IKU: Difference between revisions

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>}}an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>IKU}}
[[File:IKU stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation IKU in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
IKU (also read AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>) designates an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.


==Dictionary (Provenance of the term)==
==Dictionary (Provenance of the term)==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
The signs AŠ.GAN are read IKU in Sumerian = the name used for the asterism in Akkadian ''ikû'', 'a unit of measurement  which is a homonym of Akkadian iku, 'field, dike" which allows for the name of the constellation A.ŠA<sub>3</sub>,GA, the Sumerian equalivalent of iku "field, dike" which itself is a near homonym of AS.GAN when the signs are pronounced separatedly together.
read variant:


The shape of the Pegasus constellation, a square with an extension on its side matches the shape of the Esagil temple which explains the identification of the asterism with Esagil in Babylonian tradition.
* <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GANA<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>IKU, <sup>mul</sup>ikux, <sup>mul</sup>DIL.GAN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU;

reading variants:

* <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GANA<sub>2</sub>,
* <sup>mul</sup>IKU,
* <sup>mul</sup>iku<sub>x</sub>,
* <sup>mul</sup>DIL.GAN<sub>2</sub>,
* <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU;
AŠ.GAN = ''ikû'' unit of measurement A.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.GA = iku field


var. designations:
var. designations:


* <sup>mul</sup>A.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.GA, <sup>(mul)</sup>A.ŠA<sub>3</sub>; = <sup>(mul)</sup>ikû "field", lit. "unit of measure (of an area)" [G. 110, 193; AHw, 370b; BPO 2, 11; CAD I, 69].
* <sup>mul</sup>A.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.GA, <sup>(mul)</sup>A.ŠA<sub>3</sub>; = <sup>(mul)</sup>ikû "field", lit. "unit of measure (of an area)" [G. 110, 193; AHw, 370b; BPO 2, 11; CAD I, 69].
** 1) The constellation, the so-called Pegasus quadrangle (Pegasus),
**1) The constellation, the so-called Pegasus quadrilateral (Pegasus),
** 2) the sign of the zodiac Pisces (or the corresponding part of the micro zodiac) in later astronomical and astrological texts.
**2) the sign of the zodiac Pisces (or the corresponding part of the micro zodiac) in later astronomical and astrological texts.


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!Sources!!Identifications
!Sources!!Identifications
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|'''''Lexical texts.'''''
|'''''Lexical texts.'''''
* '''(1)''' Urra XXII series: mulikux (AŠ.GAN2) = i-ku-u2 [MSL XI, 30:27; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 105:272′]; parallels [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:7; SpTU III, 114A v 16; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:19].
* '''(1)''' Urra XXII series: mulikux (AŠ.GAN2) = i-ku-u2 [MSL XI, 30:27; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 105:272′]; parallels [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:7; SpTU III, 114A v 16; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:19].
* '''(2)''' AN:dAnum series (I 79), listing the 7 sages of Anu: dMUL i-ku-uAŠ.GAN2 [CT 24, 3:15; Litke 1998, 29:79].
* '''(2)''' AN:dAnum series (I 79), listing the 7 sages of Anu: dMUL i-ku-uAŠ.GAN2 [CT 24, 3:15; Litke 1998, 29:79].
* '''(3)''' Antagal series (Tablet G 312): [mulAŠ].GAN2 = KA2.DINGIR.MEŠ "[(Constellation) Fi]eld = Babylon" [CT 19, 19 iv 60; MSL XVII, 229].
* '''(3)''' Antagal series (Tablet G 312): [mulAŠ].GAN2 = KA2.DINGIR.MEŠ "[(Constellation) Fi]eld = Babylon" [CT 19, 19 iv 60; MSL XVII, 229].
* (4) i-kuGAN2! = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 6; CT 19, 33, 80-719,307: 8], see also [CAD I, 69a; CAD K, 46a; AHw, 421b].
*(4) i-kuGAN2! = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 6; CT 19, 33, 80-719,307: 8], see also [CAD I, 69a; CAD K, 46a; AHw, 421b].
|Example
|Example
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|'''''"Enki and the arrangement of the world."'''''
|'''''"Enki and the arrangement of the world."'''''
* [eš3 k]i-gub-bi muliku DU-a / [eš3]-ku3-ga igi?-nim?-ma gub-bi mul gišgigir-še3 i3-DU "[Sanctuary (of Enki)], its location is determined by (the constellation) Field. / The sacred upper part [of the sanctuary], its location is towards (the constellation) Chariot." [Benito 1969, 101:288-289; ETCSL, Text 1.1.3: 288-289; Horowitz 2005, p. 171; Falkenstein 1964, 80; Emelyanov 2001, 335; 2002]
*[eš3 k]i-gub-bi muliku DU-a / [eš3]-ku3-ga igi?-nim?-ma gub-bi mul gišgigir-še3 i3-DU "[Sanctuary (of Enki)], its location is determined by (the constellation) Field. / The sacred upper part [of the sanctuary], its location is towards (the constellation) Chariot." [Benito 1969, 101:288-289; ETCSL, Text 1.1.3: 288-289; Horowitz 2005, p. 171; Falkenstein 1964, 80; Emelyanov 2001, 335; 2002]
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|'''''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”'''''
|'''''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”'''''
* Astrolabe P. Nisanu month, Ea stars, 200 [Pinches 1900, 573].
*Astrolabe P. Nisanu month, Ea stars, 200 [Pinches 1900, 573].
* Astrolabe B.
*Astrolabe B.
** '''(1)''' Menology: [itibara2] mulAŠ.GAN2 bar2.an.na : itibara2 i-ku-u2 šu-bat dA-nim "Nisanu month, the Field, dwelling of Anu" (A i 1, 7); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan 403:1], see also [BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 69b; Emelyanov 1999, 50].
**'''(1)''' Menology: [itibara2] mulAŠ.GAN2 bar2.an.na : itibara2 i-ku-u2 šu-bat dA-nim "Nisanu month, the Field, dwelling of Anu" (A i 1, 7); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan 403:1], see also [BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 69b; Emelyanov 1999, 50].
** '''(2)''' List (12´3): <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 ša2 ina zi im.kur.ra gub-zu / ana im.ulu3.lu gib mul.bi / mul sag.mu a-lik igi mul.meš / šu-ut dE2-a "(Asterism) Field, which stands when the east wind rises and lies across the south wind, this asterism—is the constellation of the New Year, it goes before the Ea stars" (B i 1-4); for a parallel see. [BPO 2, II 15a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 1].
**'''(2)''' List (12´3): <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 ša2 ina zi im.kur.ra gub-zu / ana im.ulu3.lu gib mul.bi / mul sag.mu a-lik igi mul.meš / šu-ut dE2-a "(Asterism) Field, which stands when the east wind rises and lies across the south wind, this asterism—is the constellation of the New Year, it goes before the Ea stars" (B i 1-4); for a parallel see. [BPO 2, II 15a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 1].
** '''(3)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 šu-ut dE2-a "Nisanu month: the field (on its way) to Ea (it rises)" (C i 1); for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III, catchline; IX, catchline; BPO 3, 58-59 i 23; 191, D.T.274 A 6; Oppenheim 1974, 199:34].
**'''(3)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 šu-ut dE2-a "Nisanu month: the field (on its way) to Ea (it rises)" (C i 1); for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III, catchline; IX, catchline; BPO 3, 58-59 i 23; 191, D.T.274 A 6; Oppenheim 1974, 199:34].
** '''(4)''' List (rising-setting=6<sup>m</sup>):
**'''(4)''' List (rising-setting=6<sup>m</sup>):
*** a) [itibara2 mu]lAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat mul gišapin ˹e3˺ "Nisanu: the Field, Venus and the Plow rises" (C 13),
***a) [itibara2 mu]lAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat mul gišapin ˹e3˺ "Nisanu: the Field, Venus and the Plow rises" (C 13),
*** b) [mu]lAŠ. GAN2 šu2 mulDil-bad ut-ta-na-kar mulapin kal šat-te iz-z[a-az] "(Tashritu): The field sets, Venus changes (its position), the Plow stands all year long." [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014].
***b) [mu]lAŠ. GAN2 šu2 mulDil-bad ut-ta-na-kar mulapin kal šat-te iz-z[a-az] "(Tashritu): The field sets, Venus changes (its position), the Plow stands all year long." [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014].
* BM 82923.
*BM 82923.
** The month of Nisanu, the stars of Ea: [mulAŠ.GA]N2 // 3,20 // LUGAL DINGIR.MEŠ AN.NA "Field // 200 // King of the heavenly gods." [Walker-Hunger 1977, 27:1].
**The month of Nisanu, the stars of Ea: [mulAŠ.GA]N2 // 3,20 // LUGAL DINGIR.MEŠ AN.NA "Field // 200 // King of the heavenly gods." [Walker-Hunger 1977, 27:1].
* BM 34713. [itiba]r2 // 3.20 múlAŠ.GAN2 // 1.30 múlka5.a // 55 múl damar.ud "Nisanu: 200 Field, 90 Fox, 55 Marduk." [LBAT, 1499:1]. The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. a) The list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 2): <sup>mul</sup>iku [CT 33, 9 r. 8; MCG, 176].
*BM 34713. [itiba]r2 // 3.20 múlAŠ.GAN2 // 1.30 múlka5.a // 55 múl damar.ud "Nisanu: 200 Field, 90 Fox, 55 Marduk." [LBAT, 1499:1]. The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. a) The list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 2): <sup>mul</sup>iku [CT 33, 9 r. 8; MCG, 176].
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|'''''"Catalogue of the 30 stars"'''''. 
|'''''"Catalogue of the 30 stars"'''''.  Ea 1. mulIKU ša i-na ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu a-na IM.ULU3lu GIB!-ma (in text: BAR) MUL šu-u2 MUL SAG.MU / a-lik IGI MUL.MEŠ šu-ut dE2-a-na TUKU! N[AM.DAM] "(Asterism) Field, which stands at the rising of the east wind, and lies across the south wind, this asterism—is the constellation of the New Year, (it) goes ahead of the stars of Ea. (It is favorable) for the acquisition of a wife." (A. 1-2, B. 4-5) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177]. 

