designations:

  • 1) = zodiac sign and constellation in later astronomical and astrological texts,
  • 2) = ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [G. 266].
  • 1) abbreviation of MAŠ.MAŠ Gemini, a zodiac sign or constellation in late astronomical and astrological texts [G. 266];
  • 2) a nonstandard designation for the zodiac sign Hired Man (= Aries) in late calendar-ritual texts [SpTU III, Nr. 104, 105; Reiner 1995, 115, note 522];
  • 3) dMAŠ = dNinurta, the deity Ninurta, identified in MUL.APIN I ii 16 with Mercury [MA, 34, 80], see (Kurtik n45) dNIN.URTA. In this case, the use of the MAŠ sign derives from a separate history than that of the Twin-stars asterisms.

Parallel lists of 7 'Twins' constellations are available in The Great Star List and the compendium KAR 142 (courtesy of W. Horowitz and J. Fincke).

XXXVI.

KAR 142 (VAT 9418) (Pongratz-Leisten, ina šulmi īrub, 221-227 text 7) (collated, 11.07.2017 JCF)

7 names of Marduk; 7 Adad-(name)s, 7 MUL.MAŠ.ME (7 twins), then:

  1. obv. i 26 MUL.MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
  1. obv. i 27 MUL.MA[Š.TA]B.BA.TUR.TUR
  2. obv. i 28 MUL.MAŠ.TA[B.B]A ša ina IGI dPAP.SUKKAL
  3. obv. i 29 MUL.PA [0] u dLUGAL
  4. obv. i 30 MUL.ŠÁR.UR4 u dŠÁR.GAZ
  5. obv. i 31 MUL.KU.AN.NA229
  6. obv. i 32 MUL.KU.KI.[S]IKIL (erasure)
  7. obv. i 33 MUL.NIN.SAR d[è]r-ra-GAL
  8. obv. i 34 7 MUL.MAŠ-ši
Sources (Kurtik m13, m15) Identifications
Lexical texts.

Urra XXII series (MAŠ):

  • (1) ) mulmaš =[tu]-a-ma [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:293ʹ].
  • (2) maš = [...] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 col. iv 15].
  • (3 the SpTU entry is just one ms of Bloch-Horowitz

Urra XXII series (MAŠ.MAŠ):*(1) Urra XXII series: [mul]maš.maš = ma-šu-u "Gemini" [SpTU III, 114A v 37; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 108:294ʹ].

  • (2) Series A I/6, 111-114: ma-áš-ma-áš ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu, dlugal-gir3-ra, dmes-lam-ta-e3-a [MSL XIV, 227–228].
Lists of ziqpu-stars.

VAT 16436:

  • múlMAŠ.MAŠ dAG u dU.GUR // 2 // 10 IGI 8 ME KUŠ3
  • "Gemini, Nabu and Nergal // 2 (stars) // 10800 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952, 226-7:10].
Anaphora.
  • BM 36609+:
    • TA? 5? UŠ ˹kin??˺-ṣa NU KUR / EN a-si-du / MAŠ.MAŠ TA SAG-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR
    • "(When the stars culminate) from 5?0, not reaching (i.e., in front of) the Knee, / to the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth). / (in this interval) the Twins, from their beginning to their end, ascend."
  • [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 20-22]; time of rising: 200 [ibid. 549].
MLC 1866 iv 18-19:
  • dMAŠ.MAŠ dtu-ma-mumeš / ša2 ina pa-na-at GUB-zu
  • "The Gemini, the twins who stand ahead" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42].
"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".
  • 1) MAŠ.MAŠ — the sign of the zodiac Gemini [AD I-III, passim], the earliest example in the diary, -418 [ibid., 62, no.-418:5, 12];
  • 2) the designation MAŠ.MAŠ was part of the names of the five "normal stars" (nos. s8-12 in Kurtik m39 MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ).
Mathematical astronomy.

MAŠ is a esignation of the zodiac sign Gemini in [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; used already in lunar tables of the late 5th century BC. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989].

MAŠ.MAŠ is the sign of the zodiac Gemini [ACT II, 482; LBAT, passim].

Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.
  • (1) "Horoscopes". MAŠ.MAŠ is the zodiac sign Gemini [BH, passim], [BH, 16 r. 5].
  • (2) "Lunaries."
    • (a) BRM IV 20: ki mulmaš.maš "Region of Gemini" (in the same text: ki mul<maš>.tab.ba.gal. gal "Region of the Great Twins"), it corresponds to the following activities: magic ritual against threat to life, (ritual against disease) fatigue, (ritual against) "female spirit" (it seems to refer also to disease), the noble does not heed slander [Ungnad 1941-44, 256, 268-269:9, 10, 30, 38; Reiner 1995, 108-109; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
    • (b) BRM IV 19: maš.maš — the designation for the zodiac sign Gemini in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: c, f, k, 10, 33; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
  • (3) "Microzodiac."
    • The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: [3-tu]m ḫa.la múlmaš.maš šum3-šu2 "[3]-th part, its name is Gemini" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. 
  • (4) Text W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulMAŠ].˹MAŠ˺ U3.T[U...] "If he, [when the Gem]ini (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V, 265:2'].
  • (5) W22554/2:
    • ki-i múlMAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i...] / múlMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / a-di-i dŠamaš múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA [...]
    • "If the Gemini culmin[ates and the (lunar) eclipse should begin], / The Great Gemini, the True Shepherd of Anu. / Until the Sun of the True Shepherd of Anu [reaches...] " [SpTU III, 102:3-5].  
  • (6) Zodiacal astrology.
    • a) KI múlSIPA u MAŠ.MAŠ UŠ2 ki-li "Region of the Gemini: death in captivity" [SpTU II, 43:21]; for a parallel see. [TU, 14: 22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 5'], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
    • (b) Mars in Gemini, see (Kurtik ts02) Ṣalbatānu.
  • (7) Calendar and ritual texts [single sign MAŠ].
    • a) BM 34452+: 3 1 // 3 13 // Sin ina MAŠ.QA ša2 múlMAŠ EGIR-i / GUB GU2.DU8.Aki "Simanu 1 // simanu 13 // The moon on the posterior position, the shoulder of the Gemini. / Kutu's place." [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41: rev. 5-6].
    • (b) W 22704 (recipe for making ointment? + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 14 // MAŠ 8 // dām(UŠ2) immeri(UDU.NITA2) šaman(I3.GIŠ) immeri(UDU.NITA2) u šārat(SIG2ḫi.a) immeri(UDU.NITA2) MIN(=tapaššaš) MIN(=tapaššaš) "Duuzu 14 // Aries 80 // You smear ram's blood, ram's fat, and ram's wool" [SpTU III, 104:14, as well as 104:1, 27]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. [SpTU III, 105:11, 24]. See also [SpTU I, 98:VIII; TU, 22:3, 15].

         See also MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], mulMAŠ.MAŠ mul lúḪUN.GA2 TAG-su, mulABSIN(KI.DIDLI) mulMAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-su] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; múlMAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i...] "When the Gemini culminate[s]" [SpTU III, 102:3]; also [SpTU V, 268:16].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, m13) Gössmann (1950)
1) сокращение от MAŠ.MAŠ «Близнецы» (Gemini) — знак зодиака или созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 266]; 2) нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник (= Овен) в поздних календарно-ритуальных текстах [SpTU III, Nr. 104, 105; Reiner 1995, 115, note 522]; 3) dMAŠ = dNinurta — божество Нинурта, отождествляемое в MUL.APIN I ii 16 c Меркурием [MA, 34, 80], см. n45dNIN.URTA.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: (1) [mul]maš = […]-a-x [SpTU III, 114A v 36]. (2) mulmaš = […] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1 col. iv 15]. (3) mulmaš =[tu]-a-ma [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:293ʹ]. Математическая астрономия. Обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы в [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; используется уже в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 16 r. 5]. (2) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. a) BM 34452+: 3 1 // 3 13  // Sin ina MAŠ.QA ša2 múlMAŠ EGIR-i / GUB GU2.DU8.Aki «Симану 1 // симану 13 // Луна на плече заднего из Близнецов. / Место Куту» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41: rev. 5–6]. b) W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази? + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 14 // MAŠ 8 // dām(UŠ2) immeri(UDU.NITA2) šaman(I3.GIŠ) immeri(UDU.NITA2) u šārat(SIG2ḫi.a) immeri(UDU.NITA2) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Дуузу 14 //  Овен 80 //  Кровь барана, жир барана и шерсть барана ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:14, а также 104:1, 27]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. [SpTU III, 105:11, 24]. См. также [SpTU I, 98:VIII; TU, 22:3, 15].

