PAN: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:53, 28 December 2025

Mesopotamian constellations PAN (Bow) in Arrow Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).

^mulPAN (𒀯𒉼) = qaštu. “bow”. Historically read BAN, but a number of syllabic writings of the star name (pa-an, pa-na) confirm the reading PAN in preference to the older reading BAN. The ancient constellation includes stars in classical Canis Major and Puppis. Its proximity to the bright star Sirius in the Sumerian constellation kak.si.sa₂ (= Akkadian šukudu), 'the Arrow,' suggesting a super-constellation consisting of a Bow and Arrow illustrated here. For what may be another 'bow' constellation see qaštum elamatum (below).

Concordance, Etymology, History^[1]

The transliteration BAN or PAN is conventional, but note that the earliest sources give the reading pa-na (e.g., OB Diri Nippur 197, see MSL 15, 18). ^mulPAN (AN 12l).^[2]

Var. readings and designations:

^{mul (giš)}PAN;
= "Bow". [Gössmann^[3] 47; CAD^[4] Q, 152-3];
^{mul d}BAN
qaštu (Akkadian parallel to ^mulBAN/PAN "bow").

Syllabic Akkadian entries in the lexical texts of the Urra XXII tradition, and in the Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night.

Generally accepted designation:

^{mul (giš)}PAN; constellation in the Great Dog (Canis Major + Puppis).

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources	Identifications
PAN / qaštum
Lexical texts. (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: ^{mul giš}pan [MSL XI^[5], 108:406], ^[mul]pan [ibid.^[5], 144, BM 78206 iii 4]. (2) Urra XXII series: ^mulpan = qa-al-tu₄ [Emar VI/4^[6], 151:167], ^mul[^gišpan] = [qa]-aš₂-tum [MSL XI^[5], 31, Section 10:5], ^mul[giš]pan = qa-aš-tum [Bloch-Horowitz 2015^[7], 105:275′]; for parallels see. [Cavigneaux 1979^[8], 132:9; SpTU III^[9], 114A v 20]. (3) Series Ḫg.: ^mulpan = qa-aš-tu₂ [SpTU III^[9], 116 Rs. iii 16].
"Prayers to the Gods of the Night." (1) Old Babylonian prayer: (a) Erm. 15642: qa₂-aš-tum "Bow". [Horowitz 2000,^[10] 196-197:17], and also [Shileiko 1924^[11], 147; Dossin 1935^[12], 180; Soden 1936^[13], 306], (b) AO 6769: qa₂-aš-tum [Dossin 1935^[12], 181:17], (c) CBS 574: ^gišPA[N] [Horowitz-Wasserman 1996^[14], 58:13]. (2) Hittite prayer: ^{mul giš}PAN [KUB^[15] IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2^[16], 2:10; Van der Toorn 1985^[17], 130:45]. (3) Neo-Assyrian prayer K. 2315+: ^mulPAN is missing on the surviving portion of the tablet, but it was undoubtedly present in the original [Oppenheim 1959^[18], 282-283].
Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). See (Kurtik a33) ^mulAN.TA.GUB.
"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)." Astrolabe P. The month of Abu, stars of Ea, 200 [Pinches 1900^[19], 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Menology: ^itikin ^mulpan ^dInanna elam.ma^ki.ke₄: ^itikin ši-pir₂ ^dEš₄-dar e-la-ma-ti, Sum. ??Here or there etc. with the below ??? "The Month of Ululu, the Constellation of the Bow, Inanna of Elam," Akk. "Month of Ululu, service of Ishtar of Elam" (A ii 16); for parallels see. [BPO 2^[16], IX 7, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7; Çağirgan 1985^[20], 405:31], see also [BPO 2^[16], 82; Emelyanov 1999^[21], 92]. (2) List (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / ^mulpan ^dIštar(inanna) e-la-ma-tum / [du]mu.munus ^dA-nim "The constellation which comes after it (i.e. after ^mulkak.si.sa₂ "Arrow") stands, the Bow, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Ana" (B i 14-16); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98^[22], Ea 6]. (3) List (3´12): ^itine ^mulpan šu-ut ^dE₂-a "Abu month: the Bow (on the way of) Ea (rising)" (C i 5); for a parallel see. [CAD^[4] N/1 259a; Q 152-153]. (4) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): a) [^itine] ^mulpan ^mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ^mulmar.gid₂. da ˹e₃˺ "[Abu]: the Bow, the Great Twins, Wagon rises" (C 21), b) ^mulpan ^mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ^mulmar.gid₂.da šu₂.˹a˺ "(Abu): The Bow, the Great Twins, the Wagon sets." [KAV^[23] 218, C 34; Horowitz 2014^[24], Ch. 5-7]. BM 82923. Abu month, stars of Ea: MUL [PAN] // 3,2[0 // ...] "[Bow // 200 // ...] [Walker-Hunger 1977^[25], 30:13]. BM 34713. ^[iti]ne // 3.20 ^múlpan // 1.50 ^múlmaš.tab.ba // 50? [...^múl]al.tar "Abu: 200 Bow, 110 Gemini, 50 [...] Jupiter." [LBAT^[26], 1499:5].
EAE. See. [BPO 2^[16], IX 5, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7-8, XIV 7, XVI 17-18; BPO 3^[27], K.12457:6, K.137:2, K.3124:9, K.2346+:57; Borger 1973^[28], LB 1321 r. 12′-14′, 27′; Verderame^[29], 248; SpTU III^[9], 101:22-24].
"Catalog of 30 Stars.” Ea. 6. MUL KI.MIN (=ša₂ EGIR-šu₂ GUB-zu) ^mulPAN Iš₈-tar₂ (B: ^d15) e-la-ma-tum (B adds: DUMU.SAL ^dEN:ZU) a-na ṣe-er-re-et ša-me-e "The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after ^mulKAK.SI.SA₂ "Arrow"), the Bow, Ishtar of Elam (B adds: daughter of Sîn.) For the lead-rope of heaven" (A. 7, B. 10) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177, 179]; for the translation of ṣerret šamê / šamāmī = "lead-rope of heaven" see. [CAD^[4] Ṣ, 134-137; Horowitz 1998, 119-120, 265].
"Reports." See. [SAA 8^[30] 350b].
MUL.APIN. (1) The stars of Anu (no. 12): ^mulPAN ^dIš-tar NIM.MA-tu₄ DUMU.SAL ^dEn-lil₂ "(Constellation) of the Bow, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Enlil" (I ii 7). (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ina ^itiNE UD 5 KAM ^mulPAN u ^mulLUGAL IGI^me "On the 5th of abu, the Bow constellation and the King star rises" (I ii 44).v (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: a) ^mulPAN u ^mulLUGAL KUR^me ^mulUZ₃ ŠU₂-bi "The Bow and the King rises, the Goat sets" (I iii 19), b) ^mulPa-bil-sag ^mulZa-ba₄-ba₄ u DINGIR.GUB.BA^meš-ma / ^mulKAK.SI.SA₂ ^mulPAN u ^mulGAM₃ ŠU₂^meš "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Staff rise, the Arrow, Bow and thee Staff goes down" (I iii 27-28). (4) Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ša₂ ^mulKAK.SI.SA₂ 20 UD^meš ana KUR ša₂ ^mulPAN "20 days from Arrow rising to Bow rising" (I iii 48). (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: ina ^itiIZI UD 15 KAM MUL^meš um-mu-lu-tu₄ ^mulŠU. GI / ina MURUB₄ AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma ^mulPAN KUR-ḫa "On the 15th of abu, the faint stars of the Old Man stands in the middle of the sky, opposite your breast, and the Bow rises" (I iv 22-23), (see also [Horowitz 1989-90^[31], 117, BM 73815: 1′]) [MA^[32] 32, 42, 49, 51, 57, 64]. Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik sh16) ŠU.GI.
"The Great Star List and Miscellenia". (1) ^mulpan = ^mulab.sin₂ "Bow = Furrow"; (2) 12 stars of Elam: [^mulpan] [Mesop.Astrol.^[33], App. B:42, 203].
List of stars VR 46, 1:23. ^mulpan = ^dIš₈-tar₂ kur.ka₂^ki "Bow = Ishtar of Babylon" [HBA^[34] 52, Wee 2016^[35], 162-3:23].
Uranologies ^[m]ulPAN ^dša-la ru-ba-at [...] ana şer-ret [AN-e . . . "The Bow, Lady Šala [...], for the lead-rope(s)/breasts [of heaven . . .] [Beaulieu et al., 2018^[36], 37, 41, Text D, col. ii 23-24]
GU text. (D) ^mulal.[lu]l kimin ^mulmuš ^mul˹ban˺ / u gir₃^II šumēli(150) ša lu-maš ^mulk]ak.si.sa₂ gu "Crab (ε Cnc) or Snake (β Cnc), Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the Arrow constellation (π Pup): rope". [Pingree-Walker 1988^[37], 315:5-6]. cf. (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL
Anaphora. А 3427: ina ^itine ina še-rim ud 28 ^múlpan ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) "In the month of Abu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Bow emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955^[38], 238:12]. Rochberg ???
Late astrology, magic and the calendar. An extispicy, involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ME.NI ^dNin-e₂-gal ^itiNE ^mulLUGAL E₂.GAL / ^mulPAN it-ti ^mulLUGAL "'Palace Gate' - Ninegal; month of abu - King, Palace; the Bow with the King" [SpTU IV^[39], 159:10-11; Reiner 1995^[40], 78]. PAN.AN.NA, PAN AN-e 'Heavenly Bow' as a designation of the rainbow, see (Kurtik t05) TIR.AN.NA, I.
qaštum elamatum
Horowitz 2014, 74-75 - See there for qashtum elamatum as a separate asterism which should therefore be listed under Q
Prayer to the Gods of the Night see (Kurtik e08) Elamātum
Manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow
GU-Text the "left leg" at the Arrow could be the leg of a deity next to the superconstellation of Bow and Arrow, a deity that holds bow and arrow, it may - perhaps - be the Elamite Ištar

Convex Hull for the stars inside PAN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).