*Ea 1. mulIKU ša i-na ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu a-na IM.ULU3lu GIB!-ma (in text: BAR) MUL šu-u2 MUL SAG.MU / a-lik IGI MUL.MEŠ šu-ut dE2-a-na TUKU! N[AM.DAM]
*"(Asterism) Field, which stands at the rising of the east wind, and lies across the south wind, this asterism—is the constellation of the New Year, (it) goes ahead of the stars of Ea. (It is favorable) for the acquisition of a wife." (A. 1-2, B. 4-5) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177]. 
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|'''''EAE'''''.
|'''''EAE'''''. See. [BPO 2, II 15a-c, e, III 6c, catch line, IV 3a, IX 1, 16-17, catch line, X 1, XII 1-4, XV 19-23; BPO 3, p. 279; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 4′, 11′, 15′; Largement 1957, 248:70; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU III, 101:16-17, 25].

*See. [BPO 2, II 15a-c, e, III 6c, catch line, IV 3a, IX 1, 16-17, catch line, X 1, XII 1-4, XV 19-23; BPO 3, p. 279; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 4′, 11′, 15′; Largement 1957, 248:70; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU III, 101:16-17, 25].
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|'''''MUL.APIN.'''''
|'''''MUL.APIN.'''''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Anu (no. 1):
* '''(1)''' The stars of Anu (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU šu-bat dE2-a a-lik IGI MUL.MEŠ šu-ut dA-nim "The field, the seat of Ea which goes before the stars of Anu" (I i 40), for a parallel see. MLC 1866 i 1; see also s19SIM.MAḪ.
**<sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU šu-bat <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a a-lik IGI MUL.MEŠ šu-ut <sup>d</sup>A-nim
* '''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings: ina <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ2 UD 5 KAM <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU u mullu-lim IGI<sup>meš</sup> "On the 5th of Sabbath the Giant, the Field and the Stag rises" (I iii 10); for early parallels see. VM 77054.
**"The field, the seat of Ea which goes before the stars of Anu" (I i 40),
* '''(3)''' Simultaneous daily risings and sunsets: a) mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 KUR-ma mulAŠ.IKU SU2-bi "Shupa, Enlil, rises, the Field sets" (I iii 21), b) mulAŠ.IKU mulGU. LA u mulLU.LIM KURmeš-ma / mulUR.GU.LA mul dMUŠ u mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ŠU2meš "The Field, Giant and the Stag rises / Lion, Snake and Entenabarchum sets" (I iii 31-32).
**for a parallel see. MLC 1866 i 1; see also (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
* '''(4)''' Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ša2 mulSIM.MAḪ 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulAŠ.IKU / TA KUR ša2 mulAŠ.IKU 40 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulKU6 "20 days from the rising of the Swallow to the rising of the Field. 40 days from the rising of the Pole to the rising of the Pisces" (I iii 41-42).
* '''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings:
* '''(5)''' Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: ina itiZIZ2 UD 15 KAM mulUR.KU MIN(= ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulAŠ.IKU KUR-ḫa "On the 15th of Sabbath the Dog stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Field rises" (I iv 29) [MA 29, 46, 49, 52, 55, 66].
**ina <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ2 UD 5 KAM <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU u mullu-lim IGI<sup>meš</sup>
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**"On the 5th of Sabbath the Giant, the Field and the Stag rises" (I iii 10);
**for early parallels see. VM 77054.
* '''(3)''' Simultaneous daily risings and sunsets:
**a) mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 KUR-ma mulAŠ.IKU SU2-bi
***"Shupa, Enlil, rises, the Field sets" (I iii 21),
**b) mulAŠ.IKU mulGU. LA u mulLU.LIM KURmeš-ma / mulUR.GU.LA mul dMUŠ u mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ŠU2meš
***"The Field, Giant and the Stag rises / Lion, Snake and Entenabarchum sets" (I iii 31-32).
* '''(4)''' Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings:
**TA KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ 20 UD<sup>meš</sup> ana KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU / TA KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU 40 UD<sup>meš</sup> ana KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub>
**"20 days from the rising of the Swallow to the rising of the Field. 40 days from the rising of the Pole to the rising of the Pisces" (I iii 41-42).
* '''(5)''' Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**ina <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU MIN(= ina MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU KUR-ḫa
**"On the 15th of Sabbath the Dog stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Field rises" (I iv 29) [MA 29, 46, 49, 52, 55, 66].
|[[File:IKU stellarium.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation IKU in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
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|"'''''Reports'''''." See. [ARAK 350a].
|"'''''Reports'''''." See. [ARAK 350a].
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|'''''Text BM 77054'''''.
|'''''Text BM 77054'''''. ina <sup>iti</sup>ziz2 ud.5.kam <sup>mul</sup>˹ur.gi7˺ [...] / <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 [...] "5th Sabbath Pes [...] / Field [...] [George 1991, 305-306, rev. 11′-12′].

*ina <sup>iti</sup>ziz2 ud.5.kam <sup>mul</sup>˹ur.gi7˺ [...] / <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 [...] "5th Sabbath Pes [...] / Field [...] [George 1991, 305-306, rev. 11′-12′].
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|"'''''The Great Star List.''''' 12 Amurru stars, in the first place: mulAŠ.GAN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App B:215], see also [ARAK, 412 r. 3].
|"'''''The Great Star List.'''''
*12 Amurru stars, in the first place: <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol., App B:215], see also [ARAK, 412 r. 3].
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|'''''List of stars VR 46, 1:50'''''.
|'''''List of stars VR 46, 1:50'''''. muliku = mul ma-a-tu2 : ma-a-tu2 kur.ka<sub>2</sub><sup>ki</sup> "Field = asterism of the country, country of Babylon," see also [HBA 52:50; Wee 2016, 162-3:50].

*muliku = mul ma-a-tu2 : ma-a-tu2 kur.ka<sub>2</sub><sup>ki</sup>
*"Field = asterism of the country, country of Babylon," see also [HBA 52:50; Wee 2016, 162-3:50].
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|'''''Text IIIR 53, 2:4.'''''
|'''''Text IIIR 53, 2:4.''''' List of 12 names of Marduk: <sup>iti</sup>sig4 <sup>d</sup>iku ka2.dingir.meš = damar.ud "Month of simanu, the Field of Babylon = Marduk"; parallel in S 777:3 [CT 26 40; HBA 24].
*List of 12 names of Marduk:
**<sup>iti</sup>sig4 <sup>d</sup>iku ka2.dingir.meš = damar.ud
**"Month of simanu, the Field of Babylon = Marduk";
**parallel in S 777:3 [CT 26 40; HBA 24].
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|'''''Text Nv.10'''''.
|'''''Text Nv.10'''''. ina <sup>˹iti˺</sup>[gu4 ...] // <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 / u [...] // <sup>mul</sup>AN.TA.GUB.BA / [...] <sup>mul</sup>uga<sup>mušen</sup> / u m[ul ...] // <sup>mul</sup>AN.TA.ŠU.UR. RA "In the month ayaru the Field, / and [...] Upwards standing asterism / and [...] Upwards flashing asterism" (Rev. 25-28) [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66, 70].

*ina <sup>˹iti˺</sup>[gu4 ...] // <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 / u [...] // <sup>mul</sup>AN.TA.GUB.BA / [...] <sup>mul</sup>uga<sup>mušen</sup> / u m[ul ...] // <sup>mul</sup>AN.TA.ŠU.UR. RA
*"In the month ayaru the Field, / and [...] Upwards standing asterism / and [...] Upwards flashing asterism"
*(Rev. 25-28) [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66, 70].
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|'''''"Planisphere.”'''''
|'''''"Planisphere.”''''' Sector 1, inscription: <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>, next to the images of two triangles (one of them has no side), one of which probably belongs to <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> [Koch 1989, 56; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
*Sector 1, inscription: <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>,
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*next to the images of two triangles (one of them has no side), one of which probably belongs to <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> [Koch 1989, 56; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|[[File:British Museum Cuneiform planisphere K8538.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Part of a circular clay tablet with depictions of constellations (planisphere); the reverse is uninscribed; restored from fragments and incomplete; partly accidentally vitrified in antiquity during the destruction of the place where it was found. Found in Kuyunjik, ancient Nineveh, in the so-called “Library of Ashurbanipal”. Neo-assyrian period (CC0). ]]
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|'''''Dalbanna-text.'''''
|'''''Dalbanna-text. §D.''''' See a42Anunnītu. '''§E'''. [mul ... ḫ]u? ša2 zag AŠ.G[AN2] "[Star ...] on the right side of the Fie[ld] (α Peg), see k05KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.KU<sub>2</sub>.E. '''§T.''' [mul gub3 ša2 zag AŠ-iku]?", see k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E.
* '''''§D.''''' See (Kurtik a42) [[Anunitu|Anunnītu]].
* '''§E'''. [mul ... ḫ]u? ša2 zag AŠ.G[AN<sub>2</sub>] "[Star ...] on the right side of the Fie[ld] (α Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.KU<sub>2</sub>.E]].
* '''§T.''' [mul gub3 ša2 zag AŠ-iku]?", see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
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|'''''UranologiesMLC 1866.'''''
|'''''MLC 1866.''''' ˹mulIKU˺ šu-bat d60 a-lik pa-na-at ˹MUL.MEŠ šu-ut dA-nim˺ "The Field, the seat of Anu, which goes before [the Anu stars]" (D i 1) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].
*˹<sup>mul</sup>IKU˺ šu-bat <sup>d</sup>60 a-lik pa-na-at ˹MUL.MEŠ šu-ut <sup>d</sup>A-nim˺
*"The Field, the seat of Anu, which goes before [the Anu stars]" (D i 1) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].
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|"'''''The Fortune-teller’s Textbook.”'''''
|"'''''The Fortune-teller’s Textbook.”''''' mit-ḫur-ti SAG.MU ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 "(Observe) the coincidence of the beginning of the year with (the appearance of) the Field constellation." [Oppenheim 1974, 200:59; MCG, 151-152].
* ''mit-ḫur-ti'' SAG.MU ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>
*"(Observe) the coincidence of the beginning of the year with (the appearance of) the Field constellation." [Oppenheim 1974, 200:59; MCG, 151-152].
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|'''''Anaphora'''''.
|'''''Anaphora'''''. А 3427: ina <sup>iti</sup>bar ina še-rim ud 28 <sup>múl</sup>AŠ.GAN2 ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) "In the month of Nisanu on the morning of the 28th day, the Field emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:8].

