DAR.LUGAL: Difference between revisions

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* 2) the name of Mars (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396].
* 2) the name of Mars (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396].


==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].
* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].
|
|
|}
[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Arneb
|HIP 25985
|within constellation lines
|2.57
|-
|2
|Nihal
|HIP 25606
| within constellation lines
|2.84
|-
|3
|ϵ Leporis
|HIP 23685
|within constellation lines
| 3.18
|-
|4
|μ Leporis
|HIP 24305
|within constellation lines
|3.29
|-
|5
|ζ Leporis
|HIP 27288
|within constellation lines
|3.525
|-
|6
|γ Leporis
|HIP 27072
| within constellation lines
|3.6
|-
|7
|η Leporis
| HIP 28103
|within constellation lines
|3.72
|-
| 8
|δ Leporis
|HIP 27654
|within constellation lines
|3.85
|-
|9
|λ Leporis
|HIP 24845
|within constellation lines
| 4.29
|-
|10
| κ Leporis
| HIP 24327
| within constellation lines
|4.44
|-
|11
|ι Leporis
|HIP 24244
|within constellation lines
| 4.45
|-
|12
| θ Leporis
|HIP 28910
| within constellation lines
|4.663
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 24927
|Inside the Hull
|4.729
|-
|14
|17 Lep
|HIP 28816
|within constellation lines
|4.93
|-
|15
| -
| HIP 23430
|within constellation lines
|5.002
|-
|16
|8 Lep
|HIP 25202
|within constellation lines
|5.229
|-
| 17
|ν Leporis
|HIP 24873
|within constellation lines
| 5.284
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 25045
|within constellation lines
| 5.34
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 24679
|Inside the Hull
|5.488
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 27517
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|21
|10 Lep
|HIP 25853
|Inside the Hull
|5.525
|-
|22
| -
|HR 2021
|Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 23554
|Inside the Hull
|5.582
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 25280
| Inside the Hull
|5.636
|-
| 25
| -
|HIP 26966
|Inside the Hull
|5.727
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 25397
| Inside the Hull
| 5.817
|-
| 27
|12 Lep
|HIP 26865
|Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 24786
|Inside the Hull
|5.96
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 25532
|Inside the Hull
|6.065
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 26866
|Inside the Hull
|6.144
|-
| 31
| V* AK Lep
|HR 1982
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 27308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.157
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 26821
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 24394
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 27075
|Inside the Hull
|6.341
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 24825
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 23818
| Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 25059
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}
|}
===Additional===
===Additional===

Latest revision as of 14:16, 21 November 2025

Stellarium map
Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).

mulDAR.LUGALmušen (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in Lepus, equalling the Akkadian tarlugallu/tarnugallu. The determinative mušen indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is tahtata ana tutu - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”

The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)

= tarl/nugallu “rooster”. mulDAR.LUGAL (AN 10r).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Variant readings: = mulTAR2.LUGALmušen; = tarlugallu "Rooster";

Var. designations:

  • 1) the constellation,
  • 2) the name of Mars (?) [Gössmann[1] 396].

