ḪUN.GA2: Difference between revisions
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===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=== |
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=== |
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= <sup>''mul''</sup>''Agru (𒀯𒀝𒊒)'' "Hired man"; Akkadian parallel in lexical and several other texts [ |
= <sup>''mul''</sup>''Agru (𒀯𒀝𒊒)'' "Hired man"; Akkadian parallel in lexical and several other texts [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 244]. |
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Spelling Variants: |
Spelling Variants: |
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*[[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN]] |
*[[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN]] |
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*<sup>mul</sup>LU (𒀯𒇻 , Kurtik L08) ... LU appears to be a homophonic replacement for LU<sub>2</sub> (from <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> = Aries, 'The Ram') in later astronomical and astrological texts; perhaps a semantic replacement of the abbreviation [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN]]. The LU-sign also has the logographic reading UDU = 'sheep,' allowing for the word play on the homonyms LU and LÚ in the exegesis in the Uranology Group (see below). |
*<sup>mul</sup>LU (𒀯𒇻 , Kurtik L08) ... LU appears to be a homophonic replacement for LU<sub>2</sub> (from <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> = Aries, 'The Ram') in later astronomical and astrological texts; perhaps a semantic replacement of the abbreviation [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN]]. The LU-sign also has the logographic reading UDU = 'sheep,' allowing for the word play on the homonyms LU and LÚ in the exegesis in the Uranology Group (see below). |
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*The symbol of the constellation [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN]] in the second half of the first millennium BCE was considered to be the ram, and LU could be read also as UDU = ''immeru'' "ram" hence following for the sign-pun in the Uranology Group Text D (see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 46). |
*The symbol of the constellation [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN]] in the second half of the first millennium BCE was considered to be the ram, and LU could be read also as UDU = ''immeru'' "ram" hence following for the sign-pun in the Uranology Group Text D (see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 46). |
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*<sup>múl</sup>LU<sub>2</sub> (𒋼𒇽), anon-standardized designation for the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries); abbreviation for (Kurtik h12) <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> |
*<sup>múl</sup>LU<sub>2</sub> (𒋼𒇽), anon-standardized designation for the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries); abbreviation for (Kurtik h12) <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> |
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*In the book Kurtik (2007), all abbreviations had their own keyword but here we merged (Kurtik h10) ḪUN, (Kurtik h11) ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>, (Kurtik h12) <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> |
*In the book Kurtik (2007)<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, all abbreviations had their own keyword but here we merged (Kurtik h10) ḪUN, (Kurtik h11) ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>, (Kurtik h12) <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>. |
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|'''Lexical texts.''' |
|'''Lexical texts.''' |
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*(1) In the monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> [MSL XI, 108:410], <sup>mul lú</sup>[ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub>] [ibid., 133, col. viii 43], <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> [ibid., 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 4], <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.e.ne [ibid., 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 28], <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> [Emar VI/4, 154:119]. |
*(1) In the monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:410], <sup>mul lú</sup>[ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub>] [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 133, col. viii 43], <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 4], <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.e.ne [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 28], <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> [Emar VI/4<ref name=":3">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:119]. |
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*(2) Urra XXII: <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>''a-ga-ri'' [Emar VI/4, 151:182], <sup>[mul] lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> = [''a'']''g-rum'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 133:23], <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> = ''ag-ri'' [SpTU III, 114 Rs. IV 121; |
*(2) Urra XXII: <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>''a-ga-ri'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":3" />, 151:182], <sup>[mul] lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> = [''a'']''g-rum'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 133:23], <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> = ''ag-ri'' [SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 Rs. IV 121; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:316ʹ]. |
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|'''ЕАЕ.''' |
|'''ЕАЕ.''' |
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*See [ABCD<ref name=":5">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 219, BM 38164 Obv. 6; BPO 2<ref name=":6">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, Texts I 3, III 9, XV 26–27; BPO 3<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, Rm. 2,565: 4; NSAM 2<ref name=":8">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 246; SpTU IV<ref name=":9">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162:6, 7, 10]. |
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*See [ABCD, 219, BM 38164 Obv. 6; BPO 2, Texts I 3, III 9, XV 26–27; BPO 3, Rm. 2,565: 4; NSAM 2, 246; SpTU IV, 162:6, 7, 10]. |
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*Abbreviated form ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>: See. [NSAM 2, 246]. |
*Abbreviated form ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>: See. [NSAM 2<ref name=":8" />, 246]. |
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|'''Letters''' |
|'''Letters''' |
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(Abbreviated form ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>). The name of the constellation in [LABS, 62 e. 16]. |
(Abbreviated form ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>). The name of the constellation in [LABS<ref name=":10">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 62 e. 16]. |
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|'''MUL.APIN.''' |
|'''MUL.APIN.''' |
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*(1) Star of Anu (№ 4): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Dumu-zi'' "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind <sup>mul</sup>''Anunītu''): Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43). |
*(1) Star of Anu (№ 4): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Dumu-zi'' "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind <sup>mul</sup>''Anunītu''): Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43). |
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*(2) Dates of heliacal risings: ina <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> UD 1 KAM <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> IGI.LA<sub>2</sub> "On the 1st day of Nisan, the Hired Man becomes visible" (I ii 36); for a quotation from MUL.APIN see. [LABS, 62 e.16]. |
*(2) Dates of heliacal risings: ina <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> UD 1 KAM <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> IGI.LA<sub>2</sub> "On the 1st day of Nisan, the Hired Man becomes visible" (I ii 36); for a quotation from MUL.APIN see. [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 62 e.16]. |
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*(3) Simultaneous diurnal rising and setting: <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / KUR<sup>me</sup>-''ma'' <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' i "Libra, Mad Dog and Entenabarhum / rises, Hired Man sets" (I iii 23-24). |
*(3) Simultaneous diurnal rising and setting: <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / KUR<sup>me</sup>-''ma'' <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' i "Libra, Mad Dog and Entenabarhum / rises, Hired Man sets" (I iii 23-24). |
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*(4) Stars 'in the path of the moon': <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> in the last place, after <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> (I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. |
*(4) Stars 'in the path of the moon': <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> in the last place, after <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> (I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. |
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*(5) First intercalation scheme: |
*(5) First intercalation scheme: |
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**(a) Stellar constellations on the day of the autumnal equinox: ina <sup>iti</sup>DU<sub>6</sub> UD 15 KAM <sup>d</sup>UTU ''ina lib''<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ḫa'' / ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Sin ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> GUB-''az-ma'' "On the 15th day of tashrit, the Sun rises in Libra in the east and the Moon stands before the Star Cluster, and behind the Hired Man" (II i 14-15); |
**(a) Stellar constellations on the day of the autumnal equinox: ina <sup>iti</sup>DU<sub>6</sub> UD 15 KAM <sup>d</sup>UTU ''ina lib''<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ḫa'' / ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Sin ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> GUB-''az-ma'' "On the 15th day of tashrit, the Sun rises in Libra in the east and the Moon stands before the Star Cluster, and behind the Hired Man" (II i 14-15); |
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**(b) constellations on the day of the vernal equinox: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> UD 15 [KAM] <sup>d</sup>''Sin ina li-la-a-ti ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>UTU ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A / ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR <sup>mul [lú]</sup> GUB-''ma'' "On the 15th day of Nisan and in the evening, the Moon stands in the Libra to the east, and the Sun towards the west, ahead of the Star Cluster and behind the Hired Man" (II i 19-21); for the use of a) and b) for intercalations see. [MA, 150-153; ASM, 75-77]. |
**(b) constellations on the day of the vernal equinox: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> UD 15 [KAM] <sup>d</sup>''Sin ina li-la-a-ti ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>UTU ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A / ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR <sup>mul [lú]</sup> GUB-''ma'' "On the 15th day of Nisan and in the evening, the Moon stands in the Libra to the east, and the Sun towards the west, ahead of the Star Cluster and behind the Hired Man" (II i 19-21); for the use of a) and b) for intercalations see. [MA<ref name=":11">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 150-153; ASM<ref name=":12">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 75-77]. |
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|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC-BY).]] |
