MUL: Difference between revisions

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* = MUL<sub>2</sub> (𒋼) = TE, Determinative before names of celestial luminaries (star, constellation, planet) in later astronomical and astrological texts.
* = MUL<sub>2</sub> (𒋼) = TE, Determinative before names of celestial luminaries (star, constellation, planet) in later astronomical and astrological texts.
* = MUL<sub>4</sub> (𒌌) , Var. reading:
* = MUL<sub>4</sub> (𒌌) , Var. reading:
**GAN<sub>2</sub> (= mul<sub>5</sub>, according to [Borger 2004, Nr. 174; Hunger-Steele 2018, 158, 223]);
**GAN<sub>2</sub> (= mul<sub>5</sub>, according to [Borger 2004<ref name=":0">''Borger, R.'' Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004</ref>, Nr. 174; Hunger-Steele 2019<ref name=":1">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 158, 223]);
**MULU<sub>4</sub> [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004]; = ''kakkabu'';
**MULU<sub>4</sub> [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":2">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>]; = ''kakkabu'';
* = MUL<sub>x</sub>,
* = MUL<sub>x</sub>,
* = [[UL]] (𒌌)
* = [[UL]] (𒌌)
** UL<sub>8</sub> (= mul<sub>4</sub>, according to [Borger 2004, Nr. 698]);
** UL<sub>8</sub> (= mul<sub>4</sub>, according to [Borger 2004<ref name=":0" />, Nr. 698]);
* = "asterism, star, luminary";
* = "asterism, star, luminary";
* the syllabic entry occurs in texts from a wide variety of genres besides lexical texts [AHw, 421b; CAD K, 45-49],
* the syllabic entry occurs in texts from a wide variety of genres besides lexical texts [AHw<ref name=":3">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 421b; CAD<ref name=":4">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 45-49],


See also (Kurtik a30) [[AN]], (Kurtik m29) MUL, (Kurtik m37) MUL<sub>2</sub>, (Kurtik m40) MUL<sub>4</sub>, (Kurtik m41) MUL<sub>x</sub>, (Kurtik u12) UL.   
See also (Kurtik a30) [[AN]], (Kurtik m29) MUL, (Kurtik m37) MUL<sub>2</sub>, (Kurtik m40) MUL<sub>4</sub>, (Kurtik m41) MUL<sub>x</sub>, (Kurtik u12) UL.   
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** mul.mul,
** mul.mul,
** mul<sub>2</sub>.mul<sub>2</sub> "Star Cluster,"
** mul<sub>2</sub>.mul<sub>2</sub> "Star Cluster,"
** as such: designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later astronomical and astrological texts [G. 274; AHw 421b; CAD K, 45-48].
** as such: designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 274; AHw<ref name=":3" /> 421b; CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 45-48].