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources Identifications
EAE.
  • Late commentaries [ABCD[2] 289; NSAM[3] 2, 249].
 Example
"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”
  • The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT[4] 33, 9 r. 17; HBA[5], 104; MCG[6], 176].
 Example
MUL.APIN.
  • The stars of Anu (No. 10): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL "The star that stands behind him (i.e. behind mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Rooster" (I ii 5) [MA[7], 31], for a parallel see. MLC 1866.
Stellarium star chart
Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).
List of stars V R 46, 1:27.
  • muldar.lugal dEn-lil2 ša2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da "Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA[8], 52; Wee 2016[9], 162-3:27].
Text LBAT 1502 obv.
  • (mul)DAR.LUGAL — asterism of Antagubba, see (Kurtik d08) DILI ša2 KUN-šu2. The list of the "7 Enlils". The cock correlates with Enlil of Kulaba, see (Kurtik e10) dEn-lil2.
GU-text.
  • (A) mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; ASM, 91], the initial star in this equation may have been "Hand on the Staff" (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here mulsipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, muldar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992[10], 54].
  • (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ u3 ˹šu˺II.meš ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u2 šu imittu(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u2 ša2 mulsipa.zi.an.na u murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu "The front legs and arms of the Great Twins (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; ASM, 91]; according to Koch, gir3II.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imittu(15) is n Ori, a-si-du egir-u2 is λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992[11], 55].
star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations
The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.
MLC 1866.
  • ˹MUL˺ ša2 ina šap-li / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018[12], 36, 40].
Stellarium star chart
Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 Arneb HIP 25985 within constellation lines 2.57
2 Nihal HIP 25606 within constellation lines 2.84
3 ϵ Leporis HIP 23685 within constellation lines 3.18
4 μ Leporis HIP 24305 within constellation lines 3.29
5 ζ Leporis HIP 27288 within constellation lines 3.525
6 γ Leporis HIP 27072 within constellation lines 3.6
7 η Leporis HIP 28103 within constellation lines 3.72
8 δ Leporis HIP 27654 within constellation lines 3.85
9 λ Leporis HIP 24845 within constellation lines 4.29
10 κ Leporis HIP 24327 within constellation lines 4.44
11 ι Leporis HIP 24244 within constellation lines 4.45
12 θ Leporis HIP 28910 within constellation lines 4.663
13 - HIP 24927 Inside the Hull 4.729
14 17 Lep HIP 28816 within constellation lines 4.93
15 - HIP 23430 within constellation lines 5.002
16 8 Lep HIP 25202 within constellation lines 5.229
17 ν Leporis HIP 24873 within constellation lines 5.284
18 - HIP 25045 within constellation lines 5.34
19 - HIP 24679 Inside the Hull 5.488
20 - HIP 27517 Inside the Hull 5.49
21 10 Lep HIP 25853 Inside the Hull 5.525
22 - HR 2021 Inside the Hull 5.58
23 - HIP 23554 Inside the Hull 5.582
24 - HIP 25280 Inside the Hull 5.636
25 - HIP 26966 Inside the Hull 5.727
26 - HIP 25397 Inside the Hull 5.817
27 12 Lep HIP 26865 Inside the Hull 5.89
28 - HIP 24786 Inside the Hull 5.96
29 - HIP 25532 Inside the Hull 6.065
30 - HIP 26866 Inside the Hull 6.144
31 V* AK Lep HR 1982 Inside the Hull 6.15
32 - HIP 27308 Inside the Hull 6.157
33 - HIP 26821 Inside the Hull 6.2
34 - HIP 24394 Inside the Hull 6.21
35 - HIP 27075 Inside the Hull 6.341
36 - HIP 24825 Inside the Hull 6.39
37 - HIP 23818 Inside the Hull 6.44
38 - HIP 25059 Inside the Hull 6.47

Additional

II. Deity.

       In astronomical contexts mulDAR.LUGALmušen is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "The birdcall texts" DAR.LUGALmušen is associated with d˹En˺-[me-šar2]-ra and dNusku [Lambert 1970[13], 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973[14], 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.

III. Symbol.

        There are no known images that could be associated with the figure of the constellation Rooster.

IV. Identification.

        (1) Constellation:

        = stars east of Orion to Procyon (α CMi) [Gössmann[15] 396];

        = Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957-59[16], 79];

        = Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2[17], 11];

        = Lepus [MA[18], 138; ASM[19], 275; Horowitz 2014[20], 245].

        (2) Mars; cf. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann[21] 396];

V. Parts of the constellation.

        murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal "Middle of the Rooster," see GU-text above.

VI. Astrology.

        (1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in Right Shepherd Anu opposite the Rooster" [ABCD[22], 289; TU[23], 17:9].

        (2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) at (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [reached?...] the region of the moon" [ACh Suppl[24]. 6:3; NSAM 2[25], 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: mulDAR.LUGAL = dṢalbatānu "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, d04) Gössmann (1950, 396)
вар. чтения: = mulTAR2.LUGALmušen; = tarlugallu «Петух»; 1) созвездие в Малом Псе  (Canis Minor) (?), 2) название Марса (?) [G. 396].