|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC-BY).]] |
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|'''"Letters and Reports."''' |
|'''"Letters and Reports."''' |
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The title occurs in 3 reports and 7 letters [LABS, 378a; ARAK, 349a]. |
The title occurs in 3 reports and 7 letters [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 378a; ARAK<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349a]. |
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|'''Uranology Texts''' |
|'''Uranology Texts''' |
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'''MLC 1866 (Text D,''' '''Beaulieu et al. 2018: 35, translation p. 39, commentary pp. 45-47.)''' |
'''MLC 1866 (Text D,''' '''Beaulieu et al. 2018'''<ref name=":1" />''': 35, translation p. 39, commentary pp. 45-47.)''' |
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*MLC 1866 (i 12-16): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' / <sup>mul</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LU.ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UDU/LU.ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ITI BAR ''ar''<sub>2</sub>-''ḫu'' <sup>d</sup>60 / MUL ''re-eš šat-ti šu-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''as-lum im-mer'' / <sup>d</sup>''Dumu-zi ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UDU/LU.ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> 3 MUL ''ina'' SAG.KI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ / ˹2˺ MUL ''ina'' GIŠ.KUN''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir-u''᾽: 4 ˹MUL˺ ''ina'' GIR<sub>3</sub>.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu-u'' "The constellation that stands behind it, / (is) the Hired Man. "The Hired Man (corresponds) with the month of Nisanu, the month of Anu. / It is the constellation of the beginning of the year. The Hired Man, the lamb, the ram, the Dumuzi of the Hired Man. |
*MLC 1866 (i 12-16): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' / <sup>mul</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LU.ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UDU/LU.ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ITI BAR ''ar''<sub>2</sub>-''ḫu'' <sup>d</sup>60 / MUL ''re-eš šat-ti šu-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''as-lum im-mer'' / <sup>d</sup>''Dumu-zi ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UDU/LU.ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> 3 MUL ''ina'' SAG.KI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ / ˹2˺ MUL ''ina'' GIŠ.KUN''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir-u''᾽: 4 ˹MUL˺ ''ina'' GIR<sub>3</sub>.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu-u'' "The constellation that stands behind it, / (is) the Hired Man. "The Hired Man (corresponds) with the month of Nisanu, the month of Anu. / It is the constellation of the beginning of the year. The Hired Man, the lamb, the ram, the Dumuzi of the Hired Man. |
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'''See also below the section on the “symbol.” Anaphora. Sp II 202+, see. [Schaumberger 1955, 245-247].''' |
'''See also below the section on the “symbol.” Anaphora. Sp II 202+, see. [Schaumberger 1955'''<ref name=":13">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>''', 245-247].''' |
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*TA 10 UŠ [''ar''<sub>2</sub>] MUL<sub>2</sub> UZ<sub>3</sub><sup>?</sup> / EN SA<sub>4</sub> [''ša''<sub>2</sub>] GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> / <sup>múl</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> TA ˹SAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub>˺ [EN TIL-''š'']''u''<sub>2</sub> KUR |
*TA 10 UŠ [''ar''<sub>2</sub>] MUL<sub>2</sub> UZ<sub>3</sub><sup>?</sup> / EN SA<sub>4</sub> [''ša''<sub>2</sub>] GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> / <sup>múl</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> TA ˹SAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub>˺ [EN TIL-''š'']''u''<sub>2</sub> KUR |
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**"From 100 [behind] the Goat? / To the brilliant star on its (the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast: the Hired Man (=Aries), from his beginning [to] its [end], rises." |
**"From 100 [behind] the Goat? / To the brilliant star on its (the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast: the Hired Man (=Aries), from his beginning [to] its [end], rises." |
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**[Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7, obv. iii 14-16]; time of rising: 200 [ibid., 549]. |
**[Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":14">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 548, Section 7, obv. iii 14-16]; time of rising: 200 [ibid.<ref name=":14" />, 549]. |
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*Only abbreviated forms used |
*Only abbreviated forms used |
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*<sup>mul</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> is used |
*<sup>mul</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> is used |
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**as the designation of the constellation "Hired man." [AD I, No. -651 col. iv 15-16; No. -567 Rev. 12] (possibly also in [ibid., No. -418 Rev. 8]) |
**as the designation of the constellation "Hired man." [AD I<ref name=":15">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -651 col. iv 15-16; No. -567 Rev. 12] (possibly also in [ibid.<ref name=":15" />, No. -418 Rev. 8]) |
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**designation of the first sign of the zodiac in texts of the pre-Seleucid period, though found later [AD I, No. -322 D Rev. 24, 34; No. -302 Rev. 4, etc.]. |
**designation of the first sign of the zodiac in texts of the pre-Seleucid period, though found later [AD I<ref name=":15" />, No. -322 D Rev. 24, 34; No. -302 Rev. 4, etc.]. |
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**Included in the names of the two normal stars: |
**Included in the names of the two normal stars: |
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***(1) MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> 'Star in front of the Hired Man’s head' (= β Arietis), |
***(1) MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> 'Star in front of the Hired Man’s head' (= β Arietis), |
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***(2) MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> 'Star in the rear of the Hired Man’s head (= α Arietis) [AD I, No. -380: 7, B 7; -375 Obv. 2; -373 Obv. 13; -372 E Rev. 2; -277 Obv. A18, etc.]. |
***(2) MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> 'Star in the rear of the Hired Man’s head (= α Arietis) [AD I<ref name=":15" />, No. -380: 7, B 7; -375 Obv. 2; -373 Obv. 13; -372 E Rev. 2; -277 Obv. A18, etc.]. |
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*<sup>mul</sup>ḪUN |
*<sup>mul</sup>ḪUN |
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**For the first time in a diary, the year -372. [ADRT I, No -372: A Col. ii 1, C Rev. 5]. Included in the names of two "normal stars": |
**For the first time in a diary, the year -372. [ADRT I<ref name=":15" />, No -372: A Col. ii 1, C Rev. 5]. Included in the names of two "normal stars": |
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***(1) MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN "Front star of the Hired man’s head" (β Arietis), |
***(1) MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN "Front star of the Hired man’s head" (β Arietis), |
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***(2) MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN "Star in the rear of the Hired man’s head (α Arietis), see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]]. |
***(2) MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN "Star in the rear of the Hired man’s head (α Arietis), see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]]. |
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*<sup>mul</sup>LU (𒀯𒇻) |
*<sup>mul</sup>LU (𒀯𒇻) |
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**See. [ADRT I-III, passim], first in the diary for -384 [ADRT I, No. -384 r. 10]. |
**See. [ADRT I-III, passim], first in the diary for -384 [ADRT I<ref name=":15" />, No. -384 r. 10]. |
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|[[File:Aries Bab-stellarium-R-Perdok2016.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Aries, The Ram, (Babylonia, Seleucid, version) in Stellarium. Drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (Germany), 2016, CC-BY.]] |
|[[File:Aries Bab-stellarium-R-Perdok2016.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Aries, The Ram, (Babylonia, Seleucid, version) in Stellarium. Drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (Germany), 2016, CC-BY.]] |
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|'''Mathematical Astronomy.''' |
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.''' |
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*Standard designation <sup>mul</sup>ḪUN of the first sign of the zodiac [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]. "Horoscopes." See. [BH, passim]. |
*Standard designation <sup>mul</sup>ḪUN of the first sign of the zodiac [ACT I-III<ref name=":16">''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":10" />, passim]. "Horoscopes." See. [BH, passim]. |
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*In the list of the 12 signs of the zodiac, ḪUN is listed in the first place [LBAT, 1591 Obv. 2]. See also <sup>ul</sup>KU(=ḪUN<sup>?</sup>) GUR<sub>4</sub> "Brilliant Hired Man"; inscription repeated four times in a circular diagram [TCL 6, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224-225]. |
*In the list of the 12 signs of the zodiac, ḪUN is listed in the first place [LBAT, 1591 Obv. 2]. See also <sup>ul</sup>KU(=ḪUN<sup>?</sup>) GUR<sub>4</sub> "Brilliant Hired Man"; inscription repeated four times in a circular diagram [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 224-225]. |
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*for usage of <sup>mul</sup>LU (𒀯𒇻): See. [ACT II, 475; LBAT, passim]. |
*for usage of <sup>mul</sup>LU (𒀯𒇻): See. [ACT II<ref name=":16" />, 475; LBAT<ref name=":10" />, passim]. |
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|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.''' |
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.''' |
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*(1) "'''Lunaries'''." |
*(1) "'''Lunaries'''." |
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**(a) BRM IV, 20: ki <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> "The area of the Hired Man, it corresponds to the following activities in which one may succeed while the Moon is in this area: choosing a woman to 'walk,' allowing a woman to speak, banishing diseases, consecrating a house, deposing and appointing another person" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259: 8, 17, 50; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193]. |
**(a) BRM IV, 20: ki <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> "The area of the Hired Man, it corresponds to the following activities in which one may succeed while the Moon is in this area: choosing a woman to 'walk,' allowing a woman to speak, banishing diseases, consecrating a house, deposing and appointing another person" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":17">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 258-259: 8, 17, 50; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":19">''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193]. |
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**(b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik L08) [[LU]]. |
