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{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ}}
[[File:Babylonische Normalsterne SMH2014.jpg|thumb|Babylonian Normal Stars (CC BY SMH 2014)]]
MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ (𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian term for a specific set of stars close to the ecliptic that were used in mathematical astronomy in the late first millennium BCE. In the 19th century, Epping coined the term "Normalsterne" (normal stars) for them, which is used in modern Assyriology literature. The term is derived from Latin "norma" for "measure". These stars form a natural frame of reference, as they were considered fix, in contrast to the planets which move relative to the display of stars. Thus, planet positions are sometimes given relative to these "measure stars" (or "counting stars" as the Mesopotamian term literally translates).


==Concordance, Etymology, History==
MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ (𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Dictionary==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ''kakkabū minâti'' "Stars (for) counting". About 40 stars in the zodiacal belt, relative to the positions of the moon and planets at certain points in time, were recorded in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts". In modern literature, they are known as the "normal stars" (Normal Stars, Normalsterne), introduced by Epping [Epping 1889, 115]. See also (Kurtik m34) [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']].
= ''kakkabū minâti'' "Stars (for) counting". About 40 stars in the zodiacal belt, relative to the positions of the moon and planets at certain points in time, were recorded in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts". In modern literature, they are known as the "normal stars" (Normal Stars, Normalsterne), introduced by Epping [Epping 1889, 115]. See also (Kurtik m34) [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']].
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|-
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* [''dele'']-''bat'' GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''u'' MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID<sup>meš</sup> IGI<sup>meš</sup> "[Ve]nus, Mercury and the 'normal stars' were visible ..." [ADRT III, No.-136 B rev. 14].
*[''dele'']-''bat'' GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''u'' MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID<sup>meš</sup> IGI<sup>meš</sup> "[Ve]nus, Mercury and the 'normal stars' were visible ..." [ADRT III, No.-136 B rev. 14].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Text BM 36609.'''
|'''Text BM 36609.'''
*(1) List of "normal stars." 
*(1) List of "normal stars."  [MUL<sub>2</sub> SAG] A [...] "[The head of] the Lion is [...]", / ˹MUL<sub>2</sub>˺ LUGAL [...] "The King is [...]", / MUL<sub>2</sub> TUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> 4 <KUŠ<sub>3</sub>> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> LUGAL MU[L<sub>4</sub> ...] "The small star 4 <cunits> behind the King — Sta[...]", / GIŠ.KUN MUL<sub>4</sub> [...] "The thigh — star [...]", / GIR<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''tum ša''<sub>2</sub> A MUL<sub>4</sub> [...] "The Lion's hind paw — star [...]", / DELE ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI ABSIN ˹MUL<sub>4</sub><sup>?</sup> ˺ [...] "The separate star in front of the Furrow — star [...]", / SA<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ABSIN M[UL<sub>4</sub>...] The shining (star) of the Furrow — s[tar ...]. ]", / ERIN<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub> M[UL<sub>4</sub>...] "Southern part of Libra - s[tar ...]", / ERIN<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI M[UL<sub>4</sub>...] "Northern part of Libra — s[tar ...]", / SAG GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB M[UL<sub>4</sub>...] "The head of the Scorpius - s[tar ...]", / SI<sub>4</sub> M[UL<sub>4</sub>...] "Fox — s[tar ...]", / KIR<sub>4</sub> ''šil-taḫ'' ˹PA<sup>?</sup>˺ [MUL<sub>4</sub>] x "Pabilsag's arrowhead — [star ...]", / ˹4-AM<sub>2</sub> IGI.MEŠ ša<sub>2</sub> PA˺ MUL<sub>4</sub> 30 GAN "4 stars ahead of Pabilsag — star at 300 (error, d. b. 90) in the sign IX(=Sagittarius)", / 4-AM<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> PA MUL<sub>4</sub> 20 "4 stars behind Pabilsag - star at 200", / SI MAŠ<sub>2</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> 11,30 AB "Horn of the Goat-Fish - star at 11;300 in the sign X(=Capricorn)", / <MUL IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub>> SUḪUR<sup>?</sup>.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> 28,30 "<Front star> Goat-Fish - star at 28;300", / <MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub>> SUḪUR.MAŠ<sup>?</sup> MUL<sub>4</sub> 30 "<Rear Star> Goat-Fish - star at 300", / ˹''qup''˺-''pu'' ˹IGI˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup><<d>></sup>GU.LA MUL<sub>4</sub> 24 (further erasure) "Giant's Frontal Capacity – star at 240 [...](? )", / ˹''qup''˺-''pu ar''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> 7,30 ŠE "Rear capacity (of the Giant) — star at 7;300 in sign XII (= Pisces)", / DUR SIM.MAḪ MUL<sub>4</sub> 26<sup>?</sup>, [1]5 ŠE "Ribbon of the Swallow — star at 26?;[1]5? in sign XII(= Pisces)", / DUR MUL<sub>2</sub> ''nu-nu'' MUL<sub>4</sub> 3.20 BAR "Ribbon of the Pisces (=Anunitu) - star at 3;200 in sign I (= Aries)" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 550-551, Section 8: rev. iv 2′-22′]; in the text, the names of the months (GAN, AB, ŠE, BAR) are used to refer to the corresponding signs of the zodiac [ibid., 551].
