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[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg) without back-legs, perhaps due to a break in the original cuneiform drawing. ]]
[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg) without back-legs, perhaps due to a break in the original cuneiform drawing. ]]
[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png|thumb|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two claytablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]
[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png|thumb|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two claytablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]
[[File:One dragon of the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, Iraq, colored glazed and molded bricks, 6th century BCE. Pergamon Museum in Berlin.jpg|thumb|a dragon (''mušḫuššu)'' of the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, Iraq, colored glazed and molded bricks, 6th century BCE. Pergamon Museum in Berlin]]
<sup>mul (d)</sup>MUŠ (𒀯𒈲) = ''șēru,'' 'The Snake; ''nirahu'', 'the deity Nirah,' is an asterism in [[Hydra]].
<sup>mul (d)</sup>MUŠ (𒀯𒈲) = ''șēru,'' 'The Snake; ''nirahu'', 'the deity Nirah,' is an asterism in [[Hydra]].


<sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊) is a variant of this name.
<sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊) is a variant of this name.


A drawing of the ancient Babylonian constellation is reproduced here as figure on right, showing its various parts including its head, horns, feet, middle and tail. Here <sup>mul</sup>UGA, 'The Crow' (Corvus), on its tail pecking at the its very tip. A drawing of this constellation is preserved on VAT 7847+AO 6448, but the place where the asterism's back legs should be is broken, and no surviving cuneiform source makes explicit whether or not there were back legs as well as front legs at the asterims, although famous depictions (e.g. on the Ishtar Gate of Babylon) show <sup>(d)</sup>MUŠ with front and back legs.
A drawing of the ancient Babylonian constellation is reproduced here as figure on right, showing its various parts including its head, horns, feet, middle and tail. Here <sup>mul</sup>UGA, 'The Crow' ([[Corvus]]), on its tail pecking at the its very tip. A drawing of this constellation is preserved on VAT 7847+AO 6448, but the place where the asterism's back legs should be is broken, and no surviving cuneiform source makes explicit whether or not there were back legs as well as front legs at the asterims, although famous depictions (e.g. on the Ishtar Gate of Babylon) show <sup>(d)</sup>MUŠ with front and back legs; note that the back legs are bird legs and they are placed where the Crow stands.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= "Snake"; a constellation within the modern [[Hydra]] (The Watersnake) [G. 284].
= "Snake"; a constellation within the modern [[Hydra]] (The Watersnake) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 284].


= <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊)
= <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊)


= <sup>(mul)</sup>''mušḫuššu'', noise. "Ferocious serpent", "Serpent dragon" [CAD M/2, 270; Lambert 1984, 87, note 1; Fauna, 48f., 55; Wiggermann 1989; 1992, 168-9, 188 Fig. 3; 1993-1997; 1997]; no identification established.
= <sup>(mul)</sup>''mušḫuššu'', noise. "Ferocious serpent", "Serpent dragon" [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/2, 270; Lambert 1984<ref name=":1">''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.</ref>, 87, note 1; Fauna<ref name=":13">''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 48f., 55; Wiggermann 1989; 1992, 168-9, 188 Fig. 3; 1993-1997; 1997]; no identification established.


= <sup>(d)</sup>''Niraḫ'' (𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷), the snake god. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> note that the reading of the star name is confirmed by SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> nr. 114 iv 111 (Hh XII): MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ = ''Ni-ra-ḫu''. MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ (AN 13l).
The Sumerian and Akkadian readings of the name require some discussion. Although MUŠ = ''șēru'' is generally translated as 'snake,' in fact it is a generic classification for all snake-like, or perhaps better reptillian-serpentine creatures including the fantastic beasts and sea-monsters (see e.g. Urra XIV: 1: MUŠ = ''șe-ru'') including among them the asterisms ''mušhuššu'' and ''[[bašmu]]''. However, the only syllabic writing for either the Sumerian or Akkadian name of the asterism, in star-list of Urra XXII, gives the name with divine determinative <sup>mul</sup> <sup>d</sup>MUŠ = ''ni-ra-ḫu'', which allows for a Sumerian reading <sup>mul</sup> <sup>d</sup>NIRAH as well. Given the sparcity of proof for reading all attestations of the star-name we continue to read MUŠ = ''șēru'', and translate 'the Snake,' following standard Assyriological convention, even though the drawing and its matching description in the Uranology texts makes it clear that the asterism was imagined as a serpentine figure with non-snake like elements, including legs.

The Sumerian and Akkadian readings of the name require some discussion. Although MUŠ = ''șēru'' is generally translated as 'snake,' in fact it is a generic classification for all snake-like, or perhaps better reptillian-serpentine creatures including the fantastic beasts and sea-monsters (see e.g. Urra XIV: 1: MUŠ = ''șe-ru'') including among them the asterisms ''mušhuššu'' and ''[[bašmu]]''. However, the only syllabic writing for either the Sumerian or Akkadian name of the asterism, in star-list of Urra XXII, gives the name with divine determinative <sup>mul</sup> <sup>d</sup>MUŠ = ''ni-ra-ḫu'', which allows for a Sumerian reading <sup>mul</sup> <sup>d</sup>NIRAH as well. Given the sparcity of proof for reading all attestations of the star-name we continue to read MUŠ = ''șēru'', and translate 'the Snake,' following standard Assyriological convention, even though the drawing and its matching description in the Uranology texts makes it clear that the asterism was imagined as a serpentine figure with non-snake like elements, including legs.
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|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
Old Babylonian prayer:
Old Babylonian prayer:
* (a) Erm. 15642: ''mu-uš-ḫu-uš-šu-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:18], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
* (a) Erm. 15642: ''mu-uš-ḫu-uš-šu-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:18], and also [Shileiko 1924<ref>''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.</ref>, 147; Dossin 1935<ref name=":3">''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 180; von Soden 1936<ref>''Soden W. von''. Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.</ref>, 306],
*(b) AO 6769: MUŠ.ḪUŠ [Dossin 1935, 181-182:18].
*(b) AO 6769: MUŠ.ḪUŠ [Dossin 1935<ref name=":3" />, 181-182:18].
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual list from Nippur: <sup>mul</sup>muš [MSL XI, 108:403].
* (1) Sumerian monolingual list from Nippur: <sup>mul</sup>muš [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:403].
* (2) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul d</sup>muš = ''ni-ra-ḫu'' "Snake = Nirah" [SpTU III, 114A v 47; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 109:304ʹ].
* (2) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul d</sup>muš = ''ni-ra-ḫu'' "Snake = Nirah" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 114A v 47; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:304ʹ].
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|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 3, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1].
* See. [BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1].
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* '''BM 82923.'''
* '''BM 82923.'''
** Simanu month, stars of Enlil: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>MUŠ // 1] // <sup>d</sup>KA.DI <sup>d</sup>''A-nu'' "[Snake // 60] // Ishtaran, Anu" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 28, 30:9].
** Simanu month, stars of Enlil: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>MUŠ // 1] // <sup>d</sup>KA.DI <sup>d</sup>''A-nu'' "[Snake // 60] // Ishtaran, Anu" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:9].


