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[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium (CC BY SMH).]]
A star and deity identified with one star of a two-star asterism called 'Twins', [[NIN.SAR]] and Erragal (see Kurtik n40). Together, they form an asterism in Lyra or its vicinity. Erragal is normally determined as a deity, but note the writings with the MUL (star) determinative in the Great Star List (GSL 232': D ii’ 12’ MUL.NIN.SAR MUL.''èr-ra-''GAL).
<sup>d</sup>''Erragal'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲) is a star and deity identified with one star of a two-star asterism called 'Twins', [[NIN.SAR]] (see Kurtik n40) and ''Erragal''. Together, they form an asterism in Lyra or its vicinity. ''Erragal'' is normally determined as a deity, but note the writings with the MUL (star) determinative in the Great Star List (GSL 232': D ii’ 12’ MUL.NIN.SAR MUL.''èr-ra-''GAL).
==Dictionary==
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. readings:
Var. readings:


* Irragal; = "Great Erra"; deity of plague and death, one of the names of Nergal.
* ''Irragal''; = "Great Erra"; deity of plague and death, one of the names of Nergal.


In astronomical texts it is paired with <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR and identified with a star in the constellation Lyrae (ζ Lyrae) [G. 125; Litke 1998, 60; Tallqvist 1938, 329, 402].
In astronomical texts it is paired with <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR and identified with a star in the constellation Lyrae (ζ Lyrae) [Gössmann <ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 125; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 329, 402].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 13: Line 15:
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 26):
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 26):
** 2 MUL<sup>meš</sup> ša<sub>2</sub> EGIR-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB<sup>meš</sup>-zu <sup>d</sup>Nin-SAR u <sup>d</sup>Er<sub>3-</sub>ra-gal
** 2 MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB<sup>meš</sup>-''zu'' <sup>d</sup>''Nin''-SAR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Er<sub>3-</sub>ra-''gal''
** "Two stars that stand behind him (i.e. behind <sup>d</sup>LAMMA = Vega): Ninsar and Erragal" (I i 27) [MA, 26].
** "Two stars that stand behind him (i.e. behind <sup>d</sup>LAMMA = Vega): Ninsar and Erragal" (I i 27) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26].
|[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium, sky culture "MUL.APIN".]]
|Example
|-
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia.'''
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia.'''
* 7 pairs of celestial Twins:
* 7 pairs of celestial Twins:
* <sup>mul</sup>ir<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal paired with <sup>mul</sup>nin.mu<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:233]; for a parallel see. [KAR, 142 i 33].
* <sup>mul</sup>ir<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal paired with <sup>mul</sup>nin.mu<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:233]; for a parallel see. [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 33].
|Example
|Example
|-
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:18.
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:18.'''
⚫
* <sup>mul</sup>''Nin''-SAR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra-gal'' = <sup>d</sup>U.GUR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Aḫ-bi-tum''

* "Ninsar and Erragal = Nergal and Ahbitum" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
⚫
* <sup>mul</sup>Nin-SAR u <sup>d</sup>Er<sub>3</sub>-ra-gal = <sup>d</sup>U.GUR u <sup>d</sup>Aḫ-bi-tum
* "Ninsar and Erragal = Nergal and Ahbitum" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|
|}
|}
⚫
===Additional===
         '''II. Deity.'''


====Stars within the Constellation Area====
⚫
         The list of gods AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum (I 332) identifies Erragal as the husband of <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR and is identified with Nergal [Litke 1998, 60 + note 332, 200:10-11 + note 10]. In contrast, in the VR 46 list, 1:18, <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR is (erroneously?) associated with Nergal and Erragal with the unknown deity <sup>d</sup>Aḫ-bi-tum. In the Great Star List and Miscellenia, the names of the two gods are included in the list of celestial twins (see above).
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|θ Lyrae
|HIP 94713
|within constellation lines
| 4.38
|-
|2
|[[Aladfar]]
|HIP 94481
|within constellation lines
|4.398
|}
⚫
===Additional===


==== II. Deity. ====
⚫
          '''III. Identification.'''
⚫
         The list of gods AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (I 332) identifies Erragal as the husband of <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR and is identified with Nergal [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60 + note 332, 200:10-11 + note 10]. In contrast, in the VR 46 list, 1:18, <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR is (erroneously?) associated with Nergal and Erragal with the unknown deity <sup>d</sup>''Aḫ-bi-tum''. In the Great Star List and Miscellenia, the names of the two gods are included in the list of celestial twins (see above).


