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[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellations PAN (Bow) in Arrow Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]] |
[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellations PAN (Bow) in Arrow Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]] |
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<sup>mul</sup>PAN is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. Historically read BAN. A number of syllabic writings of the star name pa-an confirm the reading PAN in preference to the older reading BAN. |
<sup>mul</sup>PAN is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. Historically read BAN. A number of syllabic writings of the star name ''pa-an'' confirm the reading PAN in preference to the older reading BAN. |
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==Dictionary== |
==Dictionary== |
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Var. readings and designations: |
Var. readings and designations: |
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* <sup>mul (giš)</sup>PAN; = |
* <sup>mul (giš)</sup>PAN; = "Bow". [G. 47; CAD Q, 152-3]; |
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* <sup>mul d</sup>BAN |
* <sup>mul d</sup>BAN |
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* ''qaštu (''Akkadian parallel to <sup>mul</sup>BAN/PAN "bow"). Syllabic entry in the lexical texts of the Urra XXII and Ḫg. series, and in the Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night. |
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Generally accepted designation: |
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* <sup>mul (giš)</sup>PAN; constellation in the Great Dog (Canis |
* <sup>mul (giš)</sup>PAN; constellation in the Great Dog ([[Canis Major]] + [[Puppis]]). |
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=== Krebernik (2023) === |
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= ''qaštu''. “bow”. The transliteration BAN or PAN is conventional, but note that the earliest sources give the reading pa-na (e.g., OB Diri Nippur 197, see MSL 15, 18). <sup>mul</sup>PAN (AN 12l). |
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===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=== |
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=== |
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** <sup>[mul]</sup>pan [ibid., 144, BM 78206 iii 4]. |
** <sup>[mul]</sup>pan [ibid., 144, BM 78206 iii 4]. |
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* (2) Urra XXII series: |
* (2) Urra XXII series: |
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** <sup>mul</sup>pan = qa-al-tu<sub>4</sub> [Emar VI/4, 151:167], |
** <sup>mul</sup>pan = ''qa-al-tu''<sub>4</sub> [Emar VI/4, 151:167], |
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** <sup>mul</sup>[<sup>giš</sup>pan] = [qa]-aš<sub>2</sub>-tum [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:5], |
** <sup>mul</sup>[<sup>giš</sup>pan] = [''qa'']-''aš''<sub>2</sub>-''tum'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:5], |
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** <sup>mul[giš]</sup>pan = qa-aš-tum [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 105:275′]; |
** <sup>mul[giš]</sup>pan = ''qa-aš-tum'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 105:275′]; |
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** for parallels see. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:9; SpTU III, 114A v 20]. |
** for parallels see. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:9; SpTU III, 114A v 20]. |
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* (3) Series Ḫg.: <sup>mul</sup> |
* (3) Series Ḫg.: <sup>mul</sup>pan = ''qa-aš-tu''<sub>2</sub> [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 16]. |
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|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."''' |
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."''' |
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* (1) Old Babylonian prayer: |
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer: |
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** a) Erm. 15642: qa<sub>2</sub>-aš-tum "Bow". [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:17], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Soden 1936, 306], |
** (a) Erm. 15642: ''qa''<sub>2</sub>-''aš-tum'' "Bow". [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:17], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Soden 1936, 306], |
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** b) AO 6769: qa<sub>2</sub>-aš-tum [Dossin 1935, 181:17], |
** (b) AO 6769: ''qa''<sub>2</sub>-''aš-tum'' [Dossin 1935, 181:17], |
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** (c) CBS 574: <sup>giš</sup>PA[N] [Horowitz-Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. |
** (c) CBS 574: <sup>giš</sup>PA[N] [Horowitz-Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. |
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* (2) Hittite prayer: <sup>mul giš</sup>PAN [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:10; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. |
* (2) Hittite prayer: <sup>mul giš</sup>PAN [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:10; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. |
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* Astrolabe B. |
* Astrolabe B. |
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** (1) Menology: |
** (1) Menology: |
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*** <sup>iti</sup>kin <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>d</sup>Inanna elam.ma<sup>ki</sup>.ke<sub>4</sub>: <sup>iti</sup>kin ši-pir<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Eš<sub>4</sub>-dar e-la-ma-ti, Sum. |
*** <sup>iti</sup>kin <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>d</sup>Inanna elam.ma<sup>ki</sup>.ke<sub>4</sub>: <sup>iti</sup>kin ''ši-pir''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Eš''<sub>4</sub>-''dar e-la-ma-ti'', Sum. |
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*** "The Month of Ululu, the Constellation of the Bow, Inanna of Elam," Akk. "Month of Ululu, service of Ishtar of Elam" (A ii 16); for parallels see. [BPO 2, IX 7, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7; Çağirgan 1985, 405:31], see also [BPO 2, 82; Emelyanov 1999, 92]. |
*** "The Month of Ululu, the Constellation of the Bow, Inanna of Elam," Akk. "Month of Ululu, service of Ishtar of Elam" (A ii 16); for parallels see. [BPO 2, IX 7, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7; Çağirgan 1985, 405:31], see also [BPO 2, 82; Emelyanov 1999, 92]. |
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** (2) List (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>d</sup>Ištar(inanna) e-la-ma-tum / [du]mu.munus <sup>d</sup>A-nim "The constellation which comes after it (i.e. after <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> "Arrow") stands, the Bow, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Ana" (B i 14-16); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 6]. |
** (2) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub-''zu'' / <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>d</sup>''Ištar''(inanna) ''e-la-ma-tum'' / [du]mu.munus <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' "The constellation which comes after it (i.e. after <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> "Arrow") stands, the Bow, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Ana" (B i 14-16); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 6]. |
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** (3) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>ne <sup>mul</sup>pan šu-ut <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a "Abu month: the Bow (on the way of) Ea (rising)" (C i 5); for a parallel see. [CAD N/1 259a; Q 152-153]. |
** (3) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>ne <sup>mul</sup>pan ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "Abu month: the Bow (on the way of) Ea (rising)" (C i 5); for a parallel see. [CAD N/1 259a; Q 152-153]. |
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** (4) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): |
** (4) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): |
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*** a) [<sup>iti</sup>ne] <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>. da ˹e<sub>3</sub>˺ "[Abu]: the Bow, the Great Twins, Wagon rises" (C 21), |
*** a) [<sup>iti</sup>ne] <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>. da ˹e<sub>3</sub>˺ "[Abu]: the Bow, the Great Twins, Wagon rises" (C 21), |
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*** b) <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da šu<sub>2</sub>.˹a˺ "(Abu): The Bow, the Great Twins, the Wagon sets." [KAV 218, C 34; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5-7]. |
*** b) <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da šu<sub>2</sub>.˹a˺ "(Abu): The Bow, the Great Twins, the Wagon sets." [KAV 218, C 34; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5-7]. |
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* BM 82923. |