**(b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik L08) [[LU]]. |
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*(2) "'''Microzodiac'''". Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: |
*(2) "'''Microzodiac'''". Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: |
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**a) AO 6483: 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> "12 UZU.MEŠ parts (of the zodiac sign) Hired Man," [ḫa.la] ''sag-ti'' <sup>múl lú</sup>ḫun. ga<sub>2</sub> ''šum''<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "The initial [part]: its name is Hired Man", PAP 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>lu ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''sin'' ''u'' <sup>d</sup>utu ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi'' dib.meš "In the aggregate 12 UZU.MEŠ parts of Aries in the middle of which the Moon and Sun pass" [TU, 14:11, 12, 14, 20; Sachs 1952, 66]. |
**a) AO 6483: 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> "12 UZU.MEŠ parts (of the zodiac sign) Hired Man," [ḫa.la] ''sag-ti'' <sup>múl lú</sup>ḫun. ga<sub>2</sub> ''šum''<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "The initial [part]: its name is Hired Man", PAP 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>lu ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''sin'' ''u'' <sup>d</sup>utu ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi'' dib.meš "In the aggregate 12 UZU.MEŠ parts of Aries in the middle of which the Moon and Sun pass" [TU<ref name=":20">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:11, 12, 14, 20; Sachs 1952<ref name=":21">''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66]. |
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**(b) Sp II 202+, cf. [Schaumberger 1955, 245-247]. Subdivision of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 9th part is <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. |
**(b) Sp II 202+, cf. [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":13" />, 245-247]. Subdivision of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 9th part is <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> [Weidner 1967<ref name=":22">''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. |
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*(3) "'''Hypsoma'''". The Hired Man — KI niṣirti of the Sun, see (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|<sup>d</sup>UTU]]. |
*(3) "'''Hypsoma'''". The Hired Man — KI niṣirti of the Sun, see (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|<sup>d</sup>UTU]]. |
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*(4) '''Predictions''' based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) |
*(4) '''Predictions''' based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134-136], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. |
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*(5) An extispicy involving correspondences between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik d13) [[DUMU.ZI|<sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI]]. |
*(5) An extispicy involving correspondences between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik d13) [[DUMU.ZI|<sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI]]. |
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*(6) Calendar texts providing recipes for ointments(? ) for the various signs of the zodiac, the Hired Man corresponds to the recipe: |
*(6) Calendar texts providing recipes for ointments(? ) for the various signs of the zodiac, the Hired Man corresponds to the recipe: |
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**''dām''(UŠ<sub>2</sub>) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) ''šaman''(I<sub>3</sub>.GIŠ) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) u ''šārat''(SIG<sub>3</sub><sup>ḫi.a</sup>) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) |
**''dām''(UŠ<sub>2</sub>) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) ''šaman''(I<sub>3</sub>.GIŠ) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) u ''šārat''(SIG<sub>3</sub><sup>ḫi.a</sup>) ''immeri''(UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>) |
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**"ram's blood, ram's fat, and ram's hair" [SpTU III, 104:1, 14, 27; 105:11, 24; Reiner 1995, 116-117]; |
**"ram's blood, ram's fat, and ram's hair" [SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 104:1, 14, 27; 105:11, 24; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 116-117]; |
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**another argument in favor of the constellation being symbolized by the ram. |
**another argument in favor of the constellation being symbolized by the ram. |
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**Predictions of grain prices: |
**Predictions of grain prices: |
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**<sup>múl</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired man", |
**<sup>múl</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired man", |
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**KUN <sup>múl</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired Man’s tail" [SpTU I, 94:37, 38, 43, 44]; the reference here seems to be to the tail of the Ram, which served as a symbol and figure of the constellation Hired Man. |
**KUN <sup>múl</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired Man’s tail" [SpTU I<ref name=":23">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:37, 38, 43, 44]; the reference here seems to be to the tail of the Ram, which served as a symbol and figure of the constellation Hired Man. |
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**See also [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 268:31-32]. |
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**See also [SpTU V, 268:31-32]. |
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*LU<sub>2</sub> |
*LU<sub>2</sub> |
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**KI <sup>múl</sup>LU<sub>2</sub> UŠ<sub>2</sub> IM.RI.A |
**KI <sup>múl</sup>LU<sub>2</sub> UŠ<sub>2</sub> IM.RI.A |
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**"Reagion of Aries: death in the family" |
**"Reagion of Aries: death in the family" |
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**(var.: at the hands of family members) [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU, 14:22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192]. |
**(var.: at the hands of family members) [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref name=":20" />, 14:22; Sachs 1952<ref name=":21" />, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":19" />, 192]. |
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*LU |
*LU |
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**(1) "Horoscopes." LU is the designation of the zodiac sign Hired Man in two horoscopes [BH, 65:3, 141: rev.? 3]. |
**(1) "Horoscopes." LU is the designation of the zodiac sign Hired Man in two horoscopes [BH, 65:3, 141: rev.? 3]. |
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**(2) "Lunaries." Text BRM IV 19, where LU is the designation of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 256, 274-275: a, b, 4, 19, 32; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. |
**(2) "Lunaries." Text BRM IV 19, where LU is the designation of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":17" />, 256, 274-275: a, b, 4, 19, 32; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>]. |
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**(3) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: a) AO 6483: 12 UZU.MEŠ ''ḫa.la ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>lu "12 UZU.MEŠ parts of Aries", [''k'']''i'' <sup>múl</sup>''lu'' "[Re]gion of the Hired Man" [TU, 14:20, 22; Sachs 1952, 66]. (b) Sp II 202+: passim [Schaumberger 1955, 245-246]. See also <sup>múl</sup>LU in [Weidner 1967, 14, VAT 7851:7]. |
**(3) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts: a) AO 6483: 12 UZU.MEŠ ''ḫa.la ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>lu "12 UZU.MEŠ parts of Aries", [''k'']''i'' <sup>múl</sup>''lu'' "[Re]gion of the Hired Man" [TU<ref name=":20" />, 14:20, 22; Sachs 1952<ref name=":21" />, 66]. (b) Sp II 202+: passim [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":13" />, 245-246]. See also <sup>múl</sup>LU in [Weidner 1967<ref name=":22" />, 14, VAT 7851:7]. |
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|'''Text W. 22281a.''' |
|'''Text W. 22281a.''' |
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*''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>IZI UD 15 KAM<sub>2</sub> KI KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(UTU) <sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-''<''pu''> <sup>mul</sup>''ku-ma-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.G[I] / <sup>d</sup>BIL:GI ZALAG ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''pān''(IGI) <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>''-ra u'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''šit-qu-lu'' / ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> UD 15 KAM<sub>2</sub> ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM<sub>3</sub> "On the 15th day of Ab before the Natsrapu sunrise, the shoulder (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth), the Old Man, the Ghibil, the brilliant (star) in front of Enmesharrah and the middle of the Hired Man (are) in equilibrium (i.e. culminate). On the 15th day of Shabbat in the evening at sunset the same thing takes place" [SpTU I, 95:9'–11']; |
*''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>IZI UD 15 KAM<sub>2</sub> KI KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(UTU) <sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-''<''pu''> <sup>mul</sup>''ku-ma-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.G[I] / <sup>d</sup>BIL:GI ZALAG ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''pān''(IGI) <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>''-ra u'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''šit-qu-lu'' / ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> UD 15 KAM<sub>2</sub> ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM<sub>3</sub> "On the 15th day of Ab before the Natsrapu sunrise, the shoulder (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth), the Old Man, the Ghibil, the brilliant (star) in front of Enmesharrah and the middle of the Hired Man (are) in equilibrium (i.e. culminate). On the 15th day of Shabbat in the evening at sunset the same thing takes place" [SpTU I<ref name=":23" />, 95:9'–11']; |
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*<sup>mul</sup>''ku-ma-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.G[I] = “The Old Man’s Shoulder”, according to [ASM, 99].See also [KAR, 142 i 37; SpTU I, 96:1, 3; 97:1]. |
*<sup>mul</sup>''ku-ma-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.G[I] = “The Old Man’s Shoulder”, according to [ASM<ref name=":12" />, 99].See also [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 37; SpTU I<ref name=":23" />, 96:1, 3; 97:1]. |
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====II. Deity.==== |
====II. Deity.==== |
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In MUL.APIN I i 43 <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired man" is identified with <sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI; partial parallel: <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub>: <sup>d</sup>''Dumu-zi'': <sup>d</sup>''Kin-g''[''u''] [STC I, 217:9 = '''Reynolds?'''??]. It is unclear on what basis this identification is made. See (Kurtik d13) [[DUMU.ZI|<sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI]]. |
