GU.LA: Difference between revisions
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{{distinguish|Gula}} |
{{distinguish|Gula}} |
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[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]] |
[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]] |
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<sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [ |
<sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann1950<ref name=":0" />, 71; Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257]. In addition to the attested translation of GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as the asterism's Akkadian name. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA, and the Lion-constellation <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 115, 154). '''''For <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018'''''<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>''''': 33 and below g27+??''''' |
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Akkadian parallel in Urra XXII: |
Akkadian parallel in Urra XXII: |
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* [<sup>mul</sup>gu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''<sub>2</sub> [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64]. See also: mul ''ra-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e'' [ACh Suppl., 54:18]. |
* [<sup>mul</sup>gu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''<sub>2</sub> [MSL XI<ref name=":3">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64]. See also: mul ''ra-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e'' [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":4">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 54:18]. |
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* = ''rabû'' (?) (𒊏𒁍𒌑) “great (man)” (?). |
* = ''rabû'' (?) (𒊏𒁍𒌑) “great (man)” (?). |
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Although this constellation is identified with Hydrochoos/Aquarius, the Greek/Latin names have no obvious relationship with their cuneiform counterpart. Tentatively, a relationship could be established if we assume that the Sumerian term was segmented (by folk etymology?) phonetically as /gul/ (cf. Akk. ''gullu'' “bowl”) and /a/ “water”. Note, however, that a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar explains [<sup>mul(.d?)</sup>GU.]LA as ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''], i.e. Ninkarrak, another name of the healing goddess Gula (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 7’, see Arnaud 1985, V I.1, 287, and Gantzert 210,1 210; II 127). <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (EA 2l). |
Although this constellation is identified with Hydrochoos/Aquarius, the Greek/Latin names have no obvious relationship with their cuneiform counterpart. Tentatively, a relationship could be established if we assume that the Sumerian term was segmented (by folk etymology?) phonetically as /gul/ (cf. Akk. ''gullu'' “bowl”) and /a/ “water”. Note, however, that a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar explains [<sup>mul(.d?)</sup>GU.]LA as ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''], i.e. Ninkarrak, another name of the healing goddess Gula (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 7’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, V I.1, 287, and Gantzert<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref> 210,1 210; II 127). <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (EA 2l). |
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==== Sources and Identification(s) ==== |
==== Sources and Identification(s) ==== |
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|'''Lexic. texts.''' |
|'''Lexic. texts.''' |
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* (1) Sumerian list from Nippur: <sup>mul</sup>gu.la [MSL XI, 107:389]. |
* (1) Sumerian list from Nippur: <sup>mul</sup>gu.la [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 107:389]. |
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* (2) Urra XXII series: |
* (2) Urra XXII series: |
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** <sup>mul</sup>gu.la = (pass) [MSL XI, 30:25a'], |
** <sup>mul</sup>gu.la = (pass) [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 30:25a'], |
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** [<sup>mul</sup>gu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''<sub>2</sub> [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64], |
** [<sup>mul</sup>gu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''<sub>2</sub> [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, 49, RS Rec. A:64], |
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** <sup>mul</sup>gu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], a possible parallel [<sup>mul</sup>gu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ]. |
** <sup>mul</sup>gu.la = ŠU [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 60], a possible parallel [<sup>mul</sup>gu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 111:320ʹ]. |
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'''Astrolabe P.''' |
'''Astrolabe P.''' |
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* Month of Tebet, the stars of Ea, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575]. |
* Month of Tebet, the stars of Ea, 140 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575]. |
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'''Astrolabe B.''' |
'''Astrolabe B.''' |
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* (2) List (rising-setting=6m): |
* (2) List (rising-setting=6m): |
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** a) <sup>iti</sup>ab <sup>mul</sup>gu.la <sup>mul</sup>''al-lu-ut-tum'' <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> ˹e<sub>3</sub>˺ "Tebet: Giant, Crab, Eagle rises" (C 31), |
** a) <sup>iti</sup>ab <sup>mul</sup>gu.la <sup>mul</sup>''al-lu-ut-tum'' <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> ˹e<sub>3</sub>˺ "Tebet: Giant, Crab, Eagle rises" (C 31), |
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** b) <sup>[mu]l</sup><<ur>>.gu.la <sup>mul</sup>''al-lu-ut-tum'' <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> [šu<sub>2</sub>] "(Duuzu): the Giant, Crab, Eagle [comes in]." [KAV |
** b) <sup>[mu]l</sup><<ur>>.gu.la <sup>mul</sup>''al-lu-ut-tum'' <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> [šu<sub>2</sub>] "(Duuzu): the Giant, Crab, Eagle [comes in]." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. |
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|[[File:Aqr+Cap Perdok stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Mesopotamian god Enki/ Ea and the benevolent daemon of the Goat-Fish next to him; paintings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) mapped to Stellarium. ]] |
|[[File:Aqr+Cap Perdok stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Mesopotamian god Enki/ Ea and the benevolent daemon of the Goat-Fish next to him; paintings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) mapped to Stellarium. ]] |
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|'''BM 82923.''' |
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Month of Tebet, stars of Ea: <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA // 2.20 // <sup>d</sup>EN BE <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "The Giant // 140 // Lord of sources, Ea". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:28]. |
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|'''BM 34713.''' |
|'''BM 34713.''' |
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* <sup>iti</sup>ab // 2,20 <sup>múl</sup>gu.la // 1,0 <sup>múl</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a // 30 <sup>múl</sup>[uz<sub>3</sub>] |
* <sup>iti</sup>ab // 2,20 <sup>múl</sup>gu.la // 1,0 <sup>múl</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a // 30 <sup>múl</sup>[uz<sub>3</sub>] |
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* "Tebet: 140 Giant, 60 Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 30 [Goat]" [LBAT, 1499:10]. |
* "Tebet: 140 Giant, 60 Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 30 [Goat]" [LBAT<ref name=":6">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10]. |
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* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>gu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176]. |
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>gu.la [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176]. |
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|'''EAE.''' |
|'''EAE.''' |
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See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Verderame 2002<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 247; SpTU IV<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11">''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. |
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See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; Verderame 2002, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. |
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|'''MUL.APIN.''' |
|'''MUL.APIN.''' |
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* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 2): <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "Giant, Ea" (I ii 20). |
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 2): <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "Giant, Ea" (I ii 20). |
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* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "5th of Sabbath" (I iii 10), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]]. |
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "5th of Sabbath" (I iii 10), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]]. |
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* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: |