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|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) The sign mul heads the Old Babylonian lists of Sumerian star names [MSL XI, 107:387; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 13].
*(1) The sign mul heads the Old Babylonian lists of Sumerian star names [MSL XI<ref name=":5">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 107:387; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 13].
*(2) Urra XXII series: mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:16]; parallels [Emar VI/4, 151:150'(?); MSL XI, 30:23, 49:61; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 104:267ʹ].
*(2) Urra XXII series: mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner  E. '' Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:16]; parallels [Emar VI/4<ref name=":6">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:150'(?); MSL XI<ref name=":5" />, 30:23, 49:61; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref name=":7">Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:267ʹ].
* (3). Sa series, copy from Emar: ''mu-ul a-na-eš-ša-bi'' / mul = ''ka-ak-ka-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 17: 287-288].
* (3). Sa series, copy from Emar: ''mu-ul a-na-eš-ša-bi'' / mul = ''ka-ak-ka-bu'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":6" />, 17: 287-288].
*(4) Sb II series 4: <sup>mu-lu</sup>mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [MSL III, 132:4].
*(4) Sb II series 4: <sup>mu-lu</sup>mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [MSL III<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. III. Ed. by B. Landsberger, 1955. </ref>, 132:4].
*(5) Proto-Ea 139/1: <sup>mu-ul</sup>mul = ''ka-ak-ka-bu-bu-um'' [MSL XIV, 94], see also [MSL II, 132:56].
*(5) Proto-Ea 139/1: <sup>mu-ul</sup>mul = ''ka-ak-ka-bu-bu-um'' [MSL XIV<ref name=":8">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 94], see also [MSL II<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. II. ''Ur-e-a = Nâqu''. Ed. by B. Landsberger, 1951. </ref>, 132:56].
*(6) Series Ea II, 277: <sup>mu-ul</sup>mul = [''k'']''ak-ka-bu'' [MSL XIV, 259].
*(6) Series Ea II, 277: <sup>mu-ul</sup>mul = [''k'']''ak-ka-bu'' [MSL XIV<ref name=":8" />, 259].
*(7) Series Aa II/6, ii 25: <sup>mu-lu</sup>mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [MSL XIV, 291]. (8) NIGIN<sup>ki-li</sup>.AN = MUL AN-''e'' [CT 18, 30 iv 15].
*(7) Series Aa II/6, ii 25: <sup>mu-lu</sup>mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [MSL XIV<ref name=":8" />, 291].
*(8) NIGIN<sup>ki-li</sup>.AN = MUL AN-''e'' [CT<ref name=":9">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 30 iv 15].
*(9) UL, UMBIN, <sup>[x]-gi</sup>AKKIL, <sup>mu-lu [x x]-nu</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>i-ku</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub><sup>!</sup> = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT 18, 49 ii 2-6; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4-8].
*(9) UL, UMBIN, <sup>[x]-gi</sup>AKKIL, <sup>mu-lu [x x]-nu</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>i-ku</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub><sup>!</sup> = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT<ref name=":9" /> 18, 49 ii 2-6; CT<ref name=":9" /> 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4-8].
*(10) <sup>d</sup>mul = gag-gab<sub>2</sub> ("Ebla Vocabulary"), cited in [Michalowski 2003, 404]. See also [AHw, 421b; CAD K, 45-46].
*(10) <sup>d</sup>mul = gag-gab<sub>2</sub> ("Ebla Vocabulary"), cited in [Michalowski 2003<ref>''Michalowski, P''. An Early Dynastic Tablet of ED Lu A from Tell Brak (Nagar). Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2003(3). https://cdli.earth/articles/cdlj/2003-3. </ref>, 404]. See also [AHw<ref name=":3" />, 421b; CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 45-46].
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Urra XXII series: TE = MIN(= ''kakkabu'') [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:2, 133, W.23766:2].
*(1) Urra XXII series: TE = MIN(= ''kakkabu'') [Cavigneaux 1979<ref name=":10">''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:2, 133, W.23766:2].
* (2) Series Ea VIII 74: <sup>mu-[ul]</sup>[TE] = [''kak-ka-bu''] [MSL XIV, 478; CAD K, 46a].
* (2) Series Ea VIII 74: <sup>mu-[ul]</sup>[TE] = [''kak-ka-bu''] [MSL XIV<ref name=":8" />, 478; CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 46a].
*(3) AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (III 116): <sup>d</sup>TE(mu.ul.la).la<sub>2</sub> [Litke 1998, 130].
*(3) AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (III 116): <sup>d</sup>TE(mu.ul.la).la<sub>2</sub> [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 130].
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
See. [AD I-III, passim]; first in a diary for -463 [AD I, no. -463:11'].
See. [AD I-III<ref name=":11">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim]; first in a diary for -463 [AD I<ref name=":11" />, no. -463:11'].
|prior to ~320 BCE, the term MÚL.MÚL was used for the Pleiades, after this date, it was used for the section of the ecliptic (zodiac sign) [[Taurus]] in Greek astral science.[[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 320 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]
|prior to ~320 BCE, the term MÚL.MÚL was used for the Pleiades, after this date, it was used for the section of the ecliptic (zodiac sign) [[Taurus]] in Greek astral science.[[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 320 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]
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|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1952, VAT 16436; 1955].
See. [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J.  ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, VAT 16436; 1955].
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|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
See. [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first in the lunar tablets of the late 5th century BCE. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31].
See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT, passim]; first in the lunar tablets of the late 5th century BCE. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969<ref>''Aaboe A., Sachs A''. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.</ref>; Britton 1989<ref>''Britton J.P.'' An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.</ref>, 30-31].
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|'''Horoscopes.'''
|'''Horoscopes.'''
See. [BH, 159].  See also [SpTU I-V, passim].
See. [BH, 159].  See also [SpTU I-V<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I-V.</ref>, passim].
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*<sup>mu-lu [x x]-nu</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub> = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT 18, 49 ii 5; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:7].
*<sup>mu-lu [x x]-nu</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub> = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT<ref name=":9" /> 18, 49 ii 5; CT<ref name=":9" /> 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:7].
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|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ACh Ištar, 29:10; Suppl. 2, 68 r. 17-19].
See. [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 29:10; Suppl. 2, 68 r. 17-19].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Astrological predictions: (II iii 16-18, 21-33) [MUL.APIN, 108-112, 133].
Astrological predictions: (II iii 16-18, 21-33) [MUL.APIN<ref name=":1" />, 108-112, 133].
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|'''Late astrology.'''
|'''Late astrology.'''
See. [SpTU I<ref name=":12">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 84:9, 16].
See. [SpTU I, 84:9, 16].
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|'''Text BM 36609.'''
|'''Text BM 36609.'''
For a list of "normal stars" with longitudes [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, Section 8: rev. iv 1′-22′], see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]].
For a list of "normal stars" with longitudes [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":2" />, Section 8: rev. iv 1′-22′], see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]].
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!
!
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|Var. reading: AB<sub>2</sub>; = ''kakkabu'' 'star, constellation'; determinative before names of stars and constellations in a number of pre-Seleucid and Seleucid texts from Babylon and Uruk. See. [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 r. 20, 24, 26, 28, 29; AD I-III, passim; Neugebauer-Sachs 1967, 183, 200-201, Text E, obv. 4, rev. 21; NSAM 2, 38, Ii col. i 21; 107, IVc:19; Sachs-Neugebauer 1956, 132:13′; SpTU I, 90:8, 139:4′ Bemerk.; SpTU IV, 162:6, 7, 10, r. 3, 6, 18; SpTU V, 263: 4-5].
|Var. reading: AB<sub>2</sub>; = ''kakkabu'' 'star, constellation'; determinative before names of stars and constellations in a number of pre-Seleucid and Seleucid texts from Babylon and Uruk. See. [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 285, BM 47447 r. 20, 24, 26, 28, 29; AD I-III<ref name=":11" />, passim; Neugebauer-Sachs 1967<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A''. Some Atypical Astronomical Cuneiform Texts. I // JCS. 1967. V. 21. P. 183-218.</ref>, 183, 200-201, Text E, obv. 4, rev. 21; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 38, Ii col. i 21; 107, IVc:19; Sachs-Neugebauer 1956<ref>''Sachs A., Neugebauer O.'' A Procedure Text Concerning Solar and Lunar Motion: B.M. 36712 // JCS. 1956. Vol. 10, № 4. P. 131-136.</ref>, 132:13′; SpTU I<ref name=":12" />, 90:8, 139:4′ Bemerk.; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162:6, 7, 10, r. 3, 6, 18; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 263: 4-5].
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: ul = ''kak-k''[''a-bu''] [MSL XI, 30:22]; ul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [SpTU III, 114A v 10], [u]l = MIN(= ''kakkabu'') [Cavigneaux 1979 132, 17:1; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 104:266ʹ].
* (1) Urra XXII series: ul = ''kak-k''[''a-bu''] [MSL XI<ref name=":5" />, 30:22]; ul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 10], [u]l = MIN(= ''kakkabu'') [Cavigneaux 1979<ref name=":10" /> 132, 17:1; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref name=":7" />, 104:266ʹ].
* (2) Series A IV/3:50c: [u2-ul] [UL] = [''kak-ka-bu'' E]ME.SAL [MSL XIV, 380; CAD K, 46a].
* (2) Series A IV/3:50c: [''u<sub>2</sub>''-''ul''] [UL] = [''kak-ka-bu'' E]ME.SAL [MSL XIV<ref name=":8" />, 380; CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 46a].
* (3) ul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT 18, 49 ii 2; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4], see also [CAD K, 46a].
* (3) ul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT<ref name=":9" /> 18, 49 ii 2; CT<ref name=":9" /> 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4], see also [CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 46a].
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==== II. Identification. ====
==== II. Identification. ====
         (1) = determinative; the sign MUL was already used as a determinative before the names of celestial luminaries apparently in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. [Lambert 1984a]; however, clear evidence refers only to the end of the 3rd to early 2nd millennium BCs; the earliest example (<sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub>), known to us, dates to the Ur III period [Sallaberger I, 54].
         (1) = determinative; the sign MUL was already used as a determinative before the names of celestial luminaries apparently in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. [Lambert 1984a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.</ref>]; however, clear evidence refers only to the end of the 3rd to early 2nd millennium BCs; the earliest example (<sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub>), known to us, dates to the Ur III period [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 54].


