AN

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Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by Susanne M Hoffmann, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023). Anu's path is around the celestial equator, ±17° (roughly, not always accurate).

AN = Anum, The name of the Sumerian-Akkadian, King of the Heavens, sky god. For AN (mulAN, dAN mul dAN) as a name for Mars, perhaps to be read DINGIR mulDINGIR etc. (see Horowitz????). In the first millennium BCE, múlAN is also Sumerian designation for Mars. The regular name for Mars would be MUL dṢal-bat-a-nu = MUL DINGIR = for signs MUL.AN. 

Dictionary

Krebernik (2023)

An/Anu(m).

  • The sky(-god). dA-num (EN 9r; AN 1r, 6r, 7r).
  • AGA dA-num “crown of Anum” (AN 6r).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Var. readings and signs: dAnu, d60/LX, dAN; AN mul2AN.

  • (1) = kakkabu "asterism." [CAD K, 46a].
  • (2) Designation of the planet Mars, in later astronomical and astrological texts, sometimes includes the determinative múl [G. 21]; on the origins of the name see [Neugebauer-Sachs 1967, 218].

The abbreviation AN (the single sign that also serves as the divine determinative DINGIR (d superscript) may be explained by the first entry for Mars in the Great Star List:

  • AN AN Ṣal-bat-a-nu, which we propose was to be understood AN = dṢal-bat-a-nu.

see also múlAN dGirra ez-zu ..., "Mars, fierce Fire-god, my lord, my lord, be calm," in the Babylonian New Year’s Ritual (Linssen 220: 308, translation p. 229).   

Sources Identifications
(a30) mulAN
Predictions from EAE:
  • DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina mulAN ŠU2TE.TE dṣal-bat-a-nu x [...]
  • "If a planet approaches mulAN (Mars) at sunset, (it means): Mars . [...]" [ACh Ištar, 30:30 = K. 2329 = AAT pl. 91-92 = CDLI P238165 ]
"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."

As a designation for Mars is used already in the earliest known "diary" of year -651 [ADRT I, no. -651:10], later passim.

Mathematical Astronomy.

See. [ACT II, 487b].

"Horoscopes."

See. [BH, 28].

LBAT 1591.

In the list of 5 planets (obv. 1) AN is in the last place. Temple rituals.

  • (1) New Year rituals in Babylon: múlAN dgirru(BIL.GI) ez-zu... "Mars, the wrathful Girru." [RAcc. 138:308; Reynolds 1998, 349; Linssen 2004, 220:308, 229:308].
  • (2) Rituals in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) UDU.IDIM.
Late Astrology.

See. [TU, 18:3, 12, 16; Weidner 1925, 352] as well as [SpTU I, 90:2, 9, 10, 13, 18; 94:13].

(a41) mul  dAnu(m) (361)

The following astral aspects of Anu can be distinguished.

 (1) The celestial sphere was divided into three regions, of which the central one, containing the celestial equator and the ecliptic, belonged to Anu. This division first appears in a Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night [KUB IV, 47 r. 46-47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]); the standard designation:
  • kakkabāni(MUL.MEŠ) šu-ut dA-nim "stars of Anu" or ḫarrān(KASKAL) šu-ut dA-nim "way of Anu".
  • Lists of the stars of Anu:
    • a) 23 stars of Anu in MUL.APIN (I i 40-ii 18),
    • b) 12 stars of Anu in texts 82-5-22,512 [CT 33 9:8-14; HBA, 104],
    • c) 12 stars of Anu in Astrl. B (B ii 1-33; C 1-12, center column) [Horowitz 2014, 38]; for parallels see. [LBAT 1499; Walker-Hunger 1977],
    • (d) 10 stars of Anu in the "Catalogue of 30 Stars" [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 1-10].
  • The stars of Anu, Enlil and Ea were subject to special sacrifices. See, for example, the ritual “Washing of the mouth” (mīs pî) or the “revival” of the statue-dieties: 
    • 3 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na šu-ut dA-nim šu-ut dE[n-lil2 u šu-ut dE2-a tara-kas2 KI. MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš)]
    • "3 altars for (stars) Anu, E[nlil and Ea you erect (and perform) the same (= mouth washing)]" [Smith 1925; TuL 105:36; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:36].
(2) In the cosmology of the three heavens, Anu belongs to the uppermost heaven. The description in "The Great Star List and Miscellenia":
  • [an-u2] an.ta-tum na4.lu-lu-da-ni-tum ša2 da-nim / [an-u2] murub-tum na4.sag-gil-mut ša2 digigi / an-u2 ki.ta-tum na4.aš-pu2-u ša2 mul.meš "The upper heaven of luludanitu-stone, (belongs to) Anu.
  • The middle heaven of saggilmut-stone, (belongs to) Ihigam. The lower sky of jasper, (belongs to) the stars". [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:278-280]. For a detailed analysis see. [MCG, Ch. 1].
(3) Like the star(?) paired with dAntum is mentioned in the description of the night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk:
  • ki-ma ša2 mul dAnu(diš) gal-u2 ša2 an-e it-tap-ḫa (mul d)An-tum gal-tum ša2 an-e / ina mulmar.gid2.da it-tap-ḫa
  • "As soon as the great heavenly asterism of Anu rises, (and) the great heavenly star Antum rises in the Wagon." [RAcc. 68, 119:15-16; Linssen 2004, 245:15-16].