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: |
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** a) (I iii 18), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A<sub>2</sub>.mušen]], |
** a) (I iii 18), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A<sub>2</sub>.mušen]], |
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** b) (I iii 31), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]]. |
** b) (I iii 31), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]]. |
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* (4) Stars "on the way of towards the moon": <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA, after <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>, before KUN<sup>meš</sup> (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]] [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68]. |
* (4) Stars "on the way of towards the moon": <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA, after <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>, before KUN<sup>meš</sup> (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA<ref name=":12">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68]. |
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|[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]] |
|[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]] |
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|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."''' |
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."''' |
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* 12 stars of Elam: <sup>mul</sup>gu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205]. |
* 12 stars of Elam: <sup>mul</sup>gu.la [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:205]. |
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|'''Dalbanna-text.''' |
|'''Dalbanna-text.''' |
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* §aa. <sup>˹mul˺</sup>gu.la <sup>mul</sup>eme ur.gi<sub>7</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SAR U<sub>5</sub> x [...] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>2</sub>.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x [...] "Giant (α Lyr?), tongue of the Dog (τ Her), <sup>mul</sup>SAR U<sub>5</sub> x [...] (γ Ser): 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 interval[a, interval. Star] x x [...]" [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; according to [Koch 1995, 51, 64], <sup>˹mul˺</sup>gu.la = <sup>˹mul˺(d)</sup>''Gu-la'' "(healer goddess) Gula" (α Lyr), <sup>mul</sup>SAR U<sub>5</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>sar.u<sub>5</sub> (βγικρ Caput Serpentis). |
* §aa. <sup>˹mul˺</sup>gu.la <sup>mul</sup>eme ur.gi<sub>7</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SAR U<sub>5</sub> x [...] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>2</sub>.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x [...] "Giant (α Lyr?), tongue of the Dog (τ Her), <sup>mul</sup>SAR U<sub>5</sub> x [...] (γ Ser): 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 interval[a, interval. Star] x x [...]" [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64], <sup>˹mul˺</sup>gu.la = <sup>˹mul˺(d)</sup>''Gu-la'' "(healer goddess) Gula" (α Lyr), <sup>mul</sup>SAR U<sub>5</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>sar.u<sub>5</sub> (βγικρ Caput Serpentis). |
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|'''Text W. 22281a.''' |
|'''Text W. 22281a.''' |
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* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>GU<sub>4</sub> UD 15 KAM<sub>2</sub> KI KUR [''ša'' <sup>d</sup>Šamaš...] / u <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''šit-qu-lu ina'' <sup>it</sup>[<sup>i</sup>A]PIN [''ina''] ''l''[''i-l'']''a-a-tu''<sub>2</sub> KI ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Š''[''amaš'' ŠU.BI. AŠ.AM<sub>3</sub>] |
* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>GU<sub>4</sub> UD 15 KAM<sub>2</sub> KI KUR [''ša'' <sup>d</sup>Šamaš...] / u <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''šit-qu-lu ina'' <sup>it</sup>[<sup>i</sup>A]PIN [''ina''] ''l''[''i-l'']''a-a-tu''<sub>2</sub> KI ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Š''[''amaš'' ŠU.BI. AŠ.AM<sub>3</sub>] |
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* "On the 15th of ayar, during the rising [of the Sun...] and the Giant in equilibrium (= culminate). In the (month of) arahsamnu, in the evening, during sunset, the same thing takes place". [SpTU I, 95:3'-4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. |
* "On the 15th of ayar, during the rising [of the Sun...] and the Giant in equilibrium (= culminate). In the (month of) arahsamnu, in the evening, during sunset, the same thing takes place". [SpTU I<ref name=":14">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:3'-4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. |
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|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.''' |
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.''' |
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* a) ''qu''<sub>2</sub>-''up''-[''pu'' ...] "[Front] reservo[ir of the Giant ...]." |
* a) ''qu''<sub>2</sub>-''up''-[''pu'' ...] "[Front] reservo[ir of the Giant ...]." |
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* b) ˹''qu''<sub>2</sub><sup>?</sup>˺-[...] "[Rear] reservo[ir of the Giant]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 564:12′-13′]. |
* b) ˹''qu''<sub>2</sub><sup>?</sup>˺-[...] "[Rear] reservo[ir of the Giant]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 564:12′-13′]. |
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|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.''' |
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.''' |
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* (1) "Lunaries." |
* (1) "Lunaries." |
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** a) BRM IV, 20: ki <sup>mul</sup>gu.la "Giant's region (= Aquarius)." [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35]. |
** a) BRM IV, 20: ki <sup>mul</sup>gu.la "Giant's region (= Aquarius)." [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 258-259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35]. |
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** (b) BRM IV, 19, see below (Kurtik g25 GU). |
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see below (Kurtik g25 GU). |
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* (2) Microzodiac. |
* (2) Microzodiac. |
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** (a) Subdivision of the zodiac sign of the Hired Worker (Aries) into 12 parts, see (Kurtik g25, GU, merged here). |
** (a) Subdivision of the zodiac sign of the Hired Worker (Aries) into 12 parts, see (Kurtik g25, GU, merged here). |
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** (b) Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 7th part is <sup>mul</sup>gu.la [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. |
** (b) Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 7th part is <sup>mul</sup>gu.la [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. |
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* (3) Dodecatemoria. BM 34452+: |
* (3) Dodecatemoria. BM 34452+: |
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** a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin ...] <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA / [....] ''Eri-du''<sub>10</sub> "[Tebet 10 // siman 10 // Moon ...] Giant. / [...] Eridu." |
** a) [11 10 // 3 10 // ''Sin'' ...] <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA / [....] ''Eri-du''<sub>10</sub> "[Tebet 10 // siman 10 // Moon ...] Giant. / [...] Eridu." |
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** b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU<sub>2</sub>.MURGU <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA / KI <sup>múl</sup>SIPA GUB E<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN.EDIN "Ab 24 // siman 12 // The Moon on the spine<sup>?</sup> of the Giant. / Region of the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn, according to Hunger), seat of the house <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN.EDIN (= Lady Erua?)." [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19-20, rev. 3-4]. |
** b) 5 24 // 3 12 // ''Sin ina'' GU<sub>2</sub>.MURGU <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA / KI <sup>múl</sup>SIPA GUB E<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN.EDIN "Ab 24 // siman 12 // The Moon on the spine<sup>?</sup> of the Giant. / Region of the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn, according to Hunger), seat of the house <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN.EDIN (= Lady Erua?)." [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41:19-20, rev. 3-4]. |
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* (4) Predictions of cereal prices by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim]. |
* (4) Predictions of cereal prices by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA [SpTU I<ref name=":14" />, 94, passim]. |
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* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Aquarius was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000]. |
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Aquarius was born..." [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000<ref name=":15">''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>]. |
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* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. |
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. |
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|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.''' |
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.''' |