*А 3427: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>''bar ina še-rim ud'' 28 <sup>múl</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> ''ki.min''(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
*"In the month of Nisanu on the morning of the 28th day, the Field emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:8].
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|'''''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''''
|'''''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''''
* (1) “The Luminaries.” BRM IV, 19 contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which AŠ.GAN2 (instead of KUN.MEŠ "Tails") is used to refer to the zodiac sign Pisces [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: f, 1, 13, 14; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
*(1) “The Luminaries.” BRM IV, 19 contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> (instead of KUN.MEŠ "Tails") is used to refer to the zodiac sign Pisces [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: f, 1, 13, 14; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* '''(2)''' "Microzodiac.”
* '''(2)''' "Microzodiac.” a) Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man(=Aries) into 12 equal parts: Sp II 202+: 12-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 <sup>múl</sup>lu <sup>múl</sup>AŠ.GAN2 ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>lu "The 12th part of Aries, the Field of Aries" [LBAT, 1499 rev. 26; Schaumberger 1955, 246:26]. b) The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 8th part— <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 (instead of <sup>mul</sup>kun<sup>meš</sup>) [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
**a) Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man(=Aries) into 12 equal parts: Sp II 202+: 12-tu<sub>2</sub> ḫa.la ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>lu <sup>múl</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>lu "The 12th part of Aries, the Field of Aries" [LBAT, 1499 rev. 26; Schaumberger 1955, 246:26].
* (3) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for the making of an ointment + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 10 // AŠ.GAN2 10 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) summati(TUmušen) dām(UŠ2) MIN(= summati) qaqqad(SAG. DU) sinunti(SIMmušen) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= sinunti) MIN(= tapaššaš) "Duuzu 10 // Fish 10<sup>0</sup> // Head of a pigeon (and) blood of a pigeon, swallow’s head and swallow’s blood - you smear." [SpTU III, 104:10, and also 23]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:7, 20].
**b) The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 8th part— <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 (instead of <sup>mul</sup>kun<sup>meš</sup>) [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
*(3) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for the making of an ointment + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 10 // AŠ.GAN2 10 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) summati(TUmušen) dām(UŠ2) MIN(= summati) qaqqad(SAG. DU) sinunti(SIMmušen) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= sinunti) MIN(= tapaššaš) "Duuzu 10 // Fish 10<sup>0</sup> // Head of a pigeon (and) blood of a pigeon, swallow’s head and swallow’s blood - you smear." [SpTU III, 104:10, and also 23]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:7, 20].
|
|
|-
|-
|T'''''ext W. 22281a.''''' See u06UD.KA.DU8.A.
|'''T''ext W. 22281a.''''' See u06UD.KA.DU8.A.
         <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN2 as a designation of the 12th sign of the zodiac, cf. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 14′; Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:6′, 135 rev. 12; 1987b, 213:12, 20; Ungnad 1941-44, S. 258, Anm. 51]. See also [SpTU V, 270:2′].
         <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> as a designation of the 12th sign of the zodiac, cf. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 14′; Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:6′, 135 rev. 12; 1987b, 213:12, 20; Ungnad 1941-44, S. 258, Anm. 51]. See also [SpTU V, 270:2′].
|Example
|Example
|}
|}
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===additional===
===additional===


==== II. Deity. ====
====II. Deity.====
          "Field" was venerated as a constellation of the city of Babylon and was associated with Esagila. Its name was sometimes recorded with the determinative for a deity <sup>d</sup>. '''''Prayers and rituals'''''.
          "Field" was venerated as a constellation of the city of Babylon and was associated with Esagila. Its name was sometimes recorded with the determinative for a deity <sup>d</sup>. '''''Prayers and rituals'''''. '''(1)''' Neo-Assyrian prayers for the night gods, see above. '''(2)''' New Year’s ritual in Babylon: <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> e<sub>2</sub>-sag-il<sub>2</sub> tam-šil šamê(AN) u erṣeti(KI) "Field, Esagila, likeness of heaven and earth." [RAcc. 136:274; Linssen 2004, 217:274]. Similar formulas are already found in Neo-Assyrian periods: Esagila ... tam-šil mulIkû(AŠ.GAN2) "Esagila ... likeness of the Field constellation", [...] <sup>mul</sup>Ikû(AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>) at-ta-ad-di tem-me-en-šu2 "(Copia) the Field constellation, (Esagila temple), I laid its foundation". [Borger Esarh., 21:51, 94:33; CAD I, 69]. '''(3)''' The ritual of mouth washing (mīs pî) or "reviving" of the statue-deity: 4 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ <sup>mul d</sup>A-nu-ni-tum <sup>mul</sup>AB.SIN2 tara-kas<sub>2</sub> KI.MIN (= KA.LUḪ.U3. DA DU3-uš) "4 altars you set up before (the constellations) Field, Swallow, Anunitu, Furrow (and perform) the same (=mouth washing)." [Smith 1925; TuL, 105:34; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:34]. '''(4)''' A ritual against epidemics [TuL 163, 34:14]. '''(5)''' Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king, see [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 Rd. 2].


* '''(1)''' Neo-Assyrian prayers for the night gods, see above.
==== III. Symbol. ====
* '''(2)''' New Year’s ritual in Babylon: <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> e<sub>2</sub>-sag-il<sub>2</sub> tam-šil šamê(AN) u erṣeti(KI) "Field, Esagila, likeness of heaven and earth." [RAcc. 136:274; Linssen 2004, 217:274]. Similar formulas are already found in Neo-Assyrian periods: Esagila ... tam-šil mulIkû(AŠ.GAN2) "Esagila ... likeness of the Field constellation", [...] <sup>mul</sup>Ikû(AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>) at-ta-ad-di tem-me-en-šu2 "(Copia) the Field constellation, (Esagila temple), I laid its foundation". [Borger Esarh., 21:51, 94:33; CAD I, 69].
* '''(3)''' The ritual of mouth washing (mīs pî) or "reviving" of the statue-deity: 4 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ <sup>mul d</sup>A-nu-ni-tum <sup>mul</sup>AB.SIN2 tara-kas<sub>2</sub> KI.MIN (= KA.LUḪ.U3. DA DU3-uš) "4 altars you set up before (the constellations) Field, Swallow, Anunitu, Furrow (and perform) the same (=mouth washing)." [Smith 1925; TuL, 105:34; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:34].
* '''(4)''' A ritual against epidemics [TuL 163, 34:14].
* '''(5)''' Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king, see [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 Rd. 2].

====III. Symbol.====
         Until recently it was assumed that the figure of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN was a quadrilateral [G. 193; Waerden 1949, 21; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957-59, 74b, 76a; BPO 2, 8, 11]; its image (a shaded quadrilateral between two fishes) may have been represented on a zodiac from the Dendera times of Tiberius (14-37 AD) [EAT III, 79-80, no. 80, Pl. 42; Gundel 1992, 208, Nr. 12]. Based on the data of “Planisphere” and other sources, Koch showed that the constellation figure should be a triangle [Koch 1989, 86-103; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9]. His arguments are challenged by Pingree [Pingree 1992, 169].
         Until recently it was assumed that the figure of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN was a quadrilateral [G. 193; Waerden 1949, 21; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957-59, 74b, 76a; BPO 2, 8, 11]; its image (a shaded quadrilateral between two fishes) may have been represented on a zodiac from the Dendera times of Tiberius (14-37 AD) [EAT III, 79-80, no. 80, Pl. 42; Gundel 1992, 208, Nr. 12]. Based on the data of “Planisphere” and other sources, Koch showed that the constellation figure should be a triangle [Koch 1989, 86-103; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9]. His arguments are challenged by Pingree [Pingree 1992, 169].


==== IV. Identification. ====
====IV. Identification.====
          = "Pegasus quadrangle" (α, β, γ Pegasi + α Andromedae) [G. 193; Waerden 1949, 21; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957-59, 74b, 76a; BPO 2, 8, 11; MA, 138; ASM, 272]
          = "Pegasus quadrangle" (α, β, γ Pegasi + α Andromedae) [G. 193; Waerden 1949, 21; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957-59, 74b, 76a; BPO 2, 8, 11; MA, 138; ASM, 272]


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          (3) "Front stars," see below (5).
          (3) "Front stars," see below (5).