* '''BM 34713.'''
* '''BM 34713.'''
** The month simanu, stars of Enlil instead of <sup>múl</sup>muš is erroneously <sup>múl</sup>alla, see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
** The month simanu, stars of Enlil instead of <sup>múl</sup>muš is erroneously <sup>múl</sup>alla, see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
* '''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.''' List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 3): <sup>mul</sup>muš [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
* '''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
** List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 3): <sup>mul</sup>muš [TCL 6, 13<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 13): <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ <sup>d</sup>''Nin-giš-zi-da'' EN ''er-ṣe-tu''<sub>4</sub> "Snake, Ningishzida, lord of the underworld" (I ii 8), for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl. 2, 67:16].
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 13): <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ <sup>d</sup>''Nin-giš-zi-da'' EN ''er-ṣe-tu''<sub>4</sub> "Snake, Ningishzida, lord of the underworld" (I ii 8), for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 67:16].
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th day of duuzu' (I ii 42), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th day of duuzu' (I ii 42), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 17), see (Kurtik a04) A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> = [[TE8.mušen|TE<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]]
** a) (I iii 17), see (Kurtik a04) A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> = [[TE8.mušen|TE<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]]
** b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> = [[IKU|<sup>mul</sup>IKU]] [MA, 32, 41, 48, 52].
** b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> = [[IKU|<sup>mul</sup>IKU]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 32, 41, 48, 52].
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* (2) 7 tikpi stars: <sup>mul</sup>muš;
* (2) 7 tikpi stars: <sup>mul</sup>muš;
* (3) igi muš <sup>d</sup>ban.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki "Before the Snake Banbanshur, the killer of heaven and earth";
* (3) igi muš <sup>d</sup>ban.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki "Before the Snake Banbanshur, the killer of heaven and earth";
* (4) igi muš <sup>d</sup>la.ba.an.šur ''da''-ʼ-''ik'' an.ki "Before the Snake Labanshur, the killer of heaven and earth" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 216, 224, 245, 246]; see also the list of "7 tikpi stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].
* (4) igi muš <sup>d</sup>la.ba.an.šur ''da''-ʼ-''ik'' an.ki "Before the Snake Labanshur, the killer of heaven and earth" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 216, 224, 245, 246]; see also the list of "7 tikpi stars" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 37].
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|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:29.'''
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:29.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>muš = <sup>d</sup>''Ereš-ki-gal'', see also [HBA 52:29; Wee 2016, 162-3].
* <sup>mul</sup>muš = <sup>d</sup>''Ereš-ki-gal'', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:29; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
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* (D) <sup>mul</sup>muš 'Snake' (β Cnc), see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]],
* (D) <sup>mul</sup>muš 'Snake' (β Cnc), see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]],
* (F) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>muš 'Mid Snake' (θ Hya),
* (F) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>muš 'Mid Snake' (θ Hya),
* (G) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>muš 'Mid Snake' (ζ Hya) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:5, 9, 12], see (Kurtik k10)[[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik n52) [[NUNki|NUN<sup>ki</sup>]].
* (G) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>muš 'Mid Snake' (ζ Hya) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:5, 9, 12], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik n52) [[NUNki|NUN<sup>ki</sup>]].
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* §N. mu[l murub<sub>4</sub> muš] "Star in the middle part of the Snake" (ζ Hya).
* §N. mu[l murub<sub>4</sub> muš] "Star in the middle part of the Snake" (ζ Hya).
* §O. <sup>mul</sup>sag muš "Star of the head of the Snake" (ε Hya), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
* §O. <sup>mul</sup>sag muš "Star of the head of the Snake" (ε Hya), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
* §P. MUL GABA MU[Š] "Star on the breast of the Snake[s]" (30 Mon, 1, 2 Hya) [Walker 1995, 32-33; Koch 1995, 58-59; ASM, 106].
* §P. MUL GABA MU[Š] "Star on the breast of the Snake[s]" (30 Mon, 1, 2 Hya) [Walker 1995, 32-33; Koch 1995<ref name=":5">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 58-59; ASM<ref name=":6">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 106].
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|'''Text of Nv. 10.'''
|'''Text of Nv. 10.'''
* Intercalation scheme: [<sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu'' (the star Antagubbu in the month of Arahsamnu) is the planetary name for <sup>mul</sup>muš, according to [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 79, Anm. 63], see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
* Intercalation scheme: [<sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu'' (the star Antagubbu in the month of Arahsamnu) is the planetary name for <sup>mul</sup>muš, according to [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 79, Anm. 63], see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
* Planisphere. In sector 5. a badly damaged image for <sup>mul</sup>muš, according to [Koch 1989, 80-81; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 9]. See also <sup>mul d</sup>muš in text 81-7-27, 81 [MCG, 175, 177], <sup>múl d</sup>MUŠ [SpTU III, 102:10].
* Planisphere. In sector 5. a badly damaged image for <sup>mul</sup>muš, according to [Koch 1989<ref name=":7">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 80-81; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":8">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, Fig. 9]. See also <sup>mul d</sup>muš in text 81-7-27, 81 [MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 175, 177], <sup>múl d</sup>MUŠ [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 102:10].
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!(Kurtik n44)
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==== <sup>(d)</sup>''Niraḫ'' ====
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|A serpentine deity identified with <sup>mul d</sup>muš in a late copy of Urra XXII
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          In the astronomical context, <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ corresponds with 4 deities, of which 2 have a Snakeine character.
          In the astronomical context, <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ corresponds with 4 deities, of which 2 have a Snakeine character.


