ERU (Goddess): Difference between revisions
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E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> (Sumerian) equaling the Akkadian Erua is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. see (Kurtik a02) <sup>mul / d</sup>A.EDIN (Gössmann 441) |
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}} |
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[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]<sup>d</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' She is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN|<sup>mul / d</sup>A.EDIN]] (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''E-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>''-[a] 3-šu<sub>2</sub> tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral pressence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at its head, holding whip in its right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' (Leo). |
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The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>TE<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> = Akkadian ''erû.'' |
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==Dictionary== |
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===Krebernik (2023)=== |
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First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' <sup>d</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub> “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). |
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==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>== |
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===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=== |
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Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''sissinnu''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings: |
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Variant readings: <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>3</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>4</sub>; <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub>; = <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>Eru(a), Erūsa "Erua", "Branch"; |
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* <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>3</sub>, |
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* 1) a constellation approximately corresponding to the Hair of Berenice (lat. from Greek Berenice; IAU-name Coma Berenices), |
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* <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>4</sub>; |
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* 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; G. 9, 126]. |
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* <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub>; |
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* = <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, |
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* <sup>mul</sup>''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua". |
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Interpretation: |
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*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice. |
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*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126]. |
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==== Sources & Identification(s) ==== |
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!Sources!!Identifications |
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|'''EAE.''' |
|'''EAE.''' |
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See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19]. |
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|"'''Reports."''' |
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* See. [ARAK 350a]. |
* See. [ARAK 350a]. |
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|''' |
|'''Three Stars Each''' |
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''Text Nv. 10.'' |
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* (1) List Asterisms of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' <sup>d</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub> <sup>d</sup>Zar-pa-ni-tum " Branch (of a date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).*** |
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*Intercalation scheme: |
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*'''[''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>gan ki.min <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>PE<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> // 4 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-''l''[''il''<sub>2</sub>] / [<sup>mul</sup>ab.]sin<sub>2</sub> // 3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>Pšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-PaR / [GIŠ ... <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>AN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.PmaCR''' |
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*"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow" |
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*(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>. |
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> |
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*(1) List Asterisms of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11). |
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* |
*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, between <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA and <sup>mul</sup>''He''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6). |
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*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: |
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* (3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: ina <sup>iti</sup>APIN UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> KUR''-Ca'' "On the 15th arahsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chests, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26) [MA 21, 59, 65], see also [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''List of asterisms V'' R 46, 1:46. <sup>mul</sup>E4-ru6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu<sub>4</sub>'' “Erua = creative seed”, see also [HBA 52:46]. |
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**''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>APIN UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> KUR''-ḫa'' |
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**"On the 15th of Arahsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. |
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|a piece of a date palm |
|a piece of a date palm |
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[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022).]] |
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]] |
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|''' |
|'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.''' |
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* <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''<sub>4</sub> |
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* (1) AO 6478: |
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* “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46]. |
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** (a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA <sup>mul</sup>DILI ''ša<sub>2</sub>'' KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> | EN <sup>mul</sup>A. EDIN "weight of 1⅔ mini, 10<sup>0</sup> on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / Separated from the tail (Lion) to the Branch", |
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** (b) 4 MA. NA 10 GIN<sub>2</sub> MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN | EN <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE "weight of 4 mini and 10 shekels, 25<sup>0</sup> on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From the Branch to the Harness" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. |
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|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.''' |
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*(1) AO 6478: |
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**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA <sup>mul</sup>DILI ''ša<sub>2</sub>'' KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | EN <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua", |
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**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN<sub>2</sub> MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN | EN <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229]. |
