GAM3: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:21, 1 January 2026

Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).

^{mul / d}GAM₃ (𒀯𒆛) = gamlu, 'The Crook,' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism the corresponds to Capella with the eastern half of classical Auriga. The Uranology Text E (MLC 1884) places 'The Crook' in the hand of 'The Old Man' (Perseus), and speaks of a number of its component parts including its head which is in the shape of a ram's head, its handle, and its shaft. The remaining stars and star-clusters of Auriga that are not part of 'The Crook' may be understood as groups of sheep standing in the background of the image. The asterism is also identified as Marduk's star (Jupiter or Mercury) in Kislev (Month IX).

Concordance, Etymology, History^[1]

Variant readings:

^mulZUBI;
= ^mulgamlu "staff (with a crooked handle)";
= gamlu “throwing stick”. ^mulGÀM (EN 4l).^[2]

Var. designations:

1) a constellation in Ascendant (Auriga),
2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Capella) [AHw^[3], 279a; CAD^[4] G, 35b; Gössmann^[5] 64; Schaumberger 1952^[6], 228].

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources	Identifications
Lexical texts. Urra XXII series: ^mulGÀM = [gam-lu] [Bloch-Horowitz 2015^[7], 107:291ʹ], Cavigneaux 1981^[8], 105: col. iii 14;],.
EAE. See. [BPO 2^[9], III 9a, 29a, VI 4-4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3^[10], K.3111+:7].
Three Stars Each. Text Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina ^itine ^mulgam₃ // ^mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u ^mulAN.U₂.GI.E // ^mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / ^mulur.gi₇ // ^muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u ^mulPa-bil-sag // ^mulA[N. T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] "In the month of ab: the Staff, the True Shepherd [Anu], / and AN.U₂.GI.E — The upward stan[ding] Asterism. / The Hound, the Sitting Gods and Pabilsag— The up[ward]ly fla[ring] star" (Rev. 37-40) [Donbaz-Koch 1995^[11], 64, 66].
MUL.APIN (1) ... "The Crook, Gamlu" (I i 4) (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ina ^itiBAR₂ UD 20 KAM ^mulGAM₃ IGI.LA₂ "On the 20th of Nisan the Staff becomes visible" (I ii 37); for a quote from MUL.APIN see. [LABS^[12], 62:17-18]. (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 28), see (Kurtik b06) PAN. (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ša₂ ^mulKU₆ 35 UD^meš ana KUR ša₂ ^mulGAM₃ / TA KUR ša₂ ^mulGAM₃ 10 UD^meš ana KUR ša₂ MUL.MUL "35 days from the rising of the Fish to the rising of the Staff. 10 days from the rising of the Staff to the rising of the Star Cluster" (I iii 43-44). (5) List of ziqpu-stars: ^mulGAM₃ after ^mulŠU.GI before ^mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Culminations simultaneous with heliacal risings: ina ^itiBAR₂ UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša₂ ^mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB₄ AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma ^mulGAM₃ KUR-ḫa "20th of Nisan...the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of heaven / opposite your chest, and the staff is rising" (I iv 13-14). (7) Stars "in the way of the moon": ^mulGAM₃, after ^mulŠU.GI, before ^mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn [MA^[13], 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68].	Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).
"Letters" and "Reports." See. [LABS^[12], 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK^[14], 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1].
"The Great Star List and Miscellenia". (1) 7 tikpu-stars: ^mulgam₃; (2) gam-lum, in an unclear sense [Mesop.Astrol.^[15], App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959-60^[16], 107-108]. (3) The star of Marduk in Month IX (Kislev). See AMAR.UTU.
List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) ^mulgam₃ = ^gištukul ša₂ šu^II ^damar.utu "The staff is a weapon in the hands of Marduk"; (2) ^muludu.nita₂ = sag.du ^mulgam₃ "Star-Baran = Top of the Staff". [HBA^[17], 51-52; Wee 2016^[18], 162-3].
Lists of ziqpu stars. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI. LA₂] \| ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri \| 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA ^mulna-aṣ-ra-pi \| EN ^mul[GAM₃] "[2½ min. weight], 150 o[n the lan]d, 27000 miles in the sky / From Natsrapu to the [Staff]," b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN(=šuqultu)] \| 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) \| 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) \| TA ^mulGAM₃ \| EN ^mulKIŠIB GAM₃ "[1⅔ weight mines], 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the Staff to the Hand on the Staff". [Thureau-Dangin 1913^[19], 217:1-4; TU^[20], 21 r. 1-4; HBA^[17], 133; Schaumberger 1952^[6], 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na ^mulgam-l[u] "150 to the Staff." [Schaumberger 1952^[6], 224-225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: ^múlGAM₃ ^dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ₃ "Marduk's staff // 1 (star) // 14400 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952^[6], 226-227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA ^m[u]lŠU.GI EN ^mulGAM₃ [...] "From the Old Man to the Staff [...]", b) TA ^mulGAM₃ EN ^mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL...[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Great Twi[ns]..." [Horowitz 1994a^[21], 91-92:8-9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana ^mulgam-lu "½ mile(150) to the Staff. [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001^[22], 171-173:16]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid.^[22], 180:8']. See also (Kurtik k21) KIŠIB.
Dalbanna-text. §U. ^mulgam₃ ^mulgir₃ zag šu.gi ^mulgir₃ gub₃ ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa₂ dub₂.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] "Staff (ζ, η Aur), the right foot of the Old Man (ρ Per), the left foot [x x] of Gemini (μ Gem): [...3 stars]. Straight, tight rope. 2 inter[va]ls, ditto [x x]." [Walker 1995, 34; ASM^[23], 107]; according to [Koch 1995^[24], 60, 77], ^mulgir₃ gub₃ ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x] = ^mulgir₃ gub₃ ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left leg of [Great] Twins" (μ Gem).
Uranology (Beaulieu et al. 2018^[25], 63-64) r'1'–2' (traces only) 3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed], 4' bearded, set with a kurkurru. 5' 1 star stands in its kurkurru. 6' In its right hand it carries a crook. 7' In the crook a (star called) “The Crook” stands. 8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram. 9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn. 10' [x] star(s) in the handle of the crook stand. 11' A bright [st]ar in its shaft stands. 12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu. 13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn.
Late astrology. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI ^mulZUB]I U₃...[TU...] "If (he), when the Staff (culminates), is born..." [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: [...: ^múlzubi] e₃-a nig₂.tuk uš₂ giš[...] "(If the child is born when) [... the Staff] appears: he will be healthy, death by we[apons](?)" [TU^[20], 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952^[26], 67, 70].
Kurtik (2022, n01)
Var. reading: ^ulNAD₃; = "bed-star"; the name of Jupiter in the month of kislimu [Gössmann^[5] 291]. Only in IIIR, 53, 2, see (Kurtik a28) ^dAMAR.UTU. Likely a scribe's error; instead of NA₂ it should be GAM₃^(?). XVIX. K. 3384 (Reiner-Pigree, BPO 3, 1998^[10], 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR^[27] 43, 2 = ACh Ištar^[28] VIII 11<reverse only>) Venus -Names; see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT^[12] 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314. Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.