Stars within the Constellation Area


id	Label	IAU design.	description	Vmag
1	NAME CMa Dwarf Galaxy	NAME CMa Dwarf Galaxy	Inside the Hull	-0.1
2	Adhara	HIP 33579	Inside the Hull	1.5
3	Wezen	HIP 34444	Inside the Hull	1.84
4	Tureis	HIP 39757	Constellation lines (Vertex)	2.81
5	Furud	HIP 30122	Constellation lines (Vertex)	2.99
6	ο 2 Canis Majoris	HIP 33977	Constellation lines (Vertex)	3.02
7	Wazn	HIP 27628	Constellation lines (Vertex)	3.12
8	Azmidi	HIP 38170	Inside the Hull	3.3
9	Nganurganity	HIP 33856	Inside the Hull	3.47
10	ω Canis Majoris	HIP 35037	Inside the Hull	3.82
11	-	HIP 36795	Constellation lines (Vertex)	4.39
12	τ Canis Majoris	HIP 35415	Inside the Hull	4.4
13	λ Canis Majoris	HIP 30788	Inside the Hull	4.48
14	ο Puppis	HIP 38070	Inside the Hull	4.49
15	-	HIP 35205	Inside the Hull	4.64
16	27 CMa	HIP 34981	Inside the Hull	4.65
17	PU Pup	HIP 37173	Inside the Hull	4.67
18	-	HIP 35210	Inside the Hull	4.79
19	-	HIP 36431	Inside the Hull	4.86
20	UW CMa	HIP 35412	Inside the Hull	4.95
21	-	HIP 36817	Inside the Hull	5.09
22	10 CMa	HIP 32292	Inside the Hull	5.17
23	-	HIP 35427	Inside the Hull	5.288
24	-	HIP 38146	Inside the Hull	5.313
25	-	HIP 35848	Inside the Hull	5.356
26	-	HIP 34624	Inside the Hull	5.448
27	-	HIP 33478	Inside the Hull	5.47
28	-	HIP 28524	Inside the Hull	5.524
29	FY CMa	HIP 36168	Inside the Hull	5.56
30	-	HIP 35044	Inside the Hull	5.582
31	-	HIP 33575	Inside the Hull	5.583
32	V390 Pup	HIP 37751	Inside the Hull	5.6
33	-	HIP 37590	Inside the Hull	5.628
34	LS CMa	HIP 33804	Inside the Hull	5.635
35	-	HIP 32385	Inside the Hull	5.68
36	LZ CMa	HIP 34579	Inside the Hull	5.69
37	-	HIP 31190	Inside the Hull	5.706
38	-	HIP 31870	Inside the Hull	5.71
39	IY CMa	HIP 30840	Inside the Hull	5.74
40	* n Pup A	HIP 36817	Inside the Hull	5.77
41	-	HIP 36848	Inside the Hull	5.77
42	-	HIP 36024	Inside the Hull	5.782
43	-	HIP 35213	Inside the Hull	5.79
44	* n Pup B	HIP 36817	Inside the Hull	5.795
45	FV CMa	HIP 34360	Inside the Hull	5.83
46	-	HIP 36721	Inside the Hull	5.83
47	-	HIP 28992	Inside the Hull	5.836
48	MZ CMa	HIP 35626	Inside the Hull	5.886
49	IY CMa	HIP 30840	Inside the Hull	5.89
50	26 CMa	HIP 34798	Inside the Hull	5.897
51	-	HIP 36236	Inside the Hull	5.97
52	-	HIP 35611	Inside the Hull	5.986
53	-	HIP 33094	Inside the Hull	6.04
54	-	HIP 34318	Inside the Hull	6.088
55	GY CMa	HIP 34924	Inside the Hull	6.101
56	-	HIP 35920	Inside the Hull	6.2
57	-	HIP 33492	Inside the Hull	6.23
58	-	HIP 36264	Inside the Hull	6.26
59	-	HIP 33760	Inside the Hull	6.279
60	-	HIP 32827	Inside the Hull	6.314
61	-	HIP 30376	Inside the Hull	6.319
62	-	HIP 35132	Inside the Hull	6.34
63	-	HIP 33532	Inside the Hull	6.361
64	-	HIP 37089	Inside the Hull	6.361
65	-	HIP 32322	Inside the Hull	6.43
66	-	HIP 35326	Inside the Hull	6.434
67	KX CMa	HIP 33040	Inside the Hull	6.44
68	-	HIP 38316	Inside the Hull	6.48
69	NGC 2354	NGC 2354	Inside the Hull	6.5

Additional

Deity.

The Bow constellation as a deity enjoyed great popularity, probably because of its association with the goddess Ishtar, attested in many texts. Her name was often written with the determinative d.

Prayers and rituals.

(1) Old Babylonian prayers to the deities of the night (see above).

(2) The Hittite prayer to the deities of the night [Van der Toorn 1985^[17] 130:45; BPO 2^[16], 2].

(3) In the Šurpu series of incantations (II 182) [Reiner 1970^[41], 18:182].

(4) In an apotropaic Namburbi ritual against the harm a bow can do as a fighting weapon [Caplice 1970^[42], 116-117; Ebeling 1955^[43], 137; Reiner 1995^[40], 88].

(5) Babylonian New Year ritual: referring to ^múlpan šub-at₂ dan-nu-tu₂ "the bow that overthrows rulers" as one of the star manifestations of Ishtar(?) [RAcc.^[44] 139:326; Reiner 1995^[40], 139; Linssen 2004^[45], 221, 229]. The notion of ^mulPAN as a weapon of Ishtar seems to go back to a rather early time. In the series AN:^dAnum (IV 257) ^dQa-aš-tum "Deity Bow" stands after the logogram INANNA-INANNA [Litke 1998^[46], 164]. For images of an armed goddess with a bow, see for example [Frankfort 1939^[47] 215, Pl. XXXVa; Barrelet 1955^[48], Fig. 23]. According to Neo-Assyrian descriptions, Ishtar holds a bow in her hand [CAD^[4] Q, 149b; Oppenheim 1956^[49], 249]. The origin of the constellation Bow is also explained in Enuma elish (VI 82-94), but in it, the Bow is a weapon of Anu: 82 im-ḫur-ma be-lum GIŠ.PAN GIŠ.TUKUL-šu₂ ma-ḫar-šu₂-un id-di / 83 sa-pa-ra ša₂ i-te-ep-pu-šu₂ i-mu-ru DINGIR.MEŠ AD.MEŠ-šu₂ / 84 i-mu-ru-ma GIŠ.PAN ki-i nu-uk-ku-lat bi-nu-tu / 85 ep-šet i-te-ep-pu-šu₂ i-na-ad-du AD. MEŠ-šu₂ / 86 iš-ši-ma ^dA-num ina UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ i-qab-bi / 87 GIŠ.PAN it-ta-šiq ši-i lu-u₂ DUMU.MI₂ / 88 im-bi-ma ša₂ GIŠ.PAN ki-a-am MU.MEŠ-ša / 89 i-ṣu a-rik lu iš-te-nu-um-ma ša₂-nu-u₂ lu-u ka-šid / 90 šal-šu₂ šum-ša₂ MUL.PAN ina AN-e u₂-ša₂-pi / 91 u₂-kin-ma gi-is-gal-la-ša₂ it-ti DINGIR.MEŠ at-ḫe-e-ša₂ / 92 ul-tu ši-ma-a-ti ša₂ GIŠ.PAN i-ši-mu ^dA-nu-um / 93 id-di-ma GIŠ.GU.ZA šar-ru-ti ša₂ ina DINGIR.DINGIR ša-qa-a-ta / 94 ^dA-nu-um ina UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ šu-a-ša₂ ul-te-šib-ši "The lord took the bow, his weapon, before them he cast, / The net that he created, saw the gods, his fathers, / Saw the bow: "How perfect the creation!" / The form of the created was praised by his fathers. / Anum lifted (it) up before the assembly of the gods, and said, / The bow kissed: "Let him be a daughter (to me)!" / He called the bow by such names of his: / “Let its first be the Long trunk, let its second be the victor, / its third name let it (be) the asterism Bow!", the sky gave (it) radiance, / Established it (asterism) on its stand (lit. throne) among the gods, his companions. / After Anum had determined the fortunes of the bow, / He erected a throne of kingship, the highest among the gods. / Anum in the assembly of the gods placed that (bow)." [Lambert 2013^[50]: 114-115] ~~(transcribed and translated by V. V. Emelyanov), see also [I will reveal to you. 46-47; CAD Q, 152b; Lewy 1965].~~

(6) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [^mulPAN] ^d˹Iš˺-[tar] ˹NIM˺.[M]A-tu DUMU.MI₂ ^d+EN.LIL₂ li-is-pu-un KUR₂.MEŠ-ka / [... ina qaq]qar tuq-ma-ti "[Bow, Ishtar] of Elam, daughter of Enlil, may she destroy your enemies [... at the] battlefield!" [Watanabe 1992^[51], 370, K. 6331 r. 7-8].

Symbol.

The figure of the constellation ^mulPAN is undoubtedly the image of a bow.

Previous Identification.

= Canis Major without Sirius + Puppis border stars [Gössmann 1950^[3], 47];

= τφσεκη Canis Majoris + κζ (?) Puppis [Waerden 1949^[52], 13, 16, fig. 4];

= Canis Major without Sirius [Weidner 1957-59^[53], 73-74, 76, 79];

= parts of Canis majoris and Puppis [Waerden 1974^[54], 73, 74, fig. 9]; for a Russian translation, see [Waerden 1991, 82, 85, fig. 9];

= τ, δ, σ, ε + Canis Majoris [BPO 2^[16], 11];

= ε, σ, δ and ω Canis Majoris and possibly Puppis [MA^[32], 138];

= δεεηκστ Canis Majoris + ρ11,12,37G.,108G. Puppis [Koch 1989^[55], 69-74, 111, 117, Abb. 17];

= part of the Great Hound (Canis Major) [Mesop.Astrol.^[33], 207].

= δ, ε, σ, ω Canis Majoris and κ Puppis [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

= rear of the Great Hound [Horowitz 2014^[56], 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018^[36], 75].

Astrology.

Identifications:

(1) = Venus; the Bow —Venus in the month of Abu [LBAT^[57], 1564:3; HBA^[34], 118-121] (see Kurtk d06 Dilbat), see also [BPO 3^[27], 88, K.12457:6; 248, K.2346:57] and prediction (9) below.

(2) = Mercury; ^mulPAN ana ^mulKAK.SI.SA₂ KUR-ud ... ^dUDU.IDIM.GU₄.UD ina ŠA₂ ^mul[AB.SIN₂ DU-ma] "If the Bow reaches the Arrow: crops will be abundant, the market will be stable. (This means:) Mercury stands in the Arrow." [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; for a parallel see. [Borger 1973^[28], 41: 13′; SpTU III^[9], 101:24], see also ^mulPAN = ^mulUDU.IDIM "Bow = planet (=Mercury)" [R II 39, 5:19]. See also (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA₂, VI 3.