==== V. Astrology. ====
====V. Astrology.====
         Identifications:
         Identifications:


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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
===(a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>===
|
|-
|-
|вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GANA<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>IKU, <sup>mul</sup>iku<sub>x</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>DIL.GAN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU; вар. обозначения: <sup>mul</sup>A.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.GA, <sup>(mul)</sup>A.ŠA<sub>3</sub>; = <sup>(mul)</sup>''ikû'' «Поле», букв. «единица измерения (площади)» [G. 110, 193; AHw, 370b; BPO 2, 11; CAD I, 69]. 1) Созвездие,  так называемый «Четырехугольник Пегаса» (Pegasus), 2) знак зодиака Рыбы (или соответствующая часть микрозодиака) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах.||Example
|вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GANA<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>IKU, <sup>mul</sup>iku<sub>x</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>DIL.GAN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU; вар. обозначения: <sup>mul</sup>A.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.GA, <sup>(mul)</sup>A.ŠA<sub>3</sub>; = <sup>(mul)</sup>''ikû'' «Поле», букв. «единица измерения (площади)» [G. 110, 193; AHw, 370b; BPO 2, 11; CAD I, 69]. 1) Созвездие,  так называемый «Четырехугольник Пегаса» (Pegasus), 2) знак зодиака Рыбы (или соответствующая часть микрозодиака) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах.||Example
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Предсказания, связанные с созвездием Поле, см. также m05MAN-''ma'', V 7.
Предсказания, связанные с созвездием Поле, см. также m05MAN-''ma'', V 7.
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|-
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===(i04) <sup>mul</sup>''Ikû''===
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|-
|аккадская параллель к <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> «Поле»; части созвездий Андромеда и Пегас + некоторые более южные звезды из зодиакального пояса [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], см. (a48)AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>.
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|}
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==References==
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]



Latest revision as of 13:56, 9 September 2024

Stellarium map
Mesopotamian constellation IKU in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021.

IKU (also read AŠ.GAN2) designates an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

Dictionary (Provenance of the term)

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

The signs AŠ.GAN are read IKU in Sumerian = the name used for the asterism in Akkadian ikû, 'a unit of measurement  which is a homonym of Akkadian iku, 'field, dike" which allows for the name of the constellation A.ŠA3,GA, the Sumerian equalivalent of iku "field, dike" which itself is a near homonym of AS.GAN when the signs are pronounced separatedly together.

The shape of the Pegasus constellation, a square with an extension on its side matches the shape of the Esagil temple which explains the identification of the asterism with Esagil in Babylonian tradition.

reading variants:

  • mulAŠ.GANA2,
  • mulIKU,
  • mulikux,
  • mulDIL.GAN2,
  • mulAŠ.IKU;

AŠ.GAN = ikû unit of measurement A.ŠA3.GA = iku field

var. designations:

  • mulA.ŠA3.GA, (mul)A.ŠA3; = (mul)ikû "field", lit. "unit of measure (of an area)" [G. 110, 193; AHw, 370b; BPO 2, 11; CAD I, 69].
    • 1) The constellation, the so-called Pegasus quadrilateral (Pegasus),
    • 2) the sign of the zodiac Pisces (or the corresponding part of the micro zodiac) in later astronomical and astrological texts.
Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Urra XXII series: mulikux (AŠ.GAN2) = i-ku-u2 [MSL XI, 30:27; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 105:272′]; parallels [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:7; SpTU III, 114A v 16; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:19].
  • (2) AN:dAnum series (I 79), listing the 7 sages of Anu: dMUL i-ku-uAŠ.GAN2 [CT 24, 3:15; Litke 1998, 29:79].
  • (3) Antagal series (Tablet G 312): [mulAŠ].GAN2 = KA2.DINGIR.MEŠ "[(Constellation) Fi]eld = Babylon" [CT 19, 19 iv 60; MSL XVII, 229].
  • (4) i-kuGAN2! = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 6; CT 19, 33, 80-719,307: 8], see also [CAD I, 69a; CAD K, 46a; AHw, 421b].
Example
"Prayers to the night gods". Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulAŠ.GAN2 [Oppenheim 1959, 282:13].
"Enki and the arrangement of the world."
  • [eš3 k]i-gub-bi muliku DU-a / [eš3]-ku3-ga igi?-nim?-ma gub-bi mul gišgigir-še3 i3-DU "[Sanctuary (of Enki)], its location is determined by (the constellation) Field. / The sacred upper part [of the sanctuary], its location is towards (the constellation) Chariot." [Benito 1969, 101:288-289; ETCSL, Text 1.1.3: 288-289; Horowitz 2005, p. 171; Falkenstein 1964, 80; Emelyanov 2001, 335; 2002]
"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”
  • Astrolabe P. Nisanu month, Ea stars, 200 [Pinches 1900, 573].
  • Astrolabe B.
    • (1) Menology: [itibara2] mulAŠ.GAN2 bar2.an.na : itibara2 i-ku-u2 šu-bat dA-nim "Nisanu month, the Field, dwelling of Anu" (A i 1, 7); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan 403:1], see also [BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 69b; Emelyanov 1999, 50].
    • (2) List (12´3): mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 ina zi im.kur.ra gub-zu / ana im.ulu3.lu gib mul.bi / mul sag.mu a-lik igi mul.meš / šu-ut dE2-a "(Asterism) Field, which stands when the east wind rises and lies across the south wind, this asterism—is the constellation of the New Year, it goes before the Ea stars" (B i 1-4); for a parallel see. [BPO 2, II 15a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 1].
    • (3) List (3´12): itibara2 mulAŠ.GAN2 šu-ut dE2-a "Nisanu month: the field (on its way) to Ea (it rises)" (C i 1); for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III, catchline; IX, catchline; BPO 3, 58-59 i 23; 191, D.T.274 A 6; Oppenheim 1974, 199:34].
    • (4) List (rising-setting=6m):
      • a) [itibara2 mu]lAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat mul gišapin ˹e3˺ "Nisanu: the Field, Venus and the Plow rises" (C 13),
      • b) [mu]lAŠ. GAN2 šu2 mulDil-bad ut-ta-na-kar mulapin kal šat-te iz-z[a-az] "(Tashritu): The field sets, Venus changes (its position), the Plow stands all year long." [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014].
  • BM 82923.
    • The month of Nisanu, the stars of Ea: [mulAŠ.GA]N2 // 3,20 // LUGAL DINGIR.MEŠ AN.NA "Field // 200 // King of the heavenly gods." [Walker-Hunger 1977, 27:1].
  • BM 34713. [itiba]r2 // 3.20 múlAŠ.GAN2 // 1.30 múlka5.a // 55 múl damar.ud "Nisanu: 200 Field, 90 Fox, 55 Marduk." [LBAT, 1499:1]. The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. a) The list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 2): muliku [CT 33, 9 r. 8; MCG, 176].
"Catalogue of the 30 stars"
  • Ea 1. mulIKU ša i-na ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu a-na IM.ULU3lu GIB!-ma (in text: BAR) MUL šu-u2 MUL SAG.MU / a-lik IGI MUL.MEŠ šu-ut dE2-a-na TUKU! N[AM.DAM]
  • "(Asterism) Field, which stands at the rising of the east wind, and lies across the south wind, this asterism—is the constellation of the New Year, (it) goes ahead of the stars of Ea. (It is favorable) for the acquisition of a wife." (A. 1-2, B. 4-5) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177]. 
EAE.
  • See. [BPO 2, II 15a-c, e, III 6c, catch line, IV 3a, IX 1, 16-17, catch line, X 1, XII 1-4, XV 19-23; BPO 3, p. 279; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 4′, 11′, 15′; Largement 1957, 248:70; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU III, 101:16-17, 25].
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) The stars of Anu (no. 1):
    • mulAŠ.IKU šu-bat dE2-a a-lik IGI MUL.MEŠ šu-ut dA-nim
    • "The field, the seat of Ea which goes before the stars of Anu" (I i 40),
    • for a parallel see. MLC 1866 i 1; see also (Kurtik s19) SIM.MAḪ.
  • (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
    • ina itiZIZ2 UD 5 KAM mulGU.LA mulAŠ.IKU u mullu-lim IGImeš
    • "On the 5th of Sabbath the Giant, the Field and the Stag rises" (I iii 10);
    • for early parallels see. VM 77054.
  • (3) Simultaneous daily risings and sunsets:
    • a) mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2 KUR-ma mulAŠ.IKU SU2-bi
      • "Shupa, Enlil, rises, the Field sets" (I iii 21),
    • b) mulAŠ.IKU mulGU. LA u mulLU.LIM KURmeš-ma / mulUR.GU.LA mul dMUŠ u mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ŠU2meš
      • "The Field, Giant and the Stag rises / Lion, Snake and Entenabarchum sets" (I iii 31-32).
  • (4) Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings:
    • TA KUR ša2 mulSIM.MAḪ 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulAŠ.IKU / TA KUR ša2 mulAŠ.IKU 40 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulKU6
    • "20 days from the rising of the Swallow to the rising of the Field. 40 days from the rising of the Pole to the rising of the Pisces" (I iii 41-42).
  • (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
    • ina itiZIZ2 UD 15 KAM mulUR.KU MIN(= ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulAŠ.IKU KUR-ḫa
    • "On the 15th of Sabbath the Dog stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Field rises" (I iv 29) [MA 29, 46, 49, 52, 55, 66].
Mesopotamian constellation IKU in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021.
"Reports." See. [ARAK 350a].
Text BM 77054.
  • ina itiziz2 ud.5.kam mul˹ur.gi7˺ [...] / mulAŠ.GAN2 [...] "5th Sabbath Pes [...] / Field [...] [George 1991, 305-306, rev. 11′-12′].
"The Great Star List.
  • 12 Amurru stars, in the first place: mulAŠ.GAN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App B:215], see also [ARAK, 412 r. 3].
List of stars VR 46, 1:50.
  • muliku = mul ma-a-tu2 : ma-a-tu2 kur.ka2ki
  • "Field = asterism of the country, country of Babylon," see also [HBA 52:50; Wee 2016, 162-3:50].
Text IIIR 53, 2:4.
  • List of 12 names of Marduk:
    • itisig4 diku ka2.dingir.meš = damar.ud
    • "Month of simanu, the Field of Babylon = Marduk";
    • parallel in S 777:3 [CT 26 40; HBA 24].
Text Nv.10.
  • ina ˹iti˺[gu4 ...] // mulAŠ.GAN2 / u [...] // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / [...] mulugamušen / u m[ul ...] // mulAN.TA.ŠU.UR. RA
  • "In the month ayaru the Field, / and [...] Upwards standing asterism / and [...] Upwards flashing asterism"
  • (Rev. 25-28) [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66, 70].
"Planisphere.”
  • Sector 1, inscription: mulAŠ.GAN2,
  • next to the images of two triangles (one of them has no side), one of which probably belongs to mulAŠ.GAN2 [Koch 1989, 56; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
photograph
Part of a circular clay tablet with depictions of constellations (planisphere); the reverse is uninscribed; restored from fragments and incomplete; partly accidentally vitrified in antiquity during the destruction of the place where it was found. Found in Kuyunjik, ancient Nineveh, in the so-called “Library of Ashurbanipal”. Neo-assyrian period (CC0).
Dalbanna-text.
  • §D. See (Kurtik a42) Anunnītu.
  • §E. [mul ... ḫ]u? ša2 zag AŠ.G[AN2] "[Star ...] on the right side of the Fie[ld] (α Peg), see (Kurtik k05) KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E.
  • §T. [mul gub3 ša2 zag AŠ-iku]?", see (Kurtik k05) KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E.
WA 77824. For a list of "month-constellation" correspondences: "The month of Addaru— Field (and) Tails" [HCH 17, Table 1]; see also [HBA 121, 123].
UranologiesMLC 1866.
  • ˹mulIKU˺ šu-bat d60 a-lik pa-na-at ˹MUL.MEŠ šu-ut dA-nim˺
  • "The Field, the seat of Anu, which goes before [the Anu stars]" (D i 1) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].
"The Fortune-teller’s Textbook.”
  • mit-ḫur-ti SAG.MU ša2 mulAŠ.GAN2
  • "(Observe) the coincidence of the beginning of the year with (the appearance of) the Field constellation." [Oppenheim 1974, 200:59; MCG, 151-152].
Anaphora.
  • А 3427: ina itibar ina še-rim ud 28 múlAŠ.GAN2 ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI)
  • "In the month of Nisanu on the morning of the 28th day, the Field emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:8].
Late astrology, magic and the calendar.
  • (1) “The Luminaries.” BRM IV, 19 contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which AŠ.GAN2 (instead of KUN.MEŠ "Tails") is used to refer to the zodiac sign Pisces [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: f, 1, 13, 14; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
  • (2) "Microzodiac.”
    • a) Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man(=Aries) into 12 equal parts: Sp II 202+: 12-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlAŠ.GAN2 ša2 múllu "The 12th part of Aries, the Field of Aries" [LBAT, 1499 rev. 26; Schaumberger 1955, 246:26].
    • b) The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 8th part— mulAŠ.GAN2 (instead of mulkunmeš) [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
  • (3) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for the making of an ointment + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 10 // AŠ.GAN2 10 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) summati(TUmušen) dām(UŠ2) MIN(= summati) qaqqad(SAG. DU) sinunti(SIMmušen) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= sinunti) MIN(= tapaššaš) "Duuzu 10 // Fish 100 // Head of a pigeon (and) blood of a pigeon, swallow’s head and swallow’s blood - you smear." [SpTU III, 104:10, and also 23]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:7, 20].
Text W. 22281a. See u06UD.KA.DU8.A.