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* 1) GU is the designation of the zodiac sign Aquarius [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim], first seen in the diary of the year -384 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ]. |
* 1) GU is the designation of the zodiac sign Aquarius [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim], first seen in the diary of the year -384 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ]. |
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* 2) As a designation of constellation included in the names of the 3 "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]]. |
* 2) As a designation of constellation included in the names of the 3 "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]]. |
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|'''Mathematical Astronomy.''' |
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.''' |
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See. [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]. |
See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":6" />, passim]. |
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* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 <sup>múl</sup>GU ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) |
* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 <sup>múl</sup>GU ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) |
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* "In the month of Tebet, in the morning of the 28th day, the Giant emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], parallel in Sp II 202+: ina ab ina ''še-rim'' 28 <sup>múl</sup>gu.la ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid. 246:23]. |
* "In the month of Tebet, in the morning of the 28th day, the Giant emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":16">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:5], parallel in Sp II 202+: ina ab ina ''še-rim'' 28 <sup>múl</sup>gu.la ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":16" /> 246:23]. |
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|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.''' |
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.''' |
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* (1) Horoscopes. GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant (= Aquarius) [BH, passim]. |
* (1) Horoscopes. GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant (= Aquarius) [BH, passim]. |
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* (2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: b, d, n, 10-13, 15, 28; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. |
* (2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 274-275: b, d, n, 10-13, 15, 28; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. |
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* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Worker(=Aries) into 12 parts: |
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| ⚫ | * |
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** a) AO 6483: 11-i-tu<sub>4</sub> zittu(ḫa.la) <sup>múl</sup>gu ''šum''<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "11th section, its name is the Giant" [TU<ref name=":17">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:19; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66], |
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* (4) Calendar-magic texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"): |
* (4) Calendar-magic texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"): |
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** MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''erî''(TI<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup>) ''kappi''(PA) MIN(= ''erî'') ''u dām''(UŠ<sub>2</sub>) MIN(= ''erî'') MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') |
** MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''erî''(TI<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup>) ''kappi''(PA) MIN(= ''erî'') ''u dām''(UŠ<sub>2</sub>) MIN(= ''erî'') MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') |
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** "Duuzu 6 // Aquarius 120 // Head of eagle, wing of eagle and blood of eagle - you smear" [SpTU III, 104:6, and also 104:19]; |
** "Duuzu 6 // Aquarius 120 // Head of eagle, wing of eagle and blood of eagle - you smear" [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 104:6, and also 104:19]; |
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** for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29]. |
** for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 105:3, 16, 29]. |
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* (5) Zodiacal astrology. |
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. |
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** a) KI <sup>múl</sup>GU MU DUG<sub>3</sub> DUMU<sup>meš</sup> TUK UŠ<sub>2</sub> A.MEŠ "Region of Aquarius: sons shall have a good name, death by water" [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], for parallels see. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192]. |
** a) KI <sup>múl</sup>GU MU DUG<sub>3</sub> DUMU<sup>meš</sup> TUK UŠ<sub>2</sub> A.MEŠ "Region of Aquarius: sons shall have a good name, death by water" [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], for parallels see. [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43: 27]; see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 192]. |
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** b) KI <sup>múl</sup>GU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000]. |
** b) KI <sup>múl</sup>GU [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000<ref name=":15" />]. |
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See also [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3′]. |
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":14" />, 96:1; SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 270:3′]. |
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[[File:GULAaqr CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 180923.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]] |
[[File:GULAaqr CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 180923.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]] |
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==== II. Deity. ==== |
==== II. Deity. ==== |
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A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= <sup>d</sup>''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "<sup>d</sup>Laḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see |
A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= <sup>d</sup>''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "<sup>d</sup>Laḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987<ref name=":18">''Porada E''. On the Origins of "Aquarius" / Fs. Reiner. P. 279-291.</ref>; Kononenko 1997<ref>''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.</ref>, 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166]. |
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* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]]. |
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]]. |
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==== III. Symbol. ==== |
==== III. Symbol. ==== |
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A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945, 124-133; Seidl 1968, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; Wallenfels |
A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 124-133; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19">''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987<ref name=":18" />, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21">''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21" />, no. 126-141; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19" />, 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20" />, figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above). |
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==== IV. Identification. ==== |
==== IV. Identification. ==== |
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= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246]. |
= Aquarius [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, 12; MA<ref name=":12" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 246]. |
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==== V. Constellation parts and individual stars. ==== |
==== V. Constellation parts and individual stars. ==== |
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(1) = Venus; <sup>ul</sup>gu.la is the name of Venus in the month of kislimu [ACh Ištar, 8:2], see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat". |
(1) = Venus; <sup>ul</sup>gu.la is the name of Venus in the month of kislimu [ACh Ištar, 8:2], see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat". |
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(2) = Jupiter; DIŠ UD.28.KAM<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>3</sub> 29.KAM<sub>2</sub> KA´MI-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>GAL: <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''ina'' [A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB] "If on the 28th and 29th day (of the month of adar, the Sun) darkens (and) the Great Star (i.e. Jupiter?) = the Giant on [stands on its side]" [ACh Šamaš, 11:72]. |
(2) = Jupiter; DIŠ UD.28.KAM<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>3</sub> 29.KAM<sub>2</sub> KA´MI-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>GAL: <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''ina'' [A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB] "If on the 28th and 29th day (of the month of adar, the Sun) darkens (and) the Great Star (i.e. Jupiter?) = the Giant on [stands on its side]" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":4" />, 11:72]. |
