MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR: Difference between revisions

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=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= <sup>mul</sup>''tū᾽amū ṣeḫrūtu''; "Little Twins"; constellation in Gemini (ζ, λ Geminorum?) [G. 269] or/and Canis Minor. See also (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.
= <sup>mul</sup>''tū᾽amū ṣeḫrūtu''; "Little Twins"; constellation in Gemini (ζ, λ Geminorum?) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 269] or/and Canis Minor. See also (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.
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|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 36; BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 284a].
See. [BPO 2, III 36; BPO 3, 284a].
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* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 6): <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR <sup>d</sup>LAL<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nin''-EZEN´GUD "Little Twins: Alammush and ''Nin''-EZEN´GUD" (I i 6).
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 6): <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR <sup>d</sup>LAL<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nin''-EZEN´GUD "Little Twins: Alammush and ''Nin''-EZEN´GUD" (I i 6).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 5th duuzu' (I ii 41), see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]].
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 5th duuzu' (I ii 41), see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 30), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]] [MA, 19, 41, 51].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 30), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]] [MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 19, 41, 51].
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7 Celestial Twins:
7 Celestial Twins:


* <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:231]; for a parallel see. [KAR, 142 i 27].
* <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:231]; for a parallel see. [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 27].
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|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:5-6.'''
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:5-6.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur.tur = <sup>d</sup>MUŠ<sub>3</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>nin.EZEN´GUD = <sup>d</sup>IGI.DU ''u'' <sup>d</sup>nin.EZEN´GUD, see also [MA, 125].
* <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur.tur = <sup>d</sup>MUŠ<sub>3</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>nin.EZEN´GUD = <sup>d</sup>IGI.DU ''u'' <sup>d</sup>nin.EZEN´GUD, see also [MA<ref name=":3" />, 125].
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|'''GU-text.'''
|'''GU-text.'''
* (C) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur "Little Twins" (λ Gem) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:4; ASM, 91], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
* (C) <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur "Little Twins" (λ Gem) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:4; ASM<ref name=":5">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 91], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
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|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §N. mul maš.tab.ba.˹tur.tur˺ igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> mu[l ... ... ... ... mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>2</sub>.ba [2 dal.ba.an.na d]al.ba.an. na ''mal''<sub>2</sub>-''ma-liš'' "The star in the front is the Canis Minor (β, γ CMi), [...] (ζ Hya), [star] in the upper part of Leo (μ Leo): 3 stars. Straight, tight rope. [2 intervals, i]nterval. Equal." [Walker 1995, 32; ASM, 106]; according to [Koch 1995, 46, 58], mu[l ...] = mu[l murub<sub>4</sub> muš]? "The middle part of the Serpent" (ζ Hya), [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] = <sup>[mul]</sup>˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] "The upper section of the stars of the Lion's head" (μ Leo).
* §N. mul maš.tab.ba.˹tur.tur˺ igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> mu[l ... ... ... ... mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>2</sub>.ba [2 dal.ba.an.na d]al.ba.an. na ''mal''<sub>2</sub>-''ma-liš'' "The star in the front is the Canis Minor (β, γ CMi), [...] (ζ Hya), [star] in the upper part of Leo (μ Leo): 3 stars. Straight, tight rope. [2 intervals, i]nterval. Equal." [Walker 1995, 32; ASM<ref name=":5" />, 106]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 46, 58], mu[l ...] = mu[l murub<sub>4</sub> muš]<sup>?</sup> "The middle part of the Serpent" (ζ Hya), [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] = <sup>[mul]</sup>˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] "The upper section of the stars of the Lion's head" (μ Leo).
