Makrû

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Makrû

mul / dMakrû (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA5 - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian makrû, is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word wakrû/makrû (Horowitz 2020[1]). We include listings of mulSA5 (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian makrû is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of mul / dSA5 are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general, see Thavapalan 2019[2].

Images of Mars

  • Close Conjunction of Jupiter (brighter) and Mars (reddish) under Orion (upper right), seen from Cape Town (SMH 2024)

    Close Conjunction of Jupiter (brighter) and Mars (reddish) under Orion (upper right), seen from Cape Town (SMH 2024)

  • Closest Conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 2024 (Cape Town, SMH).

    Closest Conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 2024 (Cape Town, SMH).

  • Jupiter, Mars and Pleiades at Dawn (SMH 2024).

    Jupiter, Mars and Pleiades at Dawn (SMH 2024).

  • Jupiter, Mars, Pleiaden in a slightly cloudy morning twilight (SMH 2024).

    Jupiter, Mars, Pleiaden in a slightly cloudy morning twilight (SMH 2024).

  • Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH January 2025).

    Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH January 2025).

  • Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH February 2025).

    Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH February 2025).

  • Mars extremly close to epsilon Geminorum (14 April 2023), seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH).

    Mars extremly close to epsilon Geminorum (14 April 2023), seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH).

  • One day after the close conjunction of Mars with epsilon Geminorum; seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023). The planet then had a visible separation from the star.

    One day after the close conjunction of Mars with epsilon Geminorum; seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023). The planet then had a visible separation from the star.

  • Mars in the Open Star Cluster Praesepe (M44) in Cancer (2023)

    Mars in the Open Star Cluster Praesepe (M44) in Cancer (2023)

  • Mars next to a tower in Central Europe: its reddish colour is extraordinarily obvious (SMH 2025).

    Mars next to a tower in Central Europe: its reddish colour is extraordinarily obvious (SMH 2025).

  • Mars two moon widths next to the Moon, photograph at full moon taken through a window in order to produce a dimmer image of the full moon next to Mars: the planet is at the right edge of the Moon. (SMH January 2025).

    Mars two moon widths next to the Moon, photograph at full moon taken through a window in order to produce a dimmer image of the full moon next to Mars: the planet is at the right edge of the Moon. (SMH January 2025).

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= mulSA5 "Red, Fiery Red"; the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz 2020[1] and earlier Gössmann[3] 255; AHw[4], 590b; CAD[5] M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998[6]], see also (Kurtik s04) SA5.

Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.

Series Ḫg. B VI:

  • (a) mulsa5 = ma-ak-ru-u2 = dṣal-[bat-a-nu] "Red = Mars,"
  • (b) mulsa5 = mi3-qit i-šat = [min] "Red Star = Falling Fire = [ditto] (= Mars)" [MSL XI[7], 40:28, 29].
 Example
EAE.

See. [BPO 2[8], IV 5a, V 3a, VI 5; BPO 3[9], 58, K.148+: r. 4; 64, Sm.1354:4; 82, K.800:11; 84, K.6021+: r. 13; 94, K.2226+:31, 34; 248, K.2346+:54,57; Largement 1957[10], 254:112].

"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."
  • (1) List of Mars’ names: mulma-ak-ru-u = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) "Red star = Mars";
  • (2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim "Red star = planet";
  • (3) ulsa5 = šub-tim izi "Red star = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol.[11], App. B:85, 170, 172].
Astrol. Commentaries
  • mulma-ak-ru-u = tam-šil dGirru(GIŠ.BAR) "Red star = likeness of Girru (= Fire)," quoted in [CAD[5] M, 139a; Reynolds 1998[6], 349]. III R, 53,2:6.
List of the 12 names of Marduk:
  • itine dMa-ak-ru-u2 damar.utu "Month Abu, Red (star) = Marduk"; parallel: [itine] dMa-ak-ru-u dṢal-bat-a-nu "[Month Abu], Red (star) = Mars" (S.777:6) [CT[12] 26, 49]. See also [CT[12] 26, 41, K. 11283:2; HBA[13], 22].

Additional

II. Deity.

         Mars, as the Red Star was associated with the fire god Girra, see above, and also (Kurtik g21) GIŠ.BAR.

III. Astrology.

Identifications:

         (1) = Pisces, see (Kurtik k24) KU6, V 4.????-check???

         (2) Colors of the planets:

  • mulBABBAR mulSAG.ME.[G]AR mulSA5 Ṣal-bat-a-nu mulSIG7 dDil-bat mulMI dSAG.UŠ: dGUD.UD
  • "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3[9], 248, K.2346+:54].
Predictions:

         (3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina SAR-ša2 [mulMa-ak-ru-u2 ana ŠA3]-ša2 TU-ma E3-a (var. reading: NU E3-a) DUMU LUGAL ana E2 AD-šu2 T[U-ma AŠ.TE DIB-bat] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2[8], IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3[9], 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].