* (1) Ningishzida (Astrl. B, MUL.APIN) — a chthonic deity whose symbol was considered to be the horned snake or dragon bašmu [Van Buren 1934; 1946, 15-16; Wiggermann 1997, 39-42]; a number of texts assert his aquatic character (see b08 ''[[Bašmu]]''); in Astrl. B and in MUL.APIN an identity is assumed: <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ = <sup>d</sup>''Nin-giš-zi-da'' = (<sup>d</sup>''Bašmu''), nowhere else; see also (Kurtik n29 [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|<sup>d</sup>NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]).
* (1) Ningishzida (Astrl. B, MUL.APIN) — a chthonic deity whose symbol was considered to be the horned snake or dragon bašmu [Van Buren 1934<ref>''Van Buren E.D.'' The God Ningizzida // Iraq. 1934. Vol. 1. P. 60f.</ref>; 1946<ref name=":9">''Van Buren E.D''. The Dragon in Ancient Mesopotamia // Or. 1946. Vol. 15. P. 1-45.</ref>, 15-16; Wiggermann 1997, 39-42]; a number of texts assert his aquatic character (see Kurtik b08 ''[[Bašmu]]''); in Astrl. B and in MUL.APIN an identity is assumed: <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ = <sup>d</sup>''Nin-giš-zi-da'' = (<sup>d</sup>''Bašmu''), nowhere else; see also (Kurtik n29 [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|<sup>d</sup>NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]).
* (2) Nirah was an ancient deity honored in the city of Der in eastern Mesopotamia, in the temple of Enlil at Nippur, and in some other places. Nirah was a member of the entourage of Ishtaran, the city god of Der; in kudurru, Nirah is defined as "Messenger of Ishtaran" (<sup>d</sup>''Niraḫ šip-ru ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Ištarān'') [McEwan 1983, 222]. Hence probably the identification <sup>d</sup>MUŠ = <sup>d</sup>KA.DI adopted in BM 82923. The standard meaning of the Akkadian word ''nirāḫu'' "small snake, uzhu" [CAD N/2, 259b; AHw, 739b]. On the reading of <sup>d</sup>MUŠ as <sup>d</sup>''Niraḫ'' see previously. [Fauna, 2:9, 60-61; McEwan 1983; Lambert 1985, 444, note 46].
* (2) Nirah was an ancient deity honored in the city of Der in eastern Mesopotamia, in the temple of Enlil at Nippur, and in some other places. Nirah was a member of the entourage of Ishtaran, the city god of Der; in kudurru, Nirah is defined as "Messenger of Ishtaran" (<sup>d</sup>''Niraḫ šip-ru ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Ištarān'') [McEwan 1983<ref name=":10">''McEwan G.J.P.'' <sup>d</sup>MUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 222]. Hence probably the identification <sup>d</sup>MUŠ = <sup>d</sup>KA.DI adopted in BM 82923. The standard meaning of the Akkadian word ''nirāḫu'' "small snake, uzhu" [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 259b; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 739b]. On the reading of <sup>d</sup>MUŠ as <sup>d</sup>''Niraḫ'' see previously. [Fauna<ref name=":13" />, 2:9, 60-61; McEwan 1983<ref name=":10" />; Lambert 1985<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Trees, Snakes and Gods in Ancient Syria and Anatolia // BSOAS. 1985. Vol. 48, Pt. 3. P. 435-451.</ref>, 444, note 46].


===== <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ. =====
===== <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ. =====
        The mythological character MUŠ.ḪUŠ has been known since Old Akkadian times. He was associated with various deities: initially with the city god of Eshnunna, as Ninazu, considered to be the king of snakes, who was succeeded by Tishpak (later with Marduk and Nabu, Ashshur and Anu). In Neo-Assyrian periods, he was considered as a symbolic animal of Marduk, performing the protective functions of the guardian of the city gates of Babylon and other cities. According to some other descriptions, he, like other serpent deities, "cries," threatening with his deadly venom [Lambert 1984; Wiggermann 1989; 1992, 168-9; 1993-1997, 456; 1997].
        The mythological character MUŠ.ḪUŠ has been known since Old Akkadian times. He was associated with various deities: initially with the city god of Eshnunna, as Ninazu, considered to be the king of snakes, who was succeeded by Tishpak (later with Marduk and Nabu, Ashshur and Anu). In Neo-Assyrian periods, he was considered as a symbolic animal of Marduk, performing the protective functions of the guardian of the city gates of Babylon and other cities. According to some other descriptions, he, like other serpent deities, "cries," threatening with his deadly venom [Lambert 1984<ref name=":1" />; Wiggermann 1989; 1992, 168-9; 1993-1997, 456; 1997].
==== III. Symbol. ====
==== III. Symbol. ====


===== <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ =====
===== <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ =====
         For a description of ''[[Bašmu]]'' see (Kurtik b08). A very similar image is found on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 from Uruk (a horned dragon lying down with outstretched forelegs of a lion (?), with wings and a long tail of a snake, also with a lion moving on its back; next to the inscriptions <sup>mul</sup>muš "Snake" and <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Lion") see [Weidner 1927, Taf. V,2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Description of the scene in the fragmentary text: [MUL] <sup>d</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ṣa-mi-du'' / [...] MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. For images of Nirah on seals, see. [McEwan 1983, 221]. On kudurru Nirah, sometimes identified with Ishtaran, was depicted in the form of a huge snake coiled in a ring or stretched to its full length from top to bottom. The image was usually located in the upper register, where the symbols of celestial luminaries were placed [McEwan 1983, 221-222; Seidl 1968].
         For a description of ''[[Bašmu]]'' see (Kurtik b08). A very similar image is found on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 from Uruk (a horned dragon lying down with outstretched forelegs of a lion (?), with wings and a long tail of a snake, also with a lion moving on its back; next to the inscriptions <sup>mul</sup>muš "Snake" and <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Lion") see [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, Taf. V,2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":8" />, fig. 11]. Description of the scene in the fragmentary text: [MUL] <sup>d</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ṣa-mi-du'' / [...] MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. For images of Nirah on seals, see. [McEwan 1983<ref name=":10" />, 221]. On kudurru Nirah, sometimes identified with Ishtaran, was depicted in the form of a huge snake coiled in a ring or stretched to its full length from top to bottom. The image was usually located in the upper register, where the symbols of celestial luminaries were placed [McEwan 1983<ref name=":10" />, 221-222; Seidl 1968<ref name=":11">''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>].