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(3) = Yoke; <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN = <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA, see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>]], VI 3. |
(3) = Yoke; <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN = <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA, see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>]], VI 3. |
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===== Predictions: ===== |
===== Predictions: ===== |
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(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' <sup>mulx</sup>GU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' <sup>mulx</sup>GU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''u''<sub>2</sub>''-lu'' <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUN<sup>ki</sup> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu'' uru <sup>d</sup>ID<sub>2</sub> "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city <sup>d</sup>ID<sub>2</sub>" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [Verderame 2002, 54, IIa:1′]. |
(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' <sup>mulx</sup>GU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' <sup>mulx</sup>GU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV<ref name=":10" />, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''u''<sub>2</sub>''-lu'' <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUN<sup>ki</sup> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu'' uru <sup>d</sup>ID<sub>2</sub> "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city <sup>d</sup>ID<sub>2</sub>" [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 54, IIa:1′]. |
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(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U<sub>4</sub>.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU, 11:2]. |
(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U<sub>4</sub>.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU<ref name=":17" />, 11:2]. |
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(6) Heliacal rising(?); <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL <sup>mul</sup>[TI<sub>8</sub>]<sup>mušen</sup> <sup>d</sup>UD.AL.TAR <sup>d</sup>SAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' UD ŠU<sub>2</sub> EN MUL LU KUR-''ma'' "The Giant, Crab, [Eagle], Heroic, (i.e.) Jupiter in a cloudy day .... heliacally rises" [BPO 2, III 28a]. |
(6) Heliacal rising(?); <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL <sup>mul</sup>[TI<sub>8</sub>]<sup>mušen</sup> <sup>d</sup>UD.AL.TAR <sup>d</sup>SAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' UD ŠU<sub>2</sub> EN MUL LU KUR-''ma'' "The Giant, Crab, [Eagle], Heroic, (i.e.) Jupiter in a cloudy day .... heliacally rises" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 28a]. |
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(7) Venus or Jupiter becomeds weak; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ŠUB-''ut'' [<sup>d</sup>''Dil'']-''bat'' <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.GAR ''u''<sub>2</sub>''-tan-na-at''<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' KI.MIN ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫar-ma'' NU IGI "If the Giant (Great Star?) falls, (this means): [Ve]nus (or) Jupiter becomes faint, variant: are behind the sky and not visible" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52]. |
(7) Venus or Jupiter becomeds weak; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ŠUB-''ut'' [<sup>d</sup>''Dil'']-''bat'' <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.GAR ''u''<sub>2</sub>''-tan-na-at''<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' KI.MIN ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫar-ma'' NU IGI "If the Giant (Great Star?) falls, (this means): [Ve]nus (or) Jupiter becomes faint, variant: are behind the sky and not visible" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 248, K.2346+: r. 52]. |
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(8) The Moon and the Giant; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA GUB ''ina'' ITI BI [...] "[If the Moon], during its appearance, (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s right horn: during this month [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.L]A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' SI GUB<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA GUB SAL.KUR<sub>2</sub>. KUR<sub>2</sub> [...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s left horn: war [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>-''š'']''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.GU.Z[A...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands in the moon’s middle: the king of all thrones [...]". [Verderame 2002, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′-18′]. |
(8) The Moon and the Giant; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA GUB ''ina'' ITI BI [...] "[If the Moon], during its appearance, (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s right horn: during this month [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.L]A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' SI GUB<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA GUB SAL.KUR<sub>2</sub>. KUR<sub>2</sub> [...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s left horn: war [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>-''š'']''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.GU.Z[A...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands in the moon’s middle: the king of all thrones [...]". [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′-18′]. |
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(9) Heliacal rising of the Giant and Jupiter; DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>GU.LA ''ina'' IGI.DU<sub>8</sub>.A-šu<sub>2</sub> <sup>ul</sup>ME.GAR ''bi-it'' KA''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''it-ta-na-an-bi-tu'' UR.MAḪ<sup>me</sup> IDIM<sup>me</sup> "If Jupiter shines within the Giant’s mouth during the Giant’s appearance: lions will rage" [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9-10]. |
(9) Heliacal rising of the Giant and Jupiter; DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>GU.LA ''ina'' IGI.DU<sub>8</sub>.A-šu<sub>2</sub> <sup>ul</sup>ME.GAR ''bi-it'' KA''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''it-ta-na-an-bi-tu'' UR.MAḪ<sup>me</sup> IDIM<sup>me</sup> "If Jupiter shines within the Giant’s mouth during the Giant’s appearance: lions will rage" [Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11" />, 232:8, Pl. XVII:9-10]. |
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==Historical Dictionaries== |
==Historical Dictionaries== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]] |
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]] |
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[[Category:4workWayne]] |
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]] |
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:40, 28 December 2025
mulGU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = rabû, "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in Aquarius [Gössmann 1950[1], 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann1950[1], 71; Ungnad 1941-44[2], 257]. In addition to the attested translation of GU.LA mulGU.LA= rabû, Urra XXII indicates the existence of a loan-word Gula/Gulu/Gullû as the asterism's Akkadian name. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism mul dGU.LA, and the Lion-constellation mulUR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014[3]: 115, 154). For mul dGU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018[4]: 33 and below g27+??
Concordance, Etymology, History[5]
- see also (Kurtik g25) GU.
- see also (Kurtik r01) (mul)Rabû
Akkadian parallel in Urra XXII:
- [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [MSL XI[6], 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64]. See also: mul ra-be2-e [ACh Suppl.[7], 54:18].
- = rabû (?) (𒊏𒁍𒌑) “great (man)” (?).
Although this constellation is identified with Hydrochoos/Aquarius, the Greek/Latin names have no obvious relationship with their cuneiform counterpart. Tentatively, a relationship could be established if we assume that the Sumerian term was segmented (by folk etymology?) phonetically as /gul/ (cf. Akk. gullu “bowl”) and /a/ “water”. Note, however, that a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar explains [mul(.d?)GU.]LA as ni-ik-ka-ra-a[k], i.e. Ninkarrak, another name of the healing goddess Gula (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 7’, see Arnaud 1985[8], V I.1, 287, and Gantzert[9] 210,1 210; II 127). mulGU.LA (EA 2l).
Sources and Identification(s)
| Sources | Identifications |
|---|---|
Lexic. texts.
|
|
| "Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."
Astrolabe P.
Astrolabe B.
|
|
| BM 82923.
Month of Tebet, stars of Ea: mulGU.LA // 2.20 // dEN BE dE2-a "The Giant // 140 // Lord of sources, Ea". [Walker-Hunger 1977[14], 30:28]. |
|
| BM 34713. | |
| EAE.
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2[17], III 28a, 31a; BPO 3[18], 281; Verderame 2002[19], 247; SpTU IV[20], 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T.[21], 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. |
|
MUL.APIN.
|
|
"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."
|
|
Dalbanna-text.
|
|
Text W. 22281a.
|
|
Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.
|
|
Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.
|
|
| Kurtik (g25) GU (abbreviation) | |
Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.
|
|
| Mathematical Astronomy. | |
Text LBAT 1502 obv.
|
|
| Anaphora.
А 3427: |
|
Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.
|
See also [SpTU I[25], 96:1; SpTU V,[37] 270:3′].