In MUL.APIN I i 43 <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired man" is identified with <sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI; partial parallel: <sup>mul lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub>: <sup>d</sup>''Dumu-zi'': <sup>d</sup>''Kin-g''[''u''] [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 217:9 = '''Reynolds?'''??]. It is unclear on what basis this identification is made. See (Kurtik d13) [[DUMU.ZI|<sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI]]. |
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====II. Astrology ==== |
====II. Astrology ==== |
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Abbreviation <sup>mul</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> |
Abbreviation <sup>mul</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> |
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(1) The eclipse of the Moon in the Hired Man; [...] <sup>mul</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR UNUG<sup>ki</sup> ''u'' KUL.LA.BA<sup>ki</sup> "[If the Moon] in the Hired Man is eclipsed: a decision (for) Uruk and Kullab" [NSAM 2, 54, IIa:8′], for parallels see (Kurtik h12) <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>, VI 6. |
(1) The eclipse of the Moon in the Hired Man; [...] <sup>mul</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR UNUG<sup>ki</sup> ''u'' KUL.LA.BA<sup>ki</sup> "[If the Moon] in the Hired Man is eclipsed: a decision (for) Uruk and Kullab" [NSAM 2<ref name=":8" />, 54, IIa:8′], for parallels see (Kurtik h12) <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>, VI 6. |
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(2) Heliacal risings of the Hired Man (quoted in MUL.APIN I ii 36), see (Kurtik h12) <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>, VI 3. |
(2) Heliacal risings of the Hired Man (quoted in MUL.APIN I ii 36), see (Kurtik h12) <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>, VI 3. |
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The figure <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> in the second half of the first millennium BCE was considered to be a ram. The following circumstances testify in favor of this statement: |
The figure <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> in the second half of the first millennium BCE was considered to be a ram. The following circumstances testify in favor of this statement: |
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* (1) the abbreviated designation of the constellation and the first sign of the zodiac LU (homophonic substitution LU<sub>2</sub>), adopted in the "diaries" and ephemerides of the Seleucid period, can be read also as UDU = ''immeru'' "ram" [Ungnad 1941-44, 256, Anm. 37; Sachs 1952, 71, note 51]; |
* (1) the abbreviated designation of the constellation and the first sign of the zodiac LU (homophonic substitution LU<sub>2</sub>), adopted in the "diaries" and ephemerides of the Seleucid period, can be read also as UDU = ''immeru'' "ram" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":17" />, 256, Anm. 37; Sachs 1952<ref name=":21" />, 71, note 51]; |
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* (2) according to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 represents a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations, in it the designation <sup>múl</sup>LU<sub>2</sub> (abbreviation from <sup>múl lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>) corresponds to UDU.NIT[A<sub>2</sub>] = ''immeru'' "ram" [SpTU II, 43:1, 20], for a corresponding in this regards, see also [Kurtik 2002, 94]); |
* (2) according to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], the text W 22646 represents a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations, in it the designation <sup>múl</sup>LU<sub>2</sub> (abbreviation from <sup>múl lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>) corresponds to UDU.NIT[A<sub>2</sub>] = ''immeru'' "ram" [SpTU II, 43:1, 20], for a corresponding in this regards, see also [Kurtik 2002<ref name=":24">''Куртик Г.Е.'' О происхождении названий греческих зодиакальных созвездий // ВИЕТ. 2002. № 1. С. 76-106.</ref>, 94]); |
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* (3) in the texts we find the designation KUN <sup>múl</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired Man’s tail" [SpTU I, 94 Rs. 37]; '''For a detailed analysis of this text as evidence of the transition from the anthropomorphic figure of the Hired Man to that of the ram, see the Uranology text MLC 1866 above, where the constellation includes only 9 stars. T'''he astral images on Seleucid seals from Ur are the figure of a ram with its head turned backwards, like the Greek Aries, see [AUWE 19, |
* (3) in the texts we find the designation KUN <sup>múl</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired Man’s tail" [SpTU I<ref name=":23" />, 94 Rs. 37]; '''For a detailed analysis of this text as evidence of the transition from the anthropomorphic figure of the Hired Man to that of the ram, see the Uranology text MLC 1866 above, where the constellation includes only 9 stars. T'''he astral images on Seleucid seals from Ur are the figure of a ram with its head turned backwards, like the Greek Aries, see [AUWE 19<ref>''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, 116-117, no. 887-894; Wallenfels 1993<ref>''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 282, fig. 1; Kurtik 2002<ref name=":24" />, ill. 9; 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 14]. |
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====IV. Identification.==== |
====IV. Identification.==== |
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= Aries [ |
= Aries [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 244; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 76; Waerden 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref>, 219-220; BPO 2<ref name=":6" />, 13; MA<ref name=":11" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":12" />, 273; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />,73]. |
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====V. Constellation parts and individual stars.==== |
====V. Constellation parts and individual stars.==== |
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| Line 162: | Line 162: | ||
Stars (1) and (2) were among the 'normal stars', see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]]. |
Stars (1) and (2) were among the 'normal stars', see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]]. |
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(3) [...MUL<sub>2</sub>] MURUB<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG LU "Medium star of the Hired Man’s head." [ADRT I, No.-373 rev. 9]. |
(3) [...MUL<sub>2</sub>] MURUB<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG LU "Medium star of the Hired Man’s head." [ADRT I<ref name=":15" />, No.-373 rev. 9]. |
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(4) MUL SAG <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired Man’s Head Star," see Dbn-text (§J). |
(4) MUL SAG <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired Man’s Head Star," see Dbn-text (§J). |
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(5) KUN MUL<sub>2</sub>.ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired Man’s tail." [SpTU I, 94:37]; KUN <sup>mulx</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> [SpTU IV, 162:10]. |
(5) KUN MUL<sub>2</sub>.ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "Hired Man’s tail." [SpTU I<ref name=":23" />, 94:37]; KUN <sup>mulx</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> [SpTU IV<ref name=":9" />, 162:10]. |
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(6) MURUB4 <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "The middle of the Hired Man" [SpTU I, 95:10]. |
(6) MURUB4 <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> "The middle of the Hired Man" [SpTU I<ref name=":23" />, 95:10]. |
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(7) IGI MUL<sub>2</sub> ḪUN "The front of the Hired Man" (?) [Livingstone 1986, 62:28]. '''??eye??''' |
(7) IGI MUL<sub>2</sub> ḪUN "The front of the Hired Man" (?) [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 62:28]. '''??eye??''' |
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(8) GIŠ.KUN <sup>múl</sup>LU(?) [Schaumberger 1955, 245:14], and also [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 554-555]. |
(8) GIŠ.KUN <sup>múl</sup>LU(?) [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":13" />, 245:14], and also [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":14" />, 554-555]. |
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====VI. Astrology.==== |
====VI. Astrology.==== |
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| Line 180: | Line 180: | ||
===== Predictions: ===== |
===== Predictions: ===== |
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(2) The visibility of the Hired Man; <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''un-nu-ut'' LUGAL SU.BIR<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> ''i-dir-tum'' IGI-''ma''[''r''] "If the Hired Man is dim, King of Subartu will see sorrow" [BPO 2, XV 26]; <sup>ul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> MI LUGAL MAR.TU<sup>ki</sup> ''ina'' GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-''ut'' "If the Hired Man is dark, the King of Amurru will fall in battle" [BPO 2, XV 27]. |
(2) The visibility of the Hired Man; <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''un-nu-ut'' LUGAL SU.BIR<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> ''i-dir-tum'' IGI-''ma''[''r''] "If the Hired Man is dim, King of Subartu will see sorrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":6" />, XV 26]; <sup>ul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> MI LUGAL MAR.TU<sup>ki</sup> ''ina'' GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-''ut'' "If the Hired Man is dark, the King of Amurru will fall in battle" [BPO 2<ref name=":6" />, XV 27]. |
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(3) Heliacal sunrises and sunsets; ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BARAG [UD-1-K]AM<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> IGI-''m''[''ar''] "On the 1st day of Nisan, the Hired Man appears" [LABS, 62 e. 16] (quoted in MUL.APIN); <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''i-rab-bi'' / ''ug-da-ad-am-mar il-lak'' "The Hired Man (now) comes in and (soon) will leave altogether" [LABS, 74 r. 20-21]; prediction of a heliacal rising: <sup>[mu]l lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> / [''šum''<sub>2</sub>''-mu''] ''ina ši-a-r''[''i''] / [''šum''<sub>2</sub>]-''mu'' / ''ina li''-[''di-iš''] ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> ''in-n''[''am-mar''] "The Hired Man will appear in the east tomorrow or the day after tomorrow." [LABS, 152 e. 6-r. 1]. |
(3) Heliacal sunrises and sunsets; ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BARAG [UD-1-K]AM<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> IGI-''m''[''ar''] "On the 1st day of Nisan, the Hired Man appears" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 62 e. 16] (quoted in MUL.APIN); <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''i-rab-bi'' / ''ug-da-ad-am-mar il-lak'' "The Hired Man (now) comes in and (soon) will leave altogether" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 74 r. 20-21]; prediction of a heliacal rising: <sup>[mu]l lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> / [''šum''<sub>2</sub>''-mu''] ''ina ši-a-r''[''i''] / [''šum''<sub>2</sub>]-''mu'' / ''ina li''-[''di-iš''] ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> ''in-n''[''am-mar''] "The Hired Man will appear in the east tomorrow or the day after tomorrow." [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 152 e. 6-r. 1]. |