Stars within the Constellation Area


id	Label	HIP	description	Vmag
1	Capella	HIP 24608	Constellation lines (Vertex)	0.08
2	Menkalinan	HIP 28360	Constellation lines (Vertex)	1.9
3	Mahasim	HIP 28380	Constellation lines (Vertex)	2.62
4	ν Aurigae	HIP 27673	Inside the Hull	3.95
5	-	HIP 27319	Inside the Hull	6.292
6	-	HIP 27777	Inside the Hull	6.39

Additional

Deity.

^dgamlu — a shepherd's staff and/or weapon characterized by its curvature. Marduk and other deities possessed suchobjects [AHw^[29], 279; Tallqvist 1938^[30], 310]. Immediately after ^múlGAM₃ in VAT 16436:9 follows ^múlKIŠIB GAM₃ ^dDAM.KI.NUN.NA "the hand on the staff of Damkinunna". [Schaumberger 1952^[6], 226-227], most likely a variant of the name of the Sumerian goddess ^dDam.ki.na (var.: ^dDam.ki.an.na, ^dDam.gal.nun.an.na, ^dDam.gal.nun.na), considered the wife of Ea [Litke 1998^[31], 88; Tallqvist 1938^[30], 280]. For gamlu as a divine symbol and as a tool of the caster see also [Wiggermann 1992, 61-62].

Symbol.