* §O. <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.ba.tur.tur ˹egir-''u''<sub>2</sub>˺ [mul...] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' <sup>mul</sup>al.lul ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu'' [...m]ul.˹meš˺ ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur igu-''u''<sub>2</sub> [mul s]u<sub>6</sub><sup>?</sup> ur.g[u.la] <sup>mul</sup>al.lul ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>sag muš ḫu ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> "Rear (star) of Canis Minor (α CMi), lower [star of ...] Leo (ε Leo), Crab (δ Cnc), new damage: [ ...4] stars. Star in the front of Canis Minor (= β CMi), [Mai]n of the  Li[on] (λ Leo), Crab (θ Cnc) and the head of the Snake (ε Hya), Bird(?). Damage." [Walker 1995, 32-33; ASM, 106]; according to [Koch 1995, 46, 58], [mul...] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum = <sup>[mul]</sup>˹sag˺<sup>?</sup> ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum "Lower (star) of the Lion's head" (ε Leo), ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu'' = [...giš.kun ur.gu.la]<sup>?</sup> "[...the thigh of the Lion]" (θ Leo).
* §O. <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.ba.tur.tur ˹egir-''u''<sub>2</sub>˺ [mul...] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' <sup>mul</sup>al.lul ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu'' [...m]ul.˹meš˺ ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur igu-''u''<sub>2</sub> [mul s]u<sub>6</sub><sup>?</sup> ur.g[u.la] <sup>mul</sup>al.lul ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>sag muš ḫu ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> "Rear (star) of Canis Minor (α CMi), lower [star of ...] Leo (ε Leo), Crab (δ Cnc), new damage: [ ...4] stars. Star in the front of Canis Minor (= β CMi), [Mai]n of the  Li[on] (λ Leo), Crab (θ Cnc) and the head of the Snake (ε Hya), Bird(?). Damage." [Walker 1995, 32-33; ASM<ref name=":5" />, 106]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 46, 58], [mul...] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum = <sup>[mul]</sup>˹sag˺<sup>?</sup> ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum "Lower (star) of the Lion's head" (ε Leo), ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu'' = [...giš.kun ur.gu.la]<sup>?</sup> "[...the thigh of the Lion]" (θ Leo).
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|'''MLC 1866.'''
|'''MLC 1866.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.TUR <sup>d</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>d</sup>''tu-ma-mu''<sup>meš</sup> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina pa-na-at'' GUB-''zu'' "Canis Minor, Gemini, Gemini that stands ahead" (sol. iv 18'-19') [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42].
* <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.TUR <sup>d</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ <sup>d</sup>''tu-ma-mu''<sup>meš</sup> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina pa-na-at'' GUB-''zu'' "Canis Minor, Gemini, Gemini that stands ahead" (sol. iv 18'-19') [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 38, 42].
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* (1) <sup>d</sup>Nin.EZEN´˹GUD˺ = dumu <sup>d</sup>en.zu.na.ke<sub>4</sub> "Ningublaga = son of Zuen",
* (1) <sup>d</sup>Nin.EZEN´˹GUD˺ = dumu <sup>d</sup>en.zu.na.ke<sub>4</sub> "Ningublaga = son of Zuen",
* (2) <sup>d</sup>(a.la.˹xx˺)LAL<sub>3</sub> = sukkal <sup>d</sup>en.zu.na.ke<sub>4</sub> "Alamush = messenger of Zuen" [Litke 1998, 120-121]. Their names are given side by side in the lists of gods from the Old Babylonian periods [Weidner 1924-25, 10:13-14]; see also the list of <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 82:13-14]. The twin status of these gods is attested only in astronomical texts. For the spell associated with <sup>d</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur, see. [Ebeling 1953a, 391:1].
* (2) <sup>d</sup>(a.la.˹xx˺)LAL<sub>3</sub> = sukkal <sup>d</sup>en.zu.na.ke<sub>4</sub> "Alamush = messenger of Zuen" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 120-121]. Their names are given side by side in the lists of gods from the Old Babylonian periods [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 10:13-14]; see also the list of <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 82:13-14]. The twin status of these gods is attested only in astronomical texts. For the spell associated with <sup>d</sup>maš.tab.ba.tur.tur, see. [Ebeling 1953a<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Sammlungen von Beschwörungsformeln // ArOr. 1953. Bd. 21. S. 357-423.</ref>, 391:1].