*
*(2) List of intervals between stars or groups of stars: TA DUR ''nu-nu'' ˹15<sup>?</sup>˺ UŠ 30<sup>?</sup> [...] "From the ribbon of Pisces 150? 30? [...]", / ... / 5 UŠ ''ana'' KUN x x [...] (possibly KUN ˹''ša''<sub>2</sub>˺ ḪUN) "50 to Hired Man's Tail(?)", / 13 UŠ ''ana'' MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub> [x] "130 to the Star Cluster", / 10 UŠ ''ana'' SA<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>G[U<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA] "100 to the shining star of the [Celestial Bull]", / DAL. BA.AN.˹NA<sup>?</sup>˺ MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub> ''u'' <sup>múl</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.<AN>.NA 30 [UŠ] "The span — Star Cluster and Heavenly Bull - (is) 300(?)", / 10 UŠ ''ana'' SI <sup>múl</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.[AN.NA] "100 to the Horn of the [Heavenly] Bull", / ... / ˹5 UŠ˺ ''ana'' ˹MAŠ.MAŠ IGI˺ "50 to the front (star) of Gemini", / 5 UŠ ''ana'' MAŠ.MAŠ ''ar''<sub>2</sub> "50 to the back (star) of Gemini", / ˹⅔ KASKAL˺ ''ana'' MUL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA "200 to the front stars of the Crab", / 5 UŠ ''ana'' MUL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''ar''<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA NA MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR "50 to the back stars of the Crab ... Jupiter", / ½ KASKAL ''ana'' 2 MUL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG A "150 to the 2 stars of the head of the Lion", / 10 UŠ ''ana'' <sup>múl</sup>LUGAL "100 to the King", / ⅔ KASKAL ''ana'' GIŠ.KUN ''ša''<sub>2</sub> UR.A "200 to the thigh of the Lion" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, Section 9: rev. iv 23′-39′]. See also the expression in EAE texts: MUL NU ŠID.MEŠ "A star that is not among the 'stars to count'" [BPO 3, 215:36, 237:28, 244:18, 253:3, 254:4].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 550-551, Section 8: rev. iv 2′-22′]
!
|-
|
|
#[MUL<sub>2</sub> SAG] A [...] ,
#/ ˹MUL<sub>2</sub>˺ [[LUGAL]] [...] ,
#/ MUL<sub>2</sub> TUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> 4 <KUŠ<sub>3</sub>> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> [[LUGAL]] MU[L<sub>4</sub> ...] ,
#/ GIŠ.KUN MUL<sub>4</sub> [...] ,
#/ GIR<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''tum ša''<sub>2</sub> [[UR.GU.LA|A]] MUL<sub>4</sub> [...] ,
#/ DELE ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]] ˹MUL<sub>4</sub><sup>?</sup> ˺ [...] ,
#/ SA<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ABSIN M[UL<sub>4</sub>...] ,
#/ ERIN<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub> M[UL<sub>4</sub>...] ,
#/ ERIN<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI M[UL<sub>4</sub>...] ,
#/ SAG GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB M[UL<sub>4</sub>...] ,
#/ SI<sub>4</sub> M[UL<sub>4</sub>...] ,
#/ KIR<sub>4</sub> ''šil-taḫ'' ˹PA<sup>?</sup>˺ [MUL<sub>4</sub>] x ,
#/ ˹4-AM<sub>2</sub> IGI.MEŠ ša<sub>2</sub> PA˺ MUL<sub>4</sub> 30 GAN ,
#/ 4-AM<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> PA MUL<sub>4</sub> 20 ",
#/ SI MAŠ<sub>2</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> 11,30 AB ,
#/ <MUL IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub>> SUḪUR<sup>?</sup>.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> 28,30,
#/ <MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub>> SUḪUR.MAŠ<sup>?</sup> MUL<sub>4</sub> 30,
#/ ˹''qup''˺-''pu'' ˹IGI˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup><<d>></sup>GU.LA MUL<sub>4</sub> 24 (further erasure) ,
#/ ˹''qup''˺-''pu ar''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> 7,30 ŠE ,
#/ DUR SIM.MAḪ MUL<sub>4</sub> 26<sup>?</sup>, [1]5 ŠE ,
#/ DUR MUL<sub>2</sub> ''nu-nu'' MUL<sub>4</sub> 3.20 BAR ;
|
#"[The head of] the Lion is [...]",
#"The King is [...]",
#"The small star 4 <cunits> behind the King — Sta[...]",
#"The thigh — star [...]",
#"The Lion's hind paw — star [...]",
#"The separate star in front of the Furrow — star [...]",
#"The shining (star) of the Furrow — s[tar ...]. ]",
#"Southern part of Libra - s[tar ...]",
#"Northern part of Libra — s[tar ...]",
#"The head of the Scorpius - s[tar ...]",
#"Fox — s[tar ...]",
#"Pabilsag's arrowhead — [star ...]",
#"4 stars ahead of Pabilsag — star at 300 (error, d. b. 90) in the sign IX(=Sagittarius)",
#"4 stars behind Pabilsag - star at 200",
#"Horn of the Goat-Fish - star at 11;300 in the sign X(=Capricorn)",
#"<Front star> Goat-Fish - star at 28;300",
#"<Rear Star> Goat-Fish - star at 300",
#"Giant's Frontal Capacity – star at 240 [...](? )",
#"Rear capacity (of the Giant) — star at 7;300 in sign XII (= Pisces)",
#"Ribbon of the Swallow — star at 26?;[1]5? in sign XII(= Pisces)",
#"Ribbon of the Pisces (=Anunitu) - star at 3;200 in sign I (= Aries)"
|-
| colspan="2" |in the text, the names of the months (GAN, AB, ŠE, BAR) are used to refer to the corresponding signs of the zodiac [ibid., 551].
|}

