KUŠU2: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Cancer pagurus.jpg|thumb|Cancer Pagurus (Taschenkrebs), CC BY Hans Hillewaert. ]] |
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<sup>mul</sup>KUŠU<sub>2</sub> (𒀯𒆵) = ''kušû'' "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. |
<sup>mul</sup>KUŠU<sub>2</sub> (𒀯𒆵) = ''kušû'' "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It refers to the zodiac constellation of [[Cancer]]. For now, the most common Sumerian reading of the name should probably be alla, which would be most appropriate as a abbreviation of both Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL and Akkkadian ''alluttu'', the most common name for 'The Crab' constellation (Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>[[ALLA]]). |
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==Concordance, Etymology, History== |
==Concordance, Etymology, History== |
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===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=== |
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=== |
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= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense. |
= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>; 1955; ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955. </ref>; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense. |
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[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG|thumb|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]] |
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In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004<ref>''Borger, R.'' Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004</ref>, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)<ref>McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.</ref> tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU<sub>2</sub> and GIR<sub>3</sub> (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and argumentatively problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. Yet, a misreading or pun originating from the Neo-Assyrian cannot be totally excluded. <gallery> |
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In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. |
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File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script |
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File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script |
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| ⚫ | However, in the text [LBAT, 1502:19], in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU<sub>2</sub>˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind MAŠ.TAB.BA); this is probably the word ''kušû'' written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted ''alla'' as a reading for NAGAR in astronomical texts can be questioned. |
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File:Gir3 neoAssyrianCapture.JPG|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Assyrian script |
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File:Gir3 neoBabCapture.JPG|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Babylonian script |
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| ⚫ | </gallery> However, in the text [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1502:19], in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU<sub>2</sub>˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]); this is probably the word ''kušû'' written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted ''alla'' as a reading for [[NAGAR]] in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' ([[Cancer]], Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]], Kurtik a21 [[ALLA]]). |
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==Historical Dictionaries== |
==Historical Dictionaries== |
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[[Category:Cuneiform]] |
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[[Category:Constellation]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:34, 10 September 2025
mulKUŠU2 (𒀯𒆵) = kušû "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It refers to the zodiac constellation of Cancer. For now, the most common Sumerian reading of the name should probably be alla, which would be most appropriate as a abbreviation of both Sumerian mulAL.LUL and Akkkadian alluttu, the most common name for 'The Crab' constellation (Sumerian mulALLA).
Concordance, Etymology, History
Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim
= kušû "water animal", according to [CAD[1] K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw[2], 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952[3]; 1955; ACT I-III[4]; SpTU III[5]], etc.]. ALLA (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.
In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (alla) and KUŠU2, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007[6], 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004[7], no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)[8] tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys (Asellus Borealis, Asellus Australis) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU2 and GIR3 (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and argumentatively problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022[9])[10]. Yet, a misreading or pun originating from the Neo-Assyrian cannot be totally excluded.
GIR3-sign in monumental script
GIR3-sign in Old Babylonian script
GIR3-sign in Neo-Assyrian script
GIR3-sign in Neo-Babylonian script
However, in the text [LBAT[11], 1502:19], in the list of ziqpu-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU2˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind MAŠ.TAB.BA); this is probably the word kušû written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995[12], 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted alla as a reading for NAGAR in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' (Cancer, Kurtik a18 AL.LUL, Kurtik a21 ALLA).
Historical Dictionaries
| Kurtik (2022, k31) | Gössmann (1950) |
|---|---|
| = kušû «водное животное», согласно [CAD K, 602a] или один из видов краба (Taschenkrebs), согласно [AHw, 517]. Название встречается впервые в старовавилонском одноязычном списке звезд [Horowitz 2005, ] Обозначение зодиакального созвездия Краб и 4-го знака зодиака в поздневавилонских астрономических и астрологических текстах, принятое в ряде публикаций, например, в [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I–III; SpTU III] и др. В настоящее время в том же значении употребляется ALLA (a21).
В ассириологии существуют два графически близких знака – NAGAR (alla) и KUŠU2, различающиеся на письме одним вертикальным клином [Куртик 2007, 675, № 420, 421; Borger 2004, No. 893, 896]. В поздневавилонских текстах они слились, по-видимому, в один знак. Однако в тексте [LBAT, 1502:19] в списке ziqpu-звезд на месте, где должно находиться AL.LUL (за MAŠ.TAB.BA), стоит KU.˹ŠU2˺; возможно, это слово kušû, записанное силлабически [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. Если это на самом деле так, то общепринятое в астрономических текстах alla как чтение для NAGAR может быть поставлено под сомнение. |
Example |
References
- ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
- ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
- ↑ Schaumberger J. Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
- ↑ O. Neugebauer. Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.
- ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
- ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ↑ Borger, R. Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004
- ↑ McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.
- ↑ Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235
- ↑ Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235
- ↑ A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
- ↑ Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.