(3) = Mars; see the identity in predicting (Kurtik a04) A₂.mušen, VI 13, and also [ACh Suppl 2.^[58], 16:31; Bezold 1925, 118:126].

(4) = Furrow; ˹DIŠ ^mulKU₆˺ ana ^mulPAN TE ... ^dGU₄.UD ana ^mulA[B.SIN₂ ...] "If the Fish approaches the Bow ... (It means) Mercury towards the Furrow [it approaches]" [BPO 2^[16], XVI 17 + Parallels]; ^mulUDU.IDIM.GU₄.UD ina ^dUTU.E₃ 0^! / ina qaq-qar ^mulAB. SIN₂ / it-tan-mar "Mercury became visible in the east in the vicinity of the Furrow (=Maiden)", followed by the astrological interpretation: DIŠ ^mulKU₆ a-na ^mulPAN TE ... "If the Fish (=Mercury) comes close to the Bow (=Furrow): the country's crops will be abundant; cattle will spread into the steppes; the king will strengthen and bind his enemies; sesame and dates will be abundant" [SAA 8^[30], 325:1-7].

(4ʹ) = Elamatum, cf. [Cooley 2013^[59], 128-129].

See also: ^mulPAN = ^dUDU.IDIM [Verderame^[29], Vg:20′].

Predictions:

(5) Lunar halo asnd the Bow; DIŠ 30 TUR₃ NIGIN-ma mul ^dPAN ana ŠA₃-šu₂ GUB ... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Bow stands in it: people will be in panic/rage, theft will multiply in the country." [SAA 8^[30] 295:3-4]; for parallels see. [ibid.^[30], 155:5, 378:1, 406:1; ACh Suppl.^[58] 2, 16:31-32].

(6) The Moon and the Bow; DIŠ ^mulPAN ana UGU 30 SI₄-ma / ana ŠA₃ 30 TU UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ "If the Bow (= Mars) comes close to the top portion of the Moon and enters into the Moon: the days of the king will end" [SAA 8^[30], 399:3-4]; [DIŠ] 30 ina IGI.LA-šu₂ ^mulPAN ina MAŠ.QA-šu₂ GUB A.RA₂ KUR DU₃.A.BI [KUD^?...] "[If] the Moon appears (and) at her shoulder the Bow (=Mars?) stands: the communication routes of the whole country [will be cut?] [Verderame^[29], VI.4.1: § 14].

(7) The Bow and the Eagle; šumma ^mulPAN ana ^mulTI₈^mušen ikšud(KUR)^ud šamaššammu (ŠE.GIŠ.I₃) idammiq (SIG₅) [...] "If the Bow (= Mars) reaches the Eagle (= Pleiades): sesame will be yielded" [SpTU III^[9], 101:22]; for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.^[58], 50:14; BPO 3^[27], 230, K.3124:9]; see also [Borger 1973^[28], 41:12′], the last prediction assumes the identities: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = Pleiades.

(8) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; [DIŠ ina ^itiNE] ^mulPAN IGI ŠE.GIŠ.I₃ SIG₅-iq "If the Bow rises in the month of Abu: sesame will be yielded" [BPO 2^[16], XIII 7]; ^mulPAN [ina ^itiNE IGI-mar^?] / BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.[A KUR u me-riš ...] / [...] ... ŠE [SI.SA₂] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [KUR u me-riš ...] / [...] ... ŠE [NU SI.SA₂] "The bow [rises heliacally in the month of Abu? ]; if this star rises early: irrigated land and tilled barley in the country will be normal; if this star rises late: irrigated land of the country and tilled barley will not be normal" [BPO 2^[16], IX 5].

(9) The Bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; [DIŠ ^mulPAN ana] ^mulUD.AL.TAR DIM₄ KUR NIM.MA^ki NINDA DUG₃.GA KU₂ "[If the Bow] comes close [to] Jupiter: Elam will eat good bread" [BPO 2^[16], XIII 8]; parallel: ^mulPAN ana ^mulŠul-pa-e₃ KUR-ud [SpTU III^[9], 101:23]; see also [ACh Suppl.^[58], 50:15; Borger 1973^[28], 41:14′].

(10) Bow and Arrow; DIŠ ^mulpan ana ^mulgag.si.sa₂ kur-ud buru_x(ERUB) si.sa₂ ki.lam gi.na ^muludu.idim.[gu₄.ud ina ša₃ ^mulab.sin₂ gub-ma] "If the Arrow reaches the Bow: the harvest will be abundant. (This means): Mercury stands in the Furrow." [Borger 1973^[28], 41:13′], see also (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA₂, VI 3.

(11) The Bow (= Mercury?) and the Raven (= Goat-Fish?); DIŠ ^ulpan <ana> ^ulug₅.ga i-mid ku₆.meš u SIG [mušen].meš u[d^?-daššû...] "If the Bow stands near the Raven: fish and [bird]s (will become) a[bundant]" [Borger 1973^[28], 41:27′], perhaps here the identities are as follows: "Bow = Mercury", "Raven = Goat-Fish" as in [SAA 8^[30], 73 r. 1-2] (Kurtik k24 KU₆, V 10).