A staff with a rounded handle in the form of a ram's head, at least for certain in the case of the asterism. The symbol is known from the Old Babylonian time on the seals, and later on the kudurru [Seidl 1968^[32], 165-167; Van Buren 1945^[33], 149-151], where it was depicted often next to a goat-fish, which suggests its connection with the god Ea.

Previous Identification.

Constellation:

= Auriga [Gössmann^[5] 64; Weidner 1957-59^[34], 78; MA^[13], 137; Mesop.Astrol.^[15], 207, App. C; ASM^[23], 272; Horowitz 2014^[35], 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018^[25], 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952^[6], 229; MA^[13], 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae (Menkalinan) [Schaumberger 1952^[6], 229; Pingree-Walker 1988^[36], 319, note 15], see also (Kurtik k21) KIŠIB.

Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
Gamlu, The Crook, in the reconstruction by Gavin White (2014).
The True Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
Crook as a standalone constellation (Stellarium CC BY J. Gullberg and SMH).

Papke (1989) is wrong, as his Shepherd has only the leg formed by the stars of Ori which is rather nonsensical image. A much more fitting representation of the Gamlu-Crook as Shepherd's Staff was designed by LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, in 2016: their figure of the shepherd fits the stars of Orion and the shepherd's staff only appears strangly long.

White (2014) gives three images: A sketch of the Greek shepherd in Auriga just called "Crook" which is not justified by any text, a Babylonian "bison-man" which is (a) in our mind a wrong wording because bisons live only in North America and not in Mesopotamia, and (b) also not attested in any text: The constellation of the "bison-man" (GU.ALIM) occurs only in the dal.ba.an.na text, and needs to be identified with a different area in the sky. White's last version of "Gamlu" as a simply throwing stick is correct: Our drawing differs, but the object can be considered in more than one way.

Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

(1) kišib gam₃ "Handle on the Staff", see (Kurtik k21) KIŠIB. Beaulieu et al. 2018^[25], 64)

(2) sag.du ^mulgam₃ "Top of the Staff", see list of stars in VR 46.1, also (Kurtik u10) UDU.NITA₂.

Astrology.

Identifications:

(1) = Jupiter; ^mulGAM₃ — the name of Marduk (^dAMAR.UTU = Jupiter) in the month Kislimu [IIIR^[27] 53, 2:10; CT^[37] 26, 49, S. 777:10], see also [HBA^[17], 24]; ^{mul d}AMAR.UTU a-na ^mulGAM₃ i-qab-bi "The asterism of Marduk — so said of the Staff". [BPO 2^[9], III 29a + Parallels]; see also: Ga₂-am₃-lum lum-[m]un: ^dSag-me-gar u₂-ta-an-na-at-ma "(Constellation) ominous Staff, (it means): the luster of Jupiter is weak" [SpTU I^[38], 84:14], and also [Brown 2000^[39], 61].

(2) = Mars(?); so considered by Bezold, quoted by Gesman [Bezold 1920^[40], 122:175; Gössmann^[5], III, A 2 ], but we find no confirmation in the texts.

Predictions:

(3) General astrological meaning; [^mulGAM₃ ana BALA TIL.L]A / ^mulGAM₃ lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ ^mulGAM₃ zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU₆+DU-a "[Staff (to predict) the end of a dynasty]. / The staff is evil: the dynasty will perish. / If the staff becomes dark]: a dynasty will perish and another will arise. [BPO 2^[9], VI 4-4b + Parallels].

(4) Radiation in the Staff; [DIŠ ^dG]AM₃ ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an "If the Staff emits radiations: the foundation of the throne remains solid" [ARAK^[14], 170 r. 1-2]; for parallels see. [ibid.^[14], 115 r. 4; BPO 2^[9], XVI 13; LABS^[12], 160:13]; perhaps the reference here is to the rising of Jupiter near the Ascendant, cf. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Jupiter approaches the Staff; DIŠ ^dSAG.ME.GAR ana ^mulGAM₃ TE ERUB KUR.URI^ki S[I.SA₂] "If Jupiter approaches the staff: the harvest of Akkad will be abundant" [BPO 2^[9], III 9a + Parallels].