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(4) Heliacal rising of the planets in Hired Man; [<sup>mul</sup>UDU.ID]IM.GUD.UD ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> / [''in-na-m'']''ir''<sup>!</sup> SIG<sub>5</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> LUGAL ''be-li''<sub>2</sub>-''ia'' / [ḪUL KUR MAR.TU<sup>ki</sup>] LUGAL MAR.TU<sup>ki</sup> / ''ina'' GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-''ut'' "Mercury has become visible in the west in the Hired Man, this is good for the king my lord, [bad for the western country]. The king of the western country will fall in battle." [ARAK, 505 r. 6-8]; <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-n''[''u''] / ''ša a-dan-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>''-še-ti''-[''qu-u-ni''] / ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''i''[''n-na-mir-u-ni''] "Mars, which has missed the date (of rising) and has appeared in the Hired Man" [LABS, 381: 5-7] (this sign was considered particularly dangerous, and the apotropaic ritual of namburbi and the ritual of "laying on of hands" were performed to neutralize the evil it portended [LABS, 381; Reiner 1995, 93]); ITI ''ṭa-a-ba'' / UD-''mu an-ni-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ṭa-a-ba'' / <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.[GUD].UD / DUMU.LUGAL [''š'']''u''<sup>!</sup>-''u''<sub>2</sub> / ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN].GA<sub>2</sub> / ''in-''[''na-ma'']r "The month is good, this day is good: the planet [Mer]cury (denotes) the Crown Prince, it is se[en] in the [Hired] Man" [LABS, 73 r. 5-10]; see also [LABS, 152:5]. |
(4) Heliacal rising of the planets in Hired Man; [<sup>mul</sup>UDU.ID]IM.GUD.UD ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> / [''in-na-m'']''ir''<sup>!</sup> SIG<sub>5</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> LUGAL ''be-li''<sub>2</sub>-''ia'' / [ḪUL KUR MAR.TU<sup>ki</sup>] LUGAL MAR.TU<sup>ki</sup> / ''ina'' GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-''ut'' "Mercury has become visible in the west in the Hired Man, this is good for the king my lord, [bad for the western country]. The king of the western country will fall in battle." [ARAK, 505 r. 6-8]; <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-n''[''u''] / ''ša a-dan-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>''-še-ti''-[''qu-u-ni''] / ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''i''[''n-na-mir-u-ni''] "Mars, which has missed the date (of rising) and has appeared in the Hired Man" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 381: 5-7] (this sign was considered particularly dangerous, and the apotropaic ritual of namburbi and the ritual of "laying on of hands" were performed to neutralize the evil it portended [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 381; Reiner 1995<ref name=":18" />, 93]); ITI ''ṭa-a-ba'' / UD-''mu an-ni-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ṭa-a-ba'' / <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.[GUD].UD / DUMU.LUGAL [''š'']''u''<sup>!</sup>-''u''<sub>2</sub> / ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN].GA<sub>2</sub> / ''in-''[''na-ma'']r "The month is good, this day is good: the planet [Mer]cury (denotes) the Crown Prince, it is se[en] in the [Hired] Man" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 73 r. 5-10]; see also [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 152:5]. |
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(5) General agricultural meaning; <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> "The HIred Man for the furrow" [BPO 2, I 2, III 9]. |
(5) General agricultural meaning; <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> "The HIred Man for the furrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":6" />, I 2, III 9]. |
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(6) Eclipse of the Moon in the Hired Man; [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' KI] <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUG<sup>ki</sup> ''u Kul-aba''<sup>ki</sup> "[If Sin in the realm of] the Hired Man eclipses: a decision for Ur and Kulaba" [ABCD, 219, EAE 20 Text a: Obv. 6], see also [Weidner 1963, 118; NSAM 2, 54]; DIŠ AN.GI<sub>6</sub> ''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>mulx</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''ana tar-ṣi'' 30 GUB-''ma'' … "If an eclipse (of the Moon has occurred and) Venus stands din in the Hired Man and on the horn of the Moon ..." [SpTU IV, 162:6-7]. |
(6) Eclipse of the Moon in the Hired Man; [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' KI] <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUG<sup>ki</sup> ''u Kul-aba''<sup>ki</sup> "[If Sin in the realm of] the Hired Man eclipses: a decision for Ur and Kulaba" [ABCD<ref name=":5" />, 219, EAE 20 Text a: Obv. 6], see also [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118; NSAM 2<ref name=":8" />, 54]; DIŠ AN.GI<sub>6</sub> ''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>mulx</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> ''ana tar-ṣi'' 30 GUB-''ma'' … "If an eclipse (of the Moon has occurred and) Venus stands din in the Hired Man and on the horn of the Moon ..." [SpTU IV<ref name=":9" />, 162:6-7]. |
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(7) Venus in the Hired Man; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub><sup>!</sup> <sup>mul</sup>] <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> DU-''iz'' UN.MEŠ KUR GAL […] "[If Venus] stands in the Hired man: men of the great country [...]" [BPO 3, 251, Rm. 2,567:4]; [''ša a'']-''na'' LUGAL EN-''ia iš-pur''-[''an-ni''] / [''ma-a'' <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>L[U<sub>2</sub>.ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>] / [x x] KUR-''ma la-a ket-t''[''u''<sub>2</sub><sup>!</sup> ''ši-i''] / [<sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>''Dil-bat u''<sub>2</sub>''-di''-[''na la''] / [''in'']-''na-mar'' "[And that someone] wrote to the king, my lord, [that] 'The planet Venus [...] rises in the Hired Man, [is] not true. Venus is not [yet] visible" [LABS, 72:11-15]; <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat la n''[''e''<sub>2</sub>-''em-mar''] / TA ŠA<sub>3</sub> UD-''me an''-[''ni-e''] / ''ina šap-la'' [<sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>] / ''ina pu-ut'' <sup>mul</sup>[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''li-is-ḫur'' "We have not s[een] Venus. It should now be under [the Hired man] in opposition to Saturn" [LABS, 51 r. 4-8]. |
(7) Venus in the Hired Man; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub><sup>!</sup> <sup>mul</sup>] <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> DU-''iz'' UN.MEŠ KUR GAL […] "[If Venus] stands in the Hired man: men of the great country [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 251, Rm. 2,567:4]; [''ša a'']-''na'' LUGAL EN-''ia iš-pur''-[''an-ni''] / [''ma-a'' <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>L[U<sub>2</sub>.ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>] / [x x] KUR-''ma la-a ket-t''[''u''<sub>2</sub><sup>!</sup> ''ši-i''] / [<sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>''Dil-bat u''<sub>2</sub>''-di''-[''na la''] / [''in'']-''na-mar'' "[And that someone] wrote to the king, my lord, [that] 'The planet Venus [...] rises in the Hired Man, [is] not true. Venus is not [yet] visible" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 72:11-15]; <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat la n''[''e''<sub>2</sub>-''em-mar''] / TA ŠA<sub>3</sub> UD-''me an''-[''ni-e''] / ''ina šap-la'' [<sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>] / ''ina pu-ut'' <sup>mul</sup>[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''li-is-ḫur'' "We have not s[een] Venus. It should now be under [the Hired man] in opposition to Saturn" [LABS<ref name=":10" />, 51 r. 4-8]. |
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See also (Kurtik h10) ḪUN, (Kurtik h11) ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>, (Kurtik L08) [[LU]], (Kurtik L11) [[LU2|LU<sub>2</sub>]]. |
See also (Kurtik h10) ḪUN, (Kurtik h11) ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>, (Kurtik L08) [[LU]], (Kurtik L11) [[LU2|LU<sub>2</sub>]]. |
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Latest revision as of 07:56, 14 October 2025
mul lúḪUN.GA2 (𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷) = agru, "the Hired Man" is a constellation in human form, which corresponds to classical Aries (Ram). The correlation of the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian constellation in human form with Aries in the form of a sheep finds expression in a philological exposition on the Sumerian name mul lúḪUN.GA2 in the Uranology Group which notes that the signs LU and LU2 are homonyms, but with LU in the case of Aries to be understood with this reading LU (-sign), read udu = 'sheep.' For a single-sign abbreviation of the name as LU2.
Concordance, Etymology, History
Krebernik (2023)
= agru “hired man/worker”. mulLÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ (AN 6r).
Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim
= mulAgru (𒀯𒀝𒊒) "Hired man"; Akkadian parallel in lexical and several other texts [Gössmann[1] 244].
Spelling Variants:
- ḪUN
- mulLU (𒀯𒇻 , Kurtik L08) ... LU appears to be a homophonic replacement for LU2 (from mul lúḪUN.GA2 = Aries, 'The Ram') in later astronomical and astrological texts; perhaps a semantic replacement of the abbreviation ḪUN. The LU-sign also has the logographic reading UDU = 'sheep,' allowing for the word play on the homonyms LU and LÚ in the exegesis in the Uranology Group (see below).
- The symbol of the constellation ḪUN in the second half of the first millennium BCE was considered to be the ram, and LU could be read also as UDU = immeru "ram" hence following for the sign-pun in the Uranology Group Text D (see Beaulieu et al. 2018[2]: 46).
- múlLU2 (𒋼𒇽), anon-standardized designation for the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries); abbreviation for (Kurtik h12) mul lúḪUN.GA2
- In the book Kurtik (2007)[3], all abbreviations had their own keyword but here we merged (Kurtik h10) ḪUN, (Kurtik h11) ḪUN.GA2, (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2.
| Sources | Identifications |
|---|---|
Lexical texts.
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| ЕАЕ. | |
| Letters
(Abbreviated form ḪUN.GA2). The name of the constellation in [LABS[14], 62 e. 16]. |
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MUL.APIN.
|
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| "Letters and Reports."
The title occurs in 3 reports and 7 letters [LABS[14], 378a; ARAK[17], 349a]. |
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Dalbanna-text.
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| Uranology Texts
MLC 1866 (Text D, Beaulieu et al. 2018[2]: 35, translation p. 39, commentary pp. 45-47.)
See also below the section on the “symbol.” Anaphora. Sp II 202+, see. [Schaumberger 1955[18], 245-247]. |
|
| BM 36609+:
(time of rising of the constellation Hired Man)
|
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Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.
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Mathematical Astronomy.
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Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.
Abbreviated forms
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Text W. 22281a.
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Additional
II. Deity.
In MUL.APIN I i 43 mul lúḪUN.GA2 "Hired man" is identified with dDUMU.ZI; partial parallel: mul lúḫun.ga2: dDumu-zi: dKin-g[u] [STC I[36], 217:9 = Reynolds???]. It is unclear on what basis this identification is made. See (Kurtik d13) dDUMU.ZI.
II. Astrology
Abbreviation mulḪUN.GA2
(1) The eclipse of the Moon in the Hired Man; [...] mulḪUN.GA2 a-dir EŠ.BAR UNUGki u KUL.LA.BAki "[If the Moon] in the Hired Man is eclipsed: a decision (for) Uruk and Kullab" [NSAM 2[12], 54, IIa:8′], for parallels see (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2, VI 6.
(2) Heliacal risings of the Hired Man (quoted in MUL.APIN I ii 36), see (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2, VI 3.
See (Kurtik h10) ḪUN, (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2.