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, p01)
аккадская параллель к ^mulBAN/PAN «Лук». Силлабическая запись в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII и Ḫg., а также в старовавилонской молитве ночным богам, см. b06BAN.
Kurtik (2022, b06)	Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения и обозначения: ^{mul d}BAN, ^mul ^(giš)PAN; = qaštu «Лук» [Gössmann 1950, 47; CAD Q, 152–3]; в настоящее время общепринятое обозначение: ^{mul (giš)}PAN; созвездие в Большом Псе и Корме (Canis Maioris + Puppis). I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: ^{mul giš}pan [MSL XI, 108:406], ^[mul]pan [ibid., 144, BM 78206 iii 4]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: ^mulpan = qa-al-tu₄ [Emar VI/4, 151:167], ^mul[^gišpan] = [qa]-aš₂-tum [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:5], ^mul[^giš]pan = qa-aš-tum [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:275′]; параллели см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:9; SpTU III, 114A v 20]. (3) Серия Ḫg.: ^mulban = qa-aš-tu₂ [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 16]. «Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: qa₂-aš-tum «Лук» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:17], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: qa₂-aš-tum [Dossin 1935, 181:17], c) CBS 574: ^gišBA[N] [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. (2) Хеттская молитва: ^{mul giš}BAN [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:10; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. (3) Новоассирийская молитва K. 2315+: на сохранившейся части таблички ^mulBAN отсутствует, однако, несомненно, оно имелось в оригинале [Oppenheim 1959, 282–283]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц абу, звезды Эа, 200 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Менологии: ^itikin ^mulban ^dInanna elam.maki.ke₄: ^itikin ši-pir₂ ^dEš₄-dar e-la-ma-ti, шум. «Месяц улулу, созвездие Лук, Инанна Эламская», акк. «Месяц улулу, служба Иштар Эламской» (A ii 16); параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 7, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7; Çağirgan 1985, 405:31], см. также [BPO 2, 82; Емельянов 1999, 92]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / ^mulban ^dIštar(inanna) e-la-ma-tum / [du]mu.munus ^dA-nim «Созвездие, которое после него (т.е. после ^mulkak.si.sa₂ «Стрела») стоит, Лук, Иштар Эламская, дочь Ана» (B i 14–16); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 6]. (3) Cписок (3´12): ^itine ^mulban šu-ut ^dE₂-a «Месяц абу: Лук (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 5); параллель см. [CAD N/1 259a; Q 152–153]. (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [^itine] ^mulban ^mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ^mulmar.gid₂.da ˹e₃˺ «[Абу]: Лук, Большие Близнецы, Повозка восходят» (С 21), b) ^mulban ^mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ^mulmar.gid₂.da šu₂.˹a˺ «(Абу): Лук, Большие Близнецы, Повозка заходят» [KAV 218, C 34; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–7]. BM 82923. Месяц абу, звезды Эа: MUL [BAN] // 3,2[0 // ...] «[Лук // 200 // …] [Walker–Pingree 1977, 30:13]. BM 34713. ^[iti]ne // 3,20 ^múlban // 1,50 ^múlmaš.tab.ba // 50? […^múl]al.tar «Абу: 200 Лук, 110 Близнецы, 50 […] Юпитер» [LBAT, 1499:5]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, IX 5, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7–8, XIV 7, XVI 17–18; BPO 3, K.12457:6, K.137:2, K.3124:9, K.2346+:57; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 12′–14′, 27′; Verderame, 248; SpTU III, 101:22–24]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea. 6. MUL KI.MIN (=ša₂ EGIR-šu₂ GUB-zu) ^mulPAN Iš₈-tar₂ (B: d15) e-la-ma-tum (B добавляет: DUMU.SAL ^dEN:ZU) a-na ṣe-er-re-et ša-me-e «Созвездие, которое стоит после него (т.е. после ^mulKAK.SI.SA₂ «Стрела»), Лук, Иштар Эламская (В добавляет: дочь Сина). Для главной веревки неба» (A. 7, B. 10) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177, 179]; о переводе ṣerret šamê / šamāmī = «lead–rope of heaven» см. [CAD Ṣ, 134–137; Horowitz 1998, 119–120, 265]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8 350b]. Текст BM 77054. См. sh16ŠU.GI. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 12): ^mulBAN ^dIš-tar NIM.MA-tu₄ DUMU.SAL ^dEn-lil₂ «(Созвездие) Лук, Иштар Эламская, дочь Энлиля» (I ii 7). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina ^itiNE UD 5 KAM ^mulBAN u ^mulLUGAL IGI^me «5-го абу созвездие Лук и звезда Царь восходят» (I ii 44). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) ^mulBAN u ^mulLUGAL KUR^me ^mulUZ₃ ŠU₂-bi «Лук и Царь восходят, Коза заходит» (I iii 19), b) ^mulPa-bil-sag ^mulZa-ba₄-ba₄ u DINGIR.GUB.BA^meš-ma / ^mulKAK.SI.SA₂ ^mulBAN u ^mulGAM₃ ŠU₂^meš «Пабилсаг, Забаба и Посох восходят, Стрела, Лук и Посох заходят» (I iii 27–28). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša₂ ^mulKAK.SI.SA₂ 20 UD^meš ana KUR ša₂ ^mulBAN «20 дней от восхода Стрелы до восхода Лука» (I iii 48). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina ^itiIZI UD 15 KAM MUL^meš um-mu-lu-tu₄ ^mulŠU.GI / ina MURUB₄ AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma ^mulBAN KUR-ḫa «15-го абу слабые звезды Старика стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Лук восходит» (I iv 22–23), (см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 1′]) [MA 32, 42, 49, 51, 57, 64]. «Большой список звезд». (1) ^mulban = ^mulab.sin₂ «Лук = Борозда»; (2) 12 звезд Элама: [^mulban] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:42, 203]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:23. ^mulban = ^dIš₈-tar₂ kur.ka₂^ki «Лук = Иштар Вавилонская» [HBA 52, Wee 2016, 162–3:23]. MLC 1866. ^[m]ulBAN ^dša-la ru-ba-at […] «Лук, госпожа Шала […]» (col. B ii 23) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41]. GU-текст. (D) ^mul˹ban˺ «Лук» (η CMa), cм. a18AL.LUL. Анафора. А 3427: ina ^itine ina še-rim ud 28 ^múlban ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце абу утром 28-го дня Лук испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:12]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ME.NI ^dNin-e₂-gal ^itiNE ^mulLUGAL.E₂.GAL / ^mulBAN it-ti ^mulLUGAL «‘Ворота дворца’ — Нинегаль; месяц абу; Царь Дворца; Лук с Царем» [SpTU IV, 159:10–11; Reiner 1995, 78]. BAN.AN.NA, BAN AN-e «Небесный Лук» как обозначение радуги, см. t05TIR.AN.NA, I. II. Божество. Созвездие Лук как божество пользовалось большой популярностью, вероятно, вследствие его связи с богиней Иштар, засвидетельствованной во многих текстах. Его название нередко записывалось с детерминативом d. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Старовавилонские молитвы к божествам ночи (см. выше). (2) Хеттская молитва к божествам ночи [Van der Toorn, 1985 130:45; BPO 2, 2]. (3) В серии заклинаний Šurpu (II 182) [Reiner 1970, 18:182]. (4) В апотропеическом ритуале намбурби против вреда, который может причинить лук как боевое оружие [Caplice 1970, 116–117; Ebeling 1955, 137; Reiner 1995, 88]. (5) Вавилонский новогодний ритуал: обращение к ^múlban šub-at₂ dan-nu-tu₂ «Лук, который ниспровергает правителей» как к одному из звездных проявлений Иштар(?) [RАcc. 139:326; Reiner 1995, 139; Linssen 2004, 221, 229]. Представление о ^mulBAN как оружии Иштар восходит, по-видимому, к достаточно раннему времени. В серии AN:dAnum (IV 257) ^dQa-aš-tum «Божество Лук» стоит после логограммы INANNA–INANNA [Litke 1998, 164]. Изображения вооруженной богини с луком, см., например, [Frankfort 1939 215, Pl. XXXVa; Barrelet 1955, Fig. 23]. Согласно новоассирийскому описанию, Иштар держит в своей руке лук [CAD Q, 149b; Oppenheim 1956, 249]. Происхождение созвездия Лук объясняется также в космологической поэме «Энума элиш» (VI 82–94), однако в ней Лук ― оружие Ану: 82im-ḫur-ma be-lum GIŠ.BAN GIŠ.TUKUL-šu₂ ma-ḫar-šu₂-un id-di / 83sa-pa-ra ša₂ i-te-ep-pu-šu₂ i-mu-ru DINGIR.MEŠ AD.MEŠ-šu₂ / 84i-mu-ru-ma GIŠ.BAN ki-i nu-uk-ku-lat bi-nu-tu / 85ep-šet i-te-ep-pu-šu₂ i-na-ad-du AD.MEŠ-šu₂ / 86iš-ši-ma ^dA-num ina UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ i-qab-bi / 87GIŠ.BAN it-ta-šiq ši-i lu-u₂ DUMU.MI₂ / 88im-bi-ma ša₂ GIŠ.BAN ki-a-am MU.MEŠ-ša / 89i-ṣu a-rik lu iš-te-nu-um-ma ša₂-nu-u₂ lu-u ka-šid / 90šal-šu₂ šum-ša₂ MUL.BAN ina AN-e u₂-ša₂-pi / 91u₂-kin-ma gi-is-gal-la-ša₂ it-ti DINGIR.MEŠ at-ḫe-e-ša₂ / 92ul-tu ši-ma-a-ti ša₂ GIŠ.BAN i-ši-mu ^dA-nu-um / 93id-di-ma GIŠ.GU.ZA šar-ru-ti ša₂ ina DINGIR.DINGIR ša-qa-a-ta / 94 ^dA-nu-um ina UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ šu-a-ša₂ ul-te-šib-ši «Взял Владыка лук, свое оружие, перед ними бросил, / Сеть, что он создал, увидели боги, отцы его, / Увидели лук: “Как совершенно творение!” / Форму созданную хвалили отцы его. / Поднял (его) Анум перед cобранием богов, сказал, / Лук поцеловав: “Он пусть дочь (мне)!” / Назвал он лук такими именами его: / “Длинный ствол пусть первое, второе пусть Победитель, / Третье имя его пусть (будет) звезда Лук!”, в небе дал (ему) сиянье, / Установил его (звездную) стоянку (букв. престол) среди богов, его товарищей. / После того, как судьбы луку определил Анум, / Воздвиг он престол царственности, высочайший среди богов. / Анум в собрании богов тот (лук) поместил.» [Lambert 1966, 37] (транскрипция и перевод В.В. Емельянова), см. также [Я открою тебе. 46–47; CAD Q, 152b; Lewy 1965]. (6) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [^mulBAN] ^d˹Iš˺-[tar] ˹NIM˺.[M]A-tu DUMU.MI₂ ^d+EN.LIL₂ li-is-pu-un KUR₂.MEŠ-ka / [… ina qaq]qar tuq-ma-ti «[Лук, Иштар] из Элама, дочь Энлиля, пусть уничтожит твоих врагов [… на по]ле битвы!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 7–8]. III. Символ. Фигура созвездия ^mulBAN — несомненно, изображение лука. IV. Отождествление. = Canis Major без Сириуса + пограничные звезды Puppis [Gössmann 1950, 47]; = τφσεκη Canis Majoris + κζ (?) Puppis [Waerden 1949, 13, 16, fig. 4]; = Canis Major без Сириуса [Weidner 1957–59, 73–74, 76, 79]; = части Canis Majoris и Puppis [Waerden 1974, 73, 74, Fig. 9], русский пер. см. [Варден 1991, 82, 85, илл. 9]; = τ, δ, σ, ε + Canis Majoris [BPO 2, 11]; = ε, σ, δ и ω Canis Majoris и, возможно, Puppis [MA, 138]; = δεηκστ Canis Majoris + ρ11,12,37G.,108G. Puppis [Koch 1989, 69–74, 111, 117, Abb. 17]; = часть Большого Пса (Canis Major) [Mesop. Astrol., 207]. = δ, ε, σ, ω Canis Majoris и κ Puppis [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271]. = задняя часть Большого Пса [Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75]. V. Астрология. Отождествления: (1) = Венера; Лук — Венера в месяце абу [LBAT, 1564:3; HBA, 118–121] (см. d06Dilbat), см. также [BPO 3, 88, K.12457:6; 248, K.2346:57] и ниже предсказание (9). (2) = Меркурий; ^mulBAN ana ^mulKAK.SI.SA₂ KUR-ud … ^dUDU.IDIM.GU₄.UD ina ŠA₂ ^mul[AB.SIN₂ DU-ma] «Если Лук достигает Стрелы: урожай будет обильным, рынок стабильным. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в Борозде» [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; параллель см. [Borger 1973, 41: 13′; SpTU III, 101:24], см. также ^mulBAN = ^mulUDU.IDIM «Лук = планета (=Меркурий)» [R II 39, 5:19]. См. также k10KAK.SI.SA₂, VI 3. (3) = Марс; см. тождество в предсказании a04A₂^mušen, VI 13, а также [ACh Suppl 2., 16:31; Bezold 1925, 118:126]. (4) = Борозда; ˹DIŠ ^mulKU₆˺ ana ^mulBAN TE … ^dGU₄.UD ana ^mulA[B.SIN₂ …] «Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (Это означает) Меркурий к Борозде [приближается]» [BPO 2, XVI 17 + Parallels]; ^mulUDU.IDIM.GU₄.UD ina ^dUTU.E₃ 0^! / ina qaq-qar ^mulAB.SIN₂ / it-tan-mar «Меркурий стал виден на востоке на территории Борозды (= Дева)», вслед за которым приводится астрологическая интерпретация: DIŠ ^mulKU₆ a-na ^mulBAN TE … «Если Рыба (=Меркурий) к Луку (=Борозда) подходит близко: урожай страны будет обильным; крупный рогатый скот распространится в степи; царь усилится и свяжет своих врагов; сезам и финики будут обильными» [SAA 8, 325:1–7]. (4ʹ) = Эламатум, см. [Cooley 2013, 128–129]. См. также: ^mulBAN = ^dUDU.IDIM [Verderame, Vg:20′]. Предсказания: (5) Лунное гало и Лук; DIŠ 30 TUR₃ NIGIN-ma ^{mul d}BAN ana ŠA₃-šu₂ GUB … «Если Луна окружена гало и Лук стоит в нем: люди будут беситься, кражи умножатся в стране» [SAA 8, 295:3–4]; параллели см. [ibid., 155:5, 378:1, 406:1; ACh Suppl. 2, 16:31–32]. (6) Луна и Лук; DIŠ ^mulBAN ana UGU 30 SI₄-ma / ana ŠA₃ 30 TU UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ «Если Лук (= Марс) подходит близко к верхней части Луны и входит в Луну: дни царя закончатся» [SAA 8, 399:3–4]; [DIŠ] 30 ina IGI.LA-šu₂ ^mulBAN ina MAŠ.QA-šu₂ GUB A.RA₂ KUR DU₃.A.BI [KUD?…] «[Если] Луна появляется (и) у нее на плече Лук (=Марс?) стоит: пути сообщения всей страны [будут перерезаны?]» [Verderame, VI.4.1: § 14]. (7) Лук и Орел; šumma ^mulBAN ana ^mulTI₈^mušen ikšud(KUR)ud šamaššammu (ŠE.GIŠ.I₃) idammiq (SIG₅) […] «Если Лук (= Марс) Орла (= Плеяды) достигает: сезам уродится» [SpTU III, 101:22]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl., 50:14; BPO 3, 230, K.3124:9]; см. также [Borger 1973, 41:12′], в последнем предсказании предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Плеяды. (8) Гелиакический восход в свое и не в свое время; [DIŠ ina ^itiNE] ^mulBAN IGI ŠE.GIŠ.I₃ SIG₅-iq «Если Лук восходит в месяце абу: сезам уродится» [BPO 2, XIII 7]; ^mulBAN [ina ^itiNE IGI-mar?] / BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.[A KUR u me-riš …] / […] … ŠE [SI.SA²] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [KUR u me-riš …] / […] … ŠE [NU SI.SA₂] «Лук [восходит гелиакически в месяце абу?]; если эта звезда восходит рано: орошаемая земля и обработанный ячмень в стране будут нормальными; если эта звезда восходит поздно: орошаемая земля страны и обработанный ячмень не будут нормальными» [BPO 2, IX 5]. (9) Лук (=Венера) приближается к Юпитеру; [DIŠ ^mulBAN ana] ^mulUD.AL.TAR DIM₄ KUR NIM.MA^ki NINDA DUG₃.GA KU₂ «[Если Лук] близко подходит [к] Юпитеру: Элам будет есть хороший хлеб» [BPO 2, XIII 8]; параллель: ^mulBAN ana ^mulŠul-pa-e₃ KUR-ud [SpTU III, 101:23]; см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:15; Borger 1973, 41:14′]. (10) Лук и Стрела; DIŠ ^mulpan ana ^mulgag.si.sa₂ kur-ud buru_x(ERUB) si.sa₂ ki.lam gi.na ^muludu.idim.[gu₄.ud ina ša₃ ^mulab.sin₂ gub-ma] «Если Лук Стрелы достигает: урожай будет обильным. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в Борозде» [Borger 1973, 41:13′], см. также k10KAK.SI.SA₂, VI 3. (11) Лук (= Меркурий?) и Ворон (= Коза-Рыба?); DIŠ ulpan <ana> ulug₅.ga i-mid ku₆.meš u SIG [м.б. mušen].meš u[d?-daššû…] «Если Лук стоит вблизи Ворона: рыбы и [птиц]ы (cтанут) о[бильны]» [Borger 1973, 41:27′], возможно, здесь имеют место тождества: «Лук = Меркурий», «Ворон = Коза-Рыба» как в [SAA 8, 73 r. 1–2] (k24KU6, V 10).	Example

