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<sup>mul / d</sup>LU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = ''lumāšu'', is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the starry sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG 114-115).
<sup>mul / d</sup>LU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = ''lumāšu'', is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the starry sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013<ref>Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.</ref>: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 114-115).


The Great Star List gives a set of 7 constellations that are identified as ''lumāšu''.
The Great Star List gives a set of 7 constellations that are identified as ''lumāšu''.
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* <sup>mul / d</sup>''Lumāšu'' (𒀯𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗) is the Akkadian equivalent.
* <sup>mul / d</sup>''Lumāšu'' (𒀯𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗) is the Akkadian equivalent.
** 1) a poetic term for constellations, found in Enūma eliš and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD L, 245; AHw, 263; MCG, 395a];
** 1) a poetic term for constellations, found in Enūma eliš and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 245; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 263; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 395a];
** 2) = lu<sub>2</sub>.maš, lu.maš, designating the signs of the zodiac and perhaps also zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. for a discussion of the possible meanings of the term [Weidner 1931-32, 175; 1957-59, 80; Sachs 1952, 71; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 170].
** 2) = lu<sub>2</sub>.maš, lu.maš, designating the signs of the zodiac and perhaps also zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. for a discussion of the possible meanings of the term [Weidner 1931-32<ref>''Weidner E. '' Der Tierkreis und Wege am Himmel // AfO. 1931-32. Bd. 7. S. 170-178.</ref>, 175; 1957-59<ref>''Weidner  E. '' Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 80; Sachs 1952<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>, 71; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961<ref>''Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V.'' The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.</ref>, 170].


LU<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ; = ''lumāšu'' (Kurtik L10 [[LU.LIM]] and L19 ''[[Lumāšu]]'') is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian ''lumāšu'' occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD L, 245; AHw, 263; MCG, 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil Weidner [1954-1956, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 172; ABCD, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG, 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u<sub>2</sub>˺ ''šaplûti''(ki.ta.meš)na<sub>4</sub> ''aš-pu-u ša'' mul.<meš> ''lu-ma-ši ša'' dingir.meš ''ina muḫḫi''(ugu) ''e-ṣir'' "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. ''lu-ma''(var. adds -''a'')-''še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun'' "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) ''lumāšu'' corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - need new edition of Esarhaddon????]. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 ''lumāšu'' (see below).
LU<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ; = ''lumāšu'' (Kurtik L10 [[LU.LIM]] and L19 ''[[Lumāšu]]'') is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian ''lumāšu'' occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 245; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 263; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil [Weidner 1954-1956<ref>''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1954-1956. Bd. 17. S. 71-89.</ref>, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961<ref>''Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V.'' The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.</ref>, 172; ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u<sub>2</sub>˺ ''šaplûti''(ki.ta.meš) na<sub>4</sub> ''aš-pu-u ša'' mul.<meš> ''lu-ma-ši ša'' dingir.meš ''ina muḫḫi''(ugu) ''e-ṣir'' "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. ''lu-ma''(var. adds -''a'')-''še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun'' "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) ''lumāšu'' corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - '''''need new edition of Esarhaddon????''''']. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 ''lumāšu'' (see below).
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Latest revision as of 11:20, 13 September 2025

mul / dLU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = lumāšu, is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the starry sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013[1]: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG[2] 114-115).

The Great Star List gives a set of 7 constellations that are identified as lumāšu.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Variant:

  • mul / dLumāšu (𒀯𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗) is the Akkadian equivalent.
    • 1) a poetic term for constellations, found in Enūma eliš and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD[3] L, 245; AHw[4], 263; MCG[5], 395a];
    • 2) = lu2.maš, lu.maš, designating the signs of the zodiac and perhaps also zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. for a discussion of the possible meanings of the term [Weidner 1931-32[6], 175; 1957-59[7], 80; Sachs 1952[8], 71; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961[9], 170].

LU2.MAŠ; = lumāšu (Kurtik L10 LU.LIM and L19 Lumāšu) is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian lumāšu occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD[10] L, 245; AHw[11], 263; MCG[12], 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil [Weidner 1954-1956[13], 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961[14], 172; ABCD[15], 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG[16], 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u2˺ šaplûti(ki.ta.meš) na4 aš-pu-u ša mul.<meš> lu-ma-ši ša dingir.meš ina muḫḫi(ugu) e-ṣir "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. lu-ma(var. adds -a)-še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) lumāšu corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - need new edition of Esarhaddon????]. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 lumāšu (see below).

Sources Identifications
mul / dLumāšu
EAE.
  • mul.meš tam-ši-li-[šu-nu uṣ-ṣ]i-ru lu-ma-a-[ši] "The stars, the likenesses of [them they scribbled], the constellations[s]" [Weidner 1954-1956, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 172; ABCD, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG, 146-147].
  • Ee V 1-2. u2-ba-ba-aš2-šim man-za-za an dingir.dingir gal.meš / mul.meš tam-šil-šu-n[u] lu-ma-ši uš-zi-iz "He arranged the (celestial) parking places for the great gods, the stars, their (astral) likenesses, the constellations he established" [Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 156-157; MCG, 114].
KAR 307:33.
  • an-˹u2˺ šaplûti(ki.ta.meš)na4 aš-pu-u ša mul.<meš> lu-ma-ši ša dingir.meš ina muḫḫi(ugu) e-ṣir "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37]. Borger. Esarh. lu-ma(var. adds -a)-še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) lumāšu corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b].
For other examples from Hers and other texts, see. [CAD L, 245; MCG].
LU.MAŠ
"Great Star List and Miscellenia".
  • mulšu.gi mulud.ka.duḫ.a mulsipa.zi.an.na mulkak.si.sa2 mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum multi8mušen mulpa.bil.sag = 7 lu-ma-šu2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 226–230];

The identification in CAD L, 245 as stars whose heliacal risings mark the dates of the solstices and equinoxes can now be disregarded.

GU-text.
  • (D) lu-maš mu[lk]ak.si.sa2,
  • (E) lu-<maš> mulkak.si.sa2 "constellation Arrow" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:6, 8].
Text BM 36599+.

lu2.maš is a common designation of the signs of the zodiac, first, as far as we know, in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BC. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969, 12: col. v 1].

Mathematical astronomy.

In the ephemerides of the Seleucid times:

  • a) lu.maš = "zodiac, sign of the zodiac",
  • b) lu.maš.meš = "zodiac, signs of the zodiac",
  • c) ša2 lu.maš gab-bi "for the whole zodiac",
  • d) ina murub4 lu.maš gab-bi "for the middle of the whole zodiac" [ACT II, 481b].
Late astrology, magic and the calendar.
  • lu-maš / lu-ma-šu2 gab-bi "all the lumāšu" [TU, 11:2, 9, 20],
  • múllu-