*(2) List of intervals between stars or groups of stars:
{| class="wikitable"
![Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, Section 9: rev. iv 23′-39′]
!
|-
|
#TA DUR ''nu-nu'' ˹15<sup>?</sup>˺ UŠ 30<sup>?</sup> [...] ,
#/ ... / 5 UŠ ''ana'' KUN x x [...] (possibly KUN ˹''ša''<sub>2</sub>˺ ḪUN) ,
#/ 13 UŠ ''ana'' MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub> [x] ,
#/ 10 UŠ ''ana'' SA<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>G[U<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA] ,
#/ DAL. BA.AN.˹NA<sup>?</sup>˺ MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub> ''u'' <sup>múl</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.<AN>.NA 30 [UŠ] ,
#/ 10 UŠ ''ana'' SI <sup>múl</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.[AN.NA] ,
#/ ... / ˹5 UŠ˺ ''ana'' ˹MAŠ.MAŠ IGI˺ ,
#/ 5 UŠ ''ana'' MAŠ.MAŠ ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ,
#/ ˹⅔ KASKAL˺ ''ana'' MUL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA ,
#/ 5 UŠ ''ana'' MUL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''ar''<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA NA MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ,
#/ ½ KASKAL ''ana'' 2 MUL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG A ,
#/ 10 UŠ ''ana'' <sup>múl</sup>LUGAL ,
#/ ⅔ KASKAL ''ana'' GIŠ.KUN ''ša''<sub>2</sub> UR.A .
|
#"From the ribbon of Pisces 150? 30? [...]",
#"50 to Hired Man's Tail(?)",
#"130 to the Star Cluster",
#"100 to the shining star of the [Celestial Bull]",
#"The span — Star Cluster and Heavenly Bull - (is) 300(?)",
#"100 to the Horn of the [Heavenly] Bull",
#"50 to the front (star) of Gemini",
#"50 to the back (star) of Gemini",
#"200 to the front stars of the Crab",
#"50 to the back stars of the Crab ... Jupiter",
#"150 to the 2 stars of the head of the Lion",
#"100 to the King",
#"200 to the thigh of the Lion"
|}
*See also the expression in EAE texts:
**MUL NU ŠID.MEŠ "A star that is not among the 'stars to count'" [BPO 3, 215:36, 237:28, 244:18, 253:3, 254:4].
|'''Text BM 36609'''
* (1) List of "normal stars." 

{| class="wikitable"
!(Pingree<sup>?</sup>)
|-
|
#ε Leonis,
#[[Regulus]] (α Leonis)
#ρ Leonis,
#θ Leonis,
#β Virginis,
#γ Virginis,
#α Virginis,
#α Librae,
#β Librae,
#δ, β, π Scorpii,
#"Fox — s[tar ...]",
#θ Ophiuchi,
#μ (13), 14, 15 and 16 Sagittarii,
#ν1, ν2, ξ1 and ξ2 Sagittarii,
#β Capricorni,
#γ Capricorni,
#δ Capricorni,
#probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii,
#(identification not established),
#(probably ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star),
#(brightest star: eta Psc)
|}
*(2) List of intervals between stars or groups of stars:
{| class="wikitable"
!
|-
|
#"From the ribbon of Pisces 150? 30? [...]",
#"50 to Hired Man's Tail(?)",
#"130 to the Star Cluster",
#"100 to the shining star of the [Celestial Bull]",
#"The span — Star Cluster and Heavenly Bull - (is) 300(?)",
#"100 to the Horn of the [Heavenly] Bull",
#"50 to the front (star) of Gemini",
#"50 to the back (star) of Gemini",
#"200 to the front stars of the Crab",
#"50 to the back stars of the Crab ... Jupiter",
#"150 to the 2 stars of the head of the Lion",
#"100 to the King",
#"200 to the thigh of the Lion"
|}
*
|}
|}


=== Additional===
===Additional===
[[File:Babylonische Normalsterne SMH2014 b.gif|thumb|Babylonian Normal Stars with Labels (CC BY SMH 2025).]]
           A complete list of "normal stars" has not been established. For reconstructions of varying degrees of completeness, see. [Sachs 1974, 46; Aaboe 1980, 22; ADRT I, 17-19; ASM, 148-149; Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004].
           A complete list of "normal stars" has not been established. For reconstructions of varying degrees of completeness, see. [Sachs 1974, 46; Aaboe 1980, 22; ADRT I, 17-19; ASM, 148-149; Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004].


         The list below corresponds to the list of "normal stars" in [ADRT I, 17-19; ASM, 148-149] and differs from it only in nos. 28, 31-32, 36-38. The identifications in nos. 31-32, 34-38 are from [Roughton-Canzoneri 1992; Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004], see also [Jones 2004].
         The list below corresponds to the list of "normal stars" in [ADRT I, 17-19; ASM, 148-149] and differs from it only in nos. 28, 31-32, 36-38. The identifications in nos. 31-32, 34-38 are from [Roughton-Canzoneri 1992; Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004], see also [Jones 2004].


LIST OF NORMAL STARS
=== LIST OF NORMAL STARS ===
{| class="wikitable"

|+
          1. MUL<sub>2</sub> KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> DUR ''nu-nu'' "The shiny star of the Pisces ribbon" (η Piscium).
!No.

!Cuneiform
          2. MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN "The front star of the Hired Man's head" (β Arietis).
!Translation

!Identification
          3. MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN "Rear star of the Hired Man's head" (α Arietis).
|-

|1
          4. MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub> "Star Cluster" (η Tauri).
|MUL<sub>2</sub> KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> DUR ''nu-nu''

|"The shiny star of the Pisces ribbon"
          5. ''Is le''<sub>10</sub> "Jaw of the Bull" (α Tauri).
|η Piscium

|-
          6. ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).
|2

          7. ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub> "Southern reins of the Chariot" (ζ Tauri).
|MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN
|"The front star of the Hired Man's head"

|β Arietis
          8. MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''še-pit'' MAŠ.MAŠ "The front star of the feet of the Gemini" (η Geminorum).
|-

|3
          9. MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''še-pit'' MAŠ.MAŠ "Rear star of the feet of Gemini" (μ Geminorum).
|MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG ḪUN

|"Rear star of the Hired Man's head"
          10. MAŠ.MAŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SIPA "(The) star of the Gemini near the Shepherd" (γ Geminorum).
|α Arietis

|-
          11. MAŠ.MAŠ IGI "(The) foremost star of the Twins" (α Geminorum).
|4

|MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub>
          12. MAŠ.MAŠ ''ar''<sub>2</sub> "Rear star of the Twins" (β Geminorum).
|"Star Cluster"

|η Tauri
          13. MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The front star of the Crab to the north" (η Cancri).
|-

|5
          14. MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub> "Crab's front star to the south" (θ Cancri).
|''Is le''<sub>10</sub>

|"Jaw of the Bull"
          15. MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "Crab's back star to the north" (γ Cancri).
|α Tauri

|-
          16. MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub> "Crab's back star to the south"(δ Cancri).
|6

|ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI
          17. SAG A "Head of the Lion"(ε Leonis).
|"The northern reins of the Chariot"

|β Tauri
          18. LUGAL "King"(α Leonis).
|-

|7
          19. MUL<sub>2</sub> TUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> 4 KUŠ<sub>3</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> LUGAL "A small star 4 cubits behind the King" (ρ Leonis).
|ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub>

|"Southern reins of the Chariot"
          20. GIŠ.KUN A "The thigh of the Lion" (θ Leonis).
|ζ Tauri

|-
          21. GIR<sub>3</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> A "Lion's hind paw" (β Virginis).
|8

|MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''še-pit'' MAŠ.MAŠ
          22. DELE ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI ABSIN "Separate (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
|"The front star of the feet of the Gemini"

|η Geminorum
          23. SA<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ABSIN "Brilliant (star) of the Furrow" (α Virginis).
|-

|9
          24. ERIN<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub> "Southern part of Librae" (α Librae).
|MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''še-pit'' MAŠ.MAŠ

|"Rear star of the feet of Gemini"
          25. ERIN<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "Northern part of Libra" (β Librae).
|μ Geminorum

|-
          26. MUL<sub>2</sub> MURUB<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB "The middle star of the head of Scorpius" (δ Scorpii).
|10

|MAŠ.MAŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SIPA
          27. MUL<sub>2</sub> ''e ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB "Upper star of the head of Scorpius" (β Scorpii).
|"(The) star of the Gemini near the Shepherd"

|γ Geminorum
          28. MUL<sub>2</sub> SIG ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB "Lower star of Scorpius's head" (π Scorpii).
|-

|11
          29. SI<sub>4</sub> "Lysi" (α Scorpii).
|MAŠ.MAŠ IGI

|"(The) foremost star of the Twins"
          30. MUL<sub>2</sub> KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KIR<sub>4</sub> ''šil'' PA "Brilliant star at the end of the arrow of Pabilsag" (θ Ophiuchi).
|α Geminorum

|-
          31. 4-AM<sub>3</sub> IGI<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> PA "4 front stars of Pabilsag" (μ (13), 14, 15 and 16 Sagittarii).
|12

|MAŠ.MAŠ ''ar''<sub>2</sub>
          32. 4-AM<sub>3</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub><sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> PA "4 hind stars of Pabilsag" (ν1, ν2, ξ1 and ξ2 Sagittarii).
|"Rear star of the Twins"

|β Geminorum
          33. SI MAŠ<sub>2</sub> "Horn of the Goat-Fish" (β Capricorni).
|-

|13
          34. MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> "The front star of the Goat-Fish" (γ Capricorni).
|MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI

|"The front star of the Crab to the north"
          35. MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> "Hind star of the Goat-Fish" (δ Capricorni).
|η Cancri

|-
          36. ''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GU "The front receptacle of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii).
|14

          37. ''qup-pu ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GU "Rear receptacle of the Giant" (identification not established).
|MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub>
|"Crab's front star to the south"

|θ Cancri
          38. DUR SIM.MAḪ "Swallow's Ribbon" (probably ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star).
|-
|15
|MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI
|"Crab's back star to the north"
|γ Cancri
|-
|16
|MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ALLA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub>
|"Crab's back star to the south"
|δ Cancri
|-
|17
|SAG A
|"Head of the Lion"
|ε Leonis
|-
|18
|LUGAL
|"King"
|α Leonis
|-
|19
|MUL<sub>2</sub> TUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> 4 KUŠ<sub>3</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> LUGAL
|"A small star 4 cubits behind the King"
|ρ Leonis
|-
|20
|GIŠ.KUN A
|"The thigh of the Lion"
|θ Leonis
|-
|21
|GIR<sub>3</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> A
|"Lion's hind paw"
|β Virginis
|-
|22
|DELE ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI ABSIN
|"Separate (star) in front of the Furrow"
|γ Virginis
|-
|23
|SA<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ABSIN
|"Brilliant (star) of the Furrow"
|α Virginis
|-
|24
|ERIN<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub>
|"Southern part of Librae"
|α Librae
|-
|25
|ERIN<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI
|"Northern part of Libra"
|β Librae
|-
|26
|MUL<sub>2</sub> MURUB<sub>4</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB
|"The middle star of the head of Scorpius"
|δ Scorpii
|-
|27
|MUL<sub>2</sub> ''e ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB
|"Upper star of the head of Scorpius"
|β Scorpii
|-
|28
|MUL<sub>2</sub> SIG ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB
|"Lower star of Scorpius's head"
|π Scorpii
|-
|29
|SI<sub>4</sub>
|"Lisi"
|α Scorpii
|-
|30
|MUL<sub>2</sub> KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KIR<sub>4</sub> ''šil'' PA
|"Brilliant star at the end of the arrow of Pabilsag"
|θ Ophiuchi
|-
|31
|4-AM<sub>3</sub> IGI<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> PA
|"4 front stars of Pabilsag"
|μ (13), 14, 15 and 16 Sagittarii
|-
|32
|4-AM<sub>3</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub><sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> PA
|"4 hind stars of Pabilsag"
|ν1, ν2, ξ1 and ξ2 Sagittarii
|-
|33
|SI MAŠ<sub>2</sub>
|"Horn of the Goat-Fish"
|β Capricorni
|-
|34
|MUL<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>
|"The front star of the Goat-Fish"
|γ Capricorni
|-
|35
|MUL<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>
|"Hind star of the Goat-Fish"
|δ Capricorni
|-
|36
|''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GU
|"The front receptacle of the Giant"
|probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii
|-
|37
|''qup-pu ar''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GU
|"Rear receptacle of the Giant"
|(identification not established)
|-
|38
|DUR SIM.MAḪ
|"Swallow's Ribbon"
|(probably ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star)
|}
     