          (2) = star, stars; standard epithet: MUL ''šamê''(AN)<sup>e</sup> "Celestial object," MUL.MEŠ ''šamê''(AN)<sup>e</sup> "Celestial objects," see, e.g., [CAD K, 47a; BPO 2, III 19a, XVI 1; LABS, 100:21, 160:35, 40]; stars as a special category of luminaries: <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''u'' MUL.ME AN-''e''... "The planets and stars of the heavens..." [BPO 2, III 19a]. Protasis of astrological predictions and observations often mention stars belonging to a particular constellation (MUL-''šu''<sub>2</sub>, MUL.MEŠ''-šu''<sub>2</sub>), sometimes with an indication of their number, and also record changes in visibility, observed brilliance, color, size and other characteristics of stars.
          (2) = star, stars; standard epithet: MUL ''šamê''(AN)<sup>e</sup> "Celestial object," MUL.MEŠ ''šamê''(AN)<sup>e</sup> "Celestial objects," see, e.g., [CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 47a; BPO 2<ref name=":13">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 19a, XVI 1; LABS<ref name=":14">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 100:21, 160:35, 40]; stars as a special category of luminaries: <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''u'' MUL.ME AN-''e''... "The planets and stars of the heavens..." [BPO 2<ref name=":13" />, III 19a]. Protasis of astrological predictions and observations often mention stars belonging to a particular constellation (MUL-''šu''<sub>2</sub>, MUL.MEŠ''-šu''<sub>2</sub>), sometimes with an indication of their number, and also record changes in visibility, observed brilliance, color, size and other characteristics of stars.


          (3) = constellation; in MUL.APIN in the catalog, the formula is often used in describing the positions of the constellations relative to each other: MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> / EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'', lit. "The constellation that stands ahead/behind it", where MUL stands for "constellation" [MA].
          (3) = constellation; in MUL.APIN in the catalog, the formula is often used in describing the positions of the constellations relative to each other: MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> / EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'', lit. "The constellation that stands ahead/behind it", where MUL stands for "constellation" [MA<ref name=":1" />].