(6) The Old Man and the Staff; DIŠ ^mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK₄-ib [...] "If the Old Man leaves the Staff behind [...] [BPO 3^[10], K.2111+:7], see also (Kurtik sh16) ŠU.GI, VI 15, and Uranology above.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, a6)	Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: ^mulZUBI; = ^mulgamlu «Посох (с кривой ручкой)»; 1) созвездие в Возничем (Auriga), 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Капелла) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228]. I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: ^mul˹zubi˺ = [gam-lu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4–4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 4): ^mulGAM₃ ^dGam-lum «Посох» (I i 4). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina ^itiBAR₂ UD 20 KAM ^mulGAM₃ IGI.LA₂ «20-го нисану Посох становится видимым» (I ii 37); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62:17–18]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša₂ ^mulKU₆ 35 UD^meš ana KUR ša₂ ^mulGAM₃ / TA KUR ša₂ ^mulGAM₃ 10 UD^meš ana KUR ša₂ MUL.MUL «35 дней от восхода Рыбы до восхода Посоха. 10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд» (I iii 43–44). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: ^mulGAM₃ после ^mulŠU.GI перед ^mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: ina ^itiBAR₂ UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša₂ ^mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB₄ AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma ^mulGAM₃ KUR-ḫa «20-го нисану...плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Посох восходит» (I iv 13–14). (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: ^mulGAM₃, после ^mulŠU.GI, перед ^mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 7 tikpu-звезд: ^mulgam₃; (2) gam-lum, в неясном значении [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959–60, 107–108]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) ^mulgam₃ = ^gištukul ša₂ šuII ^damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руках Мардука»; (2) ^muludu.nita₂ = sag.du ^mulgam₃ «Звезда–Баран = Вершина Посоха» [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA₂] \| ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri \| 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA ^mulna-aṣ-ra-pi \| EN ^mul[GAM₃] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на небе / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] \| 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) \| 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) \| TA ^mulGAM₃ \| EN ^mulKIŠIB GAM₃ «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1–4; TU, 21 r. 1–4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na ^mulgam-l[u] «150 до Посоха» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: ^múlGAM₃ ^dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ₃ «Посох Мардука // 1 (звезда) // 14400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA ^m[u]lŠU.GI EN ^mulGAM, [...] «От Старика до Посоха [...]», b) TA ^mulGAM₃ EN ^mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:8–9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana ^mulgam-lu «½ мили(150) до Посоха» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:16]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. См. также k21KIŠIB. Dalbanna-текст. §U. ^mulgam₃ ^mulgir₃ zag šu.gi ^mulgir₃ gub₃ ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa₂ dub₂.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] «Посох (ζ, η Aur), правая нога Старика (ρ Per), левая нога [x x] Близнецов (μ Gem): […3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интер[ва]ла, ditto [x x]» [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 60, 77], ^mulgir₃ gub₃ ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x] = ^mulgir₃ gub₃ ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem). Текст Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina ^itine ^mulgam₃ // ^mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u ^mulAN.U₂.GI.E // ^mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / ^mulur.gi₇ // ^muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u ^mulPa-bil-sag // ^mulA[N.T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] «В месяце абу: Посох, Праведный Пастух [Ану], / и AN.U₂.GI.E — Наверху стоя[щая] звезда. / Пес, Сидящие боги и Пабилсаг — На[вер]ху вспы[хивающая] звезда» (Rev. 37–40) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. Поздняя астрология. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI ^mulZUB]I U₃.[TU…] «Если (он), когда Посох (кульминирует), родился…» [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: […: ^múlzubi] e₃-a nig₂.tuk uš₂ giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… Посох] появляется: он будет здоровым, смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. См. также m16MAŠ.TAB.BA. II. Божество. ^dgamlu ― оружие (kakku) или какой-то другой предмет (посох!), которому свойственна кривизна; имелся не только у Мардука [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Непосредственно за ^múlGAM₃ в VAT 16436:9 следует ^múlKIŠIB GAM₃ ^dDAM.KI.NUN.NA «Рука на Посохе Дамкинунны» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227]. ^dDAM.KI.NUN.NA, возможно, есть вариант имени шумерской богини ^dDam.ki.na (вар.: ^dDam.ki.an.na, ^dDam.gal.nun.an.na, ^dDam.gal.nun.na), считавшейся супругой Эа [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. О gamlu как божественном символе и как инструменте заклинателя см. также [Wiggermann 1992, 61–62]. III. Символ. Посох с закругленной ручкой в виде бараньей головы(?). Символ известен со старовавилонского времени на печатях, а позднее на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 165–167; Van Buren 1945, 149–151], где изображался нередко рядом с козой-рыбой, что свидетельствует о его связи с богом Эа. IV. Отождествление. Созвездие: = Auriga [G. 64; Weidner 1957–59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72]. Ziqpu XVI: = α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88]. Ziqpu XVII: = β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15], см. также k21KIŠIB. V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды. (1) kišib gam₃ «Рука на Посохе», см. k21KIŠIB. (2) sag.du ^mulgam₃ «Вершина Посоха», см. список звезд в VR 46,1, а также u10UDU.NITA₂. V. Астрология. Отождествления: (1) = Юпитер; ^mulGAM₃ ― имя Мардука (^dAMAR.UTU = Юпитер) в месяце кислиму [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], см. также [HBA, 24]; ^{mul d}AMAR.UTU a-na ^mulGAM₃ i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят о Посохе» [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; cм. также: Ga₂-am₃-lum lum-[m]un: ^dSag-me-gar u₂-ta-an-na-at-ma «(Созвездие) Посох зловещее, (это означает): блеск Юпитера слабый» [SpTU I, 84:14], а также [Brown 2000, 61]. (2) = Марс(?); так считает Бецольд, которого цитирует Гесман [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], однако подтверждений в текстах не находим. Предсказания: (3) Общее астрологическое значение; [^mulGAM₃ ana BALA TIL.L]A / ^mulGAM₃ lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ ^mulGAM₃ zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU₆+DU-a «[Посох (для предсказания) конца династии]. / (Если) Посох зловещий: династия погибнет. / [Если при своем появлении Посох становится темны]м: династия погибнет и другая возникнет» [BPO 2, VI 4–4b + Parallels]. (4) Излучение в Посохе; [DIŠ ^dG]AM₃ ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an «Если Посох излучение несет: основание трона останется прочным» [ARAK, 170 r. 1–2]; параллели см. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; возможно, здесь речь идет о восходе Юпитера вблизи Возничего, см. [Brown 2000, 61]. (5) Юпитер приближается к Посоху; DIŠ ^dSAG.ME.GAR ana ^mulGAM₃ TE ERUB KUR.URI^ki S[I.SA₂] «Если Юпитер приближается к Посоху: урожай Аккада будет обильным» [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels]. (6) Старик и Посох; DIŠ ^mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK₄-ib [...] «Если Старик оставляет Посох позади [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 15.	Example
Kurtik (2022, a7)
аккадская параллель к mulGAM3(=ZUBI) «Посох», см. g06GAM3.
Kurtik (2022, n01)
вар. чтения: ^ulNAD₃; = «Звезда-ложе»; имя Юпитера в месяце кислиму [G. 291]. Только в IIIR, 53, 2, см. a28^dAMAR.UTU. Возможно, это ошибка переписчика; вместо NA₂ должно быть GAM₃(?).