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==
Line 117: Line 378:
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|-
| = kakkabū minâti «Звезды (для) счета». Около 40 звезд в зодиакальном поясе, относительно которых в «Дневниках наблюдений» фиксировались положения Луны и планет в определенные моменты времени. В современной литературе известны под названием «нормальные звезды» (Normal Stars, Normalsterne), введенном Эппингом [Epping 1889, 115]. См. также m34MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu.
|= kakkabū minâti «Звезды (для) счета». Около 40 звезд в зодиакальном поясе, относительно которых в «Дневниках наблюдений» фиксировались положения Луны и планет в определенные моменты времени. В современной литературе известны под названием «нормальные звезды» (Normal Stars, Normalsterne), введенном Эппингом [Epping 1889, 115]. См. также m34MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu.
I. Источники.
I. Источники.


Latest revision as of 10:53, 16 September 2025

Babylonian Normal Stars (CC BY SMH 2014)

MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ (𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian term for a specific set of stars close to the ecliptic that were used in mathematical astronomy in the late first millennium BCE. In the 19th century, Epping coined the term "Normalsterne" (normal stars) for them, which is used in modern Assyriology literature. The term is derived from Latin "norma" for "measure". These stars form a natural frame of reference, as they were considered fix, in contrast to the planets which move relative to the display of stars. Thus, planet positions are sometimes given relative to these "measure stars" (or "counting stars" as the Mesopotamian term literally translates).

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= kakkabū minâti "Stars (for) counting". About 40 stars in the zodiacal belt, relative to the positions of the moon and planets at certain points in time, were recorded in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts". In modern literature, they are known as the "normal stars" (Normal Stars, Normalsterne), introduced by Epping [Epping 1889, 115]. See also (Kurtik m34) MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu.