         (4) = meteor, bolide, shooting star; DIŠ MUL ki <sup>giš</sup>''di-pa-ri'' TA <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> SUR-''ma'' / ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A ŠU<sub>2</sub> ERIM KUR<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' DUGUD-''ša''<sub>2</sub> ŠUB-''ut'' "If a star flashes like a torch from the east and sets in the west: the main army of the enemy will fall" [LABS, 111:3-4]. DIŠ MUL SUR-''ma ṣe-re-er-šu''<sub>2</sub> GIM UD.DA ''na-mir'' / ''ina ṣa-ra-ri-šu''<sub>2</sub> GIM ''nam-maš-ti'' GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB KUN GAR-''in''... "If a star flares up and its radiance is like the light of day, (and) in its radiance it has a tail like a scorpion: this sign is auspicious" [labs 111:3-4] [ARAK, 158:1-3]. [DIŠ] MUL SUR-''ma ki-ma di-pa-ri'' / [T]A <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>... "[If] a star flashes like a torch [o]n the west to the east (and) sets: the enemy will capture my border city in Elam; (the fall of) the army of Elam" [ARAK, 303 r. 2-5]. DIŠ MUL TA <sup>im</sup>MAR SUR-''ma ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Li''<sub>9</sub>-''si''<sub>4</sub> / <sup>d</sup>''Ni-ri'' / <sup>d</sup>''Sin''... "If a star flashes from the west and enters the limits of the Fox, Yoke, and Sin: there will be a rebellion" (MUL.APIN II iii 42-44) [MA, 114-115]. [DIŠ MUL TA] <sup>im</sup>MAR ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>im</sup>KUR DIB ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''um'' 3 MU<sup>meš</sup> / [KUR ḪUL] IGI.LA<sub>2</sub> "[If a star] passes from the west to the east during the day: within three years [the country] will experience [evil]" (MUL.APIN II iii 48-49) [MA, 116]. [DIŠ MUL T]A MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' SUR-''ma ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A ŠU<sub>2</sub> ZI.GA "[If a star] flashes [in] the middle of the sky and sets in the west: heavy losses" (MUL.APIN II iii 50) [MA, 116]. See also [ARAK, 230:5, 335:5, 396 r. 1, 552:4; LABS, 104:1,3; Chadwick 1993, 168-170, 181]. See also (Kurtik m32) [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]].
         (4) = meteor, bolide, shooting star; DIŠ MUL ki <sup>giš</sup>''di-pa-ri'' TA <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> SUR-''ma'' / ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A ŠU<sub>2</sub> ERIM KUR<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' DUGUD-''ša''<sub>2</sub> ŠUB-''ut'' "If a star flashes like a torch from the east and sets in the west: the main army of the enemy will fall" [LABS<ref name=":14" />, 111:3-4]. DIŠ MUL SUR-''ma ṣe-re-er-šu''<sub>2</sub> GIM UD.DA ''na-mir'' / ''ina ṣa-ra-ri-šu''<sub>2</sub> GIM ''nam-maš-ti'' GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB KUN GAR-''in''... "If a star flares up and its radiance is like the light of day, (and) in its radiance it has a tail like a scorpion: this sign is auspicious" [LABS<ref name=":14" /> 111:3-4] [ARAK<ref name=":15">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 158:1-3]. [DIŠ] MUL SUR-''ma ki-ma di-pa-ri'' / [T]A <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>... "[If] a star flashes like a torch [o]n the west to the east (and) sets: the enemy will capture my border city in Elam; (the fall of) the army of Elam" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 303 r. 2-5]. DIŠ MUL TA <sup>im</sup>MAR SUR-''ma ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Li''<sub>9</sub>-''si''<sub>4</sub> / <sup>d</sup>''Ni-ri'' / <sup>d</sup>''Sin''... "If a star flashes from the west and enters the limits of the Fox, Yoke, and Sin: there will be a rebellion" (MUL.APIN II iii 42-44) [MA, 114-115]. [DIŠ MUL TA] <sup>im</sup>MAR ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>im</sup>KUR DIB ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''um'' 3 MU<sup>meš</sup> / [KUR ḪUL] IGI.LA<sub>2</sub> "[If a star] passes from the west to the east during the day: within three years [the country] will experience [evil]" (MUL.APIN II iii 48-49) [MA<ref name=":1" />, 116]. [DIŠ MUL T]A MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' SUR-''ma ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A ŠU<sub>2</sub> ZI.GA "[If a star] flashes [in] the middle of the sky and sets in the west: heavy losses" (MUL.APIN II iii 50) [MA, 116]. See also [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 230:5, 335:5, 396 r. 1, 552:4; LABS<ref name=":14" />, 104:1,3; Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 168-170, 181]. See also (Kurtik m32) [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]].


          (5) = Venus; among its epithets: <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat na-ba-ba-at'' [MUL.MEŠ] "Venus, the most brilliant [of stars]" [BPO 3, 155, Rm. 92 r. 9], ''Ištar kakkabī'' see (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|<sup>d</sup>Ištar]]; predictions often mention Venus as a star: ˹DIŠ˺ [<sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat''] MUL-''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''iḫ-ru-um-ma'' IGI-''ir'' ... "If [Venus], its star, rises early: the king's life will last" [ARAK, 27 r. 3-4], parallel [ARAK, 247:6; BPO 2, IX 8]; see also [CAD K, 47(c)].
          (5) = Venus; among its epithets: <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat na-ba-ba-at'' [MUL.MEŠ] "Venus, the most brilliant [of stars]" [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 155, Rm. 92 r. 9], ''Ištar kakkabī'' see (Kurtik i18) [[Ištar|<sup>d</sup>Ištar]]; predictions often mention Venus as a star: ˹DIŠ˺ [<sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat''] MUL-''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''iḫ-ru-um-ma'' IGI-''ir'' ... "If [Venus], its star, rises early: the king's life will last" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 27 r. 3-4], parallel [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 247:6; BPO 2<ref name=":13" />, IX 8]; see also [CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 47(c)].


          (6) = Moon; [<sup>d</sup>''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI)-''ru''] MUL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''uš-te-pa-a'' "[Nanna], the star gave radiance" (Ee V 12) [Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 168:12a; CAD K, 46b]; rare in astrological literature: [DIŠ] MUL ''ina'' KI <sup>mul</sup>PA.BIL.SAG ''a-dir''... "[If] the star (= Moon) is eclipsed in Pabilsag: a solution for Mutabal and Babylon" [ARAK, 4:8]. See also (Kurtik m31) [[MUL.AN.NA]].
          (6) = Moon; [<sup>d</sup>''Nanna''(ŠEŠ.KI)-''ru''] MUL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''uš-te-pa-a'' "[Nanna], the star gave radiance" (Ee V 12) [Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961<ref>''Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V.'' The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.</ref>, 168:12a; CAD<ref name=":4" /> K, 46b]; rare in astrological literature: [DIŠ] MUL ''ina'' KI <sup>mul</sup>PA.BIL.SAG ''a-dir''... "[If] the star (= Moon) is eclipsed in Pabilsag: a solution for Mutabal and Babylon" [ARAK<ref name=":15" />, 4:8]. See also (Kurtik m31) [[MUL.AN.NA]].


          (7) = the sun; see mul-ana<sub>x</sub>(AN) = ''kakkab šamê'' = <sup>d</sup>utu in the Old Akkadian hymn dedicated to Utu's temple at Sippar [TCS 3, 45:480 + note p. 138].
          (7) = the sun; see mul-ana<sub>x</sub>(AN) = ''kakkab šamê'' = <sup>d</sup>utu in the Old Akkadian hymn dedicated to Utu's temple at Sippar [TCS 3<ref>''Sjoberg Å.W., Bergmann S.J.'' The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. N.Y., Locust Valley, 1969 (Texts from Cuneiform Sources, Vol. 3).</ref>, 45:480 + note p. 138].


          (8) = the zodiac sign Taurus; see, e.g., in "horoscope" [BH, 16:3 r. 8].
          (8) = the zodiac sign Taurus; see, e.g., in "horoscope" [BH, 16:3 r. 8].