         mulAŠ.GAN2 as a designation of the 12th sign of the zodiac, cf. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 14′; Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:6′, 135 rev. 12; 1987b, 213:12, 20; Ungnad 1941-44, S. 258, Anm. 51]. See also [SpTU V, 270:2′].

Example

additional

II. Deity.

          "Field" was venerated as a constellation of the city of Babylon and was associated with Esagila. Its name was sometimes recorded with the determinative for a deity d. Prayers and rituals.

  • (1) Neo-Assyrian prayers for the night gods, see above.
  • (2) New Year’s ritual in Babylon: mulAŠ.GAN2 e2-sag-il2 tam-šil šamê(AN) u erṣeti(KI) "Field, Esagila, likeness of heaven and earth." [RAcc. 136:274; Linssen 2004, 217:274]. Similar formulas are already found in Neo-Assyrian periods: Esagila ... tam-šil mulIkû(AŠ.GAN2) "Esagila ... likeness of the Field constellation", [...] mulIkû(AŠ.GAN2) at-ta-ad-di tem-me-en-šu2 "(Copia) the Field constellation, (Esagila temple), I laid its foundation". [Borger Esarh., 21:51, 94:33; CAD I, 69].
  • (3) The ritual of mouth washing (mīs pî) or "reviving" of the statue-deity: 4 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na mulAŠ.GAN2 mulSIM.MAḪ mul dA-nu-ni-tum mulAB.SIN2 tara-kas2 KI.MIN (= KA.LUḪ.U3. DA DU3-uš) "4 altars you set up before (the constellations) Field, Swallow, Anunitu, Furrow (and perform) the same (=mouth washing)." [Smith 1925; TuL, 105:34; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:34].
  • (4) A ritual against epidemics [TuL 163, 34:14].
  • (5) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king, see [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 Rd. 2].

III. Symbol.

         Until recently it was assumed that the figure of the constellation mulAŠ.GAN was a quadrilateral [G. 193; Waerden 1949, 21; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957-59, 74b, 76a; BPO 2, 8, 11]; its image (a shaded quadrilateral between two fishes) may have been represented on a zodiac from the Dendera times of Tiberius (14-37 AD) [EAT III, 79-80, no. 80, Pl. 42; Gundel 1992, 208, Nr. 12]. Based on the data of “Planisphere” and other sources, Koch showed that the constellation figure should be a triangle [Koch 1989, 86-103; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9]. His arguments are challenged by Pingree [Pingree 1992, 169].

IV. Identification.

          = "Pegasus quadrangle" (α, β, γ Pegasi + α Andromedae) [G. 193; Waerden 1949, 21; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957-59, 74b, 76a; BPO 2, 8, 11; MA, 138; ASM, 272]

          = a triangle formed by the stars α, 72, 78, ψ Pegasi [Koch 1989, 86-103; 1995, 56-57; 1991-92, 129].

          = part of Pegasus [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

          = "Pegasus quadrangle" and possibly some of the southern stars - ι, κ, λ, ω Piscium [BPO 3, 7].

          = Pegasus [Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].

         V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

          (1) "Star ... on the right side of the Field", or "side star on the right side of the Field" (α Peg), see dbn-text.

          (2) Astrology separated four parts of the Field constellation — the southern, northern, eastern and western, see below (7).

          (3) "Front stars," see below (5).

V. Astrology.

         Identifications:

         (1) = Venus in the month of Shabbat; mulAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat ina itiZIZ2 "The field is Venus in the month of Shabbat." [LBAT, 1564:9], for a parallel see. [ACh Ištar, 8:4]; MUL UDU.BAD ana A.ŠA3 TE dGUD.UD ana dDil-bad ina šu-ut d50 ina šu-ut dA-nim TE-ma "If a planet comes close to the constellation Field, (it means): Mercury comes close to Venus in (the path of) Enlil (or) in (the path of) Anu." [BPO 3, 248-249, K.2346+:55]. See also d06Dil-bat;


         (2) = Mercury; mulAŠ.GAN2 = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT 25 13, K4339 rev. iv 3], for a parallel see. [BPO 3, 57-58, K.148+:37].

         (3) = Mars; [mul]AŠ.GAN2 = dṣal-bat-a-nu [II R 39, 5 i 25]; [DIŠ mu]lAŠ.GAN2 ana mulAPIN TE dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 ˹KUN˺ [...] / lu-u ina ŠA3 KUN. MEŠ [...] "[If] the Field approaches the Plough, (it means:) Mars is in the middle [...] or in the middle of the Tail [...] [ACh Ištar, 30:11-12]; [DIŠ mul]KU6 ana mulAŠ. GAN2 TE dGU4.UD i-na dṣal-bat-a-nu [...] "If the Fish approaches the Field, (it means:) Mercury [enters] towards Mars ." [ACh Ištar, 30:13].

          (4) = Jupiter in the month of simanu; see above III R 53:2.

          Predictions:

          (5) Visibility of the constellation; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 MUL.MEŠ-šu2 ma-diš SA5... "If the Field, its stars are very red: a strong wind will blow." [BPO 2, III 6c + Parallels ]; [DIŠ ul]AŠ.GAN2 KA´MI KA2.GAL.MEŠ KA2.DINGIR.RA ... "If the Field constellation is very dark: the gate of Babylon..." [BPO 2, XV 19]; DIŠ ulAŠ.GAN2 UL.MEŠ-šu2 un-nu-tu4 ... "If the constellation Field dims: high waters will not come". [BPO 2, XV 21+ Parallels]; [DIŠ] ulAŠ.GAN2 UL.MEŠ-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu... "If the stars of the Field constellation flickers, high water [will come]" [BPO 2, XV 20]; parallel [BPO 2, IV 3a]; DIŠ ulAŠ.GAN2 UL.MEŠ-šu2 reš-tu-tu-tu it-ta-na-na-bi-tu... "If the Field constellation, its frontal stars twinkle...: high waters will come, but will not irrigate the field of the people" [BPO 2, XV 22].