References

Kurtik's references

↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
↑ von Soden, W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 Schaumberger J. Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.
↑ Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
↑ Cavigneaux A. Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
↑ Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
↑ Weidner E. Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
↑ Horowitz W. Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
↑ Koch J. Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 ^25.2 Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
↑ Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 Rawlinson H. The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).
↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
↑ von Soden, W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:^dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša₂ amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
↑ Seidl U. Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.
↑ Van Buren E.D. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.
↑ Weidner E. mul gir₂.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
↑ Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
↑ Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.
↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
↑ Brown D. Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.
↑ Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.

[1] Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.

[2] Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579

[3] von Soden, W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.

[4] The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).

[:1-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 Schaumberger J. Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.

[7] Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.

[8] Cavigneaux A. Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.

[:2-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).

[:3-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.

[11] Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.

[:4-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.

[:5-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY

[:6-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).

[:7-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.

[16] Weidner E. Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.

[:8-17] 17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.

[18] Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.

[19] Thureau-Dangin F. Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.

[:9-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).

[21] Horowitz W. Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.

[:10-22] 22.0 ^22.1 Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.

[:11-23] 23.0 ^23.1 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.

[24] Koch J. Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.

[:12-25] 25.0 ^25.1 ^25.2 Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.

[26] Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.

[:13-27] 27.0 ^27.1 Rawlinson H. The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.).

[28] Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)

[29] von Soden, W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.

[:14-30] 30.0 ^30.1 Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.

[31] Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:^dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša₂ amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).

[32] Seidl U. Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.

[33] Van Buren E.D. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.

[34] Weidner E. mul gir₂.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].

[35] Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.

[36] Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.

[37] Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.

[38] Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.

[39] Brown D. Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.

[40] Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.

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