I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. Поздний комментарий [ABCD 289; NSAM 2, 249]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT 33, 9 r. 17; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 10): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Звезда, что стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Петух» (I ii 5) [MA, 31], параллель см. MLC 1866. Cписок звезд V R 46, 1:27. muldar.lugal dEn-lil2 ša2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da «Петух, Энлиль из Кулабы, Лугальбанда», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3:27]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. (mul)DAR.LUGAL — звезда Антагубба, см. d08 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2. Список «7 Энлилей». Петух соотносится с Энлилем из Кулабы, см. e10dEn-lil2. GU-текст. (A) mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu «Праведный Пастух Ану (β Ori), Петух (μ Lep), веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; ASM, 91], начальной звездой в этом уравнивании, возможно, была «Рука на Посохе» (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; согласно Й.Коху, здесь mulsipa.zi.an.na ― γ Ori, muldar.lugal ― ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992, 54]. (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ u3 ˹šu˺II.meš ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u2 šu imittu(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u2 ša2 mulsipa.zi.an.na u murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu «Передние ноги и руки Великих Близнецов (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), правая рука и задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori) и середина Петуха (α Lep) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; ASM, 91]; согласно Коху, gir3II.meš ― η Gem,  μ Gem, šuII.meš ― θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imittu(15) ― n Ori, a-si-du  egir-u2 ― λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal ― 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992, 55]. MLC 1866. ˹MUL˺ ša2 ina šap-li / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Созвездие, которое стоит ниже Праведного Пастуха Ану, Петух» (col. ii 16–17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].

II. Божество.

В астрономическом контексте mulDAR.LUGALmušen связан только с Лугальбандой (см. выше), легендарным героем и правителем Урука, персонажем ряда шумерских мифов [MHM II, 75]. В так называемых «The birdcall texts» DAR.LUGALmušen связан с d˹En˺-[me-šar2]-ra и dNusku [Lambert 1970, 112–113, STT 341+:2; 114–115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973, 155]. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах и в текстах предсказаний свидетельствует о его позднем происхождении.

III. Символ.

Неизвестны изображения, которые можно было бы связать с фигурой созвездия Петух.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Созвездие:

= звезды к востоку от Ориона до Проциона (α CMi) [G. 396];

= Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Lepus [MA, 138; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 245].

(2) Марс; см. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; G. 396];

V. Части созвездия.

murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal «Середина Петуха», см. выше GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Орион и Петух; поздний астрологический комментарий к ЕАЕ: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL «Затмение (Луны) в Праведном Пастухе Ану напротив Петуха» [ABCD, 289; TU, 17:9].

(2) Затмение Луны и Петух; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 […] «[Eсли] (Луна несет) [коро]ну (и) скипетр, (и) при (своем) затмении красная, (это означает): Петух [достиг?…] области Луны» [ACh Suppl. 6:3; NSAM 2, 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Возможно, здесь подразумевается тождество: mulDAR.LUGAL = dṢalbatānu «Петух = Марс», поскольку Марс упоминается в предыдущей строке.

mulTAR2 · LUGAL mušen (106)

Das Hahnengestirn, akk.wohl tarlugallu; 82--5-22, 512, 17 (Hommel, A A 469 zu berichtigen); Bez. Farb. S. 136k. Nach Br.Mm. 86378 II 5 steht dieses Gestirn hinter dem Orion; ebeso 2. Sup. LXVII 13. "Es kommen also die Sterne östlich von Orion bis Prokyon in Betracht" (3. Erg. S. 324; vgl. Bez. Farb. S. 132, 20).

Identifizierungen:

  • = Rigel (Bez. ZÄF S. 10. 48).
  • = Prokyon (Kugl. Erg. S. 155 f. 218). mulTAR2 · LUGAL ist
  1. Unter den Ea-Gestirnen , 82-5-22, 512, Rs. 17.
  2. Unter den 7 Enlillen: VR 46 Vs. 27 (Enlil von Kullab); VAT 9418 III 8.
  3. Deckname für Mars (??); VACh Sup. VI 3 f. Bez. Farb.S. 110, 79; 123, 194.

References

  1. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  2. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
  3. ↑ Verderame L. Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).
  4. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  5. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  6. ↑ Horowitz W. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
  7. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  8. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  9. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  10. ↑ Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.
  11. ↑ Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.
  12. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  13. ↑ Lambert W.G. The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.
  14. ↑ Salonen A. Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.
  15. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  16. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  17. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  18. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  19. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  20. ↑ Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
  21. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  22. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
  23. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
  24. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  25. ↑ Verderame L. Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).
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