==== III. Symbol. ====
==== III. Symbol. ====
         Description in the Neo-Assyrian text of VAT 9428:8-12: <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.T[UR.TUR] ˹2˺ ''ṣal-mu lu''-[''b'']''u-uš-tum ziq-na zaq-n''˹''u''˺ (C: ''ku-ur-ku-ra ša''<sub>2</sub>''-a''[''k-nu''] ...) / ˹2 MUL.MEŠ ''ina''˺ [SAG''-šu-nu''] ''eṣ-ru ṣal-mu'' IGI-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU ZAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''il-tuḫ-a na-ši'' / x x x x ''d''[''ir-rat it-t'']''i il-tuḫ-a ṣa-bit'' / ''ṣal-m''[''u''] EGIR-[''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU ZAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub>] ''ana'' IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''bir-qa na-šat'' / ŠU G[UB<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''bir-qu ana ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ša'']''l-li'' [''ṣa'']''l-mi ši-i u''<sub>2</sub>-''kal'' "Canis Minor, 2 bearded figures in robes, (standing with kurkurru). / 2 stars are depicted [on their heads]. The front figure carries a whip in his right hand; / he holds [...a strap(?) with] a whip. / The rear figure carries an arrow in the form of a lightning bolt [in his right hand] in front of him. / [His] left [hand] holds the arrow in the form of a lightning bolt, held by its back part." [Weidner 1927, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 24, Section III]. Parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 4-9): <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.TUR <sup>d</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ TUR.MEŠ <sup>d</sup>''tu-ma-mu''<sup>meš</sup> TUR.MEŠ / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina pa-na-at'' <sup>d</sup>60 GUB-''zu-u''᾽ 2 ''ṣa-lam lu-bu-uš-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''lab-šu-u''᾽ / ''ziq-nu zaq-na-a''᾽ ''ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-a''᾽ ''ina'' SAG.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu'' 2 / MUL.MEŠ ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ ''ṣa-lam'' IGI-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš''<sub>2</sub> / ''dir-rat it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit ṣa-lam'' EGIR-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> / 15-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''bir-qu na-aš''<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub>-''ku'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA. ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' "The Canis Minor, the Canis Minor deities, the Little Twins, / who stands in front of Anu. Two clothed human figures, / bearded, standing with kurkurru; on their heads 2 / stars are depicted. The front figure carries a whip in his right hand, / (and) holds a strap(?) along with the whip. The rear figure carries / an arrow in the form of lightning in his right hand; she stands behind the True Shepherd of Anu." [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, Section D].
         Description in the Neo-Assyrian text of VAT 9428:8-12: <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.T[UR.TUR] ˹2˺ ''ṣal-mu lu''-[''b'']''u-uš-tum ziq-na zaq-n''˹''u''˺ (C: ''ku-ur-ku-ra ša''<sub>2</sub>''-a''[''k-nu''] ...) / ˹2 MUL.MEŠ ''ina''˺ [SAG''-šu-nu''] ''eṣ-ru ṣal-mu'' IGI-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU ZAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''il-tuḫ-a na-ši'' / x x x x ''d''[''ir-rat it-t'']''i il-tuḫ-a ṣa-bit'' / ''ṣal-m''[''u''] EGIR-[''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU ZAG-''šu''<sub>2</sub>] ''ana'' IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''bir-qa na-šat'' / ŠU G[UB<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''bir-qu ana ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ša'']''l-li'' [''ṣa'']''l-mi ši-i u''<sub>2</sub>-''kal'' "Canis Minor, 2 bearded figures in robes, (standing with kurkurru). / 2 stars are depicted [on their heads]. The front figure carries a whip in his right hand; / he holds [...a strap(?) with] a whip. / The rear figure carries an arrow in the form of a lightning bolt [in his right hand] in front of him. / [His] left [hand] holds the arrow in the form of a lightning bolt, held by its back part." [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6" />, 22, 24, Section III].

         Parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 4-9): <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.TUR <sup>d</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ TUR.MEŠ <sup>d</sup>''tu-ma-mu''<sup>meš</sup> TUR.MEŠ / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina pa-na-at'' <sup>d</sup>60 GUB-''zu-u''᾽ 2 ''ṣa-lam lu-bu-uš-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''lab-šu-u''᾽ / ''ziq-nu zaq-na-a''᾽ ''ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-a''᾽ ''ina'' SAG.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu'' 2 / MUL.MEŠ ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ ''ṣa-lam'' IGI-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš''<sub>2</sub> / ''dir-rat it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit ṣa-lam'' EGIR-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> / 15-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''bir-qu na-aš''<sub>2</sub> ''ar''<sub>2</sub>-''ku'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA. ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' "The Canis Minor, the Canis Minor deities, the Little Twins, / who stands in front of Anu. Two clothed human figures, / bearded, standing with kurkurru; on their heads 2 / stars are depicted. The front figure carries a whip in his right hand, / (and) holds a strap(?) along with the whip. The rear figure carries / an arrow in the form of lightning in his right hand; she stands behind the True Shepherd of Anu." [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6" />, 36, 40, Section D].