References

Kurtik's references

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↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Dossin G. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.
↑ Soden W. von. Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.
↑ Horowitz W., Wasserman N. Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.
↑ Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi (Berlin). KBo
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 ^16.4 ^16.5 ^16.6 ^16.7 ^16.8 ^16.9 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 K. van der Toorn. Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.
↑ Oppenheim A.L. A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.
↑ Pinches T.G. Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.
↑ Çağirgan G. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.
↑ Емельянов В.В. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.
↑ Oelsner J., Horowitz W. The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.
↑ Schroeder O. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.
↑ Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
↑ Walker C.B.F., Hunger H. Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.
↑ A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 ^28.3 ^28.4 ^28.5 Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 ^29.2 Verderame L. Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 ^30.2 ^30.3 ^30.4 ^30.5 Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
↑ Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
↑ ^34.0 ^34.1 Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
↑ ^36.0 ^36.1 Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
↑ Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.
↑ Schaumberger J. Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.
↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 ^40.2 Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
↑ Reiner E. Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).
↑ Caplice R. Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.
↑ Ebeling E. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.
↑ Thureau-Dansin F. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.
↑ Linssen, Marc J.H. The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.
↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:^dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša₂ amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
↑ Frankfort H. Cylinder Seals. London,1939.
↑ Barrelet M.-Th. Les déesses armées et ailées // Syria, 1955. T. 32, № 3-4. P. 222-260.
↑ Oppenheim A.L. The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.
↑ Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.
↑ Watanabe K. Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.
↑ Waerden B. L. van der. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.
↑ Weidner E. mul gir₂.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
↑ Waerden B.L. van der (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).
↑ Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
↑ Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
↑ A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
↑ ^58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 ^58.3 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
↑ Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.

[1] Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.

[2] Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).

[:1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...

[:2-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.

[6] D. Arnaud. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).

[7] Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.

[8] Cavigneaux A. // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.

[:3-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.

[10] Horowitz W. Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.

[11] Шилейко В.К. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.

[:4-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Dossin G. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.

[13] Soden W. von. Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.

[14] Horowitz W., Wasserman N. Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.

[15] Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi (Berlin). KBo

[:5-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 ^16.4 ^16.5 ^16.6 ^16.7 ^16.8 ^16.9 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).

[:6-17] 17.0 ^17.1 K. van der Toorn. Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.

[18] Oppenheim A.L. A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.

[19] Pinches T.G. Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.

[20] Çağirgan G. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.

[21] Емельянов В.В. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.

[22] Oelsner J., Horowitz W. The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.

[23] Schroeder O. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.

[24] Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.

[25] Walker C.B.F., Hunger H. Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.

[26] A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.

[:7-27] 27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.

[:8-28] 28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 ^28.3 ^28.4 ^28.5 Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.

[:9-29] 29.0 ^29.1 ^29.2 Verderame L. Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).

[:10-30] 30.0 ^30.1 ^30.2 ^30.3 ^30.4 ^30.5 Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).

[31] Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.

[:11-32] 32.0 ^32.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY

[:12-33] 33.0 ^33.1 Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.

[:13-34] 34.0 ^34.1 Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.

[35] Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.

[:14-36] 36.0 ^36.1 Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.

[37] Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.

[38] Schaumberger J. Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.

[39] URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.

[:15-40] 40.0 ^40.1 ^40.2 Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.

[41] Reiner E. Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).

[42] Caplice R. Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.

[43] Ebeling E. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.

[44] Thureau-Dansin F. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.

[45] Linssen, Marc J.H. The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.

[46] Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:^dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša₂ amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).

[47] Frankfort H. Cylinder Seals. London,1939.

[48] Barrelet M.-Th. Les déesses armées et ailées // Syria, 1955. T. 32, № 3-4. P. 222-260.

[49] Oppenheim A.L. The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.

[50] Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.

[51] Watanabe K. Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.

[52] Waerden B. L. van der. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.

[53] Weidner E. mul gir₂.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].

[54] Waerden B.L. van der (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).

[55] Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.

[56] Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.

[57] A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.

[:16-58] 58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 ^58.3 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)