         '''''<s>How the constellation <sup>d</sup>MUŠ was thought of remains not entirely clear. Perhaps in the Kassite period, it was the Snake Nirah, in the Seleucid period the Snakeine dragon Bašmu. The later version of Urra XXII, which gives the identity: <sup>mul d</sup>muš = ni-ra-ḫu, seems to reflect an earlier tradition. how do we know this?????</s>'''''
         '''''<s>How the constellation <sup>d</sup>MUŠ was thought of remains not entirely clear. Perhaps in the Kassite period, it was the Snake Nirah, in the Seleucid period the Snakeine dragon Bašmu. The later version of Urra XXII, which gives the identity: <sup>mul d</sup>muš = ni-ra-ḫu, seems to reflect an earlier tradition. how do we know this?????</s>'''''


===== <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ. =====
===== <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ. =====
         A dragon with a scaly body, neck, and tail that combined the features of a lion, eagle, and serpent. The most famous form — a walking lion, with front paws that of a lion, rear claws of a bird (eagle). On its long neck is placed a serpent's head, paired with a long split tongue, horn(s) and curls. There is also a long tail, that of a serpent, raised upwards in direction towards the rear of the animal. During the Neo-Babylonian periods, ''mušḫuššu'' was depicted on the enameled bricks of the Ishtar Gate in Babylon, restored by Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562). Many other images on seals and kudurru, differing in detail, are also known. The texts mention the face, eyes, tongue, beak, front lion's paws, and eagle's claws ''mušḫuššu'' [Black-Green 1992, 166; Lambert 1984, 87; Lewis 1996; Seidl 1968, 187-193; Van Buren 1946, 16f., 32f.; Wiggermann 1992, 151, 168-9, 188 Fig. 3; 1993-1997, 456, 462; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. It remains unclear how exactly the constellation <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ was thought of and in which part of the sky the constellation <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ = ''mušḫuššu'' was located in.
         A dragon with a scaly body, neck, and tail that combined the features of a lion, eagle, and serpent. The most famous form — a walking lion, with front paws that of a lion, rear claws of a bird (eagle). On its long neck is placed a serpent's head, paired with a long split tongue, horn(s) and curls. There is also a long tail, that of a serpent, raised upwards in direction towards the rear of the animal. During the Neo-Babylonian periods, ''mušḫuššu'' was depicted on the enameled bricks of the Ishtar Gate in Babylon, restored by Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562). Many other images on seals and kudurru, differing in detail, are also known. The texts mention the face, eyes, tongue, beak, front lion's paws, and eagle's claws ''mušḫuššu'' [Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 166; Lambert 1984<ref name=":1" />, 87; Lewis 1996<ref>''Lewis T.J.'' CT 13.33-34 and Ezekial 32: Lion-Dragon Myths // JAOS. 1996. P. 28-47.</ref>; Seidl 1968<ref name=":11" />, 187-193; Van Buren 1946<ref name=":9" />, 16f., 32f.; Wiggermann 1992, 151, 168-9, 188 Fig. 3; 1993-1997, 456, 462; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":8" />, fig. 48]. It remains unclear how exactly the constellation <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ was thought of and in which part of the sky the constellation <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ = ''mušḫuššu'' was located in.
==== IV. Identity. ====
==== IV. Identity. ====
         = Hydra + β Cancri [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 284; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73].
         = Hydra + β Cancri [G. 284; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73].


         = Hydra [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 74b,79b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 208, App. C; ASM<ref name=":6" />, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 75].
         = Hydra [Weidner1957-59, 74b,79b; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; ASM, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].


         Head <sup>mul</sup>muš = δ Hydrae, tail end <sup>mul</sup>muš = αβγδ Crateris [Koch 1989, 80-85, 111]. For a discussion see. [Pingree 1992, 169; Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 14].
         Head <sup>mul</sup>muš = δ Hydrae, tail end <sup>mul</sup>muš = αβγδ Crateris [Koch 1989<ref name=":7" />, 80-85, 111]. For a discussion see. [Pingree 1992<ref>''Pingree D.'' Review of Johannes Koch: Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989. XI + 157 p. // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 168-170.</ref>, 169; Koch 1995<ref name=":5" />, 58, Anm. 14].


==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
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         Identities:
         Identities:


         (1) = Mars; DIŠ <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL TE <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mul[...] "If the Snake approaches the Crab, (it means): Mars to [...] [ACh Ištar, 30:28], see also [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:7].
         (1) = Mars; DIŠ <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL TE <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mul[...] "If the Snake approaches the Crab, (it means): Mars to [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":12">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:28], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":12" /> 2, 66:7].


         Predications:
         Predications:


         (2) Stars and the Snake; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MUL) ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ KUR-''ud ina'' MU.BI GAN<sub>2</sub>.BA TUR "If the stars(=Mercury or Saturn) reach the Snake: business activity will decrease this year" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 ii 14], for a parallel see. [BPO 3, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 2.
         (2) Stars and the Snake; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MUL) ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ KUR-''ud ina'' MU.BI GAN<sub>2</sub>.BA TUR "If the stars(=Mercury or Saturn) reach the Snake: business activity will decrease this year" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":12" /> 2, 78 ii 14], for a parallel see. [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 2.