         (4) Moon and Red Star; DIŠ Ma-ak-ru-u2 ana ŠA3 d30 TU NU E3 DUMU LUGAL AŠ.TE DIB-bat "If the Red Star inside the Moon enters and does not appear: the king's son will seize the throne" [Largement 1957[10], 254:112; TU[14], 16 r. 51], see also [ACh Ištar[15], 20:98]; [... dMa-a]k-ru-u2 ina A2-šu2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki [...] "[If... the Re]d star stadns on its (the moon's) side: within 3 years Elam [...]" [ACh Suppl.[15], 19: 12].

         (5) The red star in the path of (the star of) Ea; ulMa-ak-ru-u2 ina šu-ut dE2-a DU [...] "The red star stands in the path of (the star of) Ea [...]" [BPO 3[9], 82, K.800:11].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, m03) Gössmann (1950)
= mulSA5 «Красный, Огненно Красный»; название Марса, фиксирующее красноватый цвет этой планеты [G. 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138–139; Reynolds 1998], см. также s04SA5.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: a) mulsa5 = ma-ak-ru-u2 = dṣal-[bat-a-nu] «Красный = Марс», b) mulDIRI = mi3-qit i-šat = [min] «Красная звезда = Падение Огня = [ditto] (= Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:28, 29]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, IV 5a, V 3a, VI 5; BPO 3, 58, K.148+: r. 4; 64, Sm.1354:4; 82, K.800:11; 84, K.6021+: r. 13; 94, K.2226+:31, 34; 248, K.2346+:54,57; Largement 1957, 254:112]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulma-ak-ru-u = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Красная звезда = Марс»; (2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim «Красная звезда = планета»; (3) ulsa5 = šub-tim izi «Красная звезда = Падение огня» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:85, 170, 172]. Астрол. комм. mulma-ak-ru-u = tam-šil dGirru(GIŠ.BAR) «Красная звезда = подобие Гирры (= Огонь)», цит. по [CAD M, 139a; Reynolds 1998, 349]. III R, 53,2:6. Список 12 имен Мардука: itine dMa-ak-ru-u2 damar.utu «Месяц абу, Красная (звезда) = Мардук»; параллель: [itine] dMa-ak-ru-u dṢal-bat-a-nu «[Месяц абу], Красная (звезда) = Марс» (S.777:6) [CT 26, 49]. См. также [CT 26, 41, K. 11283:2;  HBA, 22].

II. Божество.

Марс как Красная звезда был связан с богом огня Гиррой, см. выше «Астрол. комм.», а также g21GIŠ.BAR.

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Рыба, см. k24KU6, V 4.

(2) Цвета планет; mulBABBAR mulSAG.ME.[G]AR mulSA5 Ṣal-bat-a-nu mulSIG7 dDil-bat mulMI dSAG.UŠ : dGUD.UD «Белая звезда = Юпит[е]р, Красная звезда = Марс, Зелено-желтая звезда = Венера, Черная звезда = Сатурн, вар.: Меркурий» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

Предсказания:

(3) Венера и Красная звезда; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina SAR-ša2 [mulMa-ak-ru-u2 ana ŠA3]-ša2 TU-ma E3-a (вар. чтения: NU E3-a) DUMU LUGAL ana E2 AD-šu2 T[U-ma AŠ.TE DIB-bat] «Если при восходе Венеры [Красная звезда входит] в нее и идет дальше (вар.: не появляется): царский сын в дом своего отца во[йдет и захватит трон]» [BPO 2, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5–5a; BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].

(4) Луна и Красная звезда; DIŠ Ma-ak-ru-u2 ana ŠA3 d30 TU NU E3 DUMU LUGAL AŠ.TE DIB-bat «Если Красная звезда внутрь Луны входит и не появляется: царский сын захватит трон» [Largement 1957, 254:112; TU, 16 r. 51], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:98]; [… dMa-a]k-ru-u2 ina A2-šu2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki […] «[Если… Крас]ная звезда на ее (Луны) стороне стоит: в течение 3 лет Элам  […]» [ACh Suppl., 19: 12].

(5) Красная звезда на пути (звезды) Эа; ulMa-ak-ru-u2 ina šu-ut dE2-a DU […] «Красная звезда на пути (звезды) Эа стоит […]» [BPO 3, 82, K.800:11].

Example

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35
  2. ↑ Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.
  3. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  4. ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Reynolds F. Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.
  7. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Largement R. Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.
  11. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  13. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  14. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
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