UR.MAḪ: Difference between revisions

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}

This is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian. The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion. In Late Babylonian texts, this is the only meaning of the term.
UR.MAḪ is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''nēšu,'' The Lion. The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation (also called [[UR.GU.LA|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]). In Late Babylonian texts, this is the only meaning of the term.


==Dictionary==
==Dictionary==
===Kurtik with Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim===
===Kurtik with Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim===
= ''nēšu'' "Lion";
= ''nēšu'' "Lion"; 1) a constellation often identified with <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA "Lion" (Leo); 2) a small constellation north of the traditional Leo(?) [BPO 2, 16; G. 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81-82].

* 1) a constellation often identified with [[UR.GU.LA|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]] "Lion" (Leo);
* 2) a small constellation north of the traditional Leo(?) [BPO 2, 16; G. 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81-82].

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
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!Sources!!Identifications
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|-
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.
'''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian list of stars: <sup>mul</sup>ur.maḫ [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 5].


* (1) Unilingual Sumerian list of stars: <sup>mul</sup>ur.maḫ [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 5].
'''(2)''' ''Urra'' XXII series: [<sup>mul</sup>u]r.maḫ = ''ne<sub>2</sub>''-''e''-''šu''<sub>2</sub> [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:b; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:26], <sup>mul</sup>ur.ma[ḫ] = [...] x ta x x [SpTU III, 114A v 31].
* (2) ''Urra'' XXII series: [<sup>mul</sup>u]r.maḫ = ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''e''-''šu<sub>2</sub>'' [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:b; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:26], <sup>mul</sup>ur.ma[ḫ] = [...] x ta x x [SpTU III, 114A v 31].


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|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.
|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.

Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul<sub>4</sub> UR.MAḪ MUL<sub>4</sub><sup>meš</sup><sub>-</sub>šu<sub>2</sub> il-tap-pu-u 3.20 KI DU NIG<sub>2</sub>.E<sub>3</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> BI / MUL KASKAL "If the stars of Leo flashes: the king will be victorious wherever he goes. This star — a marching star" (II iii 30-31) [MA, 112, 134; AHw, 1177a], for a parallel see prediction (3) below. ||
* Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul<sub>4</sub> UR.MAḪ MUL<sub>4</sub><sup>meš</sup>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''il-tap-pu-u'' 3.20 KI DU NIG<sub>2</sub>.E<sub>3</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> BI / MUL KASKAL "If the stars of Leo flashes: the king will be victorious wherever he goes. This star — a marching star" (II iii 30-31) [MA, 112, 134; AHw, 1177a], for a parallel see prediction (3) below.
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|-
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|"'''''Letters'''''" '''''and''''' "'''''Reports'''''."
|"'''''Letters'''''" '''''and''''' "'''''Reports'''''."
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===additional===
===Additional===
II. Symbol.


==== II. Symbol. ====
The figure of a lion. Description in VAT 9428, obv. 17-18: <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ SIPA ''šar-ḫ[u xxxx]'' UGU KUN-''šu<sub>2</sub>'' MUL ana IGI ''ḫu-ru-u[p-p]i / u<sub>3</sub> qu-ru-˹ub?˺ 4?''  M[UL?.MEŠ? x x 1 MU]L ''ina GABA-šu<sub>2</sub> e-ṣir'' "The lion — a wonderful shepherd [...] a star above its tail, in the front ... and next to 4(?) stars(?) and 1 star is depicted on its chest." [Weidner 1927, 74-75, 81-82; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ "The Lion's tail" is also mentioned in the commentary on the predictions in [NSAM 2, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].
           The figure of a lion. Description in VAT 9428, obv. 17-18: <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ SIPA ''šar-ḫ[u xxxx]'' UGU KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> MUL ana IGI ''ḫu-ru-u[p-p]i / u''<sub>3</sub> ''qu-ru-˹ub''<sup>?</sup>''˺ 4''<sup>?</sup>  M[UL<sup>?</sup>.MEŠ<sup>?</sup> x x 1 MU]L ''ina'' GABA''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir'' "The lion — a wonderful shepherd [...] a star above its tail, in the front ... and next to 4(?) stars(?) and 1 star is depicted on its chest." [Weidner 1927, 74-75, 81-82; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ "The Lion's tail" is also mentioned in the commentary on the predictions in [NSAM 2, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].


III. Identification.
==== III. Identification. ====
           = Leo Minor + southern section of the Ursa Maior [Weidner 1927, 81].


= Leo Minor + southern section of the Ursa Maior [Weidner 1927, 81].
           = Leo Minor [Weidner 1957-59, 79a].