==== IV. Identification. ====
==== IV. Identification. ====
         = ζ, λ or ζ, δ Geminorum; inference: contains stars from the constellation Gemini south of the ecliptic (except γ + ξ Gem), and possibly some stars from the constellations of the Lesser Dog (except Procyon) and Unicorn [G. 269].
         = ζ, λ or ζ, δ Geminorum; inference: contains stars from the constellation Gemini south of the ecliptic (except γ + ξ Gem), and possibly some stars from the constellations of the Lesser Dog (except Procyon) and Unicorn [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 269].


         = ι + ν Geminorum(?) [Waerden 1949, 15; 1974, 76].
         = ι + ν Geminorum(?) [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 15; 1974, 76].


         = ι + ν or ζ + λ Geminorum [Weidner 1957-59, 77a, 80b].
         = ι + ν or ζ + λ Geminorum [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 77a, 80b].


         = probably ζ, λ Geminorum [BPO 2, 13].
         = probably ζ, λ Geminorum [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13].


         = ζ and λ Geminorum and the stars to the north, south, and west of them [MA, 137].
         = ζ and λ Geminorum and the stars to the north, south, and west of them [MA<ref name=":3" />, 137].


         = δ + ζ Geminorum [Koch 1989, 63, 111].
         = δ + ζ Geminorum [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 63, 111].


         = Procyon and β of the Lesser Dog (+ neighboring stars γ, ε Canis Minoris) [Koch 1993, 194].
         = Procyon and β of the Lesser Dog (+ neighboring stars γ, ε Canis Minoris) [Koch 1993<ref>''Koch J.'' Das Sternbild <sup>mul</sup>maš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie    in    der    Kulturen    Mesopotamiens.    Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.</ref>, 194].


         = ζ, λ Geminorum [ASM, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74, note 10].
         = ζ, λ Geminorum [ASM<ref name=":5" />, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6" />, 74, note 10].


         = Gemini [Horowitz 2014, 247].
         = Gemini [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 247].


==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
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==== VI. Astrology. ====
==== VI. Astrology. ====
         (1) Identification of the Greater and Lesser Gemini; MUL ''Tu-a-mu'' GAL.MEŠ ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''i-qab-bi'' "The Great Twins are so said to (describe) the Lesser Gemini" [BPO 2, III 36].
         (1) Identification of the Greater and Lesser Gemini; MUL ''Tu-a-mu'' GAL.MEŠ ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''i-qab-bi'' "The Great Twins are so said to (describe) the Lesser Gemini" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 36].


         (2) The Greater and Lesser Gemini surround Venus, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 2.
         (2) The Greater and Lesser Gemini surround Venus, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 2.
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         (3) The identification of the Lesser Gemini with Mercury and Mars, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.
         (3) The identification of the Lesser Gemini with Mercury and Mars, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.


         (4) Venus, the two crowns and Canis Minor; [DIŠ ''Dil-bat'' 2] AGA ''ap-rat'' SAL.MEŠ ''ga-du ša''<sub>3</sub> ŠA<sub>3</sub>-''ši-na'' BE.MEŠ [<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.T]AB.BA.TUR.TUR ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''ša''<sub>2</sub>: ''ina'' IGI-''ša''<sub>2</sub> DU.MEŠ-''ni'' "[If Venus] bears [two] crowns: women will die with their children in their wombs; (this will happen if) the Lesser Gemini stands on its sides, var: in front" [BPO 3, 236, ND 4362:10].
         (4) Venus, the two crowns and Canis Minor; [DIŠ ''Dil-bat'' 2] AGA ''ap-rat'' SAL.MEŠ ''ga-du ša''<sub>3</sub> ŠA<sub>3</sub>-''ši-na'' BE.MEŠ [<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.T]AB.BA.TUR.TUR ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''ša''<sub>2</sub>: ''ina'' IGI-''ša''<sub>2</sub> DU.MEŠ-''ni'' "[If Venus] bears [two] crowns: women will die with their children in their wombs; (this will happen if) the Lesser Gemini stands on its sides, var: in front" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 236, ND 4362:10].


== Historical Dictionaries ==
== Historical Dictionaries ==

Latest revision as of 06:17, 16 September 2025

mul / dMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.