== Historical Dictionaries ==
== Historical Dictionaries ==
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Дракон с чешуйчатыми телом, шеей и хвостом, соединявший в себе признаки льва, орла и змеи. Наиболее известная форма — идущий лев, у которого передние лапы львиные, а задние, с когтями, птичьи (орлиные). На длинной шее змеиная голова с длинным раздвоенным языком, рогом (рогами) и локоном, сзади длинный змеиный хвост, поднятый вверх. Так mušḫuššu изображался в нововавилонский период на эмалированных кирпичах ворот Иштар в Вавилоне, реставрированных Навуходоносором II (605–562). Известно также немало других изображений на печатях и кудурру, отличавшихся в деталях. В текстах упоминаются: лицо, глаза, язык, клюв, передние львиные лапы и орлиные когти mušḫuššu [Black–Green 1992, 166; Lambert 1984, 87; Lewis 1996; Seidl 1968, 187–193; Van Buren 1946, 16f., 32f.; Wiggermann 1992, 151, 168–9, 188 Fig. 3; 1993–1997, 456, 462; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Остается невыясненным, как точно мыслилось и в какой части неба располагалось созвездие <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ = mušḫuššu.
Дракон с чешуйчатыми телом, шеей и хвостом, соединявший в себе признаки льва, орла и змеи. Наиболее известная форма — идущий лев, у которого передние лапы львиные, а задние, с когтями, птичьи (орлиные). На длинной шее змеиная голова с длинным раздвоенным языком, рогом (рогами) и локоном, сзади длинный змеиный хвост, поднятый вверх. Так mušḫuššu изображался в нововавилонский период на эмалированных кирпичах ворот Иштар в Вавилоне, реставрированных Навуходоносором II (605–562). Известно также немало других изображений на печатях и кудурру, отличавшихся в деталях. В текстах упоминаются: лицо, глаза, язык, клюв, передние львиные лапы и орлиные когти mušḫuššu [Black–Green 1992, 166; Lambert 1984, 87; Lewis 1996; Seidl 1968, 187–193; Van Buren 1946, 16f., 32f.; Wiggermann 1992, 151, 168–9, 188 Fig. 3; 1993–1997, 456, 462; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Остается невыясненным, как точно мыслилось и в какой части неба располагалось созвездие <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ = mušḫuššu.
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==== Kurtik (2022, n44) <sup>(d)</sup>''Niraḫ'' ====
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|змеевидное божество, отождествляемое с mul dmuš в поздней копии Urra XXII; см. m43<sup>d</sup>MUŠ.
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[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Hya]]
[[Category:Hya]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]
<references />

Latest revision as of 11:31, 29 September 2025

the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg) without back-legs, perhaps due to a break in the original cuneiform drawing.
Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two claytablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).
a dragon (mušḫuššu) of the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, Iraq, colored glazed and molded bricks, 6th century BCE. Pergamon Museum in Berlin

mul (d)MUŠ (𒀯𒈲) = șēru, 'The Snake; nirahu, 'the deity Nirah,' is an asterism in Hydra.

(mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊) is a variant of this name.

A drawing of the ancient Babylonian constellation is reproduced here as figure on right, showing its various parts including its head, horns, feet, middle and tail. Here mulUGA, 'The Crow' (Corvus), on its tail pecking at the its very tip. A drawing of this constellation is preserved on VAT 7847+AO 6448, but the place where the asterism's back legs should be is broken, and no surviving cuneiform source makes explicit whether or not there were back legs as well as front legs at the asterims, although famous depictions (e.g. on the Ishtar Gate of Babylon) show (d)MUŠ with front and back legs; note that the back legs are bird legs and they are placed where the Crow stands.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= "Snake"; a constellation within the modern Hydra (The Watersnake) [Gössmann[1] 284].

= (mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊)

= (mul)mušḫuššu, noise. "Ferocious serpent", "Serpent dragon" [CAD[2] M/2, 270; Lambert 1984[3], 87, note 1; Fauna[4], 48f., 55; Wiggermann 1989; 1992, 168-9, 188 Fig. 3; 1993-1997; 1997]; no identification established.

= (d)Niraḫ (𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷), the snake god. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)[5] note that the reading of the star name is confirmed by SpTU III[6] nr. 114 iv 111 (Hh XII): MUL dMUŠ = Ni-ra-ḫu. MUL dMUŠ (AN 13l).

The Sumerian and Akkadian readings of the name require some discussion. Although MUŠ = șēru is generally translated as 'snake,' in fact it is a generic classification for all snake-like, or perhaps better reptillian-serpentine creatures including the fantastic beasts and sea-monsters (see e.g. Urra XIV: 1: MUŠ = șe-ru) including among them the asterisms mušhuššu and bašmu. However, the only syllabic writing for either the Sumerian or Akkadian name of the asterism, in star-list of Urra XXII, gives the name with divine determinative mul dMUŠ = ni-ra-ḫu, which allows for a Sumerian reading mul dNIRAH as well. Given the sparcity of proof for reading all attestations of the star-name we continue to read MUŠ = șēru, and translate 'the Snake,' following standard Assyriological convention, even though the drawing and its matching description in the Uranology texts makes it clear that the asterism was imagined as a serpentine figure with non-snake like elements, including legs.

Sources

Identifications

(mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ

"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."

Old Babylonian prayer:

  • (a) Erm. 15642: mu-uš-ḫu-uš-šu-um [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:18], and also [Shileiko 1924[7], 147; Dossin 1935[8], 180; von Soden 1936[9], 306],
  • (b) AO 6769: MUŠ.ḪUŠ [Dossin 1935[8], 181-182:18].