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*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' <sup>d</sup>''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19]. |
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*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ<sub>3</sub> "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16]. |
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*(4) Sippar Planisphere: |
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**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>''e''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24), |
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**b) <sup>mul</sup>''e''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178]. |
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(1) LBAT 1502. |
(1) LBAT 1502. |
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*(a) [...MUL<sub>2</sub> [...MUL<sub>2</sub>AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]", |
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*(b) [...MU]L<sub>2</sub>.NUN<sup>ki</sup> MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub> ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz-Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. |
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|'''Anaphora.''' |
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А 3427: |
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* А 3427: A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. The list of the "6 palace women". <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.[da] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>8</sub> <sup>d</sup>A-a / <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>bal.teš<sub>2</sub>.a / 6 <sup>d</sup>mi<sub>2</sub>.ša<sub>3</sub>.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, asterism of Dignity : 6 «palace women»'" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. |
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* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. |
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* '''??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??''' |
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* The list of the "6 palace women". <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.[da] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da.an.na / <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>8</sub> <sup>d</sup>''A-a'' / <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>bal.teš<sub>2</sub>.a / 6 <sup>d</sup>mi<sub>2</sub>.ša<sub>3</sub>.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81]. |
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|''' |
|'''GU-text.''' |
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*(K), |
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* Intercalation scheme: [ina itigan ki.min <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>PE<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub>R // 4 šu-ut <sup>d</sup>En-l[il<sub>2</sub>] / [<sup>mul</sup>ab.]sin<sub>2</sub> // 3 šu-ut <sup>d</sup>A-ni[m] / [ ...] u <sup>mul</sup>Pšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.PmaCR "[In the month of kislimo respectively:] Erua, 4, (asterism on the way) of Enlil, / [Bor]ozda, 3, (asterism on the way) An[u], / [...] and Shupa, 2, (asterism on the way) Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the standing-upstraight asterism, 1, (to) the height of Swallow" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. |
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*(L) ''<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub>'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com), |
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*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]]. |
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|''' |
|'''Late astrology.''' |
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*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations. |
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* (K), (L) ''<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub>'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik d11) DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. |
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**''ki-i'' <sup>múl</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)<sup>zu</sup>-''ma'' <sup>d</sup>Sîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) [''u<sub>2</sub>-ša]r-ru-[u<sub>2</sub>''] / E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> KI<sup>didli</sup> <sup>d</sup>PA ''u'' <sup>d</sup>LUGAL / ''a-di-i <sup>d</sup>Šamaš''(UTU) KI<sup>didli</sup> ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad<sub>2</sub>'') ''pi-šer<sub>3</sub>-ša<sub>2</sub> attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) ''ul u<sub>2</sub>-šar-ra-a'' |
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**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Shullat and Hanish / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14]. |
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*(2) W 23313/3: |
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**DIŠ KI <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN U<sub>3</sub>.TU DUMU<sup>meš</sup> TU[K<sup>?</sup>...] |
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**"If it, when Erua (culminates?), is born: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8']. |
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*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]]. |
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**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4]. |
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[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]] |
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|'''''Late astrology''.''' |
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(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations. ''ki-i'' ''<sup>múl</sup>'' E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)''<sup>zu</sup>''-''ma'' <sup>d</sup>Sîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) [''u<sub>2</sub>-ša]r-ru-[u<sub>2</sub>''] / E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub> KI<sup>didli</sup> <sup>d</sup>PA ''u'' <sup>d</sup>LUGAL / ''a-di-i <sup>d</sup>Šamaš''(UTU) KI''<sup>didli</sup> ikaššad''(KUR''-ad<sub>2</sub>'') ''pi-šer<sub>3</sub>-ša<sub>2</sub> attalû''(AN.GI<sub>6</sub>) ''ul u<sub>2</sub>-šar-ra-a'' "If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Shullat and Hanish / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. |
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==== Stars within the Constellation Area ==== |
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(2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN U<sub>3</sub>.TU DUMU<sup>meš</sup> TU[K?...] "If it, when Erua (culminates?), is born: he will have sons" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |
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|+ |
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(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]]. See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4]. |
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! Vmag |
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| 1 |
|||
| γ Comae Berenices |
|||
| HIP 60742 |
|||
| Constellation lines (Vertex) |
|||
| 4.34 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2 |
|||
| 11 Com |
|||
| HIP 60202 |
|||
| Constellation lines (Vertex) |
|||
| 4.74 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 3 |
|||
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]] |
|||
| HIP 61394 |
|||
| Constellation lines (Vertex) |
|||
| 4.773 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 4 |
|||
| 12 Com A |
|||
| HIP 60351 |
|||
| Constellation lines |
|||
| 4.81 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 5 |
|||
| 7 Com |
|||
| HIP 59847 |
|||
| Constellation lines (Vertex) |
|||
| 4.86 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 6 |
|||
| 14 Com |
|||
| HIP 60697 |
|||
| Constellation lines |
|||
| 4.95 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 7 |
|||
| 16 Com |
|||
| HIP 60746 |
|||
| Inside the Hull |
|||
| 4.959 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 8 |
|||
| 24 Com A |
|||
| HIP 61418 |
|||
| Constellation lines (Vertex) |
|||
| 5.02 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 9 |
|||
| 13 Com |
|||
| HIP 60514 |
|||
| Inside the Hull |
|||
| 5.18 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 10 |
|||
| 17 Com |
|||
| HIP 60904 |
|||
| Constellation lines |
|||
| 5.236 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 11 |
|||
| 21 Com |
|||
| HIP 61071 |
|||
| Inside the Hull |
|||
| 5.436 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 12 |
|||
| 18 Com |
|||
| HIP 60941 |
|||
| Inside the Hull |
|||
| 5.468 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 13 |
|||
| 5 Com |
|||
| HIP 59501 |
|||
| Constellation lines (Vertex) |
|||
| 5.55 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 14 |