To do after ...GAL.GAL

Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)

= tū’amū ṣeḫ(ḫe)rūtu “small twins”. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA TUR.TUR (EN 7–8l).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= multū᾽amū ṣeḫrūtu; "Little Twins"; constellation in Gemini (ζ, λ Geminorum?) [Gössmann[1] 269] or/and Canis Minor. See also (Kurtik m21) Māšū.

Sources Identifications
EAE.

See. [BPO 2[2], III 36; BPO 3[3], 284a].

MUL.APIN.
  • (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 6): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dLAL3 u dNin-EZEN´GUD "Little Twins: Alammush and Nin-EZEN´GUD" (I i 6).
  • (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 5th duuzu' (I ii 41), see (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL.
  • (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 30), see (Kurtik a04) A2mušen [MA[4], 19, 41, 51].
"Great Star List and Miscellenia".

7 Celestial Twins:

  • mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur [Mesop.Astrol.[5], App. B:231]; for a parallel see. [KAR[6], 142 i 27].
List of stars VR 46, 1:5-6.
  • mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur.tur = dMUŠ3.LAL3 u dnin.EZEN´GUD = dIGI.DU u dnin.EZEN´GUD, see also [MA[4], 125].
GU-text.
  • (C) mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur "Little Twins" (λ Gem) [Pingree-Walker 1988[7], BM 78161:4; ASM[8], 91], see (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2.
Dalbanna-text.
  • §N. mul maš.tab.ba.˹tur.tur˺ igi-u2 mu[l ... ... ... ... mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba [2 dal.ba.an.na d]al.ba.an. na mal2-ma-liš "The star in the front is the Canis Minor (β, γ CMi), [...] (ζ Hya), [star] in the upper part of Leo (μ Leo): 3 stars. Straight, tight rope. [2 intervals, i]nterval. Equal." [Walker 1995, 32; ASM[8], 106]; according to [Koch 1995[5], 46, 58], mu[l ...] = mu[l murub4 muš]? "The middle part of the Serpent" (ζ Hya), [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] "The upper section of the stars of the Lion's head" (μ Leo).
  • §O. mulmaš.tab.ba.ba.tur.tur ˹egir-u2˺ [mul...] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum mulal.lul ḫe-pi2 eš-šu [...m]ul.˹meš˺ ḫe-pi2 mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur igu-u2 [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] mulal.lul u mulsag muš ḫu ḫe-pi2 "Rear (star) of Canis Minor (α CMi), lower [star of ...] Leo (ε Leo), Crab (δ Cnc), new damage: [ ...4] stars. Star in the front of Canis Minor (= β CMi), [Mai]n of the  Li[on] (λ Leo), Crab (θ Cnc) and the head of the Snake (ε Hya), Bird(?). Damage." [Walker 1995, 32-33; ASM[8], 106]; according to [Koch 1995[5], 46, 58], [mul...] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum "Lower (star) of the Lion's head" (ε Leo), ḫe-pi2 eš-šu = [...giš.kun ur.gu.la]? "[...the thigh of the Lion]" (θ Leo).
MLC 1866.
  • mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ dtu-ma-mumeš / ša2 ina pa-na-at GUB-zu "Canis Minor, Gemini, Gemini that stands ahead" (sol. iv 18'-19') [Beaulieu et al. 2018[9], 38, 42].

Additional

II. Deities.

         Two male deities, dLAL3 = dAlammuš and dNin-EZEN´GUD (= dNin-gublaga, the deity of cattle), were associated with Sin. In the AN:dAnum list of gods (III 30, 37) the following identities are given:

  • (1) dNin.EZEN´˹GUD˺ = dumu den.zu.na.ke4 "Ningublaga = son of Zuen",
  • (2) d(a.la.˹xx˺)LAL3 = sukkal den.zu.na.ke4 "Alamush = messenger of Zuen" [Litke 1998[10], 120-121]. Their names are given side by side in the lists of gods from the Old Babylonian periods [Weidner 1924-25[11], 10:13-14]; see also the list of dAnum [Cavigneaux 1981[12], 82:13-14]. The twin status of these gods is attested only in astronomical texts. For the spell associated with dmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur, see. [Ebeling 1953a[13], 391:1].