III. Symbol.
The figure mul lúḪUN.GA2 in the second half of the first millennium BCE was considered to be a ram. The following circumstances testify in favor of this statement:
- (1) the abbreviated designation of the constellation and the first sign of the zodiac LU (homophonic substitution LU2), adopted in the "diaries" and ephemerides of the Seleucid period, can be read also as UDU = immeru "ram" [Ungnad 1941-44[24], 256, Anm. 37; Sachs 1952[28], 71, note 51];
- (2) according to [Foxvog 1993[37], 107], the text W 22646 represents a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations, in it the designation múlLU2 (abbreviation from múl lúḪUN.GA2) corresponds to UDU.NIT[A2] = immeru "ram" [SpTU II, 43:1, 20], for a corresponding in this regards, see also [Kurtik 2002[38], 94]);
- (3) in the texts we find the designation KUN múlḪUN.GA2 "Hired Man’s tail" [SpTU I[31], 94 Rs. 37]; For a detailed analysis of this text as evidence of the transition from the anthropomorphic figure of the Hired Man to that of the ram, see the Uranology text MLC 1866 above, where the constellation includes only 9 stars. The astral images on Seleucid seals from Ur are the figure of a ram with its head turned backwards, like the Greek Aries, see [AUWE 19[39], 116-117, no. 887-894; Wallenfels 1993[40], 282, fig. 1; Kurtik 2002[38], ill. 9; 2007[41], fig. 14].
IV. Identification.
= Aries [Gössmann[1] 244; Weidner 1957-59[42], 76; Waerden 1952-53[43], 219-220; BPO 2[10], 13; MA[15], 138; Mesop.Astrol.[44], 207, App. C; ASM[16], 273; Beaulieu et al. 2018[2],73].
V. Constellation parts and individual stars.
(1) MUL2 IGI ša2 SAG ḪUN "The front star of the Hired Man’s head" (= β Arietis).
(2) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SAG ḪUN "Rear star of the Hired Man’s head (= α Arietis).
Stars (1) and (2) were among the 'normal stars', see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.
(3) [...MUL2] MURUB4 ša2 SAG LU "Medium star of the Hired Man’s head." [ADRT I[20], No.-373 rev. 9].
(4) MUL SAG lúḪUN.GA2 "Hired Man’s Head Star," see Dbn-text (§J).
(5) KUN MUL2.ḪUN.GA2 "Hired Man’s tail." [SpTU I[31], 94:37]; KUN mulxḪUN.GA2 [SpTU IV[13], 162:10].
(6) MURUB4 mul lúḪUN.GA2 "The middle of the Hired Man" [SpTU I[31], 95:10].
(7) IGI MUL2 ḪUN "The front of the Hired Man" (?) [Livingstone 1986[45], 62:28]. ??eye??
(8) GIŠ.KUN múlLU(?) [Schaumberger 1955[18], 245:14], and also [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004[19], 554-555].
VI. Astrology.
Identifications:
(1) = Mars = star Amurru = Field(=Mars?) behind the Pleiades, see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2, VI 10.
Predictions:
(2) The visibility of the Hired Man; lúḪUN.GA2 un-nu-ut LUGAL SU.BIR4ki i-dir-tum IGI-ma[r] "If the Hired Man is dim, King of Subartu will see sorrow" [BPO 2[10], XV 26]; ul lúḪUN.GA2 MI LUGAL MAR.TUki ina GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-ut "If the Hired Man is dark, the King of Amurru will fall in battle" [BPO 2[10], XV 27].
(3) Heliacal sunrises and sunsets; ina itiBARAG [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-m[ar] "On the 1st day of Nisan, the Hired Man appears" [LABS[14], 62 e. 16] (quoted in MUL.APIN); mul lúḪUN.GA2 i-rab-bi / ug-da-ad-am-mar il-lak "The Hired Man (now) comes in and (soon) will leave altogether" [LABS[14], 74 r. 20-21]; prediction of a heliacal rising: [mu]l lúḪUN.GA2 / [šum2-mu] ina ši-a-r[i] / [šum2]-mu / ina li-[di-iš] ina dUTU.E3 in-n[am-mar] "The Hired Man will appear in the east tomorrow or the day after tomorrow." [LABS[14], 152 e. 6-r. 1].
(4) Heliacal rising of the planets in Hired Man; [mulUDU.ID]IM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ina ŠA3 mul lúḪUN.GA2 / [in-na-m]ir! SIG5 ša2 LUGAL be-li2-ia / [ḪUL KUR MAR.TUki] LUGAL MAR.TUki / ina GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-ut "Mercury has become visible in the west in the Hired Man, this is good for the king my lord, [bad for the western country]. The king of the western country will fall in battle." [ARAK, 505 r. 6-8]; mulṣal-bat-a-n[u] / ša a-dan-šu2 u2-še-ti-[qu-u-ni] / u3 ina ŠA3 mul lúḪUN.GA2 i[n-na-mir-u-ni] "Mars, which has missed the date (of rising) and has appeared in the Hired Man" [LABS[14], 381: 5-7] (this sign was considered particularly dangerous, and the apotropaic ritual of namburbi and the ritual of "laying on of hands" were performed to neutralize the evil it portended [LABS[14], 381; Reiner 1995[25], 93]); ITI ṭa-a-ba / UD-mu an-ni-u2 ṭa-a-ba / mulUDU.IDIM.[GUD].UD / DUMU.LUGAL [š]u!-u2 / ina ŠA3 mul[lúḪUN].GA2 / in-[na-ma]r "The month is good, this day is good: the planet [Mer]cury (denotes) the Crown Prince, it is se[en] in the [Hired] Man" [LABS[14], 73 r. 5-10]; see also [LABS[14], 152:5].
(5) General agricultural meaning; mul lúḪUN.GA2 ana AB.SIN2 "The HIred Man for the furrow" [BPO 2[10], I 2, III 9].
(6) Eclipse of the Moon in the Hired Man; [DIŠ 30 ina KI] mul lúḪUN.GA2 a-dir EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki u Kul-abaki "[If Sin in the realm of] the Hired Man eclipses: a decision for Ur and Kulaba" [ABCD[9], 219, EAE 20 Text a: Obv. 6], see also [Weidner 1963[46], 118; NSAM 2[12], 54]; DIŠ AN.GI6 Dil-bat ina mulx lúḪUN.GA2 ana tar-ṣi 30 GUB-ma … "If an eclipse (of the Moon has occurred and) Venus stands din in the Hired Man and on the horn of the Moon ..." [SpTU IV[13], 162:6-7].
(7) Venus in the Hired Man; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina ŠA3! mul] lúḪUN.GA2 DU-iz UN.MEŠ KUR GAL […] "[If Venus] stands in the Hired man: men of the great country [...]" [BPO 3[11], 251, Rm. 2,567:4]; [ša a]-na LUGAL EN-ia iš-pur-[an-ni] / [ma-a mu]lDil-bat ina ŠA3 mulL[U2.ḪUN.GA2] / [x x] KUR-ma la-a ket-t[u2! ši-i] / [mu]lDil-bat u2-di-[na la] / [in]-na-mar "[And that someone] wrote to the king, my lord, [that] 'The planet Venus [...] rises in the Hired Man, [is] not true. Venus is not [yet] visible" [LABS[14], 72:11-15]; mulDil-bat la n[e2-em-mar] / TA ŠA3 UD-me an-[ni-e] / ina šap-la [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / ina pu-ut mul[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ li-is-ḫur "We have not s[een] Venus. It should now be under [the Hired man] in opposition to Saturn" [LABS[14], 51 r. 4-8].
See also (Kurtik h10) ḪUN, (Kurtik h11) ḪUN.GA2, (Kurtik L08) lu2ḪUN.GA (𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷), (Kurtik L11) LU2.
Historical Dictionaries
| Kurtik (2022, a13) agru | Gössmann (1950) |
|---|---|
| аккадская параллель к mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемник», современный Овен (Aries); в лексических и ряде других текстов, см. h12 lúḪUN.GA2. | |
| Kurtik (2022, h12) | Gössmann (1950) |
| = agru «Наемный работник»; созвездие, соответствующее современному Овну (Aries) [G. 244].