[59] Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 Var. readings and designations:
 * <sup>mul (giš)</sup>PAN;
+* = "Bow". [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 47; CAD<ref name=":1">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Q, 152-3];
-* = "Bow". [Gössmann 47; CAD Q, 152-3];
 * <sup>mul d</sup>BAN
 * ''qaštu (''Akkadian parallel to <sup>mul</sup>BAN/PAN "bow").
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 |'''Lexical texts.'''
 * (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars:
-** <sup>mul giš</sup>pan [MSL XI, 108:406],
+** <sup>mul giš</sup>pan [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:406],
-** <sup>[mul]</sup>pan [ibid., 144, BM 78206 iii 4].
+** <sup>[mul]</sup>pan [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 144, BM 78206 iii 4].
 * (2) Urra XXII series:
-** <sup>mul</sup>pan = ''qa-al-tu''<sub>4</sub> [Emar VI/4, 151:167],
+** <sup>mul</sup>pan = ''qa-al-tu''<sub>4</sub> [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:167],
-** <sup>mul</sup>[<sup>giš</sup>pan] = [''qa'']-''aš''<sub>2</sub>-''tum'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:5],
+** <sup>mul</sup>[<sup>giš</sup>pan] = [''qa'']-''aš''<sub>2</sub>-''tum'' [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Section 10:5],
-** <sup>mul[giš]</sup>pan = ''qa-aš-tum'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 105:275′];
+** <sup>mul[giš]</sup>pan = ''qa-aš-tum'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 105:275′];
-** for parallels see. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:9; SpTU III, 114A v 20].
+** for parallels see. [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:9; SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 20].
-* (3) Series Ḫg.: <sup>mul</sup>pan = ''qa-aš-tu''<sub>2</sub> [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 16].
+* (3) Series Ḫg.: <sup>mul</sup>pan = ''qa-aš-tu''<sub>2</sub> [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 116 Rs. iii 16].
 |
 |-
 |'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
 * (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
-** (a) Erm. 15642: ''qa''<sub>2</sub>-''aš-tum'' "Bow". [Horowitz 2000,<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref> 196-197:17], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Soden 1936, 306],
+** (a) Erm. 15642: ''qa''<sub>2</sub>-''aš-tum'' "Bow". [Horowitz 2000,<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref> 196-197:17], and also [Shileiko 1924<ref>''Шилейко В.К''. Таблетка с молитвой ночным богам в собрании Лихачева //ИРАИМК. 1924, Т. 3, Ленинград, с. 144-152.</ref>, 147; Dossin 1935<ref name=":4">''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 180; Soden 1936<ref>''Soden W. von''. Ein Opferschaugebet bei Nacht // ZA. 1936. Bd. 43 (N.F. 9), S. 305-308.</ref>, 306],
-** (b) AO 6769: ''qa''<sub>2</sub>-''aš-tum'' [Dossin 1935, 181:17],
+** (b) AO 6769: ''qa''<sub>2</sub>-''aš-tum'' [Dossin 1935<ref name=":4" />, 181:17],
-** (c) CBS 574: <sup>giš</sup>PA[N] [Horowitz-Wasserman 1996, 58:13].
+** (c) CBS 574: <sup>giš</sup>PA[N] [Horowitz-Wasserman 1996<ref>''Horowitz  W.,  Wasserman  N. '' Another  Old  Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.</ref>, 58:13].
-* (2) Hittite prayer: <sup>mul giš</sup>PAN [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:10; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
+* (2) Hittite prayer: <sup>mul giš</sup>PAN [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:10; Van der Toorn 1985<ref name=":6">''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:45].
-* (3) Neo-Assyrian prayer K. 2315+: <sup>mul</sup>PAN is missing on the surviving portion of the tablet, but it was undoubtedly present in the original [Oppenheim 1959, 282-283].
+* (3) Neo-Assyrian prayer K. 2315+: <sup>mul</sup>PAN is missing on the surviving portion of the tablet, but it was undoubtedly present in the original [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 282-283].
 |
 |-
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 |-
 |'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
-* Astrolabe P. The month of Abu, stars of Ea, 200 [Pinches 1900, 574].
+* Astrolabe P. The month of Abu, stars of Ea, 200 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].
 * Astrolabe B.
 ** (1) Menology:
 *** '''''<sup>iti</sup>kin <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>d</sup>Inanna elam.ma<sup>ki</sup>.ke<sub>4</sub>: <sup>iti</sup>kin ši-pir<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Eš<sub>4</sub>-dar e-la-ma-ti, Sum. ??Here or there etc. with the below ???'''''
-*** '''''"The Month of Ululu, the Constellation of the Bow, Inanna of Elam," Akk. "Month of Ululu, service of Ishtar of Elam" (A ii 16); for parallels see. [BPO 2, IX 7, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7; Çağirgan 1985, 405:31], see also [BPO 2, 82; Emelyanov 1999, 92].'''''
+*** '''''"The Month of Ululu, the Constellation of the Bow, Inanna of Elam," Akk. "Month of Ululu, service of Ishtar of Elam" (A ii 16); for parallels see. [BPO 2'''''<ref name=":5" />''''', IX 7, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7; Çağirgan 1985'''''<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref>''''', 405:31], see also [BPO 2'''''<ref name=":5" />''''', 82; Emelyanov 1999'''''<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>''''', 92].'''''
-** '''''(2) List (<s>1</s>2´3):  mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>d</sup>Ištar(inanna) e-la-ma-tum / [du]mu.munus <sup>d</sup>A-nim "The constellation which comes after it (i.e. after <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> "Arrow") stands, the Bow, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Ana" (B i 14-16); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 6].'''''
+** '''''(2) List (<s>1</s>2´3):  mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>d</sup>Ištar(inanna) e-la-ma-tum / [du]mu.munus <sup>d</sup>A-nim "The constellation which comes after it (i.e. after <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> "Arrow") stands, the Bow, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Ana" (B i 14-16); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98'''''<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>''''', Ea 6].'''''
-** '''''(3) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>ne <sup>mul</sup>pan šu-ut <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a "Abu month: the Bow (on the way of) Ea (rising)" (C i 5); for a parallel see. [CAD N/1 259a; Q 152-153].'''''
+** '''''(3) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>ne <sup>mul</sup>pan šu-ut <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a "Abu month: the Bow (on the way of) Ea (rising)" (C i 5); for a parallel see. [CAD'''''<ref name=":1" /> '''''N/1 259a; Q 152-153].'''''
 ** '''''(4) List (sunrise-sunset=6m):'''''
 *** a) [<sup>iti</sup>ne] <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>. da ˹e<sub>3</sub>˺ "[Abu]: the Bow, the Great Twins, Wagon rises" (C 21),
-*** b) <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da šu<sub>2</sub>.˹a˺ "(Abu): The Bow, the Great Twins, the Wagon sets." [KAV 218, C 34; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5-7].
+*** b) <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da šu<sub>2</sub>.˹a˺ "(Abu): The Bow, the Great Twins, the Wagon sets." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 34; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-7].
 * BM 82923.
-** Abu month, stars of Ea: MUL [PAN] // 3,2[0 // ...] "[Bow // 200 // ...] [Walker-Pingree 1977, 30:13].
+** Abu month, stars of Ea: MUL [PAN] // 3,2[0 // ...] "[Bow // 200 // ...] [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:13].
 * BM 34713.
 ** <sup>[iti]</sup>ne // 3.20 <sup>múl</sup>pan // 1.50 <sup>múl</sup>maš.tab.ba // 50? [...<sup>múl</sup>]al.tar
-** "Abu: 200 Bow, 110 Gemini, 50 [...] Jupiter." [LBAT, 1499:5].
+** "Abu: 200 Bow, 110 Gemini, 50 [...] Jupiter." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:5].
 |
 |-
 |'''EAE.'''
-See. [BPO 2, IX 5, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7-8, XIV 7, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.12457:6, K.137:2, K.3124:9, K.2346+:57; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 12′-14′, 27′; Verderame, 248; SpTU III, 101:22-24].
+See. [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, IX 5, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7-8, XIV 7, XVI 17-18; BPO 3<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.12457:6, K.137:2, K.3124:9, K.2346+:57; Borger 1973<ref name=":8">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 12′-14′, 27′; Verderame<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:22-24].
 |
 |-
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 * M'''''UL KI.MIN (=ša<sub>2</sub> EGIR-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-zu) <sup>mul</sup>PAN Iš<sub>8</sub>-tar<sub>2</sub> (B: <sup>d</sup>15) e-la-ma-tum (B adds: DUMU.SAL <sup>d</sup>EN:ZU) a-na ṣe-er-re-et ša-me-e'''''
 * '''''"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> "Arrow"), the Bow, Ishtar of Elam (B adds: daughter of Sîn.)'''''
-* '''''For the lead-rope of heaven" (A. 7, B. 10) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177, 179]; for the translation of ṣerret šamê / šamāmī = "lead-rope of heaven" see. [CAD Ṣ, 134-137; Horowitz 1998, 119-120, 265].'''''
+* '''''For the lead-rope of heaven" (A. 7, B. 10) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177, 179]; for the translation of ṣerret šamê / šamāmī = "lead-rope of heaven" see. [CAD'''''<ref name=":1" /> '''''Ṣ, 134-137; Horowitz 1998, 119-120, 265].'''''
 |
 |-
 |'''"Reports."'''
+See. [SAA 8<ref name=":10">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref> 350b].
-See. [SAA 8 350b].
 |
 |-
@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 * (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
 ** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>IZI UD 15 KAM MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''um-mu-lu-tu''<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ŠU. GI / ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN KUR-''ḫa''
-** "On the 15th of abu, the faint stars of the Old Man stands in the middle of the sky, opposite your breast, and the Bow rises" (I iv 22-23), (see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 117, BM 73815: 1′]) [MA 32, 42, 49, 51, 57, 64].
+** "On the 15th of abu, the faint stars of the Old Man stands in the middle of the sky, opposite your breast, and the Bow rises" (I iv 22-23), (see also [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 117, BM 73815: 1′]) [MA<ref name=":11">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 32, 42, 49, 51, 57, 64].
 Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
 |
@@ Line 106: / Line 106: @@
 |'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
 * (1) <sup>mul</sup>pan = <sup>mul</sup>ab.sin<sub>2</sub> "Bow = Furrow";
-* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [<sup>mul</sup>pan] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:42, 203].
+* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [<sup>mul</sup>pan] [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:42, 203].
 |
 |-
 |'''List of stars VR 46, 1:23.'''
-* <sup>mul</sup>pan = <sup>d</sup>''Iš''<sub>8</sub>-''tar''<sub>2</sub> kur.ka<sub>2</sub><sup>ki</sup> "Bow = Ishtar of Babylon" [HBA 52, Wee 2016, 162-3:23].
+* <sup>mul</sup>pan = <sup>d</sup>''Iš''<sub>8</sub>-''tar''<sub>2</sub> kur.ka<sub>2</sub><sup>ki</sup> "Bow = Ishtar of Babylon" [HBA<ref name=":13">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52, Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:23].
 |
 |-
-|'''Uranologies''' (Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41 [Text D, col. ii 23-24]
+|'''Uranologies'''
-<sup>[m]ul</sup>PAN <sup>d</sup>''ša-la ru-ba-at'' [...] ana şer-ret [AN-e . . .
+<sup>[m]ul</sup>PAN <sup>d</sup>''ša-la ru-ba-at'' [...] ''ana şer-ret'' [AN-''e'' . . .
-"The Bow, Lady Šala [...], for the lead-rope(s)/breasts [of heaven . . .]
+"The Bow, Lady Šala [...], for the lead-rope(s)/breasts [of heaven . . .] [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref name=":14">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41, Text D, col. ii 23-24]
 |
@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 |'''GU text.'''
 * (D) <sup>mul</sup>al.[lu]l kimin <sup>mul</sup>muš <sup>mul</sup>˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup> ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' <sup>mul</sup>k]ak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> gu
-** "Crab (ε Cnc) or Snake (β Cnc), Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the Arrow constellation (π Pup): rope". [Pingree-Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
+** "Crab (ε Cnc) or Snake (β Cnc), Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the Arrow constellation (π Pup): rope". [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 315:5-6].
 cf. (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]]
@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 * ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ne ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 <sup>múl</sup>pan ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
-* "In the month of Abu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Bow emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955, 238:12]. Rochberg ???