* BM 82923. |
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** Abu month, stars of Ea: MUL [ |
** Abu month, stars of Ea: MUL [PAN] // 3,2[0 // ...] "[Bow // 200 // ...] [Walker-Pingree 1977, 30:13]. |
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* BM 34713. |
* BM 34713. |
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** <sup>[iti]</sup>ne // 3.20 <sup>múl</sup>pan // 1.50 <sup>múl</sup>maš.tab.ba // 50? [...<sup>múl</sup>]al.tar |
** <sup>[iti]</sup>ne // 3.20 <sup>múl</sup>pan // 1.50 <sup>múl</sup>maš.tab.ba // 50? [...<sup>múl</sup>]al.tar |
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Ea. 6. |
Ea. 6. |
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* MUL KI.MIN (=ša<sub>2</sub> EGIR-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-zu) <sup>mul</sup>PAN Iš<sub>8</sub>-tar<sub>2</sub> (B: |
* MUL KI.MIN (=''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'') <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''Iš''<sub>8</sub>-''tar''<sub>2</sub> (B: <sup>d</sup>15) ''e-la-ma-tum'' (B adds: DUMU.SAL <sup>d</sup>EN:ZU) ''a-na ṣe-er-re-et ša-me-e'' |
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* "The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> "Arrow"), the Bow, Ishtar of Elam (B adds: daughter of Sîn.) |
* "The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> "Arrow"), the Bow, Ishtar of Elam (B adds: daughter of Sîn.) |
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* For the lead-rope of heaven" (A. 7, B. 10) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177, 179]; for the translation of ṣerret šamê / šamāmī = "lead-rope of heaven" see. [CAD Ṣ, 134-137; MCG, 119-120, 265]. |
* For the lead-rope of heaven" (A. 7, B. 10) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177, 179]; for the translation of ''ṣerret šamê'' / ''šamāmī'' = "lead-rope of heaven" see. [CAD Ṣ, 134-137; MCG, 119-120, 265]. |
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|MUL.APIN. |
|'''MUL.APIN.''' |
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* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 12): |
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 12): |
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** <sup>mul</sup>PAN <sup>d</sup>Iš-tar NIM.MA-tu<sub>4</sub> DUMU.SAL <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> |
** <sup>mul</sup>PAN <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''<sub>4</sub> DUMU.SAL <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> |
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** "(Constellation) of the Bow, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Enlil" (I ii 7). |
** "(Constellation) of the Bow, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Enlil" (I ii 7). |
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* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: |
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: |
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** ina <sup>iti</sup>NE UD 5 KAM <sup>mul</sup>PAN u <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL IGI<sup>me</sup> |
** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>NE UD 5 KAM <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL IGI<sup>me</sup> |
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** "On the 5th of abu, the Bow constellation and the King star rises" (I ii 44). |
** "On the 5th of abu, the Bow constellation and the King star rises" (I ii 44). |
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* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: |
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: |
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** a) <sup>mul</sup>PAN u <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL KUR<sup>me</sup> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-bi |
** a) <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL KUR<sup>me</sup> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' |
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** "The Bow and the King rises, the Goat sets" (I iii 19), |
** "The Bow and the King rises, the Goat sets" (I iii 19), |
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** b) <sup>mul</sup>Pa-bil-sag <sup>mul</sup>Za-ba<sub>4</sub>-ba<sub>4</sub> u DINGIR. |
** b) <sup>mul</sup>''Pa-bil-sag'' <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> ''u'' DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' / <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub><sup>meš</sup> |
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** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Staff rise, the Arrow, Bow and thee Staff goes down" (I iii 27-28). |
** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Staff rise, the Arrow, Bow and thee Staff goes down" (I iii 27-28). |
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* (4) Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: |
* (4) Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: |
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** TA KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> 20 UD<sup>meš</sup> ana KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>PAN |
** TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> 20 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>PAN |
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** "20 days from Arrow rising to Bow rising" (I iii 48). |
** "20 days from Arrow rising to Bow rising" (I iii 48). |
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* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: |
* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: |
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** ina <sup>iti</sup>IZI UD 15 KAM MUL<sup>meš</sup> um-mu-lu-tu<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ŠU. GI / ina MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma <sup>mul</sup>PAN KUR-ḫa |
** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>IZI UD 15 KAM MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''um-mu-lu-tu''<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ŠU. GI / ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN KUR-''ḫa'' |
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** "On the 15th of abu, the faint stars of the Old Man stands in the middle of the sky, opposite your breast, and the Bow rises" (I iv 22-23), (see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 117, BM 73815: 1′]) [MA 32, 42, 49, 51, 57, 64]. |
** "On the 15th of abu, the faint stars of the Old Man stands in the middle of the sky, opposite your breast, and the Bow rises" (I iv 22-23), (see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 117, BM 73815: 1′]) [MA 32, 42, 49, 51, 57, 64]. |
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|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".''' |
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".''' |
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* (1) <sup>mul</sup>pan = <sup>mul</sup>ab.sin<sub>2</sub> "Bow = Furrow"; |
* (1) <sup>mul</sup>pan = <sup>mul</sup>ab.sin<sub>2</sub> "Bow = Furrow"; |
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* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [<sup>mul</sup> |
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [<sup>mul</sup>pan] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:42, 203]. |
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|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:23.''' |
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<sup>mul</sup>pan = <sup>d</sup>''Iš''<sub>8</sub>-''tar''<sub>2</sub> kur.ka<sub>2</sub><sup>ki</sup> "Bow = Ishtar of Babylon" [HBA 52, Wee 2016, 162-3:23]. |
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|Uranologies |
|'''Uranologies''' |
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|'''GU text.''' |
|'''GU text.''' |
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* (D) <sup>mul</sup>al.[lu]l kimin <sup>mul</sup>muš <sup>mul</sup>˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup> ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' <sup>mul</sup>k]ak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> gu |
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(D) <sup>mul</sup>˹pan˺ "Bow" (η CMa), see a18[[AL.LUL]]. |
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** "Crab (ε Cnc) or Snake (β Cnc), Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the Arrow constellation (π Pup): rope". [Pingree-Walker 1988, 315:5-6]. |
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cf. (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] |
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|'''Anaphora.''' А 3427: |
|'''Anaphora.''' А 3427: |
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* ina <sup>iti</sup>ne ina še-rim ud 28 <sup>múl</sup>pan ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) |
* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ne ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 <sup>múl</sup>pan ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) |