III. Symbol.

         Description in the Neo-Assyrian text of VAT 9428:8-12: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.T[UR.TUR] ˹2˺ ṣal-mu lu-[b]u-uš-tum ziq-na zaq-n˹u˺ (C: ku-ur-ku-ra ša2-a[k-nu] ...) / ˹2 MUL.MEŠ ina˺ [SAG-šu-nu] eṣ-ru ṣal-mu IGI-u2 ina ŠU ZAG-šu2 il-tuḫ-a na-ši / x x x x d[ir-rat it-t]i il-tuḫ-a ṣa-bit / ṣal-m[u] EGIR-[u2 ina ŠU ZAG-šu2] ana IGI-šu2 bir-qa na-šat / ŠU G[UB3-šu2 bir-qu ana ša2-ša]l-li [ṣa]l-mi ši-i u2-kal "Canis Minor, 2 bearded figures in robes, (standing with kurkurru). / 2 stars are depicted [on their heads]. The front figure carries a whip in his right hand; / he holds [...a strap(?) with] a whip. / The rear figure carries an arrow in the form of a lightning bolt [in his right hand] in front of him. / [His] left [hand] holds the arrow in the form of a lightning bolt, held by its back part." [Weidner 1927[14], 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018[9], 22, 24, Section III].

         Parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 4-9): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ TUR.MEŠ dtu-ma-mumeš TUR.MEŠ / ša2 ina pa-na-at d60 GUB-zu-u᾽ 2 ṣa-lam lu-bu-uš-tu4 lab-šu-u᾽ / ziq-nu zaq-na-a᾽ ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-a᾽ ina SAG.MEŠ-šu2-nu 2 / MUL.MEŠ e-ṣir-u᾽ ṣa-lam IGI-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2 il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš2 / dir-rat it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit ṣa-lam EGIR-u2 ina ŠUII / 15-šu2 bir-qu na-aš2 ar2-ku mulSIPA. ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu "The Canis Minor, the Canis Minor deities, the Little Twins, / who stands in front of Anu. Two clothed human figures, / bearded, standing with kurkurru; on their heads 2 / stars are depicted. The front figure carries a whip in his right hand, / (and) holds a strap(?) along with the whip. The rear figure carries / an arrow in the form of lightning in his right hand; she stands behind the True Shepherd of Anu." [Beaulieu et al. 2018[9], 36, 40, Section D].

IV. Identification.

         = ζ, λ or ζ, δ Geminorum; inference: contains stars from the constellation Gemini south of the ecliptic (except γ + ξ Gem), and possibly some stars from the constellations of the Lesser Dog (except Procyon) and Unicorn [Gössmann[1] 269].

         = ι + ν Geminorum(?) [Waerden 1949[15], 15; 1974, 76].

         = ι + ν or ζ + λ Geminorum [Weidner 1957-59[16], 77a, 80b].

         = probably ζ, λ Geminorum [BPO 2[17], 13].

         = ζ and λ Geminorum and the stars to the north, south, and west of them [MA[4], 137].

         = δ + ζ Geminorum [Koch 1989[18], 63, 111].

         = Procyon and β of the Lesser Dog (+ neighboring stars γ, ε Canis Minoris) [Koch 1993[19], 194].

         = ζ, λ Geminorum [ASM[8], 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018[9], 74, note 10].

         = Gemini [Horowitz 2014[20], 247].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

         (1) Front (star) of Canis Minor (β, γ CMi), see dbn text (§ N, O).

         (2) Rear (star) of the Little Twins (α CMi), see dbn-text (§ O).

VI. Astrology.

         (1) Identification of the Greater and Lesser Gemini; MUL Tu-a-mu GAL.MEŠ a-na mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR i-qab-bi "The Great Twins are so said to (describe) the Lesser Gemini" [BPO 2[2], III 36].

         (2) The Greater and Lesser Gemini surround Venus, see (Kurtik m17) MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 2.

         (3) The identification of the Lesser Gemini with Mercury and Mars, see (Kurtik m17) MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 1.