|||
| 20 Com |
|||
| HIP 60957 |
|||
| Constellation lines |
|||
| 5.679 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 15 |
|||
| - |
|||
| HIP 60599 |
|||
| Constellation lines |
|||
| 6.02 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 16 |
|||
| - |
|||
| HIP 60327 |
|||
| Inside the Hull |
|||
| 6.162 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 17 |
|||
| 8 Com |
|||
| HIP 60087 |
|||
| Inside the Hull |
|||
| 6.22 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 18 |
|||
| - |
|||
| HIP 61415 |
|||
| Inside the Hull |
|||
| 6.276 |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== II. Deity. === |
|||
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-Cu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the seed”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a]. |
|||
Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), from whom Erua was identified with. |
|||
===II. Deity.=== |
|||
''Prayers and Rituals.'' |
|||
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat<sub>2</sub> ri-ḫu-tu<sub>2</sub>'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a]. |
|||
''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), from whom Erua was identified with. |
|||
* (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU<sub>3</sub>.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu<sub>2</sub> ana'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''E-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>''-[a] 3-šu<sub>2</sub> til-liC'' ZID<sub>2</sub>.MAD.GA<sub>2</sub> ŠUB''-uk'' "Consecrate the waters before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua, sprinkle the water three times, and the flour four times." |
|||
* (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''Zibānītu'', II. |
|||
=== |
===== Prayers and Rituals. ===== |
||
(1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU<sub>3</sub>.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GI[D<sub>2</sub>.D]A 3''-šu<sub>2</sub> ana'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''E-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>''-[a] 3-šu<sub>2</sub> tel-liḫ'' ZID<sub>2</sub>.MAD.GA<sub>2</sub> ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle the waters before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. |
|||
(2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II. |
|||
In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-ša<sub>7</sub>? "a branch in her right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "the branch of a date palm", according to [MA 125], see also [CAD S 326]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently–depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date branch being the only integral part of it. |
|||
=== |
===III. Symbol. === |
||
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: <sup>mul</sup>''E<sub>4</sub>-ru<sub>6</sub> ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu<sub>2</sub> e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu<sub>2</sub> na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu<sub>2</sub> / ina'' UGU KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR. GU.LA [LA<sub>2</sub>-''a]t<sub>2</sub> ina'' ŠU GUB<sub>3</sub>''-ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[E<sub>4</sub>-r]u<sub>6</sub> "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [MA 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it. |
|||
Identifications and predictions: |
|||
===V. Astrology.=== |
|||
* (1) = Venus; |
|||
** (a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' <sup>d</sup>IM RA''-ir'' "If Erua (=Venera?) reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [ARAK, 55 r. 9]; comment: <sup>mul</sup>Dil''-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; ARAK, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; |
|||
** b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]] VI,7; <sup>mul</sup>A. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "The asterism Erua(=Venus) stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [ARAK, 295 r. 7-8]; |
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** (c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. a15ACû, II 1. |
|||
===== Identifications and predictions: ===== |
|||
* (2) = Saturn; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU<sub>2</sub>''-ti'' <sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ <sup>d</sup>''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma'' "If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: the eating of the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn has drawn closer to the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>A.EDIN ''ina(<sup>?</sup> ana<sup>??</sup>) ulug<sub>5</sub>.ga kur-ud še.giš.i<sub>3</sub> sig<sub>5</sub>'' : ''<sup>ul</sup>udu.idim.sag.uš <sup>ul</sup>Za-ap-pa kur-[ud] [xxxxx]'' "If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the sesame will be good; (this means:) Saturn has drawn closer to the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18]. |
|||
*(1) = Venus; |
|||
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' <sup>d</sup>IM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [ARAK, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in ARAK 55, also not in ARAK 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; ARAK, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; |
|||
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]] VI,7; <sup>mul</sup>A. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [ARAK, 295 r. 7-8]; |
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**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1. |
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*(2) = Saturn; |
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* (3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) MAN''-ma'', II 7. |
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**DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU<sub>2</sub>''-ti'' <sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ <sup>d</sup>''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma'' |
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***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; |
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**DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN <sup>mul</sup>UG<sub>5</sub>.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i<sub>3</sub> NIM sig<sub>5</sub>: <sup>mul</sup>udu.idim.sag.uš <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]'' |
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***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18]. |
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*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7. |
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==Historical Dictionaries== |
==Historical Dictionaries== |
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!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950) |
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950) |
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|- |
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|вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>3</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>4</sub>; <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub>; = <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; G. 9, 126].||Example |
|вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>3</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>ERU<sub>4</sub>; <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>.RU<sub>6</sub>; = <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; G. 9, 126].||Example |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]] |
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]] |
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[[Category:4workWayne]] |
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]] |
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] |
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[[Category:Eurasia]] |
[[Category:Eurasia]] |
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[[Category:Sumerian]] |
[[Category:Sumerian]] |
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[[Category:Cuneiform]] |
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[[Category:Deity]] |
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[[Category:Com]] |
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[[Category:ComaStarCluster]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:30, 16 December 2025
dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian Erua; She is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02) mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)[2]. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ana IGI dE-ru-u2-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."[3] Her astral pressence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at its head, holding whip in its right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' (Leo).