+* "In the month of Abu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Bow emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:12]. Rochberg ???
 |
 |-
@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 * ME.NI <sup>d</sup>''Nin-e''<sub>2</sub>-''gal'' <sup>iti</sup>NE <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL E<sub>2</sub>.GAL / <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''it-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL
-* "'Palace Gate' - Ninegal; month of abu - King, Palace; the Bow with the King" [SpTU IV, 159:10-11; Reiner 1995, 78].
+* "'Palace Gate' - Ninegal; month of abu - King, Palace; the Bow with the King" [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:10-11; Reiner 1995<ref name=":15">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].
 PAN.AN.NA, PAN AN-''e'' 'Heavenly Bow' as a designation of the rainbow, see (Kurtik t05) [[TIR.AN.NA]], I.
@@ Line 150: / Line 150: @@
 |-
 |'''Prayer to the Gods of the Night'''
-* see [[Elamātum]]
+* see (Kurtik e08) ''[[Elamātum]]''
 |
 |-
-|manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow
+|Manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow
 |
 |-
@@ Line 594: / Line 594: @@
      (1) Old Babylonian prayers to the deities of the night (see above).
-     (2) The Hittite prayer to the deities of the night [Van der Toorn, 1985 130:45; BPO 2, 2].
+     (2) The Hittite prayer to the deities of the night [Van der Toorn 1985<ref name=":6" /> 130:45; BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, 2].
-     (3) In the Šurpu series of incantations (II 182) [Reiner 1970, 18:182].
+     (3) In the Šurpu series of incantations (II 182) [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18:182].
-     (4) In an apotropaic Namburbi ritual against the harm a bow can do as a fighting weapon [Caplice 1970, 116-117; Ebeling 1955, 137; Reiner 1995, 88].
+     (4) In an apotropaic Namburbi ritual against the harm a bow can do as a fighting weapon [Caplice 1970<ref>''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 116-117; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 137; Reiner 1995<ref name=":15" />, 88].
-     (5) Babylonian New Year ritual: referring to <sup>múl</sup>pan ''šub-at''<sub>2</sub> ''dan-nu-tu''<sub>2</sub> "the bow that overthrows rulers" as one of the star manifestations of Ishtar(?) [RAcc. 139:326; Reiner 1995, 139; Linssen 2004, 221, 229]. The notion of <sup>mul</sup>PAN as a weapon of Ishtar seems to go back to a rather early time. In the series AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 257) <sup>d</sup>''Qa-aš-tum'' "Deity Bow" stands after the logogram INANNA-INANNA [Litke 1998, 164]. For images of an armed goddess with a bow, see for example [Frankfort 1939 215, Pl. XXXVa; Barrelet 1955, Fig. 23]. According to Neo-Assyrian descriptions, Ishtar holds a bow in her hand [CAD Q, 149b; Oppenheim 1956, 249]. The origin of the constellation Bow is also explained in Enuma elish (VI 82-94), but in it, the Bow is a weapon of Anu: 82 ''im-ḫur-ma be-lum'' GIŠ.PAN GIŠ.TUKUL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-ḫar-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''un id-di'' / 83 ''sa-pa-ra ša''<sub>2</sub> ''i-te-ep-pu-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''i-mu-ru'' DINGIR.MEŠ AD.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> / 84 ''i-mu-ru-ma'' GIŠ.PAN ''ki-i nu-uk-ku-lat bi-nu-tu'' / 85 ''ep-šet i-te-ep-pu-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''i-na-ad-du'' AD. MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> / 86 ''iš-ši-ma'' <sup>d</sup>''A-num ina'' UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ ''i-qab-bi'' / 87 GIŠ.PAN ''it-ta-šiq ši-i lu-u''<sub>2</sub> DUMU.MI<sub>2</sub> / 88 ''im-bi-ma ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.PAN ''ki-a-am'' MU.MEŠ-''ša'' / 89 ''i-ṣu a-rik lu iš-te-nu-um-ma ša''<sub>2</sub>-''nu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''lu-u ka-šid'' / 90 ''šal-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''šum-ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL.PAN ''ina'' AN-''e u''<sub>2</sub>-''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''pi'' / 91 ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''kin-ma gi-is-gal-la-ša''<sub>2</sub> ''it-ti'' DINGIR.MEŠ ''at-ḫe-e-ša''<sub>2</sub> / 92 ''ul-tu ši-ma-a-ti ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.PAN ''i-ši-mu'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-um'' / 93 ''id-di-ma'' GIŠ.GU.ZA ''šar-ru-ti ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' DINGIR.DINGIR ''ša-qa-a-ta'' / 94 <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-um ina'' UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ ''šu-a-ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ul-te-šib-ši'' "The lord took the bow, his weapon, before them he cast, / The net that he created, saw the gods, his fathers, / Saw the bow: "How perfect the creation!" / The form of the created was praised by his fathers. / Anum lifted (it) up before the assembly of the gods, and said, / The bow kissed: "Let him be a daughter (to me)!" / He called the bow by such names of his: / “Let its first be  the Long trunk, let its second be the victor, / its third name let it (be) the asterism Bow!", the sky gave (it) radiance, / Established it (asterism) on its stand (lit. throne) among the gods, his companions. / After Anum had determined the fortunes of the bow, / He erected a throne of kingship, the highest among the gods. / Anum in the assembly of the gods placed that (bow)." [Lambert 2013: 114-115] <s>(transcribed and translated by V. V. Emelyanov), see also [I will reveal to you. 46-47; CAD Q, 152b; Lewy 1965].</s>
+     (5) Babylonian New Year ritual: referring to <sup>múl</sup>pan ''šub-at''<sub>2</sub> ''dan-nu-tu''<sub>2</sub> "the bow that overthrows rulers" as one of the star manifestations of Ishtar(?) [RAcc.<ref>''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 139:326; Reiner 1995<ref name=":15" />, 139; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 221, 229]. The notion of <sup>mul</sup>PAN as a weapon of Ishtar seems to go back to a rather early time. In the series AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 257) <sup>d</sup>''Qa-aš-tum'' "Deity Bow" stands after the logogram INANNA-INANNA [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 164]. For images of an armed goddess with a bow, see for example [Frankfort 1939<ref>''Frankfort H.'' Cylinder Seals. London,1939.</ref> 215, Pl. XXXVa; Barrelet 1955<ref>''Barrelet M.-Th.'' Les déesses armées et ailées // Syria, 1955. T. 32, № 3-4. P. 222-260.</ref>, Fig. 23]. According to Neo-Assyrian descriptions, Ishtar holds a bow in her hand [CAD<ref name=":1" /> Q, 149b; Oppenheim 1956<ref>''Oppenheim  A.L.'' The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia, 1956.</ref>, 249]. The origin of the constellation Bow is also explained in Enuma elish (VI 82-94), but in it, the Bow is a weapon of Anu: 82 ''im-ḫur-ma be-lum'' GIŠ.PAN GIŠ.TUKUL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-ḫar-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''un id-di'' / 83 ''sa-pa-ra ša''<sub>2</sub> ''i-te-ep-pu-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''i-mu-ru'' DINGIR.MEŠ AD.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> / 84 ''i-mu-ru-ma'' GIŠ.PAN ''ki-i nu-uk-ku-lat bi-nu-tu'' / 85 ''ep-šet i-te-ep-pu-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''i-na-ad-du'' AD. MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> / 86 ''iš-ši-ma'' <sup>d</sup>''A-num ina'' UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ ''i-qab-bi'' / 87 GIŠ.PAN ''it-ta-šiq ši-i lu-u''<sub>2</sub> DUMU.MI<sub>2</sub> / 88 ''im-bi-ma ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.PAN ''ki-a-am'' MU.MEŠ-''ša'' / 89 ''i-ṣu a-rik lu iš-te-nu-um-ma ša''<sub>2</sub>-''nu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''lu-u ka-šid'' / 90 ''šal-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''šum-ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL.PAN ''ina'' AN-''e u''<sub>2</sub>-''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''pi'' / 91 ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''kin-ma gi-is-gal-la-ša''<sub>2</sub> ''it-ti'' DINGIR.MEŠ ''at-ḫe-e-ša''<sub>2</sub> / 92 ''ul-tu ši-ma-a-ti ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.PAN ''i-ši-mu'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-um'' / 93 ''id-di-ma'' GIŠ.GU.ZA ''šar-ru-ti ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' DINGIR.DINGIR ''ša-qa-a-ta'' / 94 <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-um ina'' UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ ''šu-a-ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ul-te-šib-ši'' "The lord took the bow, his weapon, before them he cast, / The net that he created, saw the gods, his fathers, / Saw the bow: "How perfect the creation!" / The form of the created was praised by his fathers. / Anum lifted (it) up before the assembly of the gods, and said, / The bow kissed: "Let him be a daughter (to me)!" / He called the bow by such names of his: / “Let its first be  the Long trunk, let its second be the victor, / its third name let it (be) the asterism Bow!", the sky gave (it) radiance, / Established it (asterism) on its stand (lit. throne) among the gods, his companions. / After Anum had determined the fortunes of the bow, / He erected a throne of kingship, the highest among the gods. / Anum in the assembly of the gods placed that (bow)." [Lambert 2013<ref>Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.</ref>: 114-115] <s>(transcribed and translated by V. V. Emelyanov), see also [I will reveal to you. 46-47; CAD Q, 152b; Lewy 1965].</s>
-     (6) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [<sup>mul</sup>PAN] <sup>d</sup>˹''Iš''˺-[''tar''] ˹NIM˺.[M]A-''tu'' DUMU.MI<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>+EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''li-is-pu-un'' KUR<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ-''ka'' / [... ''ina qaq'']''qar tuq-ma-ti'' "[Bow, Ishtar] of Elam, daughter of Enlil, may she destroy your enemies [... at the] battlefield!" [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 7-8].
+     (6) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [<sup>mul</sup>PAN] <sup>d</sup>˹''Iš''˺-[''tar''] ˹NIM˺.[M]A-''tu'' DUMU.MI<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>+EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''li-is-pu-un'' KUR<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ-''ka'' / [... ''ina qaq'']''qar tuq-ma-ti'' "[Bow, Ishtar] of Elam, daughter of Enlil, may she destroy your enemies [... at the] battlefield!" [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 7-8].
 ==== Symbol. ====
@@ Line 608: / Line 608: @@
 ==== Previous Identification. ====
-     = Canis Major without Sirius + Puppis border stars [Gössmann 1950, 47];
+     = Canis Major without Sirius + Puppis border stars [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 47];
-     = τφσεκη Canis Majoris + κζ (?) Puppis [Waerden 1949, 13, 16, fig. 4];
+     = τφσεκη Canis Majoris + κζ (?) Puppis [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13, 16, fig. 4];
-     = Canis Major without Sirius [Weidner 1957-59, 73-74, 76, 79];
+     = Canis Major without Sirius [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73-74, 76, 79];
-     = parts of Canis majoris and Puppis [Waerden 1974, 73, 74, fig. 9]; for a Russian translation, see [Waerden 1991, 82, 85, 85]. [Waerden 1991, 82, 85, fig. 9];
+     = parts of Canis majoris and Puppis [Waerden 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73, 74, fig. 9]; for a Russian translation, see [Waerden 1991, 82, 85, fig. 9];
-      = τ, δ, σ, ε + Canis Majoris [BPO 2, 11];
+      = τ, δ, σ, ε + Canis Majoris [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, 11];
-      = ε, σ, δ and ω Canis Majoris and possibly Puppis [MA, 138];
+      = ε, σ, δ and ω Canis Majoris and possibly Puppis [MA<ref name=":11" />, 138];
-      = δεεηκστ Canis Majoris + ρ11,12,37G.,108G. Puppis [Koch 1989, 69-74, 111, 117, Abb. 17];
+      = δεεηκστ Canis Majoris + ρ11,12,37G.,108G. Puppis [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 69-74, 111, 117, Abb. 17];
-      = part of the Great Hound (Canis Major) [Mesop. Astrol., 207].
+      = part of the Great Hound (Canis Major) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12" />, 207].
       = δ, ε, σ, ω Canis Majoris and κ Puppis [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].
-      = rear of the Great Hound [Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].
+      = rear of the Great Hound [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":14" />, 75].
 ==== Astrology. ====
 ===== Identifications: =====
-     (1) = Venus; the Bow —Venus in the month of Abu [LBAT, 1564:3; HBA, 118-121] (see Kurtk d06 ''[[Dilbat]]''), see also [BPO 3, 88, K.12457:6; 248, K.2346:57] and prediction (9) below.
+     (1) = Venus; the Bow —Venus in the month of Abu [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1564:3; HBA<ref name=":13" />, 118-121] (see Kurtk d06 ''[[Dilbat]]''), see also [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 88, K.12457:6; 248, K.2346:57] and prediction (9) below.