         (6) Heliacal rising; DIŠ ulAŠ.GAN2 ina itiBAR2 IGI-mar BE-[ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI...] / BE-ma MUL BI uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma I[TI-šu2 DIB-ma IGI ...] "If the Field rises heliacally in the month of nisana; if this star rises early: [...] if this star rises late, passes its month and rises [...] [BPO 2, IX 1, X 1]; the beginning of this prediction, like the beginning of Tab. 51 EAE, cited in the Fortune-teller’s Textbook [Oppenheim 1974, 199:34]; DIŠ <mulAŠ.GAN2> IGI-ma ut-tab-bat ... "If (the Field) rises heliacally and has great brilliance: within 3 years, there will be disesase in the whole country, demon Lamashtu [will rampage]" [BPO 2, XII 5]; DIŠ <mulAŠ.GAN2> IGI-ma u2-tak-kal... "If (the Field) rises heliacally and becomes dark: there will be a plague in the whole country, epidemic catastrophe amidst the cattle or famine" [BPO 2, XII 6]; DIŠ <mulAŠ GAN2> IGI-ma GIM di-pa-ri i-nam-bu-ut ... "If (the Field) rises heliacally and shines brightly like a torch: there will be drought in the whole country" [BPO 2, XII 7].


         (7) Heliacal rising and the four parts of the constellation; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina itiBAR2 IGI-ma ša2 IM.Ux.LU NU [IGI] ina KUR URIki... "If the Field rises heliacally in the month of Nisanu and its southern part is not visible: cultivated land in Akkad will not prosper, will..." [BPO 2, XII 1]; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina itiBAR2 IGI-ma ša2 IM.SI.SA2 NU IGI ina ˹KUR˺ [SU.BIR4ki] ... "If the Field rises heliacally in the month of nisanu and its northern part is not visible: cultivated land in Subartu will not thrive, people will live at the cost of their children" [BPO 2, XII 2]; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina itiBAR2 IGI-ma ša2 IM.KUR.RA NU IGI ina KUR NIM.MAki [KI.MIN] "If the Field rises heliacally in the month of Nisanu and its eastern part is not seen: in Elam [the same will happen] [BPO 2, XII 3]; DIŠ mulAŠŠ GAN2 ina itiBAR2 IGI-ma ša2 IM.MAR.TU NU IGI ina KUR MA[R.TUki KI.MIN] "If the Field rises heliacally in the month of Nisanu and its western part is not seen: in A[murru the same will happen] [BPO 2, XII 4]; parallel [BPO 2, IX 16-17]. According to Koch, the four predictions cited do not refer to the heliacal rising of the constellation Field, but to its particular position relative to the horizon in the month of Nisanu [Koch 1989, 94, Anm. 320].


          (8) Comets and the Field; DIŠ ṣa-lum-mu-u2 ana IGI ulAŠ.GAN2 GIL... "If the comet passes across ahead of the Field constellation: within three years, the high waters of the Euphrates will diminish" [BPO 2, XV 23].


          (9) Venus and the Field; [DIŠ mulDil-bat] ina ŠA2 mulAŠ.GAN2 IGI-ir ... "If Venus becomes visible within the Field constellation: there will be rain from the sky, flood from streams, crops in Amurru will be successful, abandoned pastures will be restored". [BPO 3, 214, 221, K.3601+:14]; for parallels see. [BPO 3, 210, K.7936+:11; 251, Rm.2,565 :10-11; ARAK, 537:3-5]; [DIŠ] mulDil-bat ina la KI.GUB-šu2 DU-ø ... ina IGI mulAŠ.GAN2 DU-iz "[If] Venus stands not in her place: an attack by an enemy army, variant: a military attack will fall upon the country, women will save (their? ) men, the king's land will turn against him, this land will be devastated; (this will happen when) she (i.e. Venus) stands ahead of the Field constellation." [BPO 3, 219, 224, K.3601 +: rev. 35]; [DIŠ mulDil-bat (x)] mulAŠ.GAN2 : mulNUNki KI-ša2 uš-ta5-tam-ma DU-iz... "[If Venus] <and> the FIeld, var.: asterism of Eridu, stands in opposition to her: property? and barley ... Sin will ask the king to perform 'lunar sacrifices', he will ... food sacrifices to Sin, var.: food sacrifices to the gods will be reduced" [BPO 3, 94, K.2226 :30]; parallel [BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:3, 238, ND 4632 rev. i 14].


(10) The Field and the Moon; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ana IGI d30 [T]E-ma GUB-iz... "If the Field comes close to the front of the Moon and stands there: in that [year] [...], var: [there will be] an attack [by enemies] [ARAK, 22:5-6, 72:7 - r. 1]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulAŠ.GAN2 ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz / nu-šur-ru-u ŠE-im / mulAŠ.GAN2 mulAB.SIN2 "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Field stands in it: / the reduction of barley. / The Field (means) the Furrow." [ARAK, 82 r. 6-8]; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina SI KAB-šu2 GUB-iz ina MU BI me-reš KUR URIki SI.SA2 "If the Field stands on her (i.e. the Moon) left horn: the cultivated fields of Akkad will flourish this year " [ARAK, 311:7-8]; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB-iz ina MU BI BURU14 KUR "If the Field stands on the shoulder (of the Moon), the harvest of the country will be abundant this year" [ARAK, 311:9-10]; [DIŠ 30] TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulAŠ. GAN2 ša2 EGIR-šu2 MU[L.MUL] / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB AB2.GUD.ḪI. A ša2 KUR SI.SA2 / mulṣal-bat-a-nu MUL KUR MAR.TUki / mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-šu2 MUL.MUL mul lúḪUN.GA2 / mul lúḪUN.GA2 mulMAR.TUki "[If the Moon] is surrounded by a halo and the Field, which has Star Cluster (standing) behind it, stands within it: the cattle of the country will prosper. / Mars — star of Amurru; the Field, with the Star Cluster — the Hired Man; the Hired Man — star of Amurru." [ARAK, 412:7-r.4].

         (11) Star Cluster and the Field; šumma mulMUL mulAŠ.GAN2 ikšud(KUR)ud... "If the Star Cluster reaches the Field: the 'glutton'(= jackal?) will appear; Adad [will cause flood...]; apodosis variant: "the date palm income will decrease" [SpTU III, 101:16-17]; for a parallel see. [Borger 1973, 40:4′].

        (12) The Field and the Asterism of Eridu; see n50NUNki, VI 5.

        (13) The Field and the planet; [DIŠ ana ŠA3 mul]AŠ.GAN2 mulUDU.IDIM TU-ma IGI ina KUR ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 KI.LAM ina-pu-[uš] "[If the planet in the middle of] the Field enters and becomes visible: the country will harvest sesame, business activity will increase" [TU, 16 r. 9; Largement 1957, 248:70].

         (14) The Goat (= Venus) reaches the Field; u31UZ3, VI 18.

        For predictions related to the Field constellation, see also m05MAN-ma, V 7.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022) Gössmann (1950)