mul (d)MUŠ

Lexical texts.
  • (1) Sumerian monolingual list from Nippur: mulmuš [MSL XI[10], 108:403].
  • (2) Urra XXII series: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu "Snake = Nirah" [SpTU III[6], 114A v 47; Bloch-Horowitz 2015[11], 109:304ʹ].
EAE.
  • See. [BPO 3[12], 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1].
"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."
  • Astrolabe B.
    • (1) List (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(BI) gub-[zu] / dmuš <<u>> dNin-giš-z[i-da] "The constellation that stands behind it (i.e. mulA-nu-ni-tu4) / The Snake, Ningišzid" (B iii 6-7).
    • (2) List (3´12): itisig4 ... mulmuš šu-ut d[En-lil2] "The month of simanu: ... The Snake (rises) (in the path of) [Enlil] " (C iii 3).
    • (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is simanu, setting is kislimu [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 39-40], see (Kurtik s22) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA.
  • BM 82923.
    • Simanu month, stars of Enlil: mu[lMUŠ // 1] // dKA.DI dA-nu "[Snake // 60] // Ishtaran, Anu" [Walker-Hunger 1977[13], 28, 30:9].
  • BM 34713.
    • The month simanu, stars of Enlil instead of múlmuš is erroneously múlalla, see (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2.
  • The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
    • List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 3): mulmuš [TCL 6, 13[14]; Rochberg-Halton 1987b[15], 212].
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) The stars of Anu (no. 13): mul dMUŠ dNin-giš-zi-da EN er-ṣe-tu4 "Snake, Ningishzida, lord of the underworld" (I ii 8), for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.[16] 2, 67:16].
  • (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th day of duuzu' (I ii 42), see (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2.
  • (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
    • a) (I iii 17), see (Kurtik a04) A2mušen = TE8mušen
    • b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2 = mulIKU [MA[17], 32, 41, 48, 52].
WE NEED TO ADD URANOLOGY tEXT???"Great Star List and Miscellenia".
  • (1) 12 Amurru stars: mulmuš;
  • (2) 7 tikpi stars: mulmuš;
  • (3) igi muš dban.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki "Before the Snake Banbanshur, the killer of heaven and earth";
  • (4) igi muš dla.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki "Before the Snake Labanshur, the killer of heaven and earth" [Mesop.Astrol.[18], App. B: 216, 224, 245, 246]; see also the list of "7 tikpi stars" [KAR[19], 142 i 37].
List of stars VR 46, 1:29.
  • mulmuš = dEreš-ki-gal, see also [HBA[20] 52:29; Wee 2016[21], 162-3].
GU text. 
  • (D) mulmuš 'Snake' (β Cnc), see (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL,
  • (F) murub4 mulmuš 'Mid Snake' (θ Hya),
  • (G) murub4 mulmuš 'Mid Snake' (ζ Hya) [Pingree-Walker 1988[22], BM 78161:5, 9, 12], see (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2, (Kurtik n52) NUNki.
Dalbanna-text.
  • §N. mu[l murub4 muš] "Star in the middle part of the Snake" (ζ Hya).
  • §O. mulsag muš "Star of the head of the Snake" (ε Hya), see (Kurtik m18) MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.
  • §P. MUL GABA MU[Š] "Star on the breast of the Snake[s]" (30 Mon, 1, 2 Hya) [Walker 1995, 32-33; Koch 1995[23], 58-59; ASM[24], 106].
Text of Nv. 10.
  • Intercalation scheme: [mulṣal-bat]-a-nu (the star Antagubbu in the month of Arahsamnu) is the planetary name for mulmuš, according to [Donbaz-Koch 1995[25], 79, Anm. 63], see (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA.
  • Planisphere. In sector 5. a badly damaged image for mulmuš, according to [Koch 1989[26], 80-81; Kurtik 2007[27], Fig. 9]. See also mul dmuš in text 81-7-27, 81 [MCG[28], 175, 177], múl dMUŠ [SpTU III[6], 102:10].
(Kurtik n44)

(d)Niraḫ

A serpentine deity identified with mul dmuš in a late copy of Urra XXII

Additional

II. Deity.

(mul)MUŠ

          In the astronomical context, mul dMUŠ corresponds with 4 deities, of which 2 have a Snakeine character.

  • (1) Ningishzida (Astrl. B, MUL.APIN) — a chthonic deity whose symbol was considered to be the horned snake or dragon bašmu [Van Buren 1934[29]; 1946[30], 15-16; Wiggermann 1997, 39-42]; a number of texts assert his aquatic character (see Kurtik b08 Bašmu); in Astrl. B and in MUL.APIN an identity is assumed: mul dMUŠ = dNin-giš-zi-da = (dBašmu), nowhere else; see also (Kurtik n29 dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA).
  • (2) Nirah was an ancient deity honored in the city of Der in eastern Mesopotamia, in the temple of Enlil at Nippur, and in some other places. Nirah was a member of the entourage of Ishtaran, the city god of Der; in kudurru, Nirah is defined as "Messenger of Ishtaran" (dNiraḫ šip-ru ša2 dIštarān) [McEwan 1983[31], 222]. Hence probably the identification dMUŠ = dKA.DI adopted in BM 82923. The standard meaning of the Akkadian word nirāḫu "small snake, uzhu" [CAD[32] N/2, 259b; AHw[33], 739b]. On the reading of dMUŠ as dNiraḫ see previously. [Fauna[4], 2:9, 60-61; McEwan 1983[31]; Lambert 1985[34], 444, note 46].
(mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ.

        The mythological character MUŠ.ḪUŠ has been known since Old Akkadian times. He was associated with various deities: initially with the city god of Eshnunna, as Ninazu, considered to be the king of snakes, who was succeeded by Tishpak (later with Marduk and Nabu, Ashshur and Anu). In Neo-Assyrian periods, he was considered as a symbolic animal of Marduk, performing the protective functions of the guardian of the city gates of Babylon and other cities. According to some other descriptions, he, like other serpent deities, "cries," threatening with his deadly venom [Lambert 1984[3]; Wiggermann 1989; 1992, 168-9; 1993-1997, 456; 1997].

III. Symbol.

(mul)MUŠ

         For a description of Bašmu see (Kurtik b08). A very similar image is found on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 from Uruk (a horned dragon lying down with outstretched forelegs of a lion (?), with wings and a long tail of a snake, also with a lion moving on its back; next to the inscriptions mulmuš "Snake" and mulur.gu.la "Lion") see [Weidner 1927[35], Taf. V,2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007[27], fig. 11]. Description of the scene in the fragmentary text: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / [...] MUL dMUŠ ka-bi-is, quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. For images of Nirah on seals, see. [McEwan 1983[31], 221]. On kudurru Nirah, sometimes identified with Ishtaran, was depicted in the form of a huge snake coiled in a ring or stretched to its full length from top to bottom. The image was usually located in the upper register, where the symbols of celestial luminaries were placed [McEwan 1983[31], 221-222; Seidl 1968[36]].