I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. (1) В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mul lúḫun.ga2 [MSL XI, 108:410], mul lú[ḫun.ga2] [ibid., 133, col. viii 43], mul lúḫun.ga2 [ibid., 136, Forerunner 2, rev. ii 4], mul lúḫun.e.ne [ibid., 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 28], mul lúḫun.ga2 [Emar VI/4, 154:119]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mul lúḫun.ga2 = mula-ga-ri [Emar VI/4, 151:182], [mul] lúḫun.ga2 = [a]g-rum [Cavigneaux 1979, 133:23], mul lúḫun.ga2 = ag-ri [SpTU III, 114 Rs. IV 121; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:316ʹ]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 219, BM 38164 Obv. 6; BPO 2, Texts I 3, III 9, XV 26–27; BPO 3, Rm. 2,565: 4; NSAM 2, 246; SpTU IV, 162:6, 7, 10]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 4): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi «Звезда, которая стоит позади нее (т.е. позади mulAnunītu): Наемник, Думузи» (I i 43). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 1 KAM mul lúḪUN.GA2 IGI.LA2 «1-го нисану Наемник становится видимым» (I ii 36); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62 e.16]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 mulUR.IDIM u mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / KURme-ma mul lúḪUN.GA2 ŠU2-bi «Весы, Бешеный Пес и Энтенабархум / восходят, Наемник заходит» (I iii 23–24). (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mul lúḪUN.GA2 на последнем месте, после mulA-nu-ni-tu4 (I iv 37), см. s20Sîn. (5) Первая интеркаляционная схема: a) Звездные констелляции в день осеннего равноденствия: ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM dUTU ina lib2-bi mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa / u dSin ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN.GA2 GUB-az-ma «15-го ташриту Солнце восходит в Весах на востоке и Луна стоит впереди Звезд, позади Наемника» (II i 14–15); b) Звездные констелляция в день весеннего равноденствия: ina itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] dSin ina li-la-a-ti ina ŠA3 / mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 ina dUTU.E3 u dUTU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul [lú]ḪUN.GA2 GUB-ma «15-го нисану Луна стоит вечером в Весах на востоке, а Солнце на западе впереди Звезд, позади Наемника» (II i 19–21); использование a) и b) для интеркаляций см. [MA, 150–153; ASM, 75–77]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Название встречается в 3 рапортах и 7 письмах [LABS, 378a; ARAK, 349a]. Dalbanna-текст. J. mulsag lúḫun.ga2 «Голова Наемника» (α Ari), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. MLC 1866. См. ниже раздел «Символ». Анафора. Sp II 202+, см. [Schaumberger 1955, 245–247]. BM 36609+: (время восхода созвездия Наемник) TA 10 UŠ [ar2] MUL2 UZ3? / EN SA4 [ša2] GABA-šu2 / múlḪUN.GA2 TA ˹SAG-šu2˺ [EN TIL-š]u2 KUR «От 100 [позади] Козы? / До блестящей звезды на его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) груди: Наемник (=Овен), от своего начала [до] своего [конца], восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7, obv. iii 14–16]; время восхода: 200 [ibid., 549]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mul lúḫun.ga2 «Область Наемника», ей соответствуют следующие виды деятельности, в которых можно преуспеть, пока Луна находится в этой области: выбор женщины для «прогулок», позволение женщине говорить, изгнание болезней, освящение дома, снятие с должности и назначение другого человека» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 8, 17, 50; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. L08LU. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) AO 6483: 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ša2 múl lúḫun.ga2 «12 UZU.MEŠ частей (знака зодиака) Наемник», [ḫa.la] sag-ti múl lúḫun.ga2 šum3-šu2 «Начальная [часть]: ее имя Наемник», PAP 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ša2 múllu ša2 dsin u dutu ina lib3-bi dib.meš «В совокупности 12 UZU.MEŠ частей Овна в середине которых Луна и Солнце проходят» [TU, 14:11, 12, 14, 20; Sachs 1952, 66]. b) Sp II 202+, см. [Schaumberger 1955, 245–247]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 9-я часть — mul lúḫun.ga2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) «Гипсома». Наемник — KI niṣirti Солнца, см. u30dUTU. (4) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mul lúḪUN.GA2, passim [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134–136], см. s20Sîn. (5) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствия между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. d13dDUMU.ZI. (6) Календарные тексты, дающие рецепты мази(?) для различных знаков зодиака, Наемнику соответствует рецепт: dām(UŠ2) immeri(UDU.NITA2) šaman(I3.GIŠ) immeri(UDU.NITA2) u šārat(SIG3ḫi.a) immeri(UDU.NITA2) «Кровь барана, жир барана и волосы барана» [SpTU III, 104:1, 14, 27; 105:11, 24; Reiner 1995, 116–117]; еще один аргумент в пользу того, что символом созвездия был баран. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiIZI UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) mulna-aṣ-ra-<pu> mulku-ma-ri mulŠU.G[I] / dBIL:GI ZALAG ša2 pān(IGI) dEn-me-šar2-ra u MURUB4 mul lúḪUN.GA2 šit-qu-lu / ina itiZIZ2 UD 15 KAM2 ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го абу при восходе Солнца Нацрапу, плечо (Демона с Разинутой Пастью), Старик, Гибил, блестящая (звезда) перед Энмешаррой и середина Наемника (находятся) в равновесии (т.е. кульминируют). 15-го шабату вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое» [SpTU I, 95:9'–11']; mulku-ma-ri mulŠU.G[I] = «Плечо Старика», согласно [ASM, 99]. См. также [KAR, 142 i 37; SpTU I, 96:1, 3; 97:1]. II. Божество. В MUL.APIN I i 43 mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник» отождествляется с dDUMU.ZI; частичная параллель: mul lúḫun.ga2: dDumu-zi: dKin-g[u] [STC I, 217:9]. Неизвестно, на чем основывается это отождествление. См. d13dDUMU.ZI. III. Символ. Фигурой mul lúḪUN.GA2 во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. считался баран. В пользу этого утверждения свидетельствуют следующие обстоятельства: (1) сокращенное обозначение созвездия и первого знака зодиака LU (омофонная замена LU2), принятое в «дневниках» и в эфемеридах селевкидского периода, может быть прочитано также как UDU = immeru «баран» [Ungnad 1941–44, 256, Anm. 37; Sachs 1952, 71, note 51]; (2) согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 представляет список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в нем обозначению múlLU2 (сокращение от múl lúḪUN.GA2) соответствует UDU.NIT[A2] = immeru «баран» [SpTU II, 43:1, 20], см. в этой связи также [Куртик 2002, 94]); (3) в текстах встречаем обозначение KUN múlḪUN.GA2 «Хвост Наемника» [SpTU I, 94 Rs. 37]; (4) описание фигуры созвездия в MLC 1866 (i 12–16): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu / mulLU2.LU.ḪUN.GA2 mulUDU/LU.ḪUN.GA2 ITI BAR ar2-ḫu d60 / MUL re-eš šat-ti šu-u2 mul lúḪUN.GA2 as-lum im-mer / dDumu-zi ša2 mulUDU/LU.ḪUN.GA2 3 MUL ina SAG.KI-šu2 e-ṣir-u᾽ / ˹2˺ MUL ina GIŠ.KUN-šu2 e-ṣir-u᾽: 4 ˹MUL˺ ina GIR3.MEŠ-šu2 GUB-zu-us «Созвездие, которое стоит позади него, / (это) Наемник. Наемник (соотносится) с месяцем нисану, месяцем Ану. / Это созвездие начала года. Наемник, ягненок, баран, Думузи Наемника. На его голове 3 звезды изображены, / на его бедре 2 звезды изображены, 4 звезды на его ногах стоят» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39]. Детальный анализ этого текста как свидетельства о переходе от антропоморфной фигуры Наемного работника к фигуре барана см. [ibid., 45–46]. Согласно этому описанию, созвездие включало всего 9 звезд. Астральные изображения на селевкидских печатях из Ура – фигура барана, голова которого повернута назад, как у греческого Овна, см. [AUWE 19, 116–117, No. 887–894; Wallenfels 1993, 282, fig. 1; Куртик 2002, илл. 9; 2007, рис. 14]. IV. Отождествление. = Aries [G. 244; Weidner 1957–59, 76; Waerden 1952–53, 219–220; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 273; Beaulieu et al. 2018,73]. V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды. (1) MUL2 IGI ša2 SAG ḪUN «Передняя звезда головы Наемника» (= β Arietis). (2) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SAG ḪUN «Задняя звезда головы Наемника (= α Arietis). Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. (3) […MUL2] MURUB4 ša2 SAG LU «Средняя звезда головы Наемника» [ADRT I, No.-373 rev. 9]. (4) MUL SAG lúḪUN.GA2 «Звезда Головы Наемника», см. Dbn-текст (§J). (5) KUN MUL2.