The celestial incarnation of mul dAnum was, apparently, the star in the constellation mu.bu.keš.da (= α Draconis?), (mul d)Antum–in the constellation mar.gid2.da (Ursa Majoris) [RAcc. 85, note 2; Reiner 1995, 139].

(4) As a constellation:

          = mulAL.LUL, see Astrolabe B (B ii 26-27), BM 82923:29, MUL.APIN I i 7, and see also. [BPO 2, III 33-33a], [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 181];

         = mulLU.LIM, see Astrolabe B (B ii 15-17) [BPO 2, III 32-32a];

         = mulMU.BU.KEŠ.DA, see MUL.APIN I i 19;

         = mulSIM.MAḪ, cf. "Catalog of 30 Stars" (Anu 6) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 181, notes];

          = mulUR.BAR.RA, see VR 46, 1:2.

          = mulDINGIR.KU.Ameš, see VR 46, 1:16.

          = mulŠAḪ, see VR 46, 1:18.

          = in one version of the Old Babylonian "Prayer to the Gods of the Night" [Horowitz-Wasserman 1996, 57-58:13].

          See also: mulAnu(60) [SpTU III, 101 r. 7].

          See a18AL.LUL 𒀠𒈜, a40dAntum, L09LU.LIM, m27MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA, s19SIM.MAḪ.

Mars is a planet of our solar system and visible to the naked eye. Its motion occurs in loops which are easily observable as he is the fastest of the looping planets.

Images of Mars

  • Close Conjunction of Jupiter (brighter) and Mars (reddish) under Orion (upper right), seen from Cape Town (SMH 2024)

    Close Conjunction of Jupiter (brighter) and Mars (reddish) under Orion (upper right), seen from Cape Town (SMH 2024)

  • Closest Conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 2024 (Cape Town, SMH).

    Closest Conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 2024 (Cape Town, SMH).

  • Jupiter, Mars and Pleiades at Dawn (SMH 2024).

    Jupiter, Mars and Pleiades at Dawn (SMH 2024).

  • Jupiter, Mars, Pleiaden in a slightly cloudy morning twilight (SMH 2024).

    Jupiter, Mars, Pleiaden in a slightly cloudy morning twilight (SMH 2024).

  • Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH January 2025).

    Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH January 2025).

  • Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH February 2025).

    Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH February 2025).

  • Mars extremly close to epsilon Geminorum (14 April 2023), seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH).

    Mars extremly close to epsilon Geminorum (14 April 2023), seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH).

  • One day after the close conjunction of Mars with epsilon Geminorum; seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023). The planet then had a visible separation from the star.

    One day after the close conjunction of Mars with epsilon Geminorum; seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023). The planet then had a visible separation from the star.

  • Mars in the Open Star Cluster Praesepe (M44) in Cancer (2023)

    Mars in the Open Star Cluster Praesepe (M44) in Cancer (2023)

  • Mars next to a tower in Central Europe: its reddish colour is extraordinarily obvious (SMH 2025).

    Mars next to a tower in Central Europe: its reddish colour is extraordinarily obvious (SMH 2025).

  • Mars two moon widths next to the Moon, photograph at full moon taken through a window in order to produce a dimmer image of the full moon next to Mars: the planet is at the right edge of the Moon. (SMH January 2025).

    Mars two moon widths next to the Moon, photograph at full moon taken through a window in order to produce a dimmer image of the full moon next to Mars: the planet is at the right edge of the Moon. (SMH January 2025).

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, a30) Gössmann (1950)

(a30) mulAN

(1) = kakkabu «звезда» [CAD K, 46a]. (2) Обозначение планеты Марс в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, иногда с детерминативом múl [G. 21]; о происхождении названия см. [Neugebauer 1947, 218]. I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». Как обозначение Марса используется уже в самом раннем известном «дневнике» за –651 год [ADRT I, No. -651:10], позднее passim. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT II, 487b]. «Гороскопы». См. [BH, 28]. LBAT 1591. В списке 5 планет (obv. 1) AN на последнем месте. Храмовые ритуалы. (1) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: múlAN dgirru(BIL.GI) ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирру» [RAcc. 138:308; Reynolds 1998, 349; Linssen 2004, 220:308, 229:308]. (2) Ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Поздняя астрология. См. [TU, 18:3, 12, 16; Weidner 1925, 352], а также [SpTU I, 90:2, 9, 10, 13, 18; 94:13].