         How the constellation dMUŠ was thought of remains not entirely clear. Perhaps in the Kassite period, it was the Snake Nirah, in the Seleucid period the Snakeine dragon Bašmu. The later version of Urra XXII, which gives the identity: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu, seems to reflect an earlier tradition. how do we know this?????

(mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ.

         A dragon with a scaly body, neck, and tail that combined the features of a lion, eagle, and serpent. The most famous form — a walking lion, with front paws that of a lion, rear claws of a bird (eagle). On its long neck is placed a serpent's head, paired with a long split tongue, horn(s) and curls. There is also a long tail, that of a serpent, raised upwards in direction towards the rear of the animal. During the Neo-Babylonian periods, mušḫuššu was depicted on the enameled bricks of the Ishtar Gate in Babylon, restored by Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562). Many other images on seals and kudurru, differing in detail, are also known. The texts mention the face, eyes, tongue, beak, front lion's paws, and eagle's claws mušḫuššu [Black-Green 1992[37], 166; Lambert 1984[3], 87; Lewis 1996[38]; Seidl 1968[36], 187-193; Van Buren 1946[30], 16f., 32f.; Wiggermann 1992, 151, 168-9, 188 Fig. 3; 1993-1997, 456, 462; Kurtik 2007[27], fig. 48]. It remains unclear how exactly the constellation (mul)MUŠ was thought of and in which part of the sky the constellation (mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ = mušḫuššu was located in.

IV. Identity.

         = Hydra + β Cancri [Gössmann[1] 284; Waerden 1949[39], 13; 1974[40], 73].

         = Hydra [Weidner 1957-59[41], 74b,79b; BPO 2[42], 13; MA[43], 138; Mesop.Astrol.[44], 208, App. C; ASM[24], 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018[45], 75].

         Head mulmuš = δ Hydrae, tail end mulmuš = αβγδ Crateris [Koch 1989[26], 80-85, 111]. For a discussion see. [Pingree 1992[46], 169; Koch 1995[23], 58, Anm. 14].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

         (1) MUL SAG MUŠ "Asterism of the Snake's head," see GU text, dbn text.

         (2) MURUB4 mulMUŠ "The middle of the Snake", see GU-text, dbn -text.

         (3) MUL GABA MUŠ "Star on the breast of the Snake," see dbn -text.

VI. Astrology.

         Identities:

         (1) = Mars; DIŠ mul dMUŠ ana mulAL.LUL TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana mul[...] "If the Snake approaches the Crab, (it means): Mars to [...] [ACh Ištar[47], 30:28], see also [ACh Suppl.[47] 2, 66:7].

         Predications:

         (2) Stars and the Snake; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MUL) ana mulMUŠ KUR-ud ina MU.BI GAN2.BA TUR "If the stars(=Mercury or Saturn) reach the Snake: business activity will decrease this year" [ACh Suppl.[47] 2, 78 ii 14], for a parallel see. [BPO 3[12], 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1], see (Kurtik m35) MUL2.MUL2, V 2.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, m43), mul dMUŠ

Gössmann (1950)
= «Змея»; созвездие в пределах современной Гидры (Hydra) [G. 284].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский одноязычный список из Ниппура: mulmuš [MSL XI, 108:403]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu «Змея = Нирах» [SpTU III, 114A v 47; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:304ʹ]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 3, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(BI) gub-[zu] / dmuš <<u>> dNin-giš-z[i-da] «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. mulA-nu-ni-tu4) стоит / Змея, Нингишзида» (B iii 6–7). (2) Cписок (3´12): itisig4mulmuš šu-ut d[En-lil2] «Месяц симану: … Змея (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)»  (C iii 3). (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — симану, заход — кислиму [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 39–40], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля:  mu[lMUŠ // 1] // dKA.DI dA-nu «[Змея // 60] // Иштаран, Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:9]. BM 34713. Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля вместо múlmuš стоит ошибочно múlalla, см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 3): mulmuš [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 13): mul dMUŠ dNin-giš-zi-da EN er-ṣe-tu4 «Змея, Нингишзида, владыка преисподней» (I ii 8), параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 67:16]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го дуузу» (I ii 42), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 17), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 32), см. a48AŠ.GAN2 [MA, 32, 41, 48, 52]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: mulmuš; (2) 7 tikpi-звезд: mulmuš; (3) igi muš dban.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki «Перед Змеем Банбаншур, убийцей неба и земли»; (4) igi muš dla.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki «Перед Змеем Лабаншур, убийцей неба и земли» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 216, 224, 245, 246]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:29. mulmuš = dEreš-ki-gal, см. также [HBA 52:29; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст.  (D) mulmuš «Змея» (β Cnc), см. a18AL.LUL, (F) murub4 mulmuš «Cередина Змеи» (θ Hya), (G) murub4 mulmuš «Cередина Змеи» (ζ Hya) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:5, 9, 12], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, n52NUNki. Dalbanna-текст. §N. mu[l murub4 muš] «Звезда средней части Змеи» (ζ Hya). §O. mulsag muš «Звезда головы Змеи» (ε Hya), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. §P. MUL GABA MU[Š] «Звезда на груди Зме[и]» (30 Mon, 1, 2 Hya) [Walker 1995, 32–33; Koch 1995, 58–59; ASM,  106]. Текст  Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: [mulṣal-bat]-a-nu (звезда Антагуббу в месяце арахсамну) — планетное имя для mulmuš, согласно [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 79, Anm. 63], см. u20UR.GU.LA. «Планисфера». В секторе 5 сильно поврежденное изображение mulmuš, cогласно [Koch 1989, 80–81; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. См. также mul dmuš в тексте 81-7-27, 81 [MCG, 175, 177], múl dMUŠ [SpTU III, 102:10].