Example
Kurtik (2022, m15)
= māšū «Близнецы»; 1) = знак зодиака и созвездие в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, 2) =  ziqpu XVIII (α Gem) [G. 266].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: [mul]maš.maš = ma-šu-u «Близнецы» [SpTU III, 114A v 37; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:294ʹ]. (2) Серия A I/6, 111–114: ma-áš-ma-áš ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu, dlugal-gir3-ra, dmes-lam-ta-e3-a [MSL XIV, 227–228]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlMAŠ.MAŠ dAG u dU.GUR // 2 // 10 IGI 8 ME KUŠ3 «Близнецы, Набу и Нергал // 2 (звезды) // 10800 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–7:10]. Анафора. BM 36609+: TA? 5? UŠ ˹kin??˺-ṣa NU KUR / EN a-si-du / MAŠ.MAŠ TA SAG-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «(Когда кульминируют звезды) от 5?0, не достигая (т.е. впереди) Колена, / до Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью). / (в этот промежуток) Близнецы, от их начала до их конца, восходят» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 20–22]; время восхода: 200 [ibid. 549]. MLC 1866 iv 18–19: dMAŠ.MAŠ dtu-ma-mumeš / ša2 ina pa-na-at GUB-zu «Близнецы, близнецы, которые впереди стоят» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42]. «Дневники наблюдений». 1) MAŠ.MAŠ — знак зодиака Близнецы [AD I–III, passim], самый ранний пример в дневнике за -418 год [ibid., 62, No.-418:5, 12]; 2) обозначение MAŠ.MAŠ входило в названия пяти «нормальных звезд» (№ 8–12 в m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ). Математическая астрономия. MAŠ.MAŠ — знак зодиака Близнецы [ACT II, 482; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». MAŠ.MAŠ — знак зодиака Близнецы [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV 20: ki mulmaš.maš «Область Близнецов» (в этом же тексте: ki mul<maš>.tab.ba.gal.gal «Область Больших Близнецов»), ей соответствуют следующие виды деятельности: магический ритуал против угрозы для жизни, (ритуал против болезни) головокружения, (ритуал против) «женского духа» (речь, по-видимому, идет также о болезни), знатный клевете не внемлет  [Ungnad 1941–44, 256, 268–269:9, 10, 30, 38; Reiner 1995, 108–109; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV 19: maš.maš — обозначение знака зодиака Близнецы в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: c, f, k, 10, 33; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: [3-tu]m ḫa.la múlmaš.maš šum3-šu2 «[3]-я часть, ее имя Близнецы» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].  (4) Текст W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulMAŠ].˹MAŠ˺ U3.T[U…] «Если он, [когда Близ]нецы (кульминируют), роди[лся]…» [SpTU V, 265:2']. (5) W22554/2: ki-i múlMAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i…] / múlMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / a-di-i dŠamaš múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA […] «Если Близнецы кульмин[ируют и (лунное) затмение должно начаться], / Большие Близнецы, Праведный Пастух Ану. / До тех пор пока Солнце Праведного Пастуха Ану [не достигнет…] « [SpTU III, 102:3–5].  (6) Зодиакальная астрология. а) KI múlSIPA u MAŠ.MAŠ UŠ2 ki-li «Область Близнецов: смерть в плену» [SpTU II, 43:21]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 5'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) Марс в Близнецах, см. ts02Ṣalbatānu.

См. также MAŠ.MAŠ [LBAT, 1591:1, 1600 obv. 5'], mulMAŠ.MAŠ mul lúḪUN.GA2 TAG-su, mulABSIN(KI.DIDLI) mulMAŠ.MAŠ [TAG-su] [SpTU I, 96:4, 6]; múlMAŠ.MAŠ a-na ziq-p[i…] «Когда Близнецы кульминиру[ют]» [SpTU III, 102:3]; а также [SpTU V, 268:16].

References