= Leo Minor [Weidner 1957-59, 79a].
           = Leo [BPO 2, 16].


           = constellation north of Leo [Heimpel 1987, 84].
= Leo [BPO 2, 16].


==== IV. Astrology. ====
= constellation north of Leo [Heimpel 1987, 84].
           Identifications:


           (1) = <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA "Leo"; see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|<sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'']], III 38, (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 7.
IV. Astrology.


           Predictions:
Identifications:


(1) = <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA "Leo"; see (Kurtik ts02) <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'', III 38, (Kurtik u18) UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.
           (2) ''Wolf'' (= ''Mars'') ''reaches Leo''; see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 7.


           (3) If the stars of Leo light up (during the first morning appearance of Jupiter within Leo); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ul-tap-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> / LUGAL ''a-šar il-la-ku / li-is-su'' "If the stars of Leo lights up? (again): the king will prevail wherever he goes." [ARAK, 437:3-5], the commentary says: [<sup>mul</sup>SA]G.ME.GAR / [''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>]UR.GU.LA / [''iz-za-a'']''z-ma'' "[Ju]piter [in] Leo [sto]it." [ARAK, 289:3-r. 1], see also [ibid., 54:6-7; 228:13; LABS, 160:21; SpTU III, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl. 2, 78 iv 4-6].
Predictions:

(2) ''Wolf'' (= ''Mars'') ''reaches Leo''; see (Kurtik u18) UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

(3) If the stars of Leo light up (during the first morning appearance of Jupiter within Leo); DIŠ mulUR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-''šu<sub>2</sub> ul-tap-pu-u<sub>2</sub>'' / LUGAL ''a-šar il-la-ku / li-is-su'' "If the stars of Leo lights up? (again): the king will prevail wherever he goes." [ARAK, 437:3-5], the commentary says: [<sup>mul</sup>SA]G.ME.GAR / [''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>]UR.GU.LA / [''iz-za-a'']''z-ma'' "[Ju]piter [in] Leo [sto]it." [ARAK, 289:3-r. 1], see also [ibid., 54:6-7; 228:13; LABS, 160:21; SpTU III, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl. 2, 78 iv 4-6].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Kurtik (2022, n19)
!
|-
|
=== <sup>(mul)</sup>''Nēšu'' ===
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ «Лев», только в лексической серии Urra XXII из Эмара, см. u22UR.MAḪ.
!
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, u22)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, u22)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
!
|-
|-
|= ''nēšu'' «Лев»; 1) созвездие, нередко отождествляемое с <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA «Лев» (Leo); 2) небольшое созвездие к северу от традиционного Льва(?) [BPO 2, 16; G. 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81–82].
|= ''nēšu'' «Лев»; 1) созвездие, нередко отождествляемое с <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA «Лев» (Leo); 2) небольшое созвездие к северу от традиционного Льва(?) [BPO 2, 16; G. 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81–82].

Latest revision as of 11:32, 23 April 2025


UR.MAḪ is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is (mul)nēšu, The Lion. The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation (also called mulUR.GU.LA). In Late Babylonian texts, this is the only meaning of the term.

Dictionary

Kurtik with Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim

= nēšu "Lion";

  • 1) a constellation often identified with mulUR.GU.LA "Lion" (Leo);
  • 2) a small constellation north of the traditional Leo(?) [BPO 2, 16; G. 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81-82].
Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Unilingual Sumerian list of stars: mulur.maḫ [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 5].
  • (2) Urra XXII series: [mulu]r.maḫ = ne2-e-šu2 [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:b; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:26], mulur.ma[ḫ] = [...] x ta x x [SpTU III, 114A v 31].
Enuma Anu Enlil (EAE).

See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 29′; NSAM 2, 248; SpTU III, 101:36, r. 5].

MUL.APIN.
  • Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul4 UR.MAḪ MUL4meš-šu2 il-tap-pu-u 3.20 KI DU NIG2.E3 MUL4 BI / MUL KASKAL "If the stars of Leo flashes: the king will be victorious wherever he goes. This star — a marching star" (II iii 30-31) [MA, 112, 134; AHw, 1177a], for a parallel see prediction (3) below.
"Letters" and "Reports."

See. [LABS, 160:21; ARAK, 350b].