         (4) Venus, the two crowns and Canis Minor; [DIŠ Dil-bat 2] AGA ap-rat SAL.MEŠ ga-du ša3 ŠA3-ši-na BE.MEŠ [mulMAŠ.T]AB.BA.TUR.TUR ina A2-ša2: ina IGI-ša2 DU.MEŠ-ni "[If Venus] bears [two] crowns: women will die with their children in their wombs; (this will happen if) the Lesser Gemini stands on its sides, var: in front" [BPO 3[3], 236, ND 4362:10].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, m18) Gössmann (1950)
= multū᾽amū ṣeḫrūtu; «Малые Близнецы»; созвездие в Близнецах (ζ, λ Geminorum?) [G. 269]. См. также m21Māšū.

I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 36; BPO 3, 284a]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 6): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dLAL3 u dNin-EZEN´GUD «Малые Близнецы: Аламмуш и Nin-EZEN´GUD» (I i 6). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го дуузу» (I ii 41), см. a18AL.LUL. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 30), см. a04A2mušen [MA, 19, 41, 51]. «Большой список звезд». 7 Небесных Близнецов: mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:231]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 i 27]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:5–6. mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur = dMUŠ3.LAL3 u dnin.EZEN´GUD = dIGI.DU u dnin.EZEN´GUD, см. также [MA, 125]. GU-текст. (C) mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur «Малые Близнецы» (λ Gem) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:4; ASM, 91], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. Dalbanna-текст. §N. mul maš.tab.ba.˹tur.tur˺ igi-u2 mu[l … … …mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba [2 dal.ba.an.na d]al.ba.an.na mal2-ma-liš «Передняя звезда Малых Близнецов (β, γ CMi), […] (ζ Hya), [звезда] в верхней части Льва (μ Leo): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. [2 интервала, и]нтервал. Поровну.» [Walker 1995, 32; ASM, 106]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58], mu[l …] = mu[l murub4 muš]? «Средняя часть Змея» (ζ Hya), [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхняя из звезд головы Льва» (μ Leo). §O. mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur ˹egir-u2˺ [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum mulal.lul ḫe-pi2 eš-šu […m]ul.˹meš˺ ḫe-pi2 mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur igu-u2 [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] mulal.lul u mulsag muš ḫu ḫe-pi2 «Задняя  (звезда) Малых Близнецов (α CMi), нижняя [звезда …] Льва (ε Leo), Краб (δ Cnc), новое повреждение: [ …4] звезды. Передняя звезда Малых Близнецов (= β CMi), [боро]да Ль[ва] (λ Leo), Краб (θ Cnc) и голова Змеи (ε Hya), Птица(?). Повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 32–33; ASM, 106]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58], [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum «Нижняя (звезда) головы Льва» (ε Leo), ḫe-pi2 eš-šu = […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo). MLC 1866. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ dtu-ma-mumeš / ša2 ina pa-na-at GUB-zu «Малые Близнецы, Близнецы, Близнецы, которые впереди стоят» (сol. iv 18'–19') [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42].

II. Божества.

Два мужских божества: dLAL3 = dAlammuš и dNin-EZEN´GUD (= dNin-gublaga, божество крупного рогатого скота), были связаны с Сином. В списке богов AN:dAnum (III 30, 37) приводятся тождества: (1) dNin.EZEN´˹GUD˺ = dumu den.zu.na.ke4 «Нингублага = сын Зуэна», (2) d(a.la.˹xx˺)LAL3 = sukkal den.zu.na.ke4 «Аламуш = посланник Зуэна» [Litke 1998, 120–121]. Их имена приведены рядом в списках богов старовавилонского времени [Weidner 1924–25, 10:13–14]; см. также список dAnum [Cavigneaux 1981, 82:13–14]. Близнечный статус этих богов засвидетельствован только в астрономических текстах. Заклинание, связанное с dmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur, см. [Ebeling 1953a, 391:1].