Stars within the Constellation Area
| id | Label | IAU design. | description | Vmag |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Enif | HIP 107315 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 2.39 |
| 2 | Sadalsuud | HIP 106278 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 2.89 |
| 3 | Sadalmelik | HIP 109074 | Constellation lines | 2.94 |
| 4 | Skat | HIP 113136 | Constellation lines | 3.28 |
| 5 | Biham | HIP 109427 | Inside the Hull | 3.55 |
| 6 | Safina | HIP 114341 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 3.64 |
| 7 | ζ 1 Aquarii | HIP 110960 | Constellation lines | 3.65 |
| 8 | γ Piscium | HIP 114971 | Constellation lines | 3.7 |
| 9 | Śatabhiṣa (शतभिषक्) | HIP 112961 | Constellation lines | 3.79 |
| 10 | Sadachbia | HIP 110395 | Constellation lines | 3.834 |
| 11 | 98 Aqr | HIP 115438 | Constellation lines | 3.98 |
| 12 | τ 2 Aquarii | HIP 112716 | Constellation lines | 3.98 |
| 13 | η Aquarii | HIP 111497 | Constellation lines | 4.03 |
| 14 | ι Piscium | HIP 116771 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 4.12 |
| 15 | Ancha | HIP 110003 | Constellation lines | 4.16 |
| 16 | ϕ Aquarii | HIP 114724 | Constellation lines | 4.22 |
| 17 | ψ 1 Aquarii | HIP 114855 | Constellation lines | 4.25 |
| 18 | ι Aquarii | HIP 109139 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 4.27 |
| 19 | * zet02 Aqr | HIP 110960 | Constellation lines | 4.34 |
| 20 | ψ 2 Aquarii | HIP 115033 | Constellation lines | 4.4 |
| 21 | 30 Psc | HIP 154 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 4.41 |
| 22 | 7 Cet | HIP 1170 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 4.46 |
| 23 | ω 2 Aquarii | HIP 116971 | Constellation lines | 4.484 |
| 24 | * zet01 Aqr | HIP 110960 | Inside the Hull | 4.49 |
| 25 | λ Piscium | HIP 116928 | Inside the Hull | 4.51 |
| 26 | Fumalsamakah | HIP 113889 | Inside the Hull | 4.52 |
| 27 | Hydor (ὕδωρ) | HIP 301 | Inside the Hull | 4.536 |
| 28 | π Aquarii | HIP 110672 | Constellation lines | 4.64 |
| 29 | ο Aquarii | HIP 108874 | Inside the Hull | 4.69 |
| 30 | 35 Peg | HIP 110882 | Inside the Hull | 4.8 |
| 31 | σ Aquarii | HIP 111123 | Inside the Hull | 4.81 |
| 32 | 104 Aqr A | HIP 116901 | Constellation lines | 4.83 |
| 33 | ν Pegasi | HIP 109068 | Inside the Hull | 4.84 |
| 34 | 27 Psc | HIP 118209 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 4.886 |
| 35 | 6 Cet | HIP 910 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 4.89 |
| 36 | 3 Cet | HIP 355 | Constellation lines | 4.924 |
| 37 | κ Piscium | HIP 115738 | Inside the Hull | 4.94 |
| 38 | ω 1 Aquarii | HIP 116758 | Inside the Hull | 4.977 |
| 39 | ψ 3 Aquarii | HIP 115115 | Inside the Hull | 5.003 |
| 40 | Situla | HIP 111710 | Inside the Hull | 5.03 |
| 41 | χ Aquarii | HIP 114939 | Inside the Hull | 5.06 |
| 42 | 7 Psc | HIP 115227 | Inside the Hull | 5.069 |
| 43 | 25 Aqr | HIP 106944 | Inside the Hull | 5.1 |
| 44 | 94 Aqr A | HIP 115126 | Inside the Hull | 5.18 |
| 45 | 108 Aqr | HIP 117629 | Inside the Hull | 5.18 |
| 46 | 97 Aqr | HIP 115404 | Inside the Hull | 5.22 |
| 47 | 106 Aqr | HIP 117089 | Inside the Hull | 5.239 |
| 48 | 258 G. Aqr | HIP 116957 | Inside the Hull | 5.257 |
| 49 | 18 G. Cet | HIP 983 | Inside the Hull | 5.265 |
| 50 | 32 Aqr | HIP 108991 | Inside the Hull | 5.271 |
| 51 | 7 Peg | HIP 107151 | Inside the Hull | 5.301 |
| 52 | 42 Aqr | HIP 110000 | Inside the Hull | 5.333 |
| 53 | ρ Aquarii | HIP 110273 | Inside the Hull | 5.339 |
| 54 | 103 Aqr | HIP 116889 | Inside the Hull | 5.344 |
| 55 | 30 Peg | HIP 110298 | Inside the Hull | 5.37 |
| 56 | 38 Aqr | HIP 109472 | Inside the Hull | 5.422 |
| 57 | 2 Psc | HIP 113521 | Inside the Hull | 5.426 |
| 58 | 5 Psc | HIP 114273 | Inside the Hull | 5.43 |
| 59 | 83 Aqr | HIP 113996 | Inside the Hull | 5.47 |
| 60 | 20 Psc | HIP 117375 | Inside the Hull | 5.49 |
| 61 | 30 Aqr | HIP 108868 | Inside the Hull | 5.543 |
| 62 | 217 G. Aqr | HIP 114822 | Inside the Hull | 5.55 |
| 63 | - | HIP 115142 | Inside the Hull | 5.55 |
| 64 | 77 Aqr | HIP 113148 | Inside the Hull | 5.56 |
| 65 | 28 Aqr | HIP 108691 | Inside the Hull | 5.597 |
| 66 | * i02 Aqr A | HIP 117218 | Inside the Hull | 5.616 |
| 67 | 11 Peg | HIP 107575 | Inside the Hull | 5.624 |
| 68 | 19 Peg | HIP 108699 | Inside the Hull | 5.633 |
| 69 | 26 Aqr | HIP 107144 | Inside the Hull | 5.641 |
| 70 | - | HIP 116591 | Inside the Hull | 5.654 |
| 71 | 16 Psc | HIP 116495 | Inside the Hull | 5.68 |
| 72 | τ 1 Aquarii | HIP 112542 | Inside the Hull | 5.681 |
| 73 | 269 G. Aqr | HIP 117567 | Inside the Hull | 5.691 |
| 74 | * 37 Peg A | HIP 111062 | Inside the Hull | 5.7 |
| 75 | 94 G. Aqr | HIP 108102 | Inside the Hull | 5.704 |
| 76 | 264 G. Aqr | HIP 117314 | Inside the Hull | 5.731 |
| 77 | - | HIP 117756 | Inside the Hull | 5.747 |
| 78 | 44 Aqr | HIP 110023 | Inside the Hull | 5.751 |
| 79 | 50 Aqr | HIP 110602 | Inside the Hull | 5.752 |
| 80 | - | HIP 113184 | Inside the Hull | 5.757 |