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* "In the month of Abu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Bow emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955, 238:12]. |
* "In the month of Abu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Bow emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955, 238:12]. |
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|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.''' |
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.''' |
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An extispicy, involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ME.NI <sup>d</sup>Nin-e<sub>2</sub>-gal <sup>iti</sup>NE <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL.E<sub>2</sub>.GAL / <sup>mul</sup>PAN it-ti <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL "'Palace Gate' - Ninegal; month of abu; King of the Palace; the Bow with King" [SpTU IV, 159:10-11; Reiner 1995, 78]. |
An extispicy, involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ME.NI <sup>d</sup>''Nin-e''<sub>2</sub>-''gal'' <sup>iti</sup>NE <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL.E<sub>2</sub>.GAL / <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''it-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL "'Palace Gate' - Ninegal; month of abu; King of the Palace; the Bow with King" [SpTU IV, 159:10-11; Reiner 1995, 78]. |
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PAN.AN.NA, PAN AN-e 'Heavenly Bow' as a designation of the rainbow, see (Kurtik t05) TIR.AN.NA, I. |
PAN.AN.NA, PAN AN-e 'Heavenly Bow' as a designation of the rainbow, see (Kurtik t05) [[TIR.AN.NA]], I. |
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|Example |
|Example |
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===Additional=== |
===Additional=== |
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The Bow constellation as a deity enjoyed great popularity, probably because of its association with the goddess Ishtar, attested in many texts. Her name was often written with the determinative d. |
The Bow constellation as a deity enjoyed great popularity, probably because of its association with the goddess Ishtar, attested in many texts. Her name was often written with the determinative d. |
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Prayers and rituals. |
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* (1) Old Babylonian prayers to the deities of the night (see above). |
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* (2) The Hittite prayer to the deities of the night [Van der Toorn, 1985 130:45; BPO 2, 2]. |
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* (3) In the Šurpu series of incantations (II 182) [Reiner 1970, 18:182]. |
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* (4) In an apotropaic Namburbi ritual against the harm a bow can do as a fighting weapon [Caplice 1970, 116-117; Ebeling 1955, 137; Reiner 1995, 88]. |
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⚫ | * (5) Babylonian New Year ritual: referring to <sup>múl</sup>pan ''šub-at''<sub>2</sub> ''dan-nu-tu''<sub>2</sub> "the bow that overthrows rulers" as one of the star manifestations of Ishtar(?) [RAcc. 139:326; Reiner 1995, 139; Linssen 2004, 221, 229]. The notion of <sup>mul</sup>PAN as a weapon of Ishtar seems to go back to a rather early time. In the series AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 257) <sup>d</sup>''Qa-aš-tum'' "Deity Bow" stands after the logogram INANNA-INANNA [Litke 1998, 164]. For images of an armed goddess with a bow, see for example [CS 215, Pl. XXXVa; Barrelet 1955, Fig. 23]. According to Neo-Assyrian descriptions, Ishtar holds a bow in her hand [CAD Q, 149b; Oppenheim 1956, 249]. The origin of the constellation Bow is also explained in the cosmological poem Enuma elish (VI 82-94), but in it, the Bow is a weapon of Anu: 82 ''im-ḫur-ma be-lum'' GIŠ.PAN GIŠ.TUKUL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-ḫar-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''un id-di'' / 83 ''sa-pa-ra ša''<sub>2</sub> ''i-te-ep-pu-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''i-mu-ru'' DINGIR.MEŠ AD.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> / 84 ''i-mu-ru-ma'' GIŠ.PAN ''ki-i nu-uk-ku-lat bi-nu-tu'' / 85 ''ep-šet i-te-ep-pu-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''i-na-ad-du'' AD. MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> / 86 ''iš-ši-ma'' <sup>d</sup>''A-num ina'' UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ ''i-qab-bi'' / 87 GIŠ.PAN ''it-ta-šiq ši-i lu-u''<sub>2</sub> DUMU.MI<sub>2</sub> / 88 ''im-bi-ma ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.PAN ''ki-a-am'' MU.MEŠ-''ša'' / 89 ''i-ṣu a-rik lu iš-te-nu-um-ma ša''<sub>2</sub>-''nu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''lu-u ka-šid'' / 90 ''šal-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''šum-ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL.PAN ''ina'' AN-''e u''<sub>2</sub>-''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''pi'' / 91 ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''kin-ma gi-is-gal-la-ša''<sub>2</sub> ''it-ti'' DINGIR.MEŠ ''at-ḫe-e-ša''<sub>2</sub> / 92 ''ul-tu ši-ma-a-ti ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.PAN ''i-ši-mu'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-um'' / 93 ''id-di-ma'' GIŠ.GU.ZA ''šar-ru-ti ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' DINGIR.DINGIR ''ša-qa-a-ta'' / 94 <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-um ina'' UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ ''šu-a-ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ul-te-šib-ši'' "The lord took the bow, his weapon, before them he cast, / The net that he created, saw the gods, his fathers, / Saw the bow: "How perfect the creation!" / The form of the created was praised by his fathers. / Anum lifted (it) up before the assembly of the gods, and said, / The bow kissed: "Let him be a daughter (to me)!" / He called the bow by such names of his: / “Let its first be the Long trunk, let its second be the victor, / its third name let it (be) the asterism Bow!", the sky gave (it) radiance, / Established it (asterism) on its stand (lit. throne) among the gods, his companions. / After Anum had determined the fortunes of the bow, / He erected a throne of kingship, the highest among the gods. / Anum in the assembly of the gods placed that (bow)." [Lambert 1966, 37] (transcribed and translated by V. V. Emelyanov), see also [I will reveal to you. 46-47; CAD Q, 152b; Lewy 1965]. |
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* (6) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [<sup>mul</sup>PAN] <sup>d</sup>˹''Iš''˺-[''tar''] ˹NIM˺.[M]A-''tu'' DUMU.MI<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>+EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''li-is-pu-un'' KUR<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ-''ka'' / [... ''ina qaq'']''qar tuq-ma-ti'' "[Bow, Ishtar] of Elam, daughter of Enlil, may she destroy your enemies [... at the] battlefield!" [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 7-8]. |
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⚫ | |||
The figure of the constellation <sup>mul</sup> |
The figure of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>PAN is undoubtedly the image of a bow. |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
= Canis Major without Sirius + Puppis border stars [G. 47]; |
= Canis Major without Sirius + Puppis border stars [G. 47]; |
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Line 161: | Line 172: | ||
= part of the Great Hound (Canis Major) [Mesop. Astrol., 207]. |
= part of the Great Hound (Canis Major) [Mesop. Astrol., 207]. |
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= δ, ε, σ, ω Canis Majoris and κ Puppis [ASM, 271]. |
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= rear of the Great Hound [Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75]. |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
Identifications: |
Identifications: |
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(1) = Venus; the Bow —Venus in the month of Abu [LBAT, 1564:3; HBA, 118-121] (see d06[[Dilbat]]), see also [BPO 3, 88, K.12457:6; 248, K.2346:57] and prediction (9) below. |
(1) = Venus; the Bow —Venus in the month of Abu [LBAT, 1564:3; HBA, 118-121] (see Kurtk d06 ''[[Dilbat]]''), see also [BPO 3, 88, K.12457:6; 248, K.2346:57] and prediction (9) below. |
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(2) = Mercury; <sup>mul</sup> |
(2) = Mercury; <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> KUR-''ud'' ... <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' ŠA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> DU-''ma''] "If the Bow reaches the Arrow: crops will be abundant, the market will be stable. (This means:) Mercury stands in the Arrow." [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; for a parallel see. [Borger 1973, 41: 13′; SpTU III, 101:24], see also <sup>mul</sup>PAN = <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM "Bow = planet (=Mercury)" [R II 39, 5:19]. See also k10KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>, VI 3. |