(a32) mulAN.ŠU2.TE

В единственном предсказании из ЕАЕ: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina mulAN.ŠU2.TE TE dṣal-bat-a-nu […] «Eсли планета к mulAN.ŠU2.TE приближается, (это означает): Марс […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:30].

(a41) mul  dAnu(m) (361),

вар. чтения и обозначения: dAnu, d60/LX, dAN; Ану ― один из трех главных богов аккадского пантеона, играл важную роль на месопотамском небе [G. 24; BPO 2, 10]. Можно выделить следующие астральные аспекты Ану.

(1) Небесная сфера подразделялась на три региона, из которых центральный, содержавший небесный экватор и эклиптику, принадлежал Ану. Впервые это подразделение встречается в хеттской молитве ночным богам [KUB IV, 47 r. 46–47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]); стандартное обозначение: kakkabāni(MUL.MEŠ) šu-ut dA-nim «звезды Ану» или ḫarrān(KASKAL) šu-ut dA-nim «путь Ану». Cписки звезд Ану: a) 23 звезды Ану в MUL.APIN (I i 40–ii 18), b) 12 звезд Ану в тексте 82-5-22,512 [CT 33 9:8–14; HBA, 104], c) 12 звезд Ану в Astrl. B (B ii 1–33; C 1–12, центральный столбец) [Horowitz 2014, 38]; параллели см. [LBAT 1499; Walker–Hunger 1977], d) 10 звезд Ану в «Каталоге 30 звезд» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 1–10]. Звездам Ану, Энлиля и Эа приносились особые жертвоприношения. См., например, ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества: 3 KEŠDA.MEŠ a-na šu-ut dA-nim šu-ut dE[n-lil2 u šu-ut dE2-a tara-kas2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-uš)] «3 алтаря для (звезд) Ану, Э[нлиля и Эа ты воздвигаешь (и совершаешь) то же (= омовение рта)]» [Smith 1925; TuL 105:36; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:36].

(2) В космологии трех небес Ану принадлежит самое верхнее небо. Описание в «Большом списке звезд»: [an-u2] an.ta-tum na4.lu-lu-da-ni-tum ša2 da-nim / [an-u2] murub-tum na4.sag-gil-mut ša2 digigi / an-u2 ki.ta-tum na4.aš-pu2-u ša2 mul.meš «Верхнее небо из лулуданиту-камня, (принадлежит) Ану. Среднее небо из саггильмут-камня, (принадлежит) Игигам. Нижнее небо из яшмы, (принадлежит) звездам» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:278–280]. Подробный анализ см. [MCG, Ch. 1].

(3) Как звезда(?) в паре с dAntum упоминается в описании ночного ритуала в храме Ану в Уруке: ki-ma ša2 mul dAnu(diš) gal-u2 ša2 an-e it-tap-ḫa (mul d)An-tum gal-tum ša2 an-e / ina mulmar.gid2.da it-tap-ḫa «Как только великая небесная звезда Ану восходит, (и) великая небесная звезда Антум в Повозке восходит» [RAcc. 68, 119:15–16; Linssen 2004, 245:15–16]. Небесным воплощением mul dAnum была, по-видимому, звезда в созвездии mu.bu.keš.da (= α Draconis?), (mul d)Antum ―  в созвездии mar.gid2.da (Ursa Majoris) [RAcc. 85, note 2; Reiner 1995, 139].

(4) Как созвездие:

= mulAL.LUL, см. Astrolabe B (B ii 26–27), BM 82923:29, MUL.APIN I i 7,  а также см. [BPO 2, III 33–33a], [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181];

= mulLU.LIM, см. Astrolabe B (B ii 15–17) [BPO 2, III 32–32a];

= mulMU.BU.KEŠ.DA, см. MUL.APIN I i 19;

= mulSIM.MAḪ, см. «Список 30 звезд» (Anu 6) [Oelsner-Horowitz  1997–98, 181, notes];

= mulUR.BAR.RA, см. VR 46, 1:2.

= mulDINGIR.KU.Ameš, см. VR 46, 1:16.

= mulŠAḪ, см. VR 46, 1:18.

= в одной из версий старовавилонской «Молитвы ночным богам» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 57–58:13].

См. также: mulAnu(60) [SpTU III, 101 r. 7].

Cм. a18AL.LUL, a40dAntum, L09LU.LIM, m27MU.BU.KEŠ.DA, s19SIM.MAḪ.

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