III. Символ.

Описание в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428:8–12: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.T[UR.TUR] ˹2˺ ṣal-mu lu-[b]u-uš-tum ziq-na zaq-n˹u˺ (C: ku-ur-ku-ra ša2-a[k-nu] …) / ˹2 MUL.MEŠ ina˺ [SAG-šu-nu] eṣ-ru ṣal-mu IGI-u2 ina ŠU ZAG-šu2 il-tuḫ-a na-ši / x x x d[ir-rat it-t]i il-tuḫ-a  ṣa-bit / ṣal-m[u] EGIR-[u2 ina ŠU ZAG-šu2] ana IGI-šu2 bir-qa na-šat / ŠU G[UB3-šu2 bir-qu ana ša2-ša]l-li [ṣa]l-mi ši-i u2-kal «Малые Близнецы, 2 бородатые фигуры в одеянии, (стоящие с kurkurru). / 2 звезды [на их головах] изображены. Передняя фигура в правой руке несет кнут; / […ремешок(?) с] кнутом он держит. / Задняя фигура [в правой руке] перед собой стрелу в виде молнии несет. / [Его] л[евая] рука стрелу в виде молнии держит за ее заднюю часть» [Weidner 1927, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 24, Section III]. Параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 4–9): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ TUR.MEŠ dtu-ma-mumeš TUR.MEŠ / ša2 ina pa-na-at d60 GUB-zu-u᾽ 2 ṣa-lam lu-bu-uš-tu4 lab-šu-u᾽ / ziq-nu zaq-na-a᾽ ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-a᾽ ina SAG.MEŠ-šu2-nu 2 / MUL.MEŠ e-ṣir-u᾽ ṣa-lam IGI-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2 il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš2 / dir-rat it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit ṣa-lam EGIR-u2 ina ŠUII / 15-šu2 bir-qu na-aš2 ar2-ku mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu «Малые Близнецы, божества Малые Близнецы, Малые Близнецы, / которые стоят впереди Ану. Две одетые человеческие фигуры, / бородатые, стоящие с kurkurru; на их головах 2 / звезды изображены. Передняя фигура несет кнут в своей правой руке, / (и) держит ремешок(?) вместе с кнутом. Задняя фигура несет / стрелу в виде молнии в своей правой руке; она стоит позади Праведного Пастуха Ану» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, Section D].

IV. Отождествление.

= ζ, λ или ζ, δ Geminorum; вывод: содержит звезды из созвездия Близнецов к югу от эклиптики (за исключением γ + ξ Gem), а также, возможно, часть звезд из созвездий Малый Пес (за исключением Проциона) и Единорога [G. 269].

= ι + ν Geminorum(?) [Waerden 1949, 15; 1974, 76].

= ι + ν или ζ + λ Geminorum [Weidner 1957–59, 77a, 80b].

= вероятно, ζ, λ Geminorum [BPO 2, 13].

= ζ и λ Geminorum и звезды к северу, югу и западу от них [MA, 137].

= δ + ζ Geminorum [Koch 1989, 63, 111].

= Процион и β Малого Пса (+ соседние звезды γ, ε Canis Minoris) [Koch 1993, 194].

= ζ, λ Geminorum [ASM, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74, note 10].

= Близнецы [Horowitz 2014, 247].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1)  Передняя (звезда) Малых Близнецов (β, γ CMi), см. dbn-текст (§ N, O).

(2)  Задняя (звезда) Малых Близнецов (α CMi), см. dbn-текст (§ O).

V. Астрология.

(1) Отождествление Больших и Малых Близнецов; MUL Tu-a-mu GAL.MEŠ a-na mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR i-qab-bi «Большие Близнецы ― так говорят для (описания) Малых Близнецов» [BPO 2, III 36].

(2) Большие и Малые Близнецы окружают Венеру, см. m17, VI 2.

(3) Отождествление Малых Близнецов с Меркурием и Марсом, см. m17, VI 1.

(4) Венера, две короны и Малые Близнецы; [DIŠ Dil-bat 2] AGA ap-rat SAL.MEŠ ga-du ša3 ŠA3-ši-na BE.MEŠ [mulMAŠ.T]AB.BA.TUR.TUR ina A2-ša2: ina IGI-ša2 DU.MEŠ-ni «[Если Венера] несет [две] короны: женщины будут умирать со своими детьми в утробах; (это случится, если) Малые Близнецы стоят по ее сторонам, вар.: впереди» [BPO 3, 236, ND 4362:10].

Example

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  6. ↑ Ebeling E. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.
  7. ↑ Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  10. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  11. ↑ Weidner E. Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.
  12. ↑ Cavigneaux A. Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.
  13. ↑ Ebeling E. Sammlungen von Beschwörungsformeln // ArOr. 1953. Bd. 21. S. 357-423.
  14. ↑ Weidner E.  Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.
  15. ↑ Waerden B. L. van der. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.
  16. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  17. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  18. ↑ Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
  19. ↑ Koch J. Das Sternbild mulmaš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie    in    der    Kulturen    Mesopotamiens.    Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.
  20. ↑ Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
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