Sources Identifications
EAE.
  • See. [BPO 3, K.2226+:13; K.3601+:37; K.12762:4-5].
Text BM 41004.
  • mul2.šid.meš, mul2.šid.me, mulx.šid.meš [Neugebauer-Sachs 1967, 201-202, rev. 1, 5, 10, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21].
"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."
  • [dele]-bat GU4.UD u MUL2.ŠIDmeš IGImeš "[Ve]nus, Mercury and the 'normal stars' were visible ..." [ADRT III, No.-136 B rev. 14].
Text BM 36609.
  • (1) List of "normal stars." 
[Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 550-551, Section 8: rev. iv 2′-22′]
  1. [MUL2 SAG] A [...] ,
  2. / ˹MUL2˺ LUGAL [...] ,
  3. / MUL2 TUR ša2 4 <KUŠ3> ar2 LUGAL MU[L4 ...] ,
  4. / GIŠ.KUN MUL4 [...] ,
  5. / GIR2 EGIR-tum ša2 A MUL4 [...] ,
  6. / DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN ˹MUL4? ˺ [...] ,
  7. / SA4 ša2 ABSIN M[UL4...] ,
  8. / ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 M[UL4...] ,
  9. / ERIN2 ša2 SI M[UL4...] ,
  10. / SAG GIR2.TAB M[UL4...] ,
  11. / SI4 M[UL4...] ,
  12. / KIR4 šil-taḫ ˹PA?˺ [MUL4] x ,
  13. / ˹4-AM2 IGI.MEŠ ša2 PA˺ MUL4 30 GAN ,
  14. / 4-AM2 ar2.MEŠ ša2 PA MUL4 20 ",
  15. / SI MAŠ2 MUL4 11,30 AB ,
  16. / <MUL IGI ša2> SUḪUR?.MAŠ2 MUL4 28,30,
  17. / <MUL2 ar2 ša2> SUḪUR.MAŠ? MUL4 30,
  18. / ˹qup˺-pu ˹IGI˺ ša2 <<d>>GU.LA MUL4 24 (further erasure) ,
  19. / ˹qup˺-pu ar2 MUL4 7,30 ŠE ,
  20. / DUR SIM.MAḪ MUL4 26?, [1]5 ŠE ,
  21. / DUR MUL2 nu-nu MUL4 3.20 BAR ;
  1. "[The head of] the Lion is [...]",
  2. "The King is [...]",
  3. "The small star 4 <cunits> behind the King — Sta[...]",
  4. "The thigh — star [...]",
  5. "The Lion's hind paw — star [...]",
  6. "The separate star in front of the Furrow — star [...]",
  7. "The shining (star) of the Furrow — s[tar ...]. ]",
  8. "Southern part of Libra - s[tar ...]",
  9. "Northern part of Libra — s[tar ...]",
  10. "The head of the Scorpius - s[tar ...]",
  11. "Fox — s[tar ...]",
  12. "Pabilsag's arrowhead — [star ...]",
  13. "4 stars ahead of Pabilsag — star at 300 (error, d. b. 90) in the sign IX(=Sagittarius)",
  14. "4 stars behind Pabilsag - star at 200",
  15. "Horn of the Goat-Fish - star at 11;300 in the sign X(=Capricorn)",
  16. "<Front star> Goat-Fish - star at 28;300",
  17. "<Rear Star> Goat-Fish - star at 300",
  18. "Giant's Frontal Capacity – star at 240 [...](? )",
  19. "Rear capacity (of the Giant) — star at 7;300 in sign XII (= Pisces)",
  20. "Ribbon of the Swallow — star at 26?;[1]5? in sign XII(= Pisces)",
  21. "Ribbon of the Pisces (=Anunitu) - star at 3;200 in sign I (= Aries)"
in the text, the names of the months (GAN, AB, ŠE, BAR) are used to refer to the corresponding signs of the zodiac [ibid., 551].
  • (2) List of intervals between stars or groups of stars:
[Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, Section 9: rev. iv 23′-39′]
  1. TA DUR nu-nu ˹15?˺ UŠ 30? [...] ,
  2. / ... / 5 UŠ ana KUN x x [...] (possibly KUN ˹ša2˺ ḪUN) ,
  3. / 13 UŠ ana MUL2.MUL2 [x] ,
  4. / 10 UŠ ana SA4 ša2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] ,
  5. / DAL. BA.AN.˹NA?˺ MUL2.MUL2 u múlGU4.<AN>.NA 30 [UŠ] ,
  6. / 10 UŠ ana SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] ,
  7. / ... / ˹5 UŠ˺ ana ˹MAŠ.MAŠ IGI˺ ,
  8. / 5 UŠ ana MAŠ.MAŠ ar2 ,
  9. / ˹⅔ KASKAL˺ ana MUL2.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ša2 ALLA ,
  10. / 5 UŠ ana MUL2.MEŠ ar2.MEŠ ša2 ALLA NA MUL2.BABBAR ,
  11. / ½ KASKAL ana 2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A ,
  12. / 10 UŠ ana múlLUGAL ,
  13. / ⅔ KASKAL ana GIŠ.KUN ša2 UR.A .
  1. "From the ribbon of Pisces 150? 30? [...]",
  2. "50 to Hired Man's Tail(?)",
  3. "130 to the Star Cluster",
  4. "100 to the shining star of the [Celestial Bull]",
  5. "The span — Star Cluster and Heavenly Bull - (is) 300(?)",
  6. "100 to the Horn of the [Heavenly] Bull",
  7. "50 to the front (star) of Gemini",
  8. "50 to the back (star) of Gemini",
  9. "200 to the front stars of the Crab",
  10. "50 to the back stars of the Crab ... Jupiter",
  11. "150 to the 2 stars of the head of the Lion",
  12. "100 to the King",
  13. "200 to the thigh of the Lion"
  • See also the expression in EAE texts:
    • MUL NU ŠID.MEŠ "A star that is not among the 'stars to count'" [BPO 3, 215:36, 237:28, 244:18, 253:3, 254:4].
 Text BM 36609
  • (1) List of "normal stars." 
(Pingree?)
  1. ε Leonis,
  2. Regulus (α Leonis)
  3. ρ Leonis,
  4. θ Leonis,
  5. β Virginis,
  6. γ Virginis,
  7. α Virginis,
  8. α Librae,
  9. β Librae,
  10. δ, β, π Scorpii,
  11. "Fox — s[tar ...]",
  12. θ Ophiuchi,
  13. μ (13), 14, 15 and 16 Sagittarii,
  14. ν1, ν2, ξ1 and ξ2 Sagittarii,
  15. β Capricorni,
  16. γ Capricorni,
  17. δ Capricorni,
  18. probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii,
  19. (identification not established),
  20. (probably ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star),
  21. (brightest star: eta Psc)
  • (2) List of intervals between stars or groups of stars:
  1. "From the ribbon of Pisces 150? 30? [...]",
  2. "50 to Hired Man's Tail(?)",
  3. "130 to the Star Cluster",
  4. "100 to the shining star of the [Celestial Bull]",
  5. "The span — Star Cluster and Heavenly Bull - (is) 300(?)",
  6. "100 to the Horn of the [Heavenly] Bull",
  7. "50 to the front (star) of Gemini",
  8. "50 to the back (star) of Gemini",
  9. "200 to the front stars of the Crab",
  10. "50 to the back stars of the Crab ... Jupiter",
  11. "150 to the 2 stars of the head of the Lion",
  12. "100 to the King",
  13. "200 to the thigh of the Lion"

Additional

Babylonian Normal Stars with Labels (CC BY SMH 2025).

           A complete list of "normal stars" has not been established. For reconstructions of varying degrees of completeness, see. [Sachs 1974, 46; Aaboe 1980, 22; ADRT I, 17-19; ASM, 148-149; Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004].

         The list below corresponds to the list of "normal stars" in [ADRT I, 17-19; ASM, 148-149] and differs from it only in nos. 28, 31-32, 36-38. The identifications in nos. 31-32, 34-38 are from [Roughton-Canzoneri 1992; Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004], see also [Jones 2004].