| 81 | 7 G. Cet | HIP 343 | Inside the Hull | 5.769 |
| 82 | 80 G. Aqr | HIP 106592 | Inside the Hull | 5.778 |
| 83 | 51 Aqr | HIP 110578 | Inside the Hull | 5.779 |
| 84 | 74 Aqr | HIP 113031 | Inside the Hull | 5.78 |
| 85 | - | HIP 110009 | Inside the Hull | 5.791 |
| 86 | 34 Peg | HIP 110785 | Inside the Hull | 5.81 |
| 87 | 11 G. Psc | HIP 113622 | Inside the Hull | 5.848 |
| 88 | 271 G. Aqr | HIP 117722 | Inside the Hull | 5.848 |
| 89 | 14 Psc | HIP 116323 | Inside the Hull | 5.87 |
| 90 | 60 Aqr | HIP 111394 | Inside the Hull | 5.875 |
| 91 | 138 G. Aqr | HIP 110532 | Inside the Hull | 5.907 |
| 92 | - | HR 8716 | Inside the Hull | 5.92 |
| 93 | 255 G. Aqr | HIP 116853 | Inside the Hull | 5.92 |
| 94 | 202 G. Aqr | HIP 113686 | Inside the Hull | 5.933 |
| 95 | 268 G. Aqr | HIP 117541 | Inside the Hull | 5.936 |
| 96 | 225 G. Aqr | HIP 115144 | Inside the Hull | 5.94 |
| 97 | 24 Psc | HIP 117761 | Inside the Hull | 5.94 |
| 98 | 246 G. Aqr | HIP 116368 | Inside the Hull | 5.944 |
| 99 | 45 Aqr | HIP 110179 | Inside the Hull | 5.959 |
| 100 | - | HIP 109466 | Inside the Hull | 5.98 |
| 101 | 18 Peg | HIP 108612 | Inside the Hull | 6 |
| 102 | 39 Aqr | HIP 109624 | Inside the Hull | 6.043 |
| 103 | - | HIP 117420 | Inside the Hull | 6.069 |
| 104 | 198 G. Aqr | HIP 113531 | Inside the Hull | 6.1 |
| 105 | 1 Psc | HIP 113167 | Inside the Hull | 6.11 |
| 106 | - | HIP 114750 | Inside the Hull | 6.12 |
| 107 | CF Cet | HIP 696 | Inside the Hull | 6.13 |
| 108 | 155 G. Aqr | HIP 111171 | Inside the Hull | 6.139 |
| 109 | 13 G. Peg | HIP 108090 | Inside the Hull | 6.143 |
| 110 | 128 G. Aqr | HIP 109984 | Inside the Hull | 6.143 |
| 111 | - | HIP 113998 | Inside the Hull | 6.143 |
| 112 | - | HIP 111170 | Inside the Hull | 6.16 |
| 113 | 31 G. Peg | HIP 110341 | Inside the Hull | 6.163 |
| 114 | - | HIP 113421 | Inside the Hull | 6.163 |
| 115 | 89 G. Aqr | HIP 107596 | Inside the Hull | 6.168 |
| 116 | - | HIP 115257 | Inside the Hull | 6.172 |
| 117 | 70 Aqr | HIP 112615 | Inside the Hull | 6.18 |
| 118 | 78 Aqr | HIP 113127 | Inside the Hull | 6.181 |
| 119 | 234 G. Aqr | HIP 115528 | Inside the Hull | 6.186 |
| 120 | 238 G. Aqr | HIP 115906 | Inside the Hull | 6.191 |
| 121 | 29 G. Peg | HIP 109939 | Inside the Hull | 6.192 |
| 122 | 82 Aqr | HIP 113781 | Inside the Hull | 6.2 |
| 123 | 10 G. Cet | HIP 602 | Inside the Hull | 6.203 |
| 124 | 266 G. Aqr | HIP 117494 | Inside the Hull | 6.213 |
| 125 | - | HIP 106758 | Inside the Hull | 6.214 |
| 126 | 81 Aqr | HIP 113674 | Inside the Hull | 6.215 |
| 127 | 98 G. Aqr | HIP 108506 | Inside the Hull | 6.22 |
| 128 | 3 Psc | HIP 113610 | Inside the Hull | 6.224 |
| 129 | - | HIP 108144 | Inside the Hull | 6.23 |
| 130 | - | HIP 111761 | Inside the Hull | 6.244 |
| 131 | 9 Psc | HIP 115768 | Inside the Hull | 6.25 |
| 132 | - | HIP 115953 | Inside the Hull | 6.25 |
| 133 | 1 Cet | HIP 118178 | Inside the Hull | 6.276 |
| 134 | 115 G. Aqr | HIP 109442 | Inside the Hull | 6.282 |
| 135 | 5 G. Psc | HIP 113360 | Inside the Hull | 6.282 |
| 136 | - | HIP 111965 | Inside the Hull | 6.31 |
| 137 | 197 G. Aqr | HIP 113345 | Inside the Hull | 6.313 |
| 138 | - | HIP 115015 | Inside the Hull | 6.327 |
| 139 | 96 G. Aqr | HIP 108453 | Inside the Hull | 6.331 |
| 140 | 24 G. Psc | HIP 115476 | Inside the Hull | 6.34 |
| 141 | 30 G. Psc | HIP 115945 | Inside the Hull | 6.34 |
| 142 | 56 Aqr | HIP 111086 | Inside the Hull | 6.347 |
| 143 | 7 G. Psc | HIP 113433 | Inside the Hull | 6.374 |
| 144 | 237 G. Aqr | HIP 115839 | Inside the Hull | 6.375 |
| 145 | - | HIP 110091 | Inside the Hull | 6.379 |
| 146 | 189 G. Aqr | HIP 113080 | Inside the Hull | 6.38 |
| 147 | 251 G. Aqr | HIP 116624 | Inside the Hull | 6.38 |
| 148 | 58 Aqr | HIP 111200 | Inside the Hull | 6.381 |
| 149 | 13 Psc | HIP 116146 | Inside the Hull | 6.384 |
| 150 | 16 G. Psc | HIP 114005 | Inside the Hull | 6.388 |
| 151 | 240 G. Aqr | HIP 116060 | Inside the Hull | 6.391 |
| 152 | 121 G. Aqr | HIP 109647 | Inside the Hull | 6.4 |
| 153 | 152 G. Aqr | HIP 111066 | Inside the Hull | 6.4 |
| 154 | 67 Aqr | HIP 112179 | Inside the Hull | 6.405 |
| 155 | 248 G. Aqr | HIP 116428 | Inside the Hull | 6.407 |
| 156 | 15 G. Psc | HIP 113904 | Inside the Hull | 6.417 |
| 157 | * i02 Aqr B | HIP 117218 | Inside the Hull | 6.42 |
| 158 | 213 G. Aqr | HIP 114371 | Inside the Hull | 6.43 |
| 159 | - | HIP 112168 | Inside the Hull | 6.45 |
| 160 | 13 G. Psc | HIP 113705 | Inside the Hull | 6.45 |
| 161 | - | HR 8629 | Inside the Hull | 6.46 |
| 162 | 15 Psc | HIP 116422 | Inside the Hull | 6.463 |
| 163 | 10 G. Peg | HIP 107271 | Inside the Hull | 6.47 |
| 164 | - | HIP 116106 | Inside the Hull | 6.49 |
Additional
II. Deity.
A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= dLaḫmu, lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "dLaḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987[38]; Kononenko 1997[39], 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166].
Prayers and rituals.