The asterism Eru = Erua is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian erû.
Concordance, Etymology, History[4]
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)[5] translate sissinnu “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)[6] who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:
Erua. First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). sis-sin-nu dE4-ru6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r).
Variant readings:
- mulERU3,
- mulERU4;
- mulE4.RU6;
- = mulE4-ru6,
- mulEru(a), Erūsa?? "Erua".
Interpretation:
- 1) a constellation approximately corresponding to Coma Berenices (πλόκαμος), Hair of Berenice.
- 2) = ziqpu XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw[7] 1051; CAD[8] S 326; Gössmann[2] 9, 126].
Sources & Identification(s)
| Sources | Identifications |
|---|---|
| EAE.
See. [Borger[9] 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957[10] 246:49-50; SpTU I,[11] 92:6-7; SpTU III,[12] 101:18, 19]. |
|
"Reports."
|
|
| Three Stars Each
Text Nv. 10.
|
|
MUL.APIN.[14]
|
a piece of a date palm
Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)[16]. |
List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.
|
|
Lists of ziqpu stars.
|
|
| Culminations of ziqpu stars.
(1) LBAT 1502.
|
|
| Anaphora.
А 3427:
|
|
GU-text.
|
|
Late astrology.
|
Stars within the Constellation Area
| id | Label | HIP | description | Vmag |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | γ Comae Berenices | HIP 60742 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 4.34 |
| 2 | 11 Com | HIP 60202 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 4.74 |
| 3 | Phyllon Kissinou (φύλλοv κισσίνου) | HIP 61394 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 4.773 |
| 4 | 12 Com A | HIP 60351 | Constellation lines | 4.81 |
| 5 | 7 Com | HIP 59847 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 4.86 |
| 6 | 14 Com | HIP 60697 | Constellation lines | 4.95 |
| 7 | 16 Com | HIP 60746 | Inside the Hull | 4.959 |
| 8 | 24 Com A | HIP 61418 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 5.02 |
| 9 | 13 Com | HIP 60514 | Inside the Hull | 5.18 |
| 10 | 17 Com | HIP 60904 | Constellation lines | 5.236 |
| 11 | 21 Com | HIP 61071 | Inside the Hull | 5.436 |
| 12 | 18 Com | HIP 60941 | Inside the Hull | 5.468 |
| 13 | 5 Com | HIP 59501 | Constellation lines (Vertex) | 5.55 |
| 14 | 20 Com | HIP 60957 | Constellation lines | 5.679 |
| 15 | - | HIP 60599 | Constellation lines | 6.02 |
| 16 | - | HIP 60327 | Inside the Hull | 6.162 |
| 17 | 8 Com | HIP 60087 | Inside the Hull | 6.22 |
| 18 | - | HIP 61415 | Inside the Hull | 6.276 |
II. Deity.
Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2 , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].
Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess Za/erbanītum (from zēru “seed” and banû “to create, to build”), from whom Erua was identified with.
Prayers and Rituals.
(1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ana IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3-šu2 ana IGI dE-ru-u2-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-uk "you sprinkle the waters before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84].
(2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (mīs pî) or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) Zibānītu, II.
III. Symbol.
Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra GAR-in / 1 MUL ina SAG-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina Š]U ZAG-šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-a]t2 ina ŠU GUB3-ša2 MUL na-ši "Erua is [a clothed human figure, set with a kurkurru. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of šašallu ša2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25].