LIST OF NORMAL STARS

No. Cuneiform Translation Identification
1 MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu "The shiny star of the Pisces ribbon" η Piscium
2 MUL2 IGI ša2 SAG ḪUN "The front star of the Hired Man's head" β Arietis
3 MUL2 ar2 ša2 SAG ḪUN "Rear star of the Hired Man's head" α Arietis
4 MUL2.MUL2 "Star Cluster" η Tauri
5 Is le10 "Jaw of the Bull" α Tauri
6 ŠUR GIGIR ša2 SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" β Tauri
7 ŠUR GIGIR ša2 ULU3 "Southern reins of the Chariot" ζ Tauri
8 MUL2 IGI ša2 še-pit MAŠ.MAŠ "The front star of the feet of the Gemini" η Geminorum
9 MUL2 ar2 ša2 še-pit MAŠ.MAŠ "Rear star of the feet of Gemini" μ Geminorum
10 MAŠ.MAŠ ša2 SIPA "(The) star of the Gemini near the Shepherd" γ Geminorum
11 MAŠ.MAŠ IGI "(The) foremost star of the Twins" α Geminorum
12 MAŠ.MAŠ ar2 "Rear star of the Twins" β Geminorum
13 MUL2 IGI ša2 ALLA ša2 SI "The front star of the Crab to the north" η Cancri
14 MUL2 IGI ša2 ALLA ša2 ULU3 "Crab's front star to the south" θ Cancri
15 MUL2 ar2 ša2 ALLA ša2 SI "Crab's back star to the north" γ Cancri
16 MUL2 ar2 ša2 ALLA ša2 ULU3 "Crab's back star to the south" δ Cancri
17 SAG A "Head of the Lion" ε Leonis
18 LUGAL "King" α Leonis
19 MUL2 TUR ša2 4 KUŠ3 ar2 LUGAL "A small star 4 cubits behind the King" ρ Leonis
20 GIŠ.KUN A "The thigh of the Lion" θ Leonis
21 GIR3 ar2 ša2 A "Lion's hind paw" β Virginis
22 DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Separate (star) in front of the Furrow" γ Virginis
23 SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Brilliant (star) of the Furrow" α Virginis
24 ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 "Southern part of Librae" α Librae
25 ERIN2 ša2 SI "Northern part of Libra" β Librae
26 MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB "The middle star of the head of Scorpius" δ Scorpii
27 MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of the head of Scorpius" β Scorpii
28 MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of Scorpius's head" π Scorpii
29 SI4 "Lisi" α Scorpii
30 MUL2 KUR ša2 KIR4 šil PA "Brilliant star at the end of the arrow of Pabilsag" θ Ophiuchi
31 4-AM3 IGImeš ša2 PA "4 front stars of Pabilsag" μ (13), 14, 15 and 16 Sagittarii
32 4-AM3 ar2meš ša2 PA "4 hind stars of Pabilsag" ν1, ν2, ξ1 and ξ2 Sagittarii
33 SI MAŠ2 "Horn of the Goat-Fish" β Capricorni
34 MUL2 IGI ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 "The front star of the Goat-Fish" γ Capricorni
35 MUL2 ar2 ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 "Hind star of the Goat-Fish" δ Capricorni
36 qup-pu IGI ša2 GU "The front receptacle of the Giant" probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii
37 qup-pu ar2 ša2 GU "Rear receptacle of the Giant" (identification not established)
38 DUR SIM.MAḪ "Swallow's Ribbon" (probably ε Piscium or a group of stars including this star)

     

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, m39) Gössmann (1950)
= kakkabū minâti «Звезды (для) счета». Около 40 звезд в зодиакальном поясе, относительно которых в «Дневниках наблюдений» фиксировались положения Луны и планет в определенные моменты времени. В современной литературе известны под названием «нормальные звезды» (Normal Stars, Normalsterne), введенном Эппингом [Epping 1889, 115]. См. также m34MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu.

I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, K.2226+:13; K.3601+:37; K.12762:4–5]. Текст BM 41004. mul2.šid.meš, mul2.šid.me, mulx.šid.meš [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967, 201–202,  rev. 1, 5, 10, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21]. «Дневники наблюдений». [dele]-bat GU4.UD u MUL2.ŠIDmeš IGImeš «[Ве]нера, Меркурий и «нормальные звезды» были видны …» [ADRT III, No.-136 B rev. 14]. Текст BM 36609. (1) Список «нормальных звезд»:  [MUL2 SAG] A  […] «[Голова] Льва — […]», / ˹MUL2˺ LUGAL […] «Царь — […]», / MUL2 TUR ša2 4 <KUŠ3> ar2 LUGAL MU[L4 …] «Маленькая звезда в 4 <локтях> позади Царя — Звез[…]»,  / GIŠ.KUN  MUL4 […] «Бедро — звезда […]», / GIR2 EGIR-tum ša2 A MUL4 […] «Задняя лапа Льва — звезда […]», / DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN ˹MUL4?˺ […] «Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды — звезда […]», / SA4 ša2 ABSIN M[UL4…] Блестящая (звезда) Борозды — з[везда …]», / ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 M[UL4…] «Южная часть Весов — з[везда …]», / ERIN2 ša2 SI M[UL4…] «Северная часть Весов — з[везда …]», / SAG GIR2.TAB M[UL4…] «Голова Скорпиона — з[везда …]», / SI4 M[UL4…] «Лиси — з[везда …]», / KIR4 šil-taḫ ˹PA?˺ [MUL4] x «Наконечник стрелы Пабилсага — [звезда …]», / ˹4-AM2 IGI.MEŠ ša2 PA˺ MUL4 30 GAN «4 звезды впереди Пабилсага — звезда на 300 (ошибка, д. б. 90) в знаке IX(= Стрелец)», / 4-AM2 ar2.MEŠ ša2 PA MUL4 20 «4 звезды позади Пабилсага — звезда на 200», / SI MAŠ2 MUL4 11,30 AB «Рог Козы–Рыбы — звезда на 11;300 в знаке X(=Козерог)», / <MUL IGI ša2> SUḪUR?.MAŠ2 MUL4 28,30 «<Передняя звезда> Козы-Рыбы — звезда на 28;300», / <MUL2 ar2 ša2> SUḪUR.MAŠ? MUL4 30 «<Задняя звезда> Козы-Рыбы — звезда на 300», / ˹qup˺-pu ˹IGI˺ ša2 <<d>>GU.LA MUL4 24 (далее подчистка) «Передняя емкость Великана — звезда на 240 […](?)», / ˹qup˺-pu ar2 MUL4 7,30 ŠE «Задняя емкость (Великана) — звезда на 7;300 в знаке XII (= Рыбы)», / DUR SIM.MAḪ MUL4 26?, [1]5 ŠE «Лента Ласточки — звезда на 26?;[1]5? в знаке XII(= Рыбы)», / DUR MUL2 nu-nu MUL4 3,20 BAR «Лента Рыбы (=Ануниту) — звезда в 3;200 в знаке I (= Овен)» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 550–551, Section 8: rev. iv 2′–22′]; в тексте названия месяцев (GAN, AB, ŠE, BAR) используются для обозначения соответствующих знаков зодиака [ibid., 551]. (2) Список интервалов между звездами или группами звезд: TA DUR nu-nu ˹15?˺ UŠ 30? […] «От ленты Рыб 150? 30? […]», / … /  5 UŠ ana KUN x x […] (возможно KUN ˹ša2˺ ḪUN) «50  до Хвоста Наемника(?)», / 13 UŠ ana MUL2.MUL2 [x] «130  до Звезд», / 10 UŠ ana SA4 ša2 múlG[U4.AN.NA]  «100  до блестящей звезды [Небесного Бы]ка», / DAL.BA.AN.˹NA?˺ MUL2.MUL2 u múlGU4.<AN>.NA 30 [UŠ] «Промежуток – Звезды и Небесный бык – (составляет) 300(?)», / 10 UŠ ana SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] «100 до Рога [Небесного] Быка», / … / ˹5 UŠ˺ ana ˹MAŠ.MAŠ IGI˺ «50 до передней (звезды) Близнецов», / 5 UŠ ana MAŠ.MAŠ ar2 «50  до задней (звезды) Близнецов», / ˹⅔ KASKAL˺ ana MUL2.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ša2 ALLA «200 до передних звезд Краба», / 5 UŠ ana MUL2.MEŠ ar2.MEŠ ša2 ALLA NA MUL2.BABBAR «50  до задних звезд Краба … Юпитер», / ½ KASKAL ana 2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A «150 до 2 звезд головы Льва», / 10 UŠ ana múlLUGAL «100  до Царя», / ⅔ KASKAL ana GIŠ.KUN ša2 UR.A «200 до бедра Льва» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, Section 9: rev. iv 23′–39′]. См. также выражение в текстах ЕАЕ: MUL NU ŠID.MEŠ «Звезда, не входящая в число «звезд для счета» [BPO 3, 215:36, 237:28, 244:18, 253:3, 254:4].