(a48) AŠ.GAN2

вар. чтения: mulAŠ.GANA2, mulIKU, mulikux, mulDIL.GAN2, mulAŠ.IKU; вар. обозначения: mulA.ŠA3.GA, (mul)A.ŠA3; = (mul)ikû «Поле», букв. «единица измерения (площади)» [G. 110, 193; AHw, 370b; BPO 2, 11; CAD I, 69]. 1) Созвездие,  так называемый «Четырехугольник Пегаса» (Pegasus), 2) знак зодиака Рыбы (или соответствующая часть микрозодиака) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. Example
Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulikux (AŠ.GAN2) = i-ku-u2 [MSL XI, 30:27; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:272′]; параллели [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:7; SpTU III, 114A v 16; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:19]. (2) Серия AN:dAnum (I 79), в списке 7 мудрецов Ану: dMUL i-ku-uAŠ.GAN2 [CT 24, 3:15; Litke 1998, 29:79]. (3) Cерия Antagal (Tablet G 312): [mulAŠ].GAN2 = KA2.DINGIR.MEŠ «[(Cозвездие) П]оле = Вавилон» [CT 19, 19 iv 60; MSL XVII, 229]. (4) i-kuGAN2! = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 6; CT 19, 33, 80–719,307: 8], см. также [CAD I, 69a; CAD K, 46a; AHw, 421b]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulAŠ.GAN2 [Oppenheim 1959, 282:13].  «Энки и устройство мира». [eš3 k]i-gub-bi muliku DU-a / [eš3]-ku3-ga igi?-nim?-ma gub-bi mul gišgigir-še3 i3-DU «[Святилище (Энки)], его местоположение определяется (созвездием) Поле. / Священная верхняя часть [святилища], ее место расположено в направлении к (созвездию) Колесница» [Benito 1969, 101:288–289; ETCSL, Text 1.1.3: 288–289; Horowitz 2005, p. 171; Falkenstein 1964, 80; Емельянов 2001, 335; 2002] «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц нисану, звезды Эа, 200 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) Менологии: [itibara2] mulAŠ.GAN2 bar2.an.na : itibara2 i-ku-u2 šu-bat dA-nim «Месяц нисану, Поле, жилище Ану» (A i 1, 7); параллель см. [Çağirgan 403:1], см. также [BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 69b; Емельянов 1999, 50]. (2) Cписок (12´3): mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 ina zi im.kur.ra gub-zu / ana im.ulu3.lu gib mul.bi / mul sag.mu a-lik igi mul.meš / šu-ut dE2-a «(Звезда) Поле, которая стоит при восходе восточного ветра и лежит поперек южного ветра, эта звезда ― звезда Нового года, идет впереди звезд Эа» (B i 1–4); параллель см. [BPO 2, II 15a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 1]. (3) Cписок (3´12): itibara2 mulAŠ.GAN2 šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц нисану: Поле (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 1); параллель см. [BPO 2, III, catchline; IX, catchline; BPO 3, 58–59 i 23; 191, D.T.274 A 6; Oppenheim 1974, 199:34]. (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itibara2 mu]lAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat mul gišapin ˹e3˺ «Нисану: Поле, Венера и Плуг восходят» (С 13), b) [mu]lAŠ.GAN2 šu2 mulDil-bad ut-ta-na-kar mulapin kal šat-te iz-z[a-az] «(Ташриту): Поле заходит, Венера изменяет (свое положение), Плуг весь год сто[ит]» [KAV 218, C 26; Horowitz 2014]. BM 82923. Месяц нисану, звезды Эа: [mulAŠ.GA]N2  // 3,20 // LUGAL DINGIR.MEŠ AN.NA «Поле // 200 // Царь небесных богов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27:1]. BM 34713. [itiba]r2 // 3,20 múlAŠ.GAN2 // 1,30 múlka5.a // 55 múl damar.ud «Нисану: 200 Поле, 90 Лиса, 55 Мардук» [LBAT, 1499:1]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 2): muliku [CT 33, 9 r. 8; MCG, 176]. «Каталог 30 звезд».  Еа 1. mulIKU ša i-na ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu a-na IM.ULU3lu GIB!-ma (в тексте: BAR) MUL šu-u2 MUL SAG.MU / a-lik IGI MUL.MEŠ šu-ut dE2-a a-na TUKU! N[AM.DAM] «(Звезда) Поле, которая стоит при восходе восточного ветра, и лежит поперек южного ветра, эта звезда — звезда Нового года, (она) идет впереди звезд Эа. (Благоприятно) для приобретения жены.» (A. 1–2, B. 4–5) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177].  EAE. См. [BPO 2, II 15a–c, e, III 6c, catch line, IV 3a, IX 1, 16–17, catch line, X 1, XII 1–4, XV 19–23; BPO 3, p. 279; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 4′, 11′, 15′; Largement 1957, 248:70; NSAM 2, 247; SpTU III, 101:16–17, 25]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 1): mulAŠ.IKU šu-bat dE2-a a-lik IGI MUL.MEŠ šu-ut dA-nim «Поле, сиденье Эа, которое идет впереди звезд Ану» (I i 40), параллель см. MLC 1866 i 1; см. также s19SIM.MAḪ. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiZIZ2 UD 5 KAM mulGU.LA mulAŠ.IKU u mullu-lim IGImeš «5-го шабату Великан, Поле и Олень восходят» (I iii 10); ранняя параллель см. ВМ 77054. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulŠU.PA dEn-lil2  KUR-ma mulAŠ.IKU SU2-bi «Шупа, Энлиль, восходит, Поле заходит» (I iii 21), b) mulAŠ.IKU mulGU.LA u mulLU.LIM KURmeš-ma / mulUR.GU.LA mul dMUŠ u mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ŠU2meš «Поле, Великан и Олень восходят / Лев, Змея и Энтенабархум заходят» (I iii 31–32). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulSIM.MAḪ 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2  mulAŠ.IKU / TA KUR ša mulAŠ.IKU 40 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulKU6 «20 дней от восхода Ласточки до восхода Поля. 40 дней от восхода Поля до восхода Рыбы» (I iii 41–42). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiZIZ2 UD 15 KAM mulUR.KU MIN(= ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulAŠ.IKU KUR-ḫa «15-го шабату Пес стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Поле восходит» (I iv 29) [MA 29, 46, 49, 52, 55, 66]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK 350a]. Текст BM 77054. ina itiziz2 ud.5.kam mul˹ur.gi7˺ […] / mulAŠ.GAN2 […] «5-го шабату Пес […] / Поле […] [George 1991, 305–306, rev. 11′–12′]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Амурру, на первом месте: mulAŠ.GAN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App B:215], см. также [ARAK, 412 r. 3]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:50. muliku = mul ma-a-tu2 : ma-a-tu2 kur.ka2ki «Поле = Звезда страны, страна Вавилона», см. также [HBA 52:50; Wee 2016, 162–3:50]. Текст IIIR 53, 2:4. Список 12 имен Мардука: itisig4 diku ka2.dingir.meš = damar.ud «Месяц симану, Поле Вавилона = Мардук»; параллель в S 777:3 [CT 26 40; HBA 24]. Текст Nv.10. ina ˹iti˺[gu4 …] // mulAŠ.GAN2 / u […] // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / […] mulugamušen / u m[ul …] // mulAN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA «В месяце айяру Поле, / и […] Наверху стоящая звезда / и […] Наверху вспыхивающая звезда» (Rev. 25–28) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66, 70]. «Планисфера». Cектор 1, надпись: mulAŠ.GAN2, рядом изображения двух треугольников (у одного отсутствует сторона), из которых один, вероятно, относится к mulAŠ.GAN2 [Koch 1989, 56; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Dalbanna-текст. §D. См. a42Anunnītu. §E. [mul … ]u? ša2 zag AŠ.G[AN2] «[Звезда …] с правой стороны По[ля] (α Peg), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §T. [mul gub3 ša2 zag AŠ-iku]?, см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. WA 77824. Список соответствий «месяц–созвездие»: «Месяц аддару — Поле (и) Хвосты» [HCH 17, Table 1]; см. также [HBA 121, 123]. MLC 1866. ˹mulIKU˺ šu-bat d60 a-lik pa-na-at ˹MUL.MEŠ šu-ut dA-nim˺ «Поле, сидение Ану, которое идет впереди [звезд Ану]» (D i 1) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39]. «Учебник предсказателя». mit-ḫur-ti SAG.MU ša2 mulAŠ.GAN2 «(Наблюдай) совпадение начала года с (появлением) созвездия Поле» [Oppenheim 1974, 200:59; MCG, 151–152]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itibar ina še-rim ud 28 múlAŠ.GAN2 ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI)  «В месяце нисану утром 28-го дня Поле испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:8]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19 содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемориа», в которой AŠ.GAN2 (вместо KUN.MEŠ «Хвосты») используется для обозначения знака зодиака Рыбы [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: f, 1, 13, 14; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (2) «Микрозодиак». a) Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник(=Овен) на 12 равных частей: Sp II 202+: 12-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlAŠ.GAN2 ša2 múllu «12-я часть Овна — Поле Овна» [LBAT, 1499 rev. 26; Schaumberger 1955, 246:26]. b) Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 8-я часть — mulAŠ.GAN2 (вместо mulkunmeš) [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 10 // AŠ.GAN2 10 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) summati(TUmušen) dām(UŠ2) MIN(= summati) qaqqad(SAG.DU)  sinunti(SIMmušen) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= sinunti) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 10 // Рыбы 100 // Голова голубя (и) кровь голубя, голова ласточки и кровь ласточки — ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:10, а также 23]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:7, 20]. Текст W. 22281a. См. u06UD.KA.DU8.A.

mulAŠ.GAN2 как обозначение 12-го знака зодиака, см. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 14′; Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:6′, 135 rev. 12; 1987b, 213:12, 20; Ungnad 1941–44, S. 258, Anm. 51]. См. также [SpTU V, 270:2'].

Example
II. Божество.

«Поле» почиталось как созвездие города Вавилон и было связано с Эсагилой. Его имя записывалось иногда с детерминативом божества d. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Новоассирийская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: mulAŠ.GAN2 e2-sag-il2 tam-šil šamê(AN) u erṣeti(KI) «Поле, Эсагила, подобие неба и земли» [RAcc. 136:274; Linssen 2004, 217:274]. Близкие формулы находим уже в новоассирийский период: Esagilatam-šil mulIkû(AŠ.GAN2) «Эсагила … подобие созвездия Поле», […] mulIkû(AŠ.GAN2) at-ta-ad-di tem-me-en-šu2 «(Копии) созвездия Поле, (храма Эсагилы), я заложил его фундамент» [Borger Esarh., 21:51, 94:33; CAD I, 69]. (3) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: 4 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na  mulAŠ.GAN2 mulSIM.MAḪ mul dA-nu-ni-tum mulAB.SIN2 tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-) «4 жертвенника ты устанавливаешь перед (созвездиями) Поле, Ласточка, Ануниту, Борозда (и совершаешь) то же (=омовение рта)» [Smith 1925; TuL, 105:34; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:34]. (4) Ритуал против эпидемии [TuL 163, 34:14]. (5) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю, см [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 Rd. 2].

III. Символ.

До недавнего времени предполагалось, что фигура созвездия mulAŠ.GAN ― четырехугольник [G. 193; Waerden 1949, 21; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957–59, 74b, 76a; BPO 2, 8, 11]; его изображение (заштрихованный четырехугольник между двумя рыбами), возможно, представлено на зодиаке из Дендеры времен Тиберия (14–37 гг. н.э.) [EAT III, 79–80, № 80, Pl. 42; Gundel 1992, 208, Nr. 12]. Исходя из данных «Планисферы» и других источников, Кох показал, что фигурой созвездия должен быть треугольник [Koch 1989, 86–103; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Его доводы оспариваются Пингри [Pingree 1992, 169].

IV. Отождествление.

= «Четырехугольник Пегаса» (α, β, γ Pegasi + α Andromedae) [G. 193; Waerden 1949, 21; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957–59, 74b, 76a; BPO 2, 8, 11; MA, 138; ASM, 272];

= треугольник, образованный звездами α, 72, 78, ψ Pegasi [Koch 1989, 86–103; 1995, 56–57; 1991–92, 129].

= часть Пегаса [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= «Четырехугольник Пегаса» и, возможно, некоторые южные звезды ―  ι, κ, λ, ω Piscium [BPO 3, 7].

= Пегас [Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) «Звезда … с правой стороны Поля», или «боковая звезда с правой стороны Поля» (α Peg), см. dbn-текст.

(2) В астрологии различали 4 части созвездия Поле ― южную, северную, восточную и западную, см. ниже (7).