In the Seleucid texts we find: sis-sin-nu ina ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [MA 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.
V. Astrology.
Identifications and predictions:
- (1) = Venus;
- (a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ana MUL.MUL KUR-ud dIM RA-iṣ "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [ARAK, 55 r. 9]; comment ??there is no comment in ARAK 55, also not in ARAK 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??: mulDil-bat ina ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-ma] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; ARAK, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
- (b) Lunar halo and Erua; see. (Kurtik a05) AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ina TUR3 d30 GUB-az-m[a] "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [ARAK, 295 r. 7-8];
- (c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) Aḫû, II 1.
- (2) = Saturn;
- DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-ti dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ dZap-pa KUR-ma
- "If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'' [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
- DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR-ud še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mulZa-ap-pa KUR-[ud] [xxxxx]
- "If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].
- DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-ti dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ dZap-pa KUR-ma
- (3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) MAN-ma, II 7.
Historical Dictionaries
| Kurtik (2022, e22) | Gössmann (1950) |
|---|---|
| вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mulE4-ru6, mulEru(a), Erūsa "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ziqpu XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; G. 9, 126]. | Example |
| I. Источники.
ЕАЕ. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "Рапорты". См. [ARAK 350a]. MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): sis-sin-nu dE4-ru6 dZar-pa-ni-tum "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulE4-ru6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mulDe2-gal2-la-a-a (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulE4-ru6 ina MURUB4 AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulUZ3 KUR-Ca "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [MA 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. Список звезд V R 46, 1:46. mulE4-ru6 = ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA mulDILI ša2 KUN-šu2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul dZe[r-pa-ni-tu] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ana mule4-Pru6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mule4-ru6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. Кульминации ziqpu-звезд. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | E4-ru6 ana ziq-pi "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ar2 dE4-ru6 ana ziq-pi P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. Анафора. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ziqpu-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. Список "6 дворцовых женщин". mulE4-ru6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 dA-a / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. Текст Nv. 10. Интеркаляционная схема: [ina itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-ru6R // 4 šu-ut dEn-l[il2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 šu-ut dA-ni[m] / [ …] u mulPšu.pRa // 2 šu-ut dE2-PaR / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 šu-qa2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. GU-текст. (К), (L) mulE4-ru6 (ziqpu XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ki-i E4.RU6 a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-ma dSîn(30) attalû(AN.GI6) [u2-ša]r-ru-[u2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA u dLUGAL / a-di-i dŠamaš(UTU) KIdidli ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.GI6) ul u2-šar-ra-a "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания izbu, см. u17UR.A. См. также: e-ri […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4]. II. Божество. Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ba-nat2 ri-Cu-tu2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини Za/erbanītum (от zēru "семя" и banû "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ana IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3-šu2 ana IGI dE-ru-u2-[a] 3-šu2 til-liC ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-uk "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10Zibānītu, II.
Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mulE4-ru6 ral-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra GAR-in / 1 MUL ina SAG-šu2 e-[rir qin-na-za ina Š]U ZAG-šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-a]t2 ina ŠU GUB3-ša2 MUL na-ši "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней kurkurra. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается šašallu ša2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: sis-sin-nu ina ŠUII 15-ša7? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [MA 125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью. IV. Отождествление: Как созвездие: = западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [G. 126]; = 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223]; = Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78]; = γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным. Как ziqpu-звезда: = γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; MA 142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58]. Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ziqpu-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178]. V. Астрология. Отождествления и предсказания: (1) = Венера; a) Венера и Плеяды; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-ud dIM RA-ir "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [ARAK, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mulDil-bat ina ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-ma] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; ARAK, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) Лунное гало и Эруа; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ina TUR3 d30 GUB-az-m[a] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [ARAK, 295 r. 7-8]; с) Планета (=Марс) и Эруа (=Венера); см. a15ACû, II 1. (2) = Cатурн; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-ti dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ dZap-pa KUR-ma "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ina(? ana??) ulug5.ga kur-ud še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ulZa-ap-pa kur-[ud] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18]. (3) = Поле; см. m05MAN-ma, II 7. |
Example |
References
- ↑ Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gössmann, Felix, Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= Šumerisches Lexikon, Teil IV, Band 2]) [online link].
- ↑ STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84
- ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
- ↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
- ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
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- ↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
- ↑ Largement R. Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.
- ↑ Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.
- ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
- ↑ Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.
- ↑ Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
- ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Schaumberger J. Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
- ↑ Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.
- ↑ Ebeling E. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.
- ↑ URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.
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- ↑ Hunger H. Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.