- (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (mīs pî) or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) KU6.
III. Symbol.
A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945[40], 124-133; Seidl 1968[41], 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996[42], 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation mulGU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987[38], Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007[43], Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1993[44], 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [Wallenfels 1993[44], no. 126-141; Seidl 1968[41], 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007[43], figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above).
IV. Identification.
= Aquarius [Waerden 1949[45], 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974[46], 70; Weidner 1957-59[47], 73a; BPO 2[17], 12; MA[22], 138; Mesop.Astrol.[23], 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014[3], 246].
V. Constellation parts and individual stars.
(1) qup-pu IGI ša2 GU "Anterior reservoir of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),
(2) qup-pu ar2 ša2 GU "Hind reservoir of the Giant" (identification unknown),
Asterisms (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars" and used in the “Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts,” see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.
(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA "Spine of the Giant", see BM 34452+ "Dodecatemoria".
(4) "Mouth of the Giant," see below (9).
VI. Astrology.
Identifications:
(1) = Venus; ulgu.la is the name of Venus in the month of kislimu [ACh Ištar, 8:2], see (Kurtik d06) Dilbat, "Tablet of Dilbat".
(2) = Jupiter; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 u3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-ma mulGAL: mulGU.LA ina [A2-šu2 GUB] "If on the 28th and 29th day (of the month of adar, the Sun) darkens (and) the Great Star (i.e. Jupiter?) = the Giant on [stands on its side]" [ACh Šamaš[7], 11:72].
(3) = Yoke; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, see (Kurtik s24) SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.
Predictions:
(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ina mulxGU.LA GAR-ma "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ina iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-ma KA´MI-su TU [...] ina mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-ma "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV[20], 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 a-dir EŠ.BAR NUNki u2-lu uru dID2 "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city dID2" [Weidner 1963[48], 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [Verderame 2002[19], 54, IIa:1′].
(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-ma "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU[33], 11:2].
(6) Heliacal rising(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ina UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-ma "The Giant, Crab, [Eagle], Heroic, (i.e.) Jupiter in a cloudy day .... heliacally rises" [BPO 2[17], III 28a].
(7) Venus or Jupiter becomeds weak; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-ut [dDil]-bat mulSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-na-at2-ma KI.MIN ina AN-e uḫ-ḫar-ma NU IGI "If the Giant (Great Star?) falls, (this means): [Ve]nus (or) Jupiter becomes faint, variant: are behind the sky and not visible" [BPO 3[18], 248, K.2346+: r. 52].
(8) The Moon and the Giant; [DIŠ 30 ina] IGI.LA2-šu2 ina SI ZAG-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB ina ITI BI [...] "[If the Moon], during its appearance, (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s right horn: during this month [...]", [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.L]A2-šu2 ina SI GUB3-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2. KUR2 [...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s left horn: war [...]", [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-š]u2 ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands in the moon’s middle: the king of all thrones [...]". [Verderame 2002[19], 162, Text Vu: r. 16′-18′].
(9) Heliacal rising of the Giant and Jupiter; DIŠ ulGU.LA ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR bi-it KA-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu UR.MAḪme IDIMme "If Jupiter shines within the Giant’s mouth during the Giant’s appearance: lions will rage" [Stev. O.T.[21], 232:8, Pl. XVII:9-10].
Historical Dictionaries
Kurtik (2007) |
Gössmann (1950) |
| Kurtik (2022, g27) | Gössmann (1950) |
|---|---|
GU.LA |
|
| = rabû «Великий, Великан»; созвездие в Водолее (Aquarius) [Gössman 1950, 81], см. также g25GU.
I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский список из Ниппура: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulgu.la = (пропуск) [MSL XI, 30:25a'], [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64], mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], возможная параллель [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц тебету: Великан (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 10). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) itiab mulgu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen ˹e3˺ «Тебету: Великан, Краб, Орел восходят» (С 31), b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen [šu2] «(Дуузу): Великан, Краб, Орел [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа: mulGU.LA // 2,20 // dEN BE dE2-a «Великан // 140 // Господин источников, Эа» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:28]. BM 34713. itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3] «Тебету: 140 Великан, 60 Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 30 [Коза]» [LBAT, 1499:10]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Эа (№ 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19–20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; Verderame 2002, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 2): mulGU.LA dE2-a «Великан, Эа» (I ii 20). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го шабату» (I iii 10), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 18), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 31), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU.LA, после mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, перед KUNmeš (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x […] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x x […] «Великан (α Lyr?), язык Пса (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x […] (γ Ser): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервал[а, интервал. Звезда] x x […]» [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis). Текст W. 22281a. ina itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [ša dŠamaš…] / u mulGU.LA šit-qu-lu ina it[iA]PIN [ina] l[i-l]a-a-tu2 KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠ[amaš ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3] «15-го айяру при восходе [Солнца…] и Великан в равновесии (= кульминируют). В (месяце) арахсамну вечером при заходе Сол[нца имеет место то же самое]» [SpTU I, 95:3'–4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. qu2–up–[pu …] «[Передняя] емко[сть Великана …]». b) ˹qu2?˺–[…] «[Задняя] ем[кость Великана]» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:12′–13′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la «Область Великана (=Водолея)» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. g25GU. (2) «Микрозодиак». a) Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник (Овен) на 12 частей, см. g25GU. b) Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 7–я часть — mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) «Додекатемория». BM 34452+: a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin …] múlGU.LA / [….] Eri–du10 «[Тебету 10 // симану 10 // Луна …] Великан. / […] Эриду». b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN «Абу 24 // симану 12 // Луна на позвоночнике? Великана. / Область Праведного Пастуха Ану (= Сатурн, согласно Хунгеру), место дома dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Госпожа Эруа?)» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19–20, rev. 3–4]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGU.LA a–lid … «В области Водолея родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], см. s20Sîn. См. также [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3']. II. Божество. Мифологический персонаж из окружения Энки/Эа (позднее — Мардука), возможно, один из сыновей Энки (= dLaḫmu, букв. «Покрытый волосами, волосатый»). Мужская обнаженная фигура с бородой и шестью локонами, изображавшаяся в фас. Аргументы в пользу отождествления «dLaḫmu = Покрытый волосами обнаженный герой (Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held)» см. [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 XI, 164–166]; подробный анализ трудностей, связанных с этим отождествлением, см. [Ellis 1995]. На печатях появляется с эпохи I династии Ура. Первоначально имел значение речного духа, приручающего диких зверей и оберегающего домашний скот. Его имя упоминается в списке 50 слуг Энки. Изображался также с кувшином, из которого изливается вода, или просто с двумя потоками воды. Имел значение привратника и охранителя ворот. После включения в свиту Мардука, его атрибутом становится лопата [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Кононенко 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 165–166]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи–божества, см. k24KU6. III. Символ. Мужская стоящая или сидящая на троне фигура, из плеч которой (или из кувшина, прижатого к груди) изливаются два потока воды (в которых иногда изображаются рыбы). Символ известен со староаккадского времени и в большинстве случаев представляет бога Энки/Эа, либо обнаженного волосатого героя Лахму, который изображался также с двумя потоками воды [Van Buren 1945, 124–133; Seidl 1968, 130–131; Braun–Holzinger 1996, 328–332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. Э.