(3) «Передние звезды», см. ниже (5).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера в месяце шабату; mulAŠ.GAN2 mulDil-bat ina itiZIZ2 «Поле ― Венера в месяце шабату» [LBAT, 1564:9], параллель см. [ACh Ištar, 8:4]; MUL UDU.BAD ana A.ŠA3 TE dGUD.UD ana dDil-bad ina šu-ut d50 ina šu-ut dA-nim TE-ma «Если планета подходит близко к созвездию Поле, (это означает): Меркурий подходит близко к Венере на (пути) Энлиля (или) на (пути) Ану» [BPO 3, 248–249, K.2346+:55]. См. также d06Dil-bat;

(2) = Меркурий; mulAŠ.GAN2 = min(=muludu.idim.gu4.ud) [CT 25 13, K4339 rev. iv 3], параллель см. [BPO 3, 57–58, K.148+:37].

(3) = Марс; [mul]AŠ.GAN2 = dṣal-bat-a-nu [II R 39, 5 i 25]; [DIŠ mu]lAŠ.GAN2 ana mulAPIN TE dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 ˹KUN˺ […] / lu-u ina ŠA3 KUN.MEŠ […] «[Если] Поле к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Марс в середину […] или в середину Хвостов […] [ACh Ištar, 30:11–12]; [DIŠ mul]KU6 ana mulAŠ.GAN2 TE dGU4.UD i-na dṣal-bat-a-nu […] «Если Рыба к Полю приближается, (это означает:) Меркурий в Марс [входит]» [ACh Ištar, 30:13].

(4) = Юпитер в месяце симану; см. выше III R 53,2.

Предсказания:

(5) Видимость созвездия; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 MUL.MEŠ-šu2 ma-diš SA5… «Если Поле, звезды его очень красные: поднимется сильный ветер» [BPO 2, III 6c + Parallels ]; [DIŠ ul]AŠ.GAN2 KA´MI KA2.GAL.MEŠ KA2.DINGIR.RA … «Если созвездие Поле очень темное: ворота Вавилона…» [BPO 2, XV 19]; DIŠ ulAŠ.GAN2 UL.MEŠ-šu2 un-nu-tu4… «Если созвездие Поле стало тусклым: высокая вода не придет» [BPO 2, XV 21+ Parallels]; [DIŠ] ulAŠ.GAN2 UL.MEŠ-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu… «Если звезды созвездия Поле мерцают, высокая вода [придет]» [BPO 2, XV 20]; параллель [BPO 2, IV 3a]; DIŠ ulAŠ.GAN2 UL.MEŠ-šu2 reš-tu-tu it-ta-na-an-bi-tu… «Если созвездие Поле, его передние звезды мерцают…: высокая вода придет, но не оросит поле народа» [BPO 2, XV 22].

(6) Гелиакический восход; DIŠ ulAŠ.GAN2 ina itiBAR2 IGI-mar BE-[ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI…] / BE-ma MUL BI uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma  I[TI-šu2 DIB-ma IGI …] «Если Поле восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану; если эта звезда восходит раньше: […], если эта звезда опоздала, проходит свой месяц и восходит […] [BPO 2, IX 1, X 1]; начало этого предсказания, как начало табл. 51 ЕАЕ, цит. в «Учебнике предсказателя» [Oppenheim 1974, 199:34]; DIŠ <mulAŠ.GAN2> IGI-ma ut-tab-bat … «Если (Поле) восходит гелиакически и имеет большой блеск: в течение 3 лет во всей стране болезнь, демон Ламашту [будет свирепствовать]» [BPO 2, XII 5]; DIŠ <mulAŠ.GAN2> IGI-ma u2-tak-kal… «Если (Поле) восходит гелиакически и становится темным: во всей стране будет чума, эпидемия среди скота или голод» [BPO 2, XII 6]; DIŠ <mulAŠ.GAN2> IGI-ma GIM di-pa-ri i-nam-bu-ut … «Если (Поле) восходит гелиакически и светит ярко как факел: во всей стране будет засуха» [BPO 2, XII 7].

(7) Гелиакический восход и 4 части созвездия; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina itiBAR2 IGI-ma ša2 IM.Ux.LU NU [IGI] ina KUR URIki… «Если Поле восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану и его южная часть не видна: в Аккаде возделанная земля не будет процветать, будет…» [BPO 2, XII 1]; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina itiBAR2 IGI-ma ša2 IM.SI.SA2 NU IGI ina ˹KUR˺ [SU.BIR4ki] … «Если Поле восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану и его северная часть не видна: в Субарту возделанная земля не будет процветать, люди будут жить за счет стоимости своих детей» [BPO 2, XII 2]; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina itiBAR2 IGI-ma ša2 IM.KUR.RA NU IGI ina KUR NIM.MAki [KI.MIN] «Если Поле восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану и его восточная часть не видна: в Эламе [случится то же] [BPO 2, XII 3]; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina itiBAR2 IGI-ma ša2 IM.MAR.TU NU IGI ina KUR MA[R.TUki KI.MIN] «Если Поле восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану и его западная часть не видна: в А[мурру случится то же] [BPO 2, XII 4]; параллель [BPO 2, IX 16–17]. По мнению Коха, в приведенных четырех предсказаниях речь идет не о гелиакических восходах созвездия Поле, а об его особом положении относительно горизонта в месяце нисану [Koch 1989, 94, Anm. 320].

(8) Комета и Поле; DIŠ ṣa-lum-mu-u2 ana IGI ulAŠ.GAN2 GIL… «Если комета проходит поперек впереди созвездия Поле: в течение трех лет высокая вода Евфрата будет уменьшаться» [BPO 2, XV 23].

(9) Венера и Поле; [DIŠ mulDil-bat] ina ŠA2 mulAŠ.GAN2 IGI-ir … «Если Венера становится видна в пределах созвездия Поле: будет дождь с неба, наводнение от ручьев, урожай в Амурру будет удачным, заброшенные пастбища будут восстановлены» [BPO 3, 214, 221, K.3601+:14]; параллели см. [BPO 3, 210, K.7936+:11; 251, Rm.2,565:10–11; ARAK, 537:3–5]; [DIŠ] mulDil-bat ina la KI.GUB-šu2 DU-ø … ina IGI mulAŠ.GAN2 DU-iz «[Если] Венера стоит не на своем месте: нападение вражеской армии, вариант: военное нападение будет в стране, женщины будут спасать (своих?) мужчин, земля царя обратится против него, эта земля будет опустошена; (это случится когда) она (т.е. Венера) стоит впереди созвездия Поле» [BPO 3, 219, 224, K.3601+: rev. 35]; [DIŠ mulDil-bat (x)] mulAŠ.GAN2 : mulNUNki KI-ša2 uš-ta5-tam-ma DU-iz… «[Если Венера] <и> Поле, вар.: звезда Эриду, стоит в оппозиции с ней: имущество? и ячмень… Син будет просить царя о совершении «лунных жертвоприношений», он будет… пищевые жертвоприношения Сину, вар.: пищевые жертвоприношения богов будут уменьшены» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226:30]; параллель [BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:3, 238, ND 4632 rev. i 14].

(10) Поле и Луна; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ana IGI d30 [T]E-ma GUB-iz… «Если Поле подходит близко к передней части Луны и стоит там: в этом [году] […], вариант: [будет] нападение [врагов] [ARAK, 22:5–6, 72:7 – r. 1]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulAŠ.GAN2 ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-iz / nu-šur-ru-u ŠE-im / mulAŠ.GAN2 mulAB.SIN2 «Если Луна окружена гало и Поле стоит в нем: / сокращение ячменя. / Поле (означает) Борозда» [ARAK, 82 r. 6–8]; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina SI KAB-šu2 GUB-iz ina MU BI me-reš KUR URIki SI.SA2 «Если Поле стоит на ее (т.е. Луны) левом роге: в этом году обработанные поля Аккада будут процветать» [ARAK, 311:7–8]; DIŠ mulAŠ.GAN2 ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB-iz ina MU BI BURU14 KUR «Если Поле стоит на плече (Луны), в этом году урожай страны будет изобильным» [ARAK, 311:9–10]; [DIŠ 30] TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-šu2 MU[L.MUL] / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB AB2.GUD.ḪI.A ša2 KUR SI.SA2 / mulṣal-bat-a-nu MUL KUR MAR.TUki / mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-šu2 MUL.MUL mul lúḪUN.GA2 / mul lúḪUN.GA2 mulMAR.TUki «[Если Луна] окружена гало и Поле, позади которого (стоят) Звезды, стоит в нем: скот страны будет процветать. / Марс ― звезда Амурру; Поле, позади которого Звезды, ― Наемник; Наемник ― звезда Амурру» [ARAK, 412:7–r.4].

(11) Звезды и Поле; šumma mulMUL mulAŠ.GAN2 ikšud(KUR)ud… «Если Звезды достигнут Поля: «обжора»(= шакал?) появится; Адад [вызовет наводнение…]; вариант аподосиса: «доход от финиковой пальмы уменьшится» [SpTU III, 101:16–17]; параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40:4′].

(12) Поле и звезда Эриду; см. n50NUNki, VI 5.

(13) Поле и планета; [DIŠ ana ŠA3 mul]AŠ.GAN2 mulUDU.IDIM TU-ma IGI ina KUR ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 KI.LAM ina-pu-[] «[Если планета в середину] Поля входит и становится видна: в стране будет урожай сезама, деловая активность увеличится» [TU, 16 r. 9; Largement 1957, 248:70].

(14) Коза (= Венера) достигает Поля; u31UZ3, VI 18.

Предсказания, связанные с созвездием Поле, см. также m05MAN-ma, V 7.

(i04) mulIkû

аккадская параллель к mulAŠ.GAN2 «Поле»; части созвездий Андромеда и Пегас + некоторые более южные звезды из зодиакального пояса [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], см. (a48)AŠ.GAN2.

References