Latest revision as of 09:24, 29 September 2025

MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian kakkabu (𒆕𒅗𒁍) is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= kakkabu (𒆕𒅗𒁍) is the Akkadian equivalent. Reading Variants:

  • = MUL (𒀯),
  • = MUL2 (𒋼) = TE, Determinative before names of celestial luminaries (star, constellation, planet) in later astronomical and astrological texts.
  • = MUL4 (𒌌) , Var. reading:
    • GAN2 (= mul5, according to [Borger 2004[1], Nr. 174; Hunger-Steele 2019[2], 158, 223]);
    • MULU4 [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004[3]]; = kakkabu;
  • = MULx,
  • = UL (𒌌)
    • UL8 (= mul4, according to [Borger 2004[1], Nr. 698]);
  • = "asterism, star, luminary";
  • the syllabic entry occurs in texts from a wide variety of genres besides lexical texts [AHw[4], 421b; CAD[5] K, 45-49],

See also (Kurtik a30) AN, (Kurtik m29) MUL, (Kurtik m37) MUL2, (Kurtik m40) MUL4, (Kurtik m41) MULx, (Kurtik u12) UL.   

Var. designations:

  • 1) determinative before names of stars, asterisms, constellations, planets,
  • 2) star,
  • 3) constellation and all sorts of asterisms
  • 4) meteor, shooting star
  • 5) epithet of Venus,
  • 6) moon,
  • 7) abbreviation of:
    • mul.mul,
    • mul2.mul2 "Star Cluster,"
    • as such: designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later astronomical and astrological texts [Gössmann[6] 274; AHw[4] 421b; CAD[5] K, 45-48].
Sources Identifications

(Kurtik 2022, m29) MUL
Lexical texts.
  • (1) The sign mul heads the Old Babylonian lists of Sumerian star names [MSL XI[7], 107:387; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 13].
  • (2) Urra XXII series: mul = kak-ka-bu [Weidner 1959-60[8], 112, VAT 9430:16]; parallels [Emar VI/4[9], 151:150'(?); MSL XI[7], 30:23, 49:61; Bloch-Horowitz 2015[10], 104:267ʹ].
  • (3). Sa series, copy from Emar: mu-ul a-na-eš-ša-bi / mul = ka-ak-ka-bu [Emar VI/4[9], 17: 287-288].
  • (4) Sb II series 4: mu-lumul = kak-ka-bu [MSL III[11], 132:4].
  • (5) Proto-Ea 139/1: mu-ulmul = ka-ak-ka-bu-bu-um [MSL XIV[12], 94], see also [MSL II[13], 132:56].
  • (6) Series Ea II, 277: mu-ulmul = [k]ak-ka-bu [MSL XIV[12], 259].
  • (7) Series Aa II/6, ii 25: mu-lumul = kak-ka-bu [MSL XIV[12], 291].
  • (8) NIGINki-li.AN = MUL AN-e [CT[14] 18, 30 iv 15].
  • (9) UL, UMBIN, [x]-giAKKIL, mu-lu [x x]-nuGAN2, i-kuGAN2! = kak-ka-bu [CT[14] 18, 49 ii 2-6; CT[14] 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4-8].
  • (10) dmul = gag-gab2 ("Ebla Vocabulary"), cited in [Michalowski 2003[15], 404]. See also [AHw[4], 421b; CAD[5] K, 45-46].

(Kurtik 2022, m37) MUL2
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Urra XXII series: TE = MIN(= kakkabu) [Cavigneaux 1979[16], 132:2, 133, W.23766:2].
  • (2) Series Ea VIII 74: mu-[ul][TE] = [kak-ka-bu] [MSL XIV[12], 478; CAD[5] K, 46a].
  • (3) AN:dAnum series (III 116): dTE(mu.ul.la).la2 [Litke 1998[17], 130].
"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."

See. [AD I-III[18], passim]; first in a diary for -463 [AD I[18], no. -463:11'].

prior to ~320 BCE, the term MÚL.MÚL was used for the Pleiades, after this date, it was used for the section of the ecliptic (zodiac sign) Taurus in Greek astral science.
Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 320 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).[19]
Lists of ziqpu stars.

See. [Schaumberger 1952[20], VAT 16436; 1955].

Mathematical astronomy.

See. [ACT I-III[21]; LBAT, passim]; first in the lunar tablets of the late 5th century BCE. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969[22]; Britton 1989[23], 30-31].

Horoscopes.

See. [BH, 159].  See also [SpTU I-V[24], passim].

(Kurtik 2022, m49) MUL4
Lexical texts.
  • mu-lu [x x]-nuGAN2 = kak-ka-bu [CT[14] 18, 49 ii 5; CT[14] 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:7].
EAE.

See. [ACh Ištar[25], 29:10; Suppl. 2, 68 r. 17-19].

MUL.APIN.

Astrological predictions: (II iii 16-18, 21-33) [MUL.APIN[2], 108-112, 133].

Late astrology.

See. [SpTU I[26], 84:9, 16].

Text BM 36609.

For a list of "normal stars" with longitudes [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004[3], Section 8: rev. iv 1′-22′], see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(Kurtik 2022, m41) MULx
Var. reading: AB2; = kakkabu 'star, constellation'; determinative before names of stars and constellations in a number of pre-Seleucid and Seleucid texts from Babylon and Uruk. See. [ABCD[27], 285, BM 47447 r. 20, 24, 26, 28, 29; AD I-III[18], passim; Neugebauer-Sachs 1967[28], 183, 200-201, Text E, obv. 4, rev. 21; NSAM 2[29], 38, Ii col. i 21; 107, IVc:19; Sachs-Neugebauer 1956[30], 132:13′; SpTU I[26], 90:8, 139:4′ Bemerk.; SpTU IV[31], 162:6, 7, 10, r. 3, 6, 18; SpTU V[32], 263: 4-5].