⚫
==== III. Identification. ====
         <sup>mul</sup>nin.sar and <sup>mul</sup>ir<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957-59, 80b].
         <sup>mul</sup>nin.sar and <sup>mul</sup>ir<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b].


         <sup>d</sup>Nin-SAR u <sup>d</sup>Erragal = ε and ζ Lyrae [MA, 138; ASM, 272, 274].
         <sup>d</sup>''Nin''-SAR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Erragal = ε and ζ Lyrae [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; ASM, 272, 274].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==

Latest revision as of 19:43, 15 December 2025

NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium (CC BY SMH).

dErragal (𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲) is a star and deity identified with one star of a two-star asterism called 'Twins', NIN.SAR (see Kurtik n40) and Erragal. Together, they form an asterism in Lyra or its vicinity. Erragal is normally determined as a deity, but note the writings with the MUL (star) determinative in the Great Star List (GSL 232': D ii’ 12’ MUL.NIN.SAR MUL.èr-ra-GAL).

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

Var. readings:

  • Irragal; = "Great Erra"; deity of plague and death, one of the names of Nergal.

In astronomical texts it is paired with dNin.SAR and identified with a star in the constellation Lyrae (ζ Lyrae) [Gössmann [2] 125; Litke 1998[3], 60; Tallqvist 1938[4], 329, 402].

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources Identifications
MUL.APIN.
  • List of the stars of Enlil (no. 26):
    • 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBmeš-zu dNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal
    • "Two stars that stand behind him (i.e. behind dLAMMA = Vega): Ninsar and Erragal" (I i 27) [MA[5], 26].
NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium, sky culture "MUL.APIN".
"The Great Star List and Miscellenia.
  • 7 pairs of celestial Twins:
  • mulir3.ra.gal paired with mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol.[6], App. B:233]; for a parallel see. [KAR[7], 142 i 33].
 Example
List of stars V R 46, 1:18.
  • mulNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal = dU.GUR u dAḫ-bi-tum
  • "Ninsar and Erragal = Nergal and Ahbitum" [HBA[8] 51; Wee 2016[9], 162-3].

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 θ Lyrae HIP 94713 within constellation lines 4.38
2 Aladfar HIP 94481 within constellation lines 4.398

Additional

II. Deity.

         The list of gods AN:dAnum (I 332) identifies Erragal as the husband of dNin.SAR and is identified with Nergal [Litke 1998[10], 60 + note 332, 200:10-11 + note 10]. In contrast, in the VR 46 list, 1:18, dNin.SAR is (erroneously?) associated with Nergal and Erragal with the unknown deity dAḫ-bi-tum. In the Great Star List and Miscellenia, the names of the two gods are included in the list of celestial twins (see above).

III. Identification.

         mulnin.sar and mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957-59[11], 80b].

         dNin-SAR u dErragal = ε and ζ Lyrae [MA[12], 138; ASM, 272, 274].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, e21) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: Irragal; = «Великий Эрра»; божество чумы и смерти, одно из имен Нергала. В астрономических текстах встречается в паре с dNin.SAR и отождествляется со звездой в созвездии Лира (ζ Lyrae) [G. 125; Litke 1998, 60; Tallqvist 1938, 329, 402].

I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 26): 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBmeš-zu dNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal «Две звезды, которые стоят позади него (т.е. позади dLAMMA = Вега): Нинсар и Эррагаль» (I i 27) [MA, 26]. «Большой список звезд». 7 пар небесных Близнецов: mulir3.ra.gal в паре c mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:233]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 i 33]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:18. mulNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal = dU.GUR u dAḫ-bi-tum «Нинсар и Эррагаль = Нергал и Ахбитум» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3].

II. Божество.

В списке богов AN:dAnum (I 332) Эррагаль определяется как муж dNin.SAR и отождествляется с Нергалом [Litke 1998, 60 + note 332, 200:10–11 + note 10]. В списке VR 46, 1:18, напротив, dNin.SAR (ошибочно?) связано с Нергалом, а Эррагаль с неизвестным божеством dAḫ-bi-tum. В «Большом списке звезд» имена двух богов включены в список небесных близнецов (см. выше).

III. Отождествление.

mulnin.sar и mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 80b].

dNin-SAR u dErragal = ε и ζ Lyrae [MA, 138; ASM, 272, 274].

Example

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  4. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  5. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  6. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  7. ↑ Ebeling E. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.
  8. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  9. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  10. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  11. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  12. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
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