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(3) = Mars; see the identity in predicting a04[[A2.mušen|A<sub>2</sub>.mušen]], VI 13, and also [ACh Suppl 2., 16:31; Bezold 1925, 118:126]. |
(3) = Mars; see the identity in predicting (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A<sub>2</sub>.mušen]], VI 13, and also [ACh Suppl 2., 16:31; Bezold 1925, 118:126]. |
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(4) = Furrow; ˹DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub>˺ ana <sup>mul</sup> |
(4) = Furrow; ˹DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub>˺ ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN TE ... <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>A[B.SIN<sub>2</sub> ...] "If the Fish approaches the Bow ... (It means) Mercury towards the Furrow [it approaches]" [BPO 2, XVI 17 + Parallels]; <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub> 0<sup>!</sup> / ''ina qaq-qar'' <sup>mul</sup>AB. SIN<sub>2</sub> / ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the vicinity of the Furrow (=Maiden)", followed by the astrological interpretation: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN TE ... "If the Fish (=Mercury) comes close to the Bow (=Furrow): the country's crops will be abundant; cattle will spread into the steppes; the king will strengthen and bind his enemies; sesame and dates will be abundant" [ARAK, 325:1-7]. |
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(4ʹ) = Elamatum, cf. [Cooley 2013, 128-129]. |
(4ʹ) = Elamatum, cf. [Cooley 2013, 128-129]. |
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See also: <sup>mul</sup> |
See also: <sup>mul</sup>PAN = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM [NSAM 2, Vg:20′]. |
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Predictions: |
Predictions: |
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(5) Lunar halo asnd the Bow; DIŠ 30 TUR<sub>3</sub> NIGIN-ma mul <sup>d</sup> |
(5) Lunar halo asnd the Bow; DIŠ 30 TUR<sub>3</sub> NIGIN-''ma'' mul <sup>d</sup>PAN ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB ... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Bow stands in it: people will be in panic/rage, theft will multiply in the country." [ARAK, 295:3-4]; for parallels see. [ibid., 155:5, 378:1, 406:1; ACh Suppl. 2, 16:31-32]. |
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(6) The Moon and the Bow; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup> |
(6) The Moon and the Bow; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' UGU 30 SI<sub>4</sub>-''ma'' / ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> 30 TU UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ "If the Bow (= Mars) comes close to the top portion of the Moon and enters into the Moon: the days of the king will end" [ARAK, 399:3-4]; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB A.RA<sub>2</sub> KUR DU<sub>3</sub>.A.BI [KUD<sup>?</sup>...] "[If] the Moon appears (and) at her shoulder the Bow (=Mars?) stands: the communication routes of the whole country [will be cut?] [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: § 14]. |
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(7) The Bow and the Eagle; šumma <sup>mul</sup> |
(7) The Bow and the Eagle; ''šumma'' <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>TI<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> ''ikšud(''KUR)<sup>ud</sup> ''šamaššammu'' (ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub>) ''idammiq'' (SIG<sub>5</sub>) [...] "If the Bow (= Mars) reaches the Eagle (= Pleiades): sesame will be yielded" [SpTU III, 101:22]; for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl., 50:14; BPO 3, 230, K.3124:9]; see also [Borger 1973, 41:12′], the last prediction assumes the identities: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = Pleiades. |
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(8) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; [DIŠ ina <sup>iti</sup>NE] <sup>mul</sup> |
(8) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; [DIŠ ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>NE] <sup>mul</sup>PAN IGI ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SIG<sub>5</sub>-''iq'' "If the Bow rises in the month of Abu: sesame will be yielded" [BPO 2, XIII 7]; <sup>mul</sup>PAN [''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>NE IGI-''mar''<sup>?</sup>] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.[A KUR ''u me-riš'' ...] / [...] ... ŠE [SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [KUR ''u me-riš'' ...] / [...] ... ŠE [NU SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] "The bow [rises heliacally in the month of Abu? ]; if this star rises early: irrigated land and tilled barley in the country will be normal; if this star rises late: irrigated land of the country and tilled barley will not be normal" [BPO 2, IX 5]. |
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(9) The Bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup> |
(9) The Bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana''] <sup>mul</sup>UD.AL.TAR DIM<sub>4</sub> KUR NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> NINDA DUG<sub>3</sub>.GA KU<sub>2</sub> "[If the Bow] comes close [to] Jupiter: Elam will eat good bread" [BPO 2, XIII 8]; parallel: <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>''Šul-pa''-''e''<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ud'' [SpTU III, 101:23]; see also [ACh Suppl, 50:15; Borger 1973, 41:14′]. |
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(10) Bow and Arrow; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>pan ana <sup>mul</sup>gag.si.sa<sub>2</sub> kur-ud buru<sub>x</sub>(ERUB) si.sa<sub>2</sub> ki.lam gi.na <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim.[gu<sub>4</sub>.ud ina ša<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ab.sin<sub>2</sub> gub-ma] "If the Arrow reaches the Bow: the harvest will be abundant. (This means): Mercury stands in the Furrow." [Borger 1973, 41:13′], see also |
(10) Bow and Arrow; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>pan ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>gag.si.sa<sub>2</sub> ''kur-ud'' buru<sub>x</sub>(ERUB) si.sa<sub>2</sub> ki.lam gi.na <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim.[gu<sub>4</sub>.ud ''ina'' ša<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ab.sin<sub>2</sub> ''gub-ma''] "If the Arrow reaches the Bow: the harvest will be abundant. (This means): Mercury stands in the Furrow." [Borger 1973, 41:13′], see also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], VI 3. |
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(11) The Bow (= Mercury?) and the Raven (= Goat-Fish?); DIŠ |
(11) The Bow (= Mercury?) and the Raven (= Goat-Fish?); DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>pan <''ana''> <sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga ''i-mid'' ku<sub>6</sub>.meš ''u'' SIG [mušen].meš u[d<sup>?</sup>-''daššû''...] "If the Bow stands near the Raven: fish and [bird]s (will become) a[bundant]" [Borger 1973, 41:27′], perhaps here the identities are as follows: "Bow = Mercury", "Raven = Goat-Fish" as in [ARAK, 73 r. 1-2] (Kurtik k24 [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 10). |
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==Historical Dictionaries== |
==Historical Dictionaries== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Kurtik (2022, p01) |
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! |
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|- |
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|аккадская параллель к <sup>mul</sup>BAN/PAN «Лук». Силлабическая запись в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII и Ḫg., а также в старовавилонской молитве ночным богам, см. b06BAN. |
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! |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, |
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b06) |
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! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950) |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950) |
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Latest revision as of 08:49, 26 April 2025
mulPAN is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. Historically read BAN. A number of syllabic writings of the star name pa-an confirm the reading PAN in preference to the older reading BAN.
Dictionary
Var. readings and designations:
- mul (giš)PAN; = "Bow". [G. 47; CAD Q, 152-3];
- mul dBAN
- qaštu (Akkadian parallel to mulBAN/PAN "bow"). Syllabic entry in the lexical texts of the Urra XXII and Ḫg. series, and in the Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night.
Generally accepted designation:
- mul (giš)PAN; constellation in the Great Dog (Canis Major + Puppis).
Krebernik (2023)
= qaštu. “bow”. The transliteration BAN or PAN is conventional, but note that the earliest sources give the reading pa-na (e.g., OB Diri Nippur 197, see MSL 15, 18). mulPAN (AN 12l).
Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim
Sources | Identifications |
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Lexical texts.
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"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."
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Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).
See (Kurtik a33) mulAN.TA.GUB. |
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"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."
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EAE.
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"Catalog of 30 Stars.”
Ea. 6.
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"Reports."
See. [ARAK 350b]. |
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Text BM 77054.
See (Kurtik sh16) ŠU.GI. |
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MUL.APIN.
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"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".
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List of stars VR 46, 1:23.
mulpan = dIš8-tar2 kur.ka2ki "Bow = Ishtar of Babylon" [HBA 52, Wee 2016, 162-3:23]. |
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Uranologies
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GU text.
cf. (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL 𒀠𒈜 |
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Anaphora. А 3427:
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Late astrology, magic and the calendar.
An extispicy, involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars: ME.NI dNin-e2-gal itiNE mulLUGAL.E2.GAL / mulPAN it-ti mulLUGAL "'Palace Gate' - Ninegal; month of abu; King of the Palace; the Bow with King" [SpTU IV, 159:10-11; Reiner 1995, 78]. PAN.AN.NA, PAN AN-e 'Heavenly Bow' as a designation of the rainbow, see (Kurtik t05) TIR.AN.NA, I. |
Example |
Additional
II. Deity.
The Bow constellation as a deity enjoyed great popularity, probably because of its association with the goddess Ishtar, attested in many texts. Her name was often written with the determinative d.
Prayers and rituals.
- (1) Old Babylonian prayers to the deities of the night (see above).
- (2) The Hittite prayer to the deities of the night [Van der Toorn, 1985 130:45; BPO 2, 2].
- (3) In the Šurpu series of incantations (II 182) [Reiner 1970, 18:182].
- (4) In an apotropaic Namburbi ritual against the harm a bow can do as a fighting weapon [Caplice 1970, 116-117; Ebeling 1955, 137; Reiner 1995, 88].
- (5) Babylonian New Year ritual: referring to múlpan šub-at2 dan-nu-tu2 "the bow that overthrows rulers" as one of the star manifestations of Ishtar(?) [RAcc. 139:326; Reiner 1995, 139; Linssen 2004, 221, 229]. The notion of mulPAN as a weapon of Ishtar seems to go back to a rather early time. In the series AN:dAnum (IV 257) dQa-aš-tum "Deity Bow" stands after the logogram INANNA-INANNA [Litke 1998, 164]. For images of an armed goddess with a bow, see for example [CS 215, Pl. XXXVa; Barrelet 1955, Fig. 23]. According to Neo-Assyrian descriptions, Ishtar holds a bow in her hand [CAD Q, 149b; Oppenheim 1956, 249]. The origin of the constellation Bow is also explained in the cosmological poem Enuma elish (VI 82-94), but in it, the Bow is a weapon of Anu: 82 im-ḫur-ma be-lum GIŠ.PAN GIŠ.TUKUL-šu2 ma-ḫar-šu2-un id-di / 83 sa-pa-ra ša2 i-te-ep-pu-šu2 i-mu-ru DINGIR.MEŠ AD.MEŠ-šu2 / 84 i-mu-ru-ma GIŠ.PAN ki-i nu-uk-ku-lat bi-nu-tu / 85 ep-šet i-te-ep-pu-šu2 i-na-ad-du AD. MEŠ-šu2 / 86 iš-ši-ma dA-num ina UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ i-qab-bi / 87 GIŠ.PAN it-ta-šiq ši-i lu-u2 DUMU.MI2 / 88 im-bi-ma ša2 GIŠ.PAN ki-a-am MU.MEŠ-ša / 89 i-ṣu a-rik lu iš-te-nu-um-ma ša2-nu-u2 lu-u ka-šid / 90 šal-šu2 šum-ša2 MUL.PAN ina AN-e u2-ša2-pi / 91 u2-kin-ma gi-is-gal-la-ša2 it-ti DINGIR.MEŠ at-ḫe-e-ša2 / 92 ul-tu ši-ma-a-ti ša2 GIŠ.PAN i-ši-mu dA-nu-um / 93 id-di-ma GIŠ.GU.ZA šar-ru-ti ša2 ina DINGIR.DINGIR ša-qa-a-ta / 94 dA-nu-um ina UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ šu-a-ša2 ul-te-šib-ši "The lord took the bow, his weapon, before them he cast, / The net that he created, saw the gods, his fathers, / Saw the bow: "How perfect the creation!" / The form of the created was praised by his fathers. / Anum lifted (it) up before the assembly of the gods, and said, / The bow kissed: "Let him be a daughter (to me)!" / He called the bow by such names of his: / “Let its first be the Long trunk, let its second be the victor, / its third name let it (be) the asterism Bow!", the sky gave (it) radiance, / Established it (asterism) on its stand (lit. throne) among the gods, his companions. / After Anum had determined the fortunes of the bow, / He erected a throne of kingship, the highest among the gods. / Anum in the assembly of the gods placed that (bow)." [Lambert 1966, 37] (transcribed and translated by V. V. Emelyanov), see also [I will reveal to you. 46-47; CAD Q, 152b; Lewy 1965].
- (6) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulPAN] d˹Iš˺-[tar] ˹NIM˺.[M]A-tu DUMU.MI2 d+EN.LIL2 li-is-pu-un KUR2.MEŠ-ka / [... ina qaq]qar tuq-ma-ti "[Bow, Ishtar] of Elam, daughter of Enlil, may she destroy your enemies [... at the] battlefield!" [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 7-8].
III. Symbol.
The figure of the constellation mulPAN is undoubtedly the image of a bow.
IV. Identification.
= Canis Major without Sirius + Puppis border stars [G. 47];
= τφσεκη Canis Majoris + κζ (?) Puppis [Waerden 1949, 13, 16, fig. 4];
= Canis Major without Sirius [Weidner 1957-59, 73-74, 76, 79];
= parts of Canis majoris and Puppis [Waerden 1974, 73, 74, fig. 9]; for a Russian translation, see [Waerden 1991, 82, 85, 85]. [Waerden 1991, 82, 85, fig. 9];
= τ, δ, σ, ε + Canis Majoris [BPO 2, 11];
= ε, σ, δ and ω Canis Majoris and possibly Puppis [MA, 138];
= δεεηκστ Canis Majoris + ρ11,12,37G.,108G. Puppis [Koch 1989, 69-74, 111, 117, Abb. 17];
= part of the Great Hound (Canis Major) [Mesop. Astrol., 207].
= δ, ε, σ, ω Canis Majoris and κ Puppis [ASM, 271].
= rear of the Great Hound [Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].
V. Astrology.
Identifications:
(1) = Venus; the Bow —Venus in the month of Abu [LBAT, 1564:3; HBA, 118-121] (see Kurtk d06 Dilbat), see also [BPO 3, 88, K.12457:6; 248, K.2346:57] and prediction (9) below.