(Kurtik 2022, u12) UL
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Urra XXII series: ul = kak-k[a-bu] [MSL XI[7], 30:22]; ul = kak-ka-bu [SpTU III[33], 114A v 10], [u]l = MIN(= kakkabu) [Cavigneaux 1979[16] 132, 17:1; Bloch-Horowitz 2015[10], 104:266ʹ].
  • (2) Series A IV/3:50c: [u2-ul] [UL] = [kak-ka-bu E]ME.SAL [MSL XIV[12], 380; CAD[5] K, 46a].
  • (3) ul = kak-ka-bu [CT[14] 18, 49 ii 2; CT[14] 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4], see also [CAD[5] K, 46a].

Additional

II. Identification.

         (1) = determinative; the sign MUL was already used as a determinative before the names of celestial luminaries apparently in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. [Lambert 1984a[34]]; however, clear evidence refers only to the end of the 3rd to early 2nd millennium BCs; the earliest example (muluz3), known to us, dates to the Ur III period [Sallaberger I[35], 54].

          (2) = star, stars; standard epithet: MUL šamê(AN)e "Celestial object," MUL.MEŠ šamê(AN)e "Celestial objects," see, e.g., [CAD[5] K, 47a; BPO 2[36], III 19a, XVI 1; LABS[37], 100:21, 160:35, 40]; stars as a special category of luminaries: dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ u MUL.ME AN-e... "The planets and stars of the heavens..." [BPO 2[36], III 19a]. Protasis of astrological predictions and observations often mention stars belonging to a particular constellation (MUL-šu2, MUL.MEŠ-šu2), sometimes with an indication of their number, and also record changes in visibility, observed brilliance, color, size and other characteristics of stars.

          (3) = constellation; in MUL.APIN in the catalog, the formula is often used in describing the positions of the constellations relative to each other: MUL ša2 ina IGI-šu2 / EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu, lit. "The constellation that stands ahead/behind it", where MUL stands for "constellation" [MA[2]].

         (4) = meteor, bolide, shooting star; DIŠ MUL ki gišdi-pa-ri TA dUTU.E3 SUR-ma / ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ŠU2 ERIM KUR2 ina DUGUD-ša2 ŠUB-ut "If a star flashes like a torch from the east and sets in the west: the main army of the enemy will fall" [LABS[37], 111:3-4]. DIŠ MUL SUR-ma ṣe-re-er-šu2 GIM UD.DA na-mir / ina ṣa-ra-ri-šu2 GIM nam-maš-ti GIR2.TAB KUN GAR-in... "If a star flares up and its radiance is like the light of day, (and) in its radiance it has a tail like a scorpion: this sign is auspicious" [LABS[37] 111:3-4] [ARAK[38], 158:1-3]. [DIŠ] MUL SUR-ma ki-ma di-pa-ri / [T]A dUTU.ŠU2 ana dUTU.E3 ŠU2... "[If] a star flashes like a torch [o]n the west to the east (and) sets: the enemy will capture my border city in Elam; (the fall of) the army of Elam" [ARAK[38], 303 r. 2-5]. DIŠ MUL TA imMAR SUR-ma ana ŠA3 dLi9-si4 / dNi-ri / dSin... "If a star flashes from the west and enters the limits of the Fox, Yoke, and Sin: there will be a rebellion" (MUL.APIN II iii 42-44) [MA, 114-115]. [DIŠ MUL TA] imMAR ana ŠA3 imKUR DIB u4-um 3 MUmeš / [KUR ḪUL] IGI.LA2 "[If a star] passes from the west to the east during the day: within three years [the country] will experience [evil]" (MUL.APIN II iii 48-49) [MA[2], 116]. [DIŠ MUL T]A MURUB4 AN-e SUR-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ŠU2 ZI.GA "[If a star] flashes [in] the middle of the sky and sets in the west: heavy losses" (MUL.APIN II iii 50) [MA, 116]. See also [ARAK[38], 230:5, 335:5, 396 r. 1, 552:4; LABS[37], 104:1,3; Chadwick 1993[39], 168-170, 181]. See also (Kurtik m32) MUL.GAL.

          (5) = Venus; among its epithets: mulDil-bat na-ba-ba-at [MUL.MEŠ] "Venus, the most brilliant [of stars]" [BPO 3[40], 155, Rm. 92 r. 9], Ištar kakkabī see (Kurtik i18) dIštar; predictions often mention Venus as a star: ˹DIŠ˺ [dDil-bat] MUL-ša2 iḫ-ru-um-ma IGI-ir ... "If [Venus], its star, rises early: the king's life will last" [ARAK[38], 27 r. 3-4], parallel [ARAK[38], 247:6; BPO 2[36], IX 8]; see also [CAD[5] K, 47(c)].

          (6) = Moon; [dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI)-ru] MUL-šu2 uš-te-pa-a "[Nanna], the star gave radiance" (Ee V 12) [Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961[41], 168:12a; CAD[5] K, 46b]; rare in astrological literature: [DIŠ] MUL ina KI mulPA.BIL.SAG a-dir... "[If] the star (= Moon) is eclipsed in Pabilsag: a solution for Mutabal and Babylon" [ARAK[38], 4:8]. See also (Kurtik m31) MUL.AN.NA.

          (7) = the sun; see mul-anax(AN) = kakkab šamê = dutu in the Old Akkadian hymn dedicated to Utu's temple at Sippar [TCS 3[42], 45:480 + note p. 138].

          (8) = the zodiac sign Taurus; see, e.g., in "horoscope" [BH, 16:3 r. 8].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, k12 kakkabu)
= MUL, MUL2, MUL4, MULx, UL «Звезда, светило»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах самых разных категорий помимо лексических текстов [AHw, 421b; CAD K, 45–49], см. также a30AN, m29, m37, m40, m41, u12.