Порада рассматривает фигуру обнаженного героя как прообраз зодиакального созвездия mulGU.LA. Его относительно огромные размеры на печатях III тыс. до н.э. оправдывают название GU.LA «Великан». Первоначально это была обнаженная стоящая или расположенная горизонтально фигура, в I тыс. до н.э. — одетая фигура. Некоторые изображения старовавилонского времени имеют несомненно астральное значение, так как по обе стороны головы на них изображены месяц и звезды [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12–16; Куртик 2007, рис. 39, 40], см. также [Куртик 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1994, 31, 155]. Два потока воды заканчиваются иногда в двух кувшинах; отсюда происходит, по–видимому, название «передняя и задняя емкости Великана». Изображения на кудурру и эллинистических печатях см. [Wallenfels 1994, No. 126–141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Куртик 2007, рис. 41–43]. Труднообъяснимо упоминание позвоночника Великана в BM 34452+ (см. выше). IV. Отождествление. = Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246]. V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды. (1) qup–pu IGI ša2 GU «Передняя емкость Великана» (вероятно, ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii), (2) qup–pu ar2 ša2 GU «Задняя емкость Великана» (отождествление неизвестно), Астеризмы (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд» и использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. (3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA «Позвоночник Великана», см. BM 34452+ «Додекатемория». (4) «Рот Великана», см. ниже (9). VI. Астрология. Отождествления: (1) = Венера; ulgu.la — название Венеры в месяце кислиму [ACh Ištar, 8:2], см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат». (2) = Юпитер; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 u3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-ma mulGAL: mulGU.LA ina [A2-šu2 GUB] «Если в 28–й и 29–й день (месяца аддару Солнце) затмилось (и) Большая звезда (т.е. Юпитер?) = Великан с [его стороны стоит]» [ACh Šamaš, 11:72]. (3) = Ярмо; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3. Предсказания: (4) Затмение Луны в Великане; AN.MI ina mulxGU.LA GAR-ma «Затмение в Великане произошло» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ina iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-ma KA´MI-su TU […] ina mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «Если 14-го [x] произошло затмение Луны, (и) она затмившейся зашла […], (это означает): затмение произошло в Великане» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, BM 47447 r. 18–19], см. также [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 a-dir EŠ.BAR NUNki u2-lu uru dID2 «Если (Луна) в пределах Великана или Козы–Рыбы затмилась: решение для Эриду или города dID2» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], см. также [Verderame 2002, 54, IIa:1′]. (5) Великан и затмение Луны; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) Великан темный: лунное затмение произойдет в утреннюю стражу» [TU, 11:2]. (6) Гелиакический восход(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ina UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-ma «Великан, Краб, [Орел], Героический, (т.е.) Юпитер в облачный день …. восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28a]. (7) Венера или Юпитер становятся слабыми; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-ut [dDil]-bat mulSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-na-at2-ma KI.MIN ina AN-e uḫ-ḫar-ma NU IGI «Если Великан (Великая звезда?) падает, (это означает): [Ве]нера (или) Юпитер становятся слабыми, вариант: находятся на небе позади и не видны» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52]. (8) Луна и Великан; [DIŠ 30 ina] IGI.LA2-šu2 ina SI ZAG-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB ina ITI BI […] «[Если Луна] при своем появлении (и) Великан на ее правом роге стоит: в этом месяце […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.L]A2-šu2 ina SI GUB3-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2.KUR2 […] «[Если Луна при своем появле]нии (и) Великан на ее левом роге стоит: война […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-š]u2 ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A…] «[Если Луна при своем появлении] (и) Великан в ее середине стоит: царь всего трон […]» [Verderame 2002, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′–18′]. (9) Гелиакический восход Великана и Юпитер; DIŠ ulGU.LA ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR bi-it KA-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu UR.MAḪme IDIMme «Если при появлении Великана Юпитер сияет в области его рта: львы будут неистовствовать» [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9–10]. |
Example |
| Kurtik 2022, g25 (GU) | |
GU |
|
| сокращение от mulGU.LA «Великан» (см. g27); созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующий Водолею (Aquarius), в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 71; Ungnad 1941–44, 257].
I. Источники. Дневники наблюдений. 1) GU — обозначение знака зодиака Водолей [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –384 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ]. 2) Как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 3 «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. múlGU — звезда Анташурра, см. sh20ŠUDUN.ANŠE. Анафора. А 3427: ina itiab ina še-rim ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце тебету утром 28-го дня Великан испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina ab ina še-rim 28 múlgu.la meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 246:23]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан (= Водолей) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: b, d, n, 10–13, 15, 28; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник(=Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu šum3-šu2 «11-я часть, ее имя Великан» [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 11-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu «11-я часть Наемника — Великан Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24]. (4) Календарно-магические тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) erî(TI8mušen) kappi(PA) MIN(= erî) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= erî) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 6 // Водолей 120 // Голова орла, крыло орла и кровь орла — ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:6, а также 104:19]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ «Область Водолея: имя доброе, сыновей будет иметь, смерть от воды» [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], параллели см. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000]. |
|
| Kurtik (2022, r01) | |
(mul)Rabû |
|
| аккадская параллель к mulGU.LA «Великан» в Urra XXII: [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64], см. g27GU.LA.
См. также: mul ra-be2-e [ACh Suppl., 54:18]. |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ungnad A. Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
- ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
- ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
- ↑ Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).
- ↑ Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
- ↑ Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
- ↑ Pinches T.G. Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.
- ↑ Schroeder O. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.
- ↑ Walker C.B.F., Hunger H. Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
- ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Verderame L. Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Langdon S. Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
- ↑ Koch J. Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
- ↑ Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F. A Late Babylonian Normal and Ziqpu Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.
- ↑ Hunger H. Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Reiner E. Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.
- ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.
- ↑ Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
- ↑ O. Neugebauer. Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Schaumberger J. Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
- ↑ Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.
- ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.
- ↑ Емельянов В.В. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.
- ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Porada E. On the Origins of "Aquarius" / Fs. Reiner. P. 279-291.
- ↑ Кононенко Е.И. Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.
- ↑ Van Buren E.D. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Seidl U. Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.
- ↑ Braun-Holzinger E.A. Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Wallenfels R. Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.
- ↑ Waerden B. L. van der. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.
- ↑ Waerden B.L. van der (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).
- ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
- ↑ Weidner E. Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.