Полный список «нормальных звезд» не установлен. Реконструкции различной степени полноты см. [Sachs 1974, 46; Aaboe 1980, 22; ADRT I, 17–19; ASM, 148–149; Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004].

Приведенный ниже список соответствует списку «нормальных звезд» в [ADRT I, 17–19; ASM, 148–149] и отличается от него только № 28, 31–32, 36–38. Отождествления в № 31–32, 34–38 даны по [Roughton–Canzoneri 1992; Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004], см. также [Jones 2004].


СПИСОК НОРМАЛЬНЫХ ЗВЕЗД

1. MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu «Блестящая звезда ленты Рыб» (η Piscium).

2. MUL2 IGI ša2 SAG ḪUN «Передняя звезда головы Наемника» (β Arietis).

3. MUL2 ar2 ša2 SAG ḪUN «Задняя звезда головы Наемника» (α Arietis).

4. MUL2.MUL2 «Звезды» (η Tauri).

5. Is le10 «Челюсть Быка» (α Tauri).

6. ŠUR GIGIR ša2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы» (β Tauri).

7. ŠUR GIGIR ša2 ULU3 «Южная вожжа Колесницы» (ζ Tauri).

8. MUL2 IGI ša2 še-pit MAŠ.MAŠ «Передняя звезды ног Близнецов» (η Geminorum).

9. MUL2 ar2 ša2 še-pit MAŠ.MAŠ «Задняя звезда ног Близнецов» (μ Geminorum).

10. MAŠ.MAŠ ša2 SIPA «(Звезда) Близнецов около Пастуха» (γ Geminorum).

11. MAŠ.MAŠ IGI «Передняя звезда Близнецов» (α Geminorum).

12. MAŠ.MAŠ ar2 «Задняя звезда Близнецов» (β Geminorum).

13. MUL2 IGI ša2 ALLA ša2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri).

14. MUL2 IGI ša2 ALLA ša2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri).

15. MUL2 ar2 ša2 ALLA ša2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri).

16. MUL2 ar2 ša2 ALLA ša2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу»(δ Cancri).

17. SAG A «Голова Льва» (ε Leonis).

18. LUGAL «Царь» (α Leonis).

19. MUL2 TUR ša2 4 KUŠ3 ar2 LUGAL «Маленькая звезда в 4 локтях позади Царя» (ρ Leonis).

20. GIŠ.KUN A «Бедро Льва» (θ Leonis).

21. GIR3 ar2 ša2 A «Задняя лапа Льва» (β Virginis).

22. DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN «Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды» (γ Virginis).

23. SA4 ša2 ABSIN «Блестящая (звезда) Борозды» (α Virginis).

24. ERIN2 ša2 ULU3 «Южная часть Весов» (α Librae).

25. ERIN2 ša2 SI «Северная часть Весов» (β Librae).

26. MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii).

27. MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii).

28. MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii).

29. SI4 «Лиси» (α Scorpii).

30. MUL2 KUR ša2 KIR4 šil PA «Блестящая звезда на конце стрелы Пабилсага» (θ Ophiuchi).

31. 4-AM3 IGImeš ša2 PA «4 передние звезды Пабилсага» (μ (13), 14, 15 и 16 Sagittarii).

32. 4-AM3 ar2meš ša2 PA «4 задние звезды Пабилсага» (ν1, ν2, ξ1 и ξ2 Sagittarii).

33. SI MAŠ2 «Рог Козы-Рыбы» (β Capricorni).

34. MUL2 IGI ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Передняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (γ Capricorni).

35. MUL2 ar2 ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Задняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (δ Capricorni).

36. qup-pu IGI ša2 GU «Передняя емкость Великана» (вероятно, ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii).

37. qup-pu ar2 ša2 GU «Задняя емкость Великана» (отождествление не установлено).

38. DUR SIM.MAḪ «Лента Ласточки» (вероятно, ε Piscium или группа звезд, включающая эту звезду).

Example

References

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