Kurtik (2022, m29 MUL)

 Gössmann (1950)
= kakkabu «Звезда, светило»; 1) детерминатив перед названиями звезд, созвездий, планет, 2) звезда, 3) созвездие, 4) метеор, падающая звезда 5) эпитет Венеры, 6) Луна, 7) сокращение от mul.mul, mul2.mul2 «Звезды», обозначение знака зодиака Телец в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 274; AHw 421b; CAD K, 45–48].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Знак mul возглавляет старовавилонские списки шумерских названий звезд [MSL XI, 107:387; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 13]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mul = kak-ka-bu [Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:16]; параллели [Emar VI/4, 151:150'(?); MSL XI, 30:23, 49:61; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:267ʹ]. (3). Серия  Sa, копия из Эмара:  mu-ul a-na-eš-ša-bi / mul = ka-ak-ka-bu [Emar VI/4, 17: 287–288]. (4) Серия Sb II 4: mu-lumul = kak-ka-bu [MSL III, 132:4]. (5) Proto-Ea 139/1: mu-ulmul = ka-ak-ka-bu-um [MSL XIV, 94], см. также [MSL II, 132:56]. (6) Серия Ea II, 277: mu-ulmul = [k]ak-ka-bu [MSL XIV, 259]. (7) Серия Aa II/6, ii 25: mu-lumul = kak-ka-bu [MSL XIV, 291]. (8) NIGINki-li.AN = MUL AN-e [CT 18, 30 iv 15]. (9) UL, UMBIN, [x]-giAKKIL, mu-lu [x x]-nuGAN2, i-kuGAN2! = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 2–6; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4–8]. (10) dmul = gag-gab2 (“Ebla Vocabulary”), цит. по [Michalowski 2003, 404].  См. также [AHw, 421b; CAD K, 45–46].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = детерминатив; знак MUL использовался как детерминатив перед названиями небесных светил уже, по-видимому, в середине III тыс. до н.э. [Lambert 1984a]; однако несомненные свидетельства относятся только к концу III – первой половине II тыс. до н.э.; самый ранний пример (muluz3), известный нам, датируется эпохой III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 54].

(2) = звезда, звезды; стандартный эпитет: MUL šamê(AN)e «Небесная звезда», MUL.MEŠ šamê(AN)e «Небесные звезды», см., например, [CAD K, 47a; BPO 2, III 19a, XVI 1; LABS, 100:21, 160:35, 40]; звезды как особая категория светил: dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ u MUL.ME AN-e… «Планеты и звезды небесные…» [BPO 2, III 19a]. В протасисах астрологических предсказаний и в наблюдениях нередко упоминаются звезды, принадлежащие к тому или иному созвездию (MUL-šu2, MUL.MEŠ-šu2), иногда с указанием их числа, а также фиксируется изменение видимости, наблюдаемого блеска, цвета, размера и других характеристик звезд.

(3) = созвездие; в MUL.APIN в каталоге при описании положений созвездий друг относительно друга нередко используется формула: MUL ša2 ina IGI-šu2 / EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu, букв. «Созвездие, которое впереди/позади него стоит», где MUL обозначает «созвездие» [MA].

(4) = метеор, болид, падающая звезда; DIŠ MUL ki gišdi-pa-ri TA dUTU.E3 SUR-ma / ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ŠU2 ERIM KUR2 ina DUGUD-ša2 ŠUB-ut «Если звезда вспыхивает подобно факелу от востока и на западе заходит: главная армия врага падет» [LABS, 111:3–4]. DIŠ MUL SUR-ma ṣe-re-er-šu2 GIM UD.DA na-mir / ina ṣa-ra-ri-šu2 GIM nam-maš-ti GIR2.TAB KUN GAR-in… «Если звезда вспыхивает и ее сияние подобно свету дня, (и) в ее сиянии она имеет хвост как у скорпиона: этот знак благоприятный» [ARAK, 158:1–3]. [DIŠ] MUL SUR-ma ki-ma di-pa-ri / [T]A dUTU.ŠU2 ana dUTU.E3 ŠU2… «[Если] звезда вспыхивает подобно факелу [о]т запада к востоку (и) заходит: враг захватит мой пограничный город в Эламе; (падение) армии Элама» [ARAK, 303 r. 2–5]. DIŠ MUL TA imMAR SUR-ma ana ŠA3 dLi9-si4 / dNi-ri / dSin… «Если звезда вспыхивает от запада и входит в пределы Лиси, Ярма, Сина: будет мятеж» (MUL.APIN II iii 42–44) [MA, 114–115]. [DIŠ MUL TA] imMAR ana ŠA3 imKUR DIB u4-um 3 MUmeš / [KUR ḪUL] IGI.LA2 «[Если звезда] проходит от запада к востоку за день: в течение трех лет [страна] будет испытывать [зло]» (MUL.APIN II iii 48–49) [MA, 116]. [DIŠ MUL T]A MURUB4 AN-e SUR-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ŠU2 ZI.GA «[Если звезда] вспыхивает [в] середине неба и заходит на западе: тяжелые потери» (MUL.APIN II iii 50) [MA, 116]. См. также [ARAK, 230:5, 335:5, 396 r. 1, 552:4; LABS, 104:1,3; Chadwick 1993, 168–170, 181]. Cм. также m32MUL.GAL.

(5) = Венера; среди ее эпитетов: mulDil-bat na-ba-at [MUL.MEŠ] «Венера, самая блестящая [из звезд]» [BPO 3, 155, Rm. 92 r. 9], Ištar kakkabī (см. i18); в предсказаниях нередко упоминается Венера как звезда: ˹DIŠ˺ [dDil-bat] MUL-ša2 iḫ-ru-um-ma IGI-ir … «Если [Венера], звезда ее, восходит рано: жизнь царя продлится» [ARAK, 27 r. 3–4], параллель [ARAK, 247:6; BPO 2, IX 8]; cм. также [CAD K, 47 c)].