II. Божество.

В астрономическом контексте mul dMUŠ соотносится с 4 божествами, из которых 2 имеют змеиный характер. (1) Нингишзида (Astrl. B, MUL.APIN) — хтоническое божество, символом которого считалась рогатая змея или дракон bašmu [Van Buren 1934; 1946, 15–16; Wiggermann 1997, 39–42]; в ряде текстов утверждается его водный характер (см. b08); в Astrl. B и в MUL.APIN предполагается тождество: mul dMUŠ = dNin-giš-zi-da = (dBašmu), нигде более не встречающееся; см. также n29. (2) Нирах — древнее божество, почитавшееся в городе Дере на востоке Месопотамии, в храме Энлиля в Ниппуре и некоторых других местах. Нирах входил в окружение Иштарана, городского бога Дера; на кудурру Нирах определяется как «Посланник Иштарана» (dNiraḫ šip-ru ša2 dIštarān) [McEwan 1983, 222]. Отсюда, вероятно, отождествление dMUŠ = dKA.DI, принятое в BM 82923. Стандартное значение аккадского слова nirāḫu «маленькая змея, уж» [CAD N/2, 259b; AHw, 739b]. О чтении dMUŠ как dNiraḫ см. [Fauna, 2:9, 60–61; McEwan 1983; Lambert 1985, 444, note 46].

III. Символ.

Описание Bašmu см. b08. Весьма похожее изображение встречаем на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847 из Урука (лежащий рогатый дракон с вытянутыми передними лапами льва (?), крыльями и длинным змеиным хвостом, по его спине движется лев; рядом надписи mulmuš «Змея» и mulur.gu.la «Лев») см. в [Weidner 1927, Taf. V,2; 1967, Taf. 5–6; Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Описание сцены в фрагментарном тексте: [MUL] dUR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / […] MUL dMUŠ ka-bi-is, цит. по [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. Изображения Нираха на печатях см. [McEwan 1983, 221]. На кудурру Нирах, отождествляемый иногда с Иштараном, изображался в виде огромной змеи, свернутой в кольцо или вытянутой во всю длину сверху вниз. Изображение располагалось обычно в верхнем регистре, где помещались символы небесных светил [McEwan 1983, 221–222; Seidl 1968].

Каким образом мыслилось созвездие dMUŠ, остается не до конца ясным. Возможно, в касситский период это был змей Нирах, в селевкидский период — змеевидный дракон Bašmu. Поздняя версия Urra XXII, в которой приведено тождество: mul dmuš = ni-ra-ḫu, отражает, по-видимому, более раннюю традицию.

IV. Отождествление.

= Hydra + β Cancri [G. 284; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73].

= Hydra [Weidner1957–59, 74b,79b; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; ASM, 276, Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

Голова mulmuš = δ Hydrae, конец хвоста mulmuš = αβγδ Crateris [Koch 1989, 80–85, 111]. Дискуссия см. [Pingree 1992, 169; Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 14].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL SAG MUŠ «Звезда головы Змеи», см. GU-текст, dbn-текст.

(2) MURUB4 mulMUŠ «Середина Змеи», см. GU-текст, dbn -текст.

(3) MUL GABA MUŠ «Звезда на груди Змеи», см. dbn -текст.

VI. Астрология.

Тождества:

(1) = Марс;  DIŠ mul dMUŠ ana mulAL.LUL TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana mul[…] «Если Змея к Крабу приблизилась, (это означает): Марс к […] [ACh Ištar, 30:28], см. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:7].

Предсказания:

(2) Звезды и Змея; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MUL) ana mulMUŠ KUR-ud ina MU.BI GAN2.BA TUR «Если Звезды(=Меркурий или Сатурн) Змеи достигают: в этом году деловая активность уменьшится» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 ii 14], параллель см. [BPO 3, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1], см. m35MUL.MUL, V 2.

Example

Kurtik (2022, m44), (mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ

= (mul)mušḫuššu, шум. «Свирепый змей», «Змеиный дракон» [CAD M/2, 270; Lambert 1984, 87, note 1; Fauna, 48f., 55; Wiggermann 1989; 1992, 168–9, 188 Fig. 3; 1993–1997; 1997]; отождествление не установлено.

I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: mu-uš-ḫu-uš-šu-um [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:18], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: MUŠ.ḪUŠ [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж MUŠ.ḪUŠ известен со староаккадского времени. Он был связан с различными божествами: первоначально с городским богом Эшнунны Ниназу, считавшимся царем змей, которого сменил Тишпак, позднее с Мардуком и Набу, Ашшуром и Ану. В новоассирийский период считался символическим животным Мардука и исполнял защитные функции охранителя городских ворот Вавилона и других городов. Согласно некоторым описаниям, он, как и другие змеиные божества, “рычит”, его принадлежностью считается смертельный яд [Lambert 1984; Wiggermann 1989; 1992, 168–9; 1993–1997, 456; 1997].

III. Символ.

Дракон с чешуйчатыми телом, шеей и хвостом, соединявший в себе признаки льва, орла и змеи. Наиболее известная форма — идущий лев, у которого передние лапы львиные, а задние, с когтями, птичьи (орлиные). На длинной шее змеиная голова с длинным раздвоенным языком, рогом (рогами) и локоном, сзади длинный змеиный хвост, поднятый вверх. Так mušḫuššu изображался в нововавилонский период на эмалированных кирпичах ворот Иштар в Вавилоне, реставрированных Навуходоносором II (605–562). Известно также немало других изображений на печатях и кудурру, отличавшихся в деталях. В текстах упоминаются: лицо, глаза, язык, клюв, передние львиные лапы и орлиные когти mušḫuššu [Black–Green 1992, 166; Lambert 1984, 87; Lewis 1996; Seidl 1968, 187–193; Van Buren 1946, 16f., 32f.; Wiggermann 1992, 151, 168–9, 188 Fig. 3; 1993–1997, 456, 462; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Остается невыясненным, как точно мыслилось и в какой части неба располагалось созвездие (mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ = mušḫuššu.

Kurtik (2022, n44) (d)Niraḫ

змеевидное божество, отождествляемое с mul dmuš в поздней копии Urra XXII; см. m43dMUŠ.

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