ḪUN.GA2 «Хвост Нaемника» [SpTU I, 94:37]; KUN mulxḪUN.GA2 [SpTU IV, 162:10]. (6) MURUB4 mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Середина Наемника» [SpTU I, 95:10]. (7) IGI MUL2 ḪUN «Передняя часть Наемника» (?) [Livingstone 1986, 62:28]. (8) GIŠ.KUN múlLU(?) [Schaumberger 1955, 245:14], а также [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 554–555]. VI. Астрология. Отождествления: (1) = Марс = звезда Амурру = Поле(=Марс?) позади Плеяд, см. a48AŠ.GAN2, VI 10. Предсказания: (2) Видимость Наемника; ul lúḪUN.GA2 un-nu-ut LUGAL SU.BIR4ki i-dir-tum IGI-ma[r] «Если Наемник тусклый, царь Субарту увидит горесть» [BPO 2, XV 26]; ul lúḪUN.GA2 MI LUGAL MAR.TUki ina GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-ut «Если Наемник темный, царь Амурру падет в сражении» [BPO 2, XV 27]. (3) Гелиакические восходы и заходы; ina itiBARAG [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-m[ar] «1-го нисана Наемник появляется» [LABS, 62 e. 16] (цитата из MUL.APIN); mul lúḪUN.GA2 i-rab-bi / ug-da-ad-am-mar il-lak «Наемник (сейчас) заходит и (скоро) уйдет совсем» [LABS, 74 r. 20–21]; предсказание гелиакического восхода: [mu]l lúḪUN.GA2 / [šum2-mu] ina ši-a-r[i] / [šum2]-mu / ina li-[di-iš] ina dUTU.E3 in-n[am-mar] «Наемник появ[ится] на востоке завтра или по[слезавтра]» [LABS, 152 e. 6–r. 1]. (4) Гелиакический восход планет в Наемнике; [mulUDU.ID]IM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ina ŠA3 mul lúḪUN.GA2 / [in-na-m]ir! SIG5 ša2 LUGAL be-li2-ia / [ḪUL KUR MAR.TUki] LUGAL MAR.TUki / ina GIŠ.TUKUL ŠUB-ut «Меркурий стал виден на западе в Наемнике, это хорошо для царя, моего господина, [плохо для западной страны]. Царь западной страны падет в битве» [ARAK, 505 r. 6–8]; mulṣal-bat-a-n[u] / ša a-dan-šu2 u2-še-ti-[qu-u-ni] / u3 ina ŠA3 mul lúḪUN.GA2 i[n-na-mir-u-ni] «Марс, который пропустил свою дату (восхода) и появился в Наемнике» [LABS, 381: 5–7] (этот знак считался особо опасным, для нейтрализации предвещаемого им зла совершали апотропеический ритуал намбурби и ритуал «воздевания рук» [LABS, 381; Reiner 1995, 93]); ITI ṭa-a-ba / UD-mu an-ni-u2 ṭa-a-ba / mulUDU.IDIM.[GUD].UD / DUMU.LUGAL [š]u!-u2 / ina ŠA3 mul[lúḪUN].GA2 / in-[na-ma]r «Месяц хороший, этот день хороший: планета [Мер]курий (обозначает) наследного принца, она ви[дн]а в [Наем]нике» [LABS, 73 r. 5–10]; см. также [LABS, 152:5]. (5) Общее сельскохозяйственное значение; mul lúḪUN.GA2 ana AB.SIN2 «Наемник для борозды» [BPO 2, I 2, III 9]. (6) Затмение Луны в Наемнике; [DIŠ 30 ina KI] mul lúḪUN.GA2 a-dir EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki u Kul-abaki «[Если Син в области] Наемника затмился: решение для Ура и Кулабы» [ABCD, 219, EAE 20 Text a: Obv. 6], см. также [Weidner 1963, 118; NSAM 2, 54]; DIŠ AN.GI6 Dil-bat ina mulx lúḪUN.GA2 ana tar-ṣi 30 GUB-ma … «Если затмение (Луны произошло и) Венера в Наемнике на роге Луны стоит …» [SpTU IV, 162:6–7]. (7) Венера в Наемнике; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ina ŠA3! mul] lúḪUN.GA2 DU-iz UN.MEŠ KUR GAL […] «[Если Венера в] Наемнике стоит: люди великой страны […]» [BPO 3, 251, Rm. 2,567:4]; [ša a]-na LUGAL EN-ia iš-pur-[an-ni] / [ma-a mu]lDil-bat ina ŠA3 mulL[U2.ḪUN.GA2] / [x x] KUR-ma la-a ket-t[u2! ši-i] / [mu]lDil-bat u2-di-[na la] / [in]-na-mar «[А что некто] написал царю, моему господину, [что] «Планета Венера […] восходит в Наемнике», [это] неправда. Венера ещ[е не] видна» [LABS, 72:11–15]; mulDil-bat la n[e2-em-mar] / TA ŠA3 UD-me an-[ni-e] / ina šap-la [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / ina pu-ut mul[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ li-is-ḫur «Мы не в[идели] Венеру. Сейчас она должна находиться под [Наемником] в оппозиции к Cатурну» [LABS, 51 r. 4–8]. См. также h10ḪUN, h11ḪUN.GA2, L08LU, L11LU2. |
Example |
| Kurtik (2022, h11) | |
| сокращение от mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник»; обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака, соответствующего Овну (Aries), в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах.
I. Источники. EAE. См. [NSAM 2, 246]. «Письма». Название созвездия в [LABS, 62 e. 16]. «Дневники наблюдений.» Обозначение созвездия «Наемник» [AD I, No. -651 col. iv 15–16; No. -567 Rev. 12] (возможно также в [ibid., No. -418 Rev. 8]) обозначение первого знака зодиака в текстах доселевкидского периода, хотя встречается и позднее [AD I, No. -322 D Rev. 24, 34; No. -302 Rev. 4 и др.]. Входило в названия двух нормальных звезд: (1) MUL2 IGI ša2 SAG ḪUN.GA2 «Передняя звезда головы Наемника» (= β Arietis), (2) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SAG ḪUN.GA2 «Задняя звезда головы Наемника (= α Arietis) [AD I, No. -380: 7, B 7; -375 Obv. 2; -373 Obv. 13; -372 E Rev. 2; -277 Obv. A18 и др.]. Поздняя астрология. Предсказания цен на злаки: múlḪUN.GA2 «Наемник», KUN múlḪUN.GA2 «Хвост Наемника» [SpTU I, 94:37, 38, 43, 44]; здесь речь идет, по-видимому, о хвосте Барана, который служил символом и фигурой созвездия Наемный работник. См. также [SpTU V, 268:31–32]. II. Астрология. (1) Затмение Луны в Наемнике; […] mulḪUN.GA2 a-dir EŠ.BAR UNUGki u KUL.LA.BAki «[Если Луна] в Наемнике затмилась: решение (для) Урука и Куллаба» [NSAM 2, 54, IIa:8′], параллели см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, VI 6. (2) Гелиакический восход Наемника (цитата из MUL.APIN I ii 36), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, VI 3. См. h10ḪUN, h12lúḪUN.GA2. |
|
| Kurtik (2022, h10) | |
| сокращение от mul lúḪUN.GA2; созвездие и знак зодиака «Наемный работник» (= Овен, Aries) в астрономических и астрологических текстах второй половины I тыс. до н.э. [G. 189].
I. Источники. «Дневники наблюдений». Впервые в дневнике за -372 г. [ADRT I, No -372: A Col. ii 1, C Rev. 5]. Входило в названия двух «нормальных звезд»: (1) MUL2 IGI ša2 SAG ḪUN «Передняя звезда головы Наемника» (β Arietis), (2) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SAG ḪUN «Задняя звезда головы Наемника (α Arietis), см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. Стандартное обозначение первого знака зодиака [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. «Гороскопы». См. [BH, passim]. В списке 12 знаков зодиака ḪUN значится на первом месте [LBAT, 1591 Obv. 2]. См. также: ulKU(=ḪUN?) GUR4 «Блестящий Наемник»; надпись, повторенная четыре раза в круглой диаграмме [TCL 6, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224–225]. Cм. также h11ḪUN.GA2, h12lúḪUN.GA2, L08LU. |
|
| Kurtik (2022, L08) | |
| созвездие и знак зодиака Наемный работник (= Овен, Aries) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. По-видимому, LU есть гомофонная замена редко используемого LU2 (от mul lúḪUN.GA2). Возможно также, что это — смысловая замена сокращения ḪUN (см. h11) на графически близкий знак LU; символом созвездия во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. считался баран, а LU могло быть прочитано также как UDU = immeru «Баран» [Ungnad 1941–44, 256, note 37; G. 237; AUWE, 153; Куртик 2002, 94]. Отождествление LU2 и LU в названии созвездия в MLC 1866 см. h12, III. Возможно также, это сокращение от LU.MAŠ, см. [Rochberg 2004, 119, note 23]. (проверить)
I. Источники. «Дневники наблюдений». См. [ADRT I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за -384 год [ADRT I, No. -384 r. 10]. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT II, 475; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». LU — обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник в двух гороскопах [BH, 65:3, 141: rev.? 3]. (2) «Лунарии». Текст BRM IV 19, где LU — обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник (Овен) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 256, 274–275: a, b, 4, 19, 32; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный работник (=Овен) на 12 частей: а) AO 6483: 12 UZU.MEŠ ḫa.la ša2 múllu «12 UZU.MEŠ частей Овна», [k]i múllu «[Об]ласть Наемника» [TU, 14:20, 22; Sachs 1952, 66]. b) Sp II 202+: passim [Schaumberger 1955, 245–246]. См. также múlLU в [Weidner 1967, 14, VAT 7851:7]. |
|
| Kurtik (2022, L11) | |
| нестандартное обозначение знака зодиака Наемный работник (=Овен); сокращение от mul lúḪUN.GA2.
I. Источники. Поздняя астрология. KI múlLU2 UŠ2 IM.RI.A «Область Овна: смерть в семье» (вар.: от рук членов семьи) [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
- ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 D. Arnaud. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).
- ↑ Cavigneaux A. // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
- ↑ Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Verderame L. Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
- ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
- ↑ Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Schaumberger J. Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F. A Late Babylonian Normal and Ziqpu Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 O. Neugebauer. Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.
- ↑ Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.
- ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Ungnad A. Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Емельянов В.В. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Weidner E. Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).
- ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
- ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.
- ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.
- ↑ Neugebauer O., Sachs A. The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.
- ↑ Ebeling E. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.
- ↑ King L.W. The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.
- ↑ Foxvog D.A. Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Куртик Г.Е. О происхождении названий греческих зодиакальных созвездий // ВИЕТ. 2002. № 1. С. 76-106.
- ↑ Wallenfels R. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).
- ↑ Wallenfels R. Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.
- ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
- ↑ Waerden B.L. van der. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.
- ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
- ↑ Livingstone A. Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.
- ↑ Weidner E. Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.