(6) = Луна; [dNanna(ŠEŠ.KI)-ru] MUL-šu2 uš-te-pa-a «[Нанне], звезде его дал сияние» (Ee V 12) [Landsb.–Kinnier Wilson 1961, 168:12a; CAD K, 46b]; редко в астрологической литературе: [DIŠ] MUL ina KI mulPA.BIL.SAG a-dir… «[Если] звезда (= Луна) затмилась в Пабилсаге: решение для Мутабаля и Вавилона» [ARAK, 4:8]. См. также m31MUL.AN.NA.

(7) = Солнце; см. mul-anax(AN) = kakkab šamê = dutu в староаккадском гимне, посвященном храму Уту в Сиппаре [TCS 3, 45:480 + note p. 138].

(8) = знак зодиака Телец; см., например, в «гороскопе» [BH, 16:3 r. 8].

Example

Kurtik (2022, m37) MUL2
вар. чтения: TE; = kakkabu «Звезда, светило». Детерминатив перед названиями небесных светил (звезда, созвездие, планета) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: TE = MIN(= kakkabu) [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:2, 133, W.23766:2]. (2) Серия Ea VIII 74: mu-[ul][TE] = [kak-ka-bu] [MSL XIV, 478; CAD K, 46a]. (3) Серия AN:dAnum (III 116): dTE(mu.ul.la).la2 [Litke 1998, 130]. «Дневники наблюдений». См. [AD I–III, passim]; впервые в дневнике за -463 год [AD I, No. -463:11']. Списки ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1952, VAT 16436; 1955]. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31]. Гороскопы. См. [BH, 159].  Cм. также [SpTU I–V, passim].

Kurtik (2022, m40) MUL4
вар. чтения: GAN2 (= mul5, согласно [Borger 2004, Nr. 174; Hunger–Steele 2018, 158, 223]); MULU4 [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004]; = kakkabu; 1) «Звезда, созвездие»; 2) детерминатив перед названиями созвездий, в основном в астрологических текстах.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. mu-lu [x x]-nuGAN2 = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 5; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:7]. EAE. См. [ACh Ištar, 29:10; Suppl. 2, 68 r. 17–19]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 16–18, 21–33) [MA, 108–112, 133]. Поздняя астрология. См. [SpTU I, 84:9, 16]. Текст BM 36609. Список «нормальных звезд» с долготами [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, Section 8: rev. iv 1′–22′], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

Kurtik (2022, m41) MULx
вар. чтения: AB2; = kakkabu «Звезда, созвездие»; детерминатив перед названиями звезд и созвездий в ряде доселевкидских и селевкидских текстов из Вавилона и Урука. См. [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 r. 20, 24, 26, 28, 29; AD I–III, passim; Neugebauer-Sachs 1967, 183, 200–201, Text E, obv. 4, rev. 21; NSAM 2, 38, Ii col. i 21; 107, IVc:19; Sachs–Neugebauer 1956, 132:13'; SpTU I, 90:8, 139:4′ Bemerk.; SpTU IV, 162:6, 7, 10, r. 3, 6, 18; SpTU V, 263: 4–5].

Kurtik (2022 u12) UL

 [G. 148]
вар. чтения: UL8 (= mul4, согласно [Borger 2004, Nr. 698]); = kakkabu «Звезда»; 1) звезда, светило, в частности, падающая звезда; 2) детерминатив перед названиями светил в поздних текстах [G. 148].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: ul = kak-k[a-bu] [MSL XI, 30:22]; ul = kak-ka-bu [SpTU III, 114A v 10], [u]l = MIN(= kakkabu) [Cavigneaux 1979 132, 17:1; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:266ʹ]. (2) Серия A IV/3:50c: [u2-ul] [UL] = [kak-ka-bu E]ME.SAL [MSL XIV, 380; CAD K, 46a]. (3) ul = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 2; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4], см. также [CAD K, 46a].

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Borger, R. Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F. A Late Babylonian Normal and Ziqpu Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  6. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  8. ↑ Weidner  E.  Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 D. Arnaud. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
  11. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. III. Ed. by B. Landsberger, 1955.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XIV. Ea A = nâqu, Aa A = nâqu with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.
  13. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. II. Ur-e-a = Nâqu. Ed. by B. Landsberger, 1951.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  15. ↑ Michalowski, P. An Early Dynastic Tablet of ED Lu A from Tell Brak (Nagar). Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2003(3). https://cdli.earth/articles/cdlj/2003-3.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cavigneaux A. // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.
  17. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
  19. ↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121
  20. ↑ Schaumberger J.  Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
  21. ↑ O. Neugebauer. Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.
  22. ↑ Aaboe A., Sachs A. Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon // Centaurus. 1969. Vol. 14. Р. 1-22.
  23. ↑ Britton J.P. An Early Function for Eclipse Magnitudes in Babylonian Astronomy / Centaurus. 1989. Vol. 32. P. 1-52.
  24. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I-V.
  25. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  27. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
  28. ↑ Neugebauer O., Sachs A. Some Atypical Astronomical Cuneiform Texts. I // JCS. 1967. V. 21. P. 183-218.
  29. ↑ Verderame L. Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).
  30. ↑ Sachs A., Neugebauer O. A Procedure Text Concerning Solar and Lunar Motion: B.M. 36712 // JCS. 1956. Vol. 10, № 4. P. 131-136.
  31. ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
  32. ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.
  33. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  34. ↑ Lambert W.G. The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.
  35. ↑ Sallaberger W. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
  39. ↑ Chadwick R. Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.
  40. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  41. ↑ Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V. The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.
  42. ↑ Sjoberg Å.W., Bergmann S.J. The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. N.Y., Locust Valley, 1969 (Texts from Cuneiform Sources, Vol. 3).
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