(2) = Mercury; mulPAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud ... dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ina ŠA2 mul[AB.SIN2 DU-ma] "If the Bow reaches the Arrow: crops will be abundant, the market will be stable. (This means:) Mercury stands in the Arrow." [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; for a parallel see. [Borger 1973, 41: 13′; SpTU III, 101:24], see also mulPAN = mulUDU.IDIM "Bow = planet (=Mercury)" [R II 39, 5:19]. See also k10KAK.SI.SA2, VI 3.
(3) = Mars; see the identity in predicting (Kurtik a04) A2.mušen, VI 13, and also [ACh Suppl 2., 16:31; Bezold 1925, 118:126].
(4) = Furrow; ˹DIŠ mulKU6˺ ana mulPAN TE ... dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2 ...] "If the Fish approaches the Bow ... (It means) Mercury towards the Furrow [it approaches]" [BPO 2, XVI 17 + Parallels]; mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB. SIN2 / it-tan-mar "Mercury became visible in the east in the vicinity of the Furrow (=Maiden)", followed by the astrological interpretation: DIŠ mulKU6 a-na mulPAN TE ... "If the Fish (=Mercury) comes close to the Bow (=Furrow): the country's crops will be abundant; cattle will spread into the steppes; the king will strengthen and bind his enemies; sesame and dates will be abundant" [ARAK, 325:1-7].
(4ʹ) = Elamatum, cf. [Cooley 2013, 128-129].
See also: mulPAN = dUDU.IDIM [NSAM 2, Vg:20′].
Predictions:
(5) Lunar halo asnd the Bow; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mul dPAN ana ŠA3-šu2 GUB ... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Bow stands in it: people will be in panic/rage, theft will multiply in the country." [ARAK, 295:3-4]; for parallels see. [ibid., 155:5, 378:1, 406:1; ACh Suppl. 2, 16:31-32].
(6) The Moon and the Bow; DIŠ mulPAN ana UGU 30 SI4-ma / ana ŠA3 30 TU UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ "If the Bow (= Mars) comes close to the top portion of the Moon and enters into the Moon: the days of the king will end" [ARAK, 399:3-4]; [DIŠ] 30 ina IGI.LA-šu2 mulPAN ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB A.RA2 KUR DU3.A.BI [KUD?...] "[If] the Moon appears (and) at her shoulder the Bow (=Mars?) stands: the communication routes of the whole country [will be cut?] [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: § 14].
(7) The Bow and the Eagle; šumma mulPAN ana mulTI8mušen ikšud(KUR)ud šamaššammu (ŠE.GIŠ.I3) idammiq (SIG5) [...] "If the Bow (= Mars) reaches the Eagle (= Pleiades): sesame will be yielded" [SpTU III, 101:22]; for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl., 50:14; BPO 3, 230, K.3124:9]; see also [Borger 1973, 41:12′], the last prediction assumes the identities: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = Pleiades.
(8) Heliacal risings in its own and not in its own time; [DIŠ ina itiNE] mulPAN IGI ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5-iq "If the Bow rises in the month of Abu: sesame will be yielded" [BPO 2, XIII 7]; mulPAN [ina itiNE IGI-mar?] / BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.[A KUR u me-riš ...] / [...] ... ŠE [SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [KUR u me-riš ...] / [...] ... ŠE [NU SI.SA2] "The bow [rises heliacally in the month of Abu? ]; if this star rises early: irrigated land and tilled barley in the country will be normal; if this star rises late: irrigated land of the country and tilled barley will not be normal" [BPO 2, IX 5].
(9) The Bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; [DIŠ mulPAN ana] mulUD.AL.TAR DIM4 KUR NIM.MAki NINDA DUG3.GA KU2 "[If the Bow] comes close [to] Jupiter: Elam will eat good bread" [BPO 2, XIII 8]; parallel: mulPAN ana mulŠul-pa-e3 KUR-ud [SpTU III, 101:23]; see also [ACh Suppl, 50:15; Borger 1973, 41:14′].
(10) Bow and Arrow; DIŠ mulpan ana mulgag.si.sa2 kur-ud burux(ERUB) si.sa2 ki.lam gi.na muludu.idim.[gu4.ud ina ša3 mulab.sin2 gub-ma] "If the Arrow reaches the Bow: the harvest will be abundant. (This means): Mercury stands in the Furrow." [Borger 1973, 41:13′], see also (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2, VI 3.
(11) The Bow (= Mercury?) and the Raven (= Goat-Fish?); DIŠ ulpan <ana> ulug5.ga i-mid ku6.meš u SIG [mušen].meš u[d?-daššû...] "If the Bow stands near the Raven: fish and [bird]s (will become) a[bundant]" [Borger 1973, 41:27′], perhaps here the identities are as follows: "Bow = Mercury", "Raven = Goat-Fish" as in [ARAK, 73 r. 1-2] (Kurtik k24 KU6, V 10).
Historical Dictionaries
Kurtik (2022, p01) | |
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аккадская параллель к mulBAN/PAN «Лук». Силлабическая запись в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII и Ḫg., а также в старовавилонской молитве ночным богам, см. b06BAN. | |
Kurtik (2022, b06) | Gössmann (1950) |
вар. чтения и обозначения: mul dBAN, mul (giš)PAN; = qaštu «Лук» [G. 47; CAD Q, 152–3]; в настоящее время общепринятое обозначение: mul (giš)PAN; созвездие в Большом Псе и Корме (Canis Maioris + Puppis).