-     (2) = Mercury; <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> KUR-''ud'' ... <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' ŠA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> DU-''ma''] "If the Bow reaches the Arrow: crops will be abundant, the market will be stable. (This means:) Mercury stands in the Arrow." [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; for a parallel see. [Borger 1973, 41: 13′; SpTU III, 101:24], see also <sup>mul</sup>PAN = <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM "Bow = planet (=Mercury)" [R II 39, 5:19]. See also k10KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>, VI 3.
+     (2) = Mercury; <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> KUR-''ud'' ... <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' ŠA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> DU-''ma''] "If the Bow reaches the Arrow: crops will be abundant, the market will be stable. (This means:) Mercury stands in the Arrow." [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; for a parallel see. [Borger 1973<ref name=":8" />, 41: 13′; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:24], see also <sup>mul</sup>PAN = <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM "Bow = planet (=Mercury)" [R II 39, 5:19]. See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], VI 3.
-     (3) = Mars; see the identity in predicting (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A<sub>2</sub>.mušen]], VI 13, and also [ACh Suppl 2., 16:31; Bezold 1925, 118:126].
+     (3) = Mars; see the identity in predicting (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A<sub>2</sub>.mušen]], VI 13, and also [ACh Suppl 2.<ref name=":16">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 16:31; Bezold 1925, 118:126].
-     (4) = Furrow; ˹DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub>˺ ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN TE ... <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>A[B.SIN<sub>2</sub> ...] "If the Fish approaches the Bow ... (It means) Mercury towards the Furrow [it approaches]" [BPO 2, XVI 17 + Parallels]; <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> 0<sup>!</sup> / ''ina qaq-qar'' <sup>mul</sup>AB. SIN<sub>2</sub> / ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the vicinity of the Furrow (=Maiden)", followed by the astrological interpretation: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN TE ... "If the Fish (=Mercury) comes close to the Bow (=Furrow): the country's crops will be abundant; cattle will spread into the steppes; the king will strengthen and bind his enemies; sesame and dates will be abundant" [SAA 8, 325:1-7].
+     (4) = Furrow; ˹DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub>˺ ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN TE ... <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>A[B.SIN<sub>2</sub> ...] "If the Fish approaches the Bow ... (It means) Mercury towards the Furrow [it approaches]" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, XVI 17 + Parallels]; <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> 0<sup>!</sup> / ''ina qaq-qar'' <sup>mul</sup>AB. SIN<sub>2</sub> / ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the vicinity of the Furrow (=Maiden)", followed by the astrological interpretation: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN TE ... "If the Fish (=Mercury) comes close to the Bow (=Furrow): the country's crops will be abundant; cattle will spread into the steppes; the king will strengthen and bind his enemies; sesame and dates will be abundant" [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 325:1-7].
-      (4ʹ) = Elamatum, cf. [Cooley 2013, 128-129].
+      (4ʹ) = Elamatum, cf. [Cooley 2013<ref>Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.</ref>, 128-129].
-      See also: <sup>mul</sup>PAN = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM [Verderame, Vg:20′].
+      See also: <sup>mul</sup>PAN = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM [Verderame<ref name=":9" />, Vg:20′].
 ===== Predictions: =====
-      (5) Lunar halo asnd the Bow; DIŠ 30 TUR<sub>3</sub> NIGIN-''ma'' mul <sup>d</sup>PAN ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB ... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Bow stands in it: people will be in panic/rage, theft will multiply in the country." [SAA 8, 295:3-4]; for parallels see. [ibid., 155:5, 378:1, 406:1; ACh Suppl. 2, 16:31-32].
+      (5) Lunar halo asnd the Bow; DIŠ 30 TUR<sub>3</sub> NIGIN-''ma'' mul <sup>d</sup>PAN ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB ... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Bow stands in it: people will be in panic/rage, theft will multiply in the country." [SAA 8<ref name=":10" /> 295:3-4]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 155:5, 378:1, 406:1; ACh Suppl.<ref name=":16" /> 2, 16:31-32].
-     (6) The Moon and the Bow; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' UGU 30 SI<sub>4</sub>-''ma'' / ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> 30 TU UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ "If the Bow (= Mars) comes close to the top portion of the Moon and enters into the Moon: the days of the king will end" [SAA 8, 399:3-4]; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB A.RA<sub>2</sub> KUR DU<sub>3</sub>.A.BI [KUD<sup>?</sup>...] "[If] the Moon appears (and) at her shoulder the Bow (=Mars?) stands: the communication routes of the whole country [will be cut?] [Verderame, VI.4.1: § 14].
+     (6) The Moon and the Bow; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' UGU 30 SI<sub>4</sub>-''ma'' / ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> 30 TU UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ "If the Bow (= Mars) comes close to the top portion of the Moon and enters into the Moon: the days of the king will end" [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 399:3-4]; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB A.RA<sub>2</sub> KUR DU<sub>3</sub>.A.BI [KUD<sup>?</sup>...] "[If] the Moon appears (and) at her shoulder the Bow (=Mars?) stands: the communication routes of the whole country [will be cut?] [Verderame<ref name=":9" />, VI.4.1: § 14].
-      (7) The Bow and the Eagle; ''šumma'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>TI<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> ''ikšud(''KUR)<sup>ud</sup> ''šamaššammu'' (ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub>) ''idammiq'' (SIG<sub>5</sub>) [...] "If the Bow (= Mars) reaches the Eagle (= Pleiades): sesame will be yielded" [SpTU III, 101:22]; for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl., 50:14; BPO 3, 230, K.3124:9]; see also [Borger 1973, 41:12′], the last prediction assumes the identities: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = Pleiades.
+      (7) The Bow and the Eagle; ''šumma'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>TI<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> ''ikšud(''KUR)<sup>ud</sup> ''šamaššammu'' (ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub>) ''idammiq'' (SIG<sub>5</sub>) [...] "If the Bow (= Mars) reaches the Eagle (= Pleiades): sesame will be yielded" [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:22]; for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":16" />, 50:14; BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 230, K.3124:9]; see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":8" />, 41:12′], the last prediction assumes the identities: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = Pleiades.
-     (8) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; [DIŠ ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>NE] <sup>mul</sup>PAN IGI ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SIG<sub>5</sub>-''iq'' "If the Bow rises in the month of Abu: sesame will be yielded" [BPO 2, XIII 7]; <sup>mul</sup>PAN [''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>NE IGI-''mar''<sup>?</sup>] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.[A KUR ''u me-riš'' ...] / [...] ... ŠE [SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [KUR ''u me-riš'' ...] / [...] ... ŠE [NU SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] "The bow [rises heliacally in the month of Abu? ]; if this star rises early: irrigated land and tilled barley in the country will be normal; if this star rises late: irrigated land of the country and tilled barley will not be normal" [BPO 2, IX 5].
+     (8) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; [DIŠ ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>NE] <sup>mul</sup>PAN IGI ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SIG<sub>5</sub>-''iq'' "If the Bow rises in the month of Abu: sesame will be yielded" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, XIII 7]; <sup>mul</sup>PAN [''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>NE IGI-''mar''<sup>?</sup>] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.[A KUR ''u me-riš'' ...] / [...] ... ŠE [SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [KUR ''u me-riš'' ...] / [...] ... ŠE [NU SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] "The bow [rises heliacally in the month of Abu? ]; if this star rises early: irrigated land and tilled barley in the country will be normal; if this star rises late: irrigated land of the country and tilled barley will not be normal" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, IX 5].
-     (9) The Bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana''] <sup>mul</sup>UD.AL.TAR DIM<sub>4</sub> KUR NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> NINDA DUG<sub>3</sub>.GA KU<sub>2</sub> "[If the Bow] comes close [to] Jupiter: Elam will eat good bread" [BPO 2, XIII 8]; parallel: <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>''Šul-pa''-''e''<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ud'' [SpTU III, 101:23]; see also [ACh Suppl, 50:15; Borger 1973, 41:14′].
+     (9) The Bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana''] <sup>mul</sup>UD.AL.TAR DIM<sub>4</sub> KUR NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> NINDA DUG<sub>3</sub>.GA KU<sub>2</sub> "[If the Bow] comes close [to] Jupiter: Elam will eat good bread" [BPO 2<ref name=":5" />, XIII 8]; parallel: <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>''Šul-pa''-''e''<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ud'' [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:23]; see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":16" />, 50:15; Borger 1973<ref name=":8" />, 41:14′].
-     (10) Bow and Arrow; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>pan ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>gag.si.sa<sub>2</sub> ''kur-ud'' buru<sub>x</sub>(ERUB) si.sa<sub>2</sub> ki.lam gi.na <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim.[gu<sub>4</sub>.ud ''ina'' ša<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ab.sin<sub>2</sub> ''gub-ma''] "If the Arrow reaches the  Bow: the harvest will be abundant. (This means): Mercury stands in the Furrow." [Borger 1973, 41:13′], see also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], VI 3.
+     (10) Bow and Arrow; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>pan ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>gag.si.sa<sub>2</sub> ''kur-ud'' buru<sub>x</sub>(ERUB) si.sa<sub>2</sub> ki.lam gi.na <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim.[gu<sub>4</sub>.ud ''ina'' ša<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ab.sin<sub>2</sub> ''gub-ma''] "If the Arrow reaches the  Bow: the harvest will be abundant. (This means): Mercury stands in the Furrow." [Borger 1973<ref name=":8" />, 41:13′], see also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], VI 3.
-     (11) The Bow (= Mercury?) and the Raven (= Goat-Fish?); DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>pan <''ana''> <sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga ''i-mid'' ku<sub>6</sub>.meš ''u'' SIG [mušen].meš u[d<sup>?</sup>-''daššû''...] "If the Bow stands near the Raven: fish and [bird]s (will become) a[bundant]" [Borger 1973, 41:27′], perhaps here the identities are as follows: "Bow = Mercury", "Raven = Goat-Fish" as in [SAA 8, 73 r. 1-2] (Kurtik k24 [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 10).
+     (11) The Bow (= Mercury?) and the Raven (= Goat-Fish?); DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>pan <''ana''> <sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga ''i-mid'' ku<sub>6</sub>.meš ''u'' SIG [mušen].meš u[d<sup>?</sup>-''daššû''...] "If the Bow stands near the Raven: fish and [bird]s (will become) a[bundant]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":8" />, 41:27′], perhaps here the identities are as follows: "Bow = Mercury", "Raven = Goat-Fish" as in [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 73 r. 1-2] (Kurtik k24 [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 10).
 ==Historical Dictionaries==
@@ Line 742: / Line 742: @@
 ==References==
 *[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
+[[Category:4workWayne]]
 [[Category:Mesopotamian]]

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Concordance, Etymology, History^[1]

Sources and Identification(s)

PAN / qaštum

qaštum elamatum

Stars within the Constellation Area

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PAN: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:53, 28 December 2025

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

Sources and Identification(s)

PAN / qaštum

qaštum elamatum

Stars within the Constellation Area

Additional

Deity.

Prayers and rituals.

Symbol.

Previous Identification.

Astrology.

Identifications:

Predictions:

Historical Dictionaries

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Concordance, Etymology, History^[1]