Additional

II. Symbol.

           The figure of a lion. Description in VAT 9428, obv. 17-18: mulUR.MAḪ SIPA šar-ḫ[u xxxx] UGU KUN-šu2 MUL ana IGI ḫu-ru-u[p-p]i / u3 qu-ru-˹ub?˺ 4?  M[UL?.MEŠ? x x 1 MU]L ina GABA-šu2 e-ṣir "The lion — a wonderful shepherd [...] a star above its tail, in the front ... and next to 4(?) stars(?) and 1 star is depicted on its chest." [Weidner 1927, 74-75, 81-82; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN mulUR.MAḪ "The Lion's tail" is also mentioned in the commentary on the predictions in [NSAM 2, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].

III. Identification.

           = Leo Minor + southern section of the Ursa Maior [Weidner 1927, 81].

           = Leo Minor [Weidner 1957-59, 79a].

           = Leo [BPO 2, 16].

           = constellation north of Leo [Heimpel 1987, 84].

IV. Astrology.

           Identifications:

           (1) = mulUR.GU.LA "Leo"; see (Kurtik ts02) dṢalbatānu, III 38, (Kurtik u18) UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

           Predictions:

           (2) Wolf (= Mars) reaches Leo; see (Kurtik u18) UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

           (3) If the stars of Leo light up (during the first morning appearance of Jupiter within Leo); DIŠ mulUR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-šu2 ul-tap-pu-u2 / LUGAL a-šar il-la-ku / li-is-su "If the stars of Leo lights up? (again): the king will prevail wherever he goes." [ARAK, 437:3-5], the commentary says: [mulSA]G.ME.GAR / [ina mul]UR.GU.LA / [iz-za-a]z-ma "[Ju]piter [in] Leo [sto]it." [ARAK, 289:3-r. 1], see also [ibid., 54:6-7; 228:13; LABS, 160:21; SpTU III, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl. 2, 78 iv 4-6].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, n19)

(mul)Nēšu

аккадская параллель к mulUR.MAḪ «Лев», только в лексической серии Urra XXII из Эмара, см. u22UR.MAḪ.
Kurtik (2022, u22) Gössmann (1950)
= nēšu «Лев»; 1) созвездие, нередко отождествляемое с mulUR.GU.LA «Лев» (Leo); 2) небольшое созвездие к северу от традиционного Льва(?) [BPO 2, 16; G. 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81–82].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulur.maḫ [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 5]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: [mulu]r.maḫ = ne2-e-šu2 [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:b; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:26], mulur.ma[ḫ] = […] x ta x x [SpTU III, 114A v 31]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 29′; NSAM 2, 248; SpTU III, 101:36, r. 5]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ mul4UR.MAḪ MUL4meš-šu2 il-tap-pu-u 3,20 KI DU NIG2.E3 MUL4 BI / MUL KASKAL «Если Лев, звезды его вспыхивают: царь, куда бы он ни пошел, будет победоносен. Эта звезда — походная звезда» (II iii 30–31) [MA, 112, 134; AHw, 1177a], параллель см. ниже предсказание (3). «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:21; ARAK, 350b].

II. Символ.

Фигура льва. Описание в VAT 9428, obv. 17–18: mulUR.MAḪ SIPA šar-[u xxxxx] UGU KUN-šu2 MUL ana IGI ḫu-ru-u[p-p]i / u3 qu-ruub?˺ 4?  M[UL?.MEŠ? x x 1 MU]L ina GABA-šu2 e-ṣir «Лев – великолепный пастух […] выше его хвоста звезда, впереди … и рядом 4(?) звезды(?) и 1 звезда на его груди изображена» [Weidner 1927, 74–75, 81–82; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN mulUR.MAḪ «Хвост Льва» упомянут также в комментариях к предсказаниям в [NSAM 2, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].

III. Отождествление.

= Leo Minor + южная часть Ursa Maior [Weidner 1927, 81].

= Leo Minor [Weidner 1957–59, 79a].

= Leo [BPO 2, 16].

= созвездие к северу от Leo [Heimpel 1987, 84].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = mulUR.GU.LA «Лев»; см. (Kurtik ts02) dṢalbatānu, III 38, u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

Предсказания:

(2) Волк (= Марс) достигает Льва; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

(3) Если звезды Льва вспыхивают (первое утреннее появление Юпитера во Льве); DIŠ mulUR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-šu2 ul-tap-pu-u2 / LUGAL a-šar il-la-ku / li-is-su «Если звезды Льва (повторно) вспыхивают?: царь одержит победу, куда бы он ни пошел» [ARAK, 437:3–5], в комментарии сказано: [mulSA]G.ME.GAR / [ina mul]UR.GU.LA / [iz-za-a]z-ma «[Ю]питер [во] Льве [сто]ит» [ARAK, 289:3–r. 1], см. также [ibid., 54:6–7; 228:13; LABS, 160:21; SpTU III, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl. 2, 78 iv 4–6].

Example