I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mul gišpan [MSL XI, 108:406], [mul]pan [ibid., 144, BM 78206 iii 4]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulpan = qa-al-tu4 [Emar VI/4, 151:167], mul[gišpan] = [qa]-aš2-tum [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:5], mul[giš]pan = qa-aš-tum [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:275′]; параллели см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:9; SpTU III, 114A v 20]. (3) Серия Ḫg.: mulban = qa-aš-tu2 [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 16]. «Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: qa2-aš-tum «Лук» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:17], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: qa2-aš-tum [Dossin 1935, 181:17], c) CBS 574: gišBA[N] [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. (2) Хеттская молитва: mul gišBAN [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:10; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. (3) Новоассирийская молитва K. 2315+: на сохранившейся части таблички mulBAN отсутствует, однако, несомненно, оно имелось в оригинале [Oppenheim 1959, 282–283]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц абу, звезды Эа, 200 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Менологии: itikin mulban dInanna elam.maki.ke4: itikin ši-pir2 dEš4-dar e-la-ma-ti, шум. «Месяц улулу, созвездие Лук, Инанна Эламская», акк. «Месяц улулу, служба Иштар Эламской» (A ii 16); параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 7, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7; Çağirgan 1985, 405:31], см. также [BPO 2, 82; Емельянов 1999, 92]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / mulban dIštar(inanna) e-la-ma-tum / [du]mu.munus dA-nim «Созвездие, которое после него (т.е. после mulkak.si.sa2 «Стрела») стоит, Лук, Иштар Эламская, дочь Ана» (B i 14–16); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 6]. (3) Cписок (3´12): itine mulban šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц абу: Лук (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 5); параллель см. [CAD N/1 259a; Q 152–153]. (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itine] mulban mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal mulmar.gid2.da ˹e3˺ «[Абу]: Лук, Большие Близнецы, Повозка восходят» (С 21), b) mulban mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal mulmar.gid2.da šu2.˹a˺ «(Абу): Лук, Большие Близнецы, Повозка заходят» [KAV 218, C 34; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–7]. BM 82923. Месяц абу, звезды Эа: MUL [BAN] // 3,2[0 // ...] «[Лук // 200 // …] [Walker–Pingree 1977, 30:13]. BM 34713. [iti]ne // 3,20 múlban // 1,50 múlmaš.tab.ba // 50? […múl]al.tar «Абу: 200 Лук, 110 Близнецы, 50 […] Юпитер» [LBAT, 1499:5]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, IX 5, X 16, XI 1, XIII 7–8, XIV 7, XVI 17–18; BPO 3, K.12457:6, K.137:2, K.3124:9, K.2346+:57; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 12′–14′, 27′; NSAM 2, 248; SpTU III, 101:22–24]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea. 6. MUL KI.MIN (=ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu) mulPAN Iš8-tar2 (B: d15) e-la-ma-tum (B добавляет: DUMU.SAL dEN:ZU) a-na ṣe-er-re-et ša-me-e «Созвездие, которое стоит после него (т.е. после mulKAK.SI.SA2 «Стрела»), Лук, Иштар Эламская (В добавляет: дочь Сина). Для главной веревки неба» (A. 7, B. 10) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177, 179]; о переводе ṣerret šamê / šamāmī = «lead–rope of heaven» см. [CAD Ṣ, 134–137; MCG, 119–120, 265]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK 350b]. Текст BM 77054. См. sh16ŠU.GI. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 12): mulBAN dIš-tar NIM.MA-tu4 DUMU.SAL dEn-lil2 «(Созвездие) Лук, Иштар Эламская, дочь Энлиля» (I ii 7). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiNE UD 5 KAM mulBAN u mulLUGAL IGIme «5-го абу созвездие Лук и звезда Царь восходят» (I ii 44). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulBAN u mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-bi «Лук и Царь восходят, Коза заходит» (I iii 19), b) mulPa-bil-sag mulZa-ba4-ba4 u DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš-ma / mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulBAN u mulGAM3 ŠU2meš «Пабилсаг, Забаба и Посох восходят, Стрела, Лук и Посох заходят» (I iii 27–28). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulBAN «20 дней от восхода Стрелы до восхода Лука» (I iii 48). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiIZI UD 15 KAM MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 mulŠU.GI / ina MURUB4 AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulBAN KUR-ḫa «15-го абу слабые звезды Старика стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Лук восходит» (I iv 22–23), (см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815: 1′]) [MA 32, 42, 49, 51, 57, 64]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulban = mulab.sin2 «Лук = Борозда»; (2) 12 звезд Элама: [mulban] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:42, 203]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:23. mulban = dIš8-tar2 kur.ka2ki «Лук = Иштар Вавилонская» [HBA 52, Wee 2016, 162–3:23]. MLC 1866. [m]ulBAN dša-la ru-ba-at […] «Лук, госпожа Шала […]» (col. B ii 23) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 37, 41]. GU-текст. (D) mul˹ban˺ «Лук» (η CMa), cм. a18AL.LUL. Анафора. А 3427: ina itine ina še-rim ud 28 múlban ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце абу утром 28-го дня Лук испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:12]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: ME.NI dNin-e2-gal itiNE mulLUGAL.E2.GAL / mulBAN it-ti mulLUGAL «‘Ворота дворца’ — Нинегаль; месяц абу; Царь Дворца; Лук с Царем» [SpTU IV, 159:10–11; Reiner 1995, 78]. BAN.AN.NA, BAN AN-e «Небесный Лук» как обозначение радуги, см. t05TIR.AN.NA, I. II. Божество. Созвездие Лук как божество пользовалось большой популярностью, вероятно, вследствие его связи с богиней Иштар, засвидетельствованной во многих текстах. Его название нередко записывалось с детерминативом d. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Старовавилонские молитвы к божествам ночи (см. выше). (2) Хеттская молитва к божествам ночи [Van der Toorn, 1985 130:45; BPO 2, 2]. (3) В серии заклинаний Šurpu (II 182) [Reiner 1970, 18:182]. (4) В апотропеическом ритуале намбурби против вреда, который может причинить лук как боевое оружие [Caplice 1970, 116–117; Ebeling 1955, 137; Reiner 1995, 88]. (5) Вавилонский новогодний ритуал: обращение к múlban šub-at2 dan-nu-tu2 «Лук, который ниспровергает правителей» как к одному из звездных проявлений Иштар(?) [RАcc. 139:326; Reiner 1995, 139; Linssen 2004, 221, 229]. Представление о mulBAN как оружии Иштар восходит, по-видимому, к достаточно раннему времени. В серии AN:dAnum (IV 257) dQa-aš-tum «Божество Лук» стоит после логограммы INANNA–INANNA [Litke 1998, 164]. Изображения вооруженной богини с луком, см., например, [CS 215, Pl. XXXVa; Barrelet 1955, Fig. 23]. Согласно новоассирийскому описанию, Иштар держит в своей руке лук [CAD Q, 149b; Oppenheim 1956, 249]. Происхождение созвездия Лук объясняется также в космологической поэме «Энума элиш» (VI 82–94), однако в ней Лук ― оружие Ану: 82im-ḫur-ma be-lum GIŠ.BAN GIŠ.TUKUL-šu2 ma-ḫar-šu2-un id-di / 83sa-pa-ra ša2 i-te-ep-pu-šu2 i-mu-ru DINGIR.MEŠ AD.MEŠ-šu2 / 84i-mu-ru-ma GIŠ.BAN ki-i nu-uk-ku-lat bi-nu-tu / 85ep-šet i-te-ep-pu-šu2 i-na-ad-du AD.MEŠ-šu2 / 86iš-ši-ma dA-num ina UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ i-qab-bi / 87GIŠ.BAN it-ta-šiq ši-i lu-u2 DUMU.MI2 / 88im-bi-ma ša2 GIŠ.BAN ki-a-am MU.MEŠ-ša / 89i-ṣu a-rik lu iš-te-nu-um-ma ša2-nu-u2 lu-u ka-šid / 90šal-šu2 šum-ša2 MUL.BAN ina AN-e u2-ša2-pi / 91u2-kin-ma gi-is-gal-la-ša2 it-ti DINGIR.MEŠ at-ḫe-e-ša2 / 92ul-tu ši-ma-a-ti ša2 GIŠ.BAN i-ši-mu dA-nu-um / 93id-di-ma GIŠ.GU.ZA šar-ru-ti ša2 ina DINGIR.DINGIR ša-qa-a-ta / 94 dA-nu-um ina UKKIN DINGIR.MEŠ šu-a-ša2 ul-te-šib-ši «Взял Владыка лук, свое оружие, перед ними бросил, / Сеть, что он создал, увидели боги, отцы его, / Увидели лук: “Как совершенно творение!” / Форму созданную хвалили отцы его. / Поднял (его) Анум перед cобранием богов, сказал, / Лук поцеловав: “Он пусть дочь (мне)!” / Назвал он лук такими именами его: / “Длинный ствол пусть первое, второе пусть Победитель, / Третье имя его пусть (будет) звезда Лук!”, в небе дал (ему) сиянье, / Установил его (звездную) стоянку (букв. престол) среди богов, его товарищей. / После того, как судьбы луку определил Анум, / Воздвиг он престол царственности, высочайший среди богов. / Анум в собрании богов тот (лук) поместил.» [Lambert 1966, 37] (транскрипция и перевод В.В. Емельянова), см. также [Я открою тебе. 46–47; CAD Q, 152b; Lewy 1965]. (6) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBAN] d˹Iš˺-[tar] ˹NIM˺.[M]A-tu DUMU.MI2 d+EN.LIL2 li-is-pu-un KUR2.MEŠ-ka / [… ina qaq]qar tuq-ma-ti «[Лук, Иштар] из Элама, дочь Энлиля, пусть уничтожит твоих врагов [… на по]ле битвы!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 7–8]. III. Символ. Фигура созвездия mulBAN — несомненно, изображение лука. IV. Отождествление. = Canis Major без Сириуса + пограничные звезды Puppis [G. 47]; = τφσεκη Canis Majoris + κζ (?) Puppis [Waerden 1949, 13, 16, fig. 4]; = Canis Major без Сириуса [Weidner 1957–59, 73–74, 76, 79]; = части Canis Majoris и Puppis [Waerden 1974, 73, 74, Fig. 9], русский пер. см. [Варден 1991, 82, 85, илл. 9]; = τ, δ, σ, ε + Canis Majoris [BPO 2, 11]; = ε, σ, δ и ω Canis Majoris и, возможно, Puppis [MA, 138]; = δεηκστ Canis Majoris + ρ11,12,37G.,108G. Puppis [Koch 1989, 69–74, 111, 117, Abb. 17]; = часть Большого Пса (Canis Major) [Mesop. Astrol., 207]. = δ, ε, σ, ω Canis Majoris и κ Puppis [ASM, 271]. = задняя часть Большого Пса [Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75]. V. Астрология. Отождествления: (1) = Венера; Лук — Венера в месяце абу [LBAT, 1564:3; HBA, 118–121] (см. d06Dilbat), см. также [BPO 3, 88, K.12457:6; 248, K.2346:57] и ниже предсказание (9). (2) = Меркурий; mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ina ŠA2 mul[AB.SIN2 DU-ma] «Если Лук достигает Стрелы: урожай будет обильным, рынок стабильным. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в Борозде» [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; параллель см. [Borger 1973, 41: 13′; SpTU III, 101:24], см. также mulBAN = mulUDU.IDIM «Лук = планета (=Меркурий)» [R II 39, 5:19]. См. также k10KAK.SI.SA2, VI 3. (3) = Марс; см. тождество в предсказании a04A2mušen, VI 13, а также [ACh Suppl 2., 16:31; Bezold 1925, 118:126]. (4) = Борозда; ˹DIŠ mulKU6˺ ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2 …] «Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (Это означает) Меркурий к Борозде [приближается]» [BPO 2, XVI 17 + Parallels]; mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 / it-tan-mar «Меркурий стал виден на востоке на территории Борозды (= Дева)», вслед за которым приводится астрологическая интерпретация: DIŠ mulKU6 a-na mulBAN TE … «Если Рыба (=Меркурий) к Луку (=Борозда) подходит близко: урожай страны будет обильным; крупный рогатый скот распространится в степи; царь усилится и свяжет своих врагов; сезам и финики будут обильными» [ARAK, 325:1–7]. (4ʹ) = Эламатум, см. [Cooley 2013, 128–129]. См. также: mulBAN = dUDU.IDIM [NSAM 2, Vg:20′]. Предсказания: (5) Лунное гало и Лук; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mul dBAN ana ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Луна окружена гало и Лук стоит в нем: люди будут беситься, кражи умножатся в стране» [ARAK, 295:3–4]; параллели см. [ibid., 155:5, 378:1, 406:1; ACh Suppl. 2, 16:31–32]. (6) Луна и Лук; DIŠ mulBAN ana UGU 30 SI4-ma / ana ŠA3 30 TU UD.MEŠ NUN TIL.MEŠ «Если Лук (= Марс) подходит близко к верхней части Луны и входит в Луну: дни царя закончатся» [ARAK, 399:3–4]; [DIŠ] 30 ina IGI.LA-šu2 mulBAN ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB A.RA2 KUR DU3.A.BI [KUD?…] «[Если] Луна появляется (и) у нее на плече Лук (=Марс?) стоит: пути сообщения всей страны [будут перерезаны?]» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: § 14]. (7) Лук и Орел; šumma mulBAN ana mulTI8mušen ikšud(KUR)ud šamaššammu (ŠE.GIŠ.I3) idammiq (SIG5) […] «Если Лук (= Марс) Орла (= Плеяды) достигает: сезам уродится» [SpTU III, 101:22]; параллель см. [ACh Suppl., 50:14; BPO 3, 230, K.3124:9]; см. также [Borger 1973, 41:12′], в последнем предсказании предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Плеяды. (8) Гелиакический восход в свое и не в свое время; [DIŠ ina itiNE] mulBAN IGI ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5-iq «Если Лук восходит в месяце абу: сезам уродится» [BPO 2, XIII 7]; mulBAN [ina itiNE IGI-mar?] / BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.[A KUR u me-riš …] / […] … ŠE [SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [KUR u me-riš …] / […] … ŠE [NU SI.SA2] «Лук [восходит гелиакически в месяце абу?]; если эта звезда восходит рано: орошаемая земля и обработанный ячмень в стране будут нормальными; если эта звезда восходит поздно: орошаемая земля страны и обработанный ячмень не будут нормальными» [BPO 2, IX 5]. (9) Лук (=Венера) приближается к Юпитеру; [DIŠ mulBAN ana] mulUD.AL.TAR DIM4 KUR NIM.MAki NINDA DUG3.GA KU2 «[Если Лук] близко подходит [к] Юпитеру: Элам будет есть хороший хлеб» [BPO 2, XIII 8]; параллель: mulBAN ana mulŠul-pa-e3 KUR-ud [SpTU III, 101:23]; см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:15; Borger 1973, 41:14′]. (10) Лук и Стрела; DIŠ mulpan ana mulgag.si.sa2 kur-ud burux(ERUB) si.sa2 ki.lam gi.na muludu.idim.[gu4.ud ina ša3 mulab.sin2 gub-ma] «Если Лук Стрелы достигает: урожай будет обильным. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в Борозде» [Borger 1973, 41:13′], см. также k10KAK.SI.SA2, VI 3. (11) Лук (= Меркурий?) и Ворон (= Коза-Рыба?); DIŠ ulpan <ana> ulug5.ga i-mid ku6.meš u SIG [м.б. mušen].meš u[d?-daššû…] «Если Лук стоит вблизи Ворона: рыбы и [птиц]ы (cтанут) о[бильны]» [Borger 1973, 41:27′], возможно, здесь имеют место тождества: «Лук = Меркурий», «Ворон = Коза-Рыба» как в [ARAK, 73 r. 1–2] (k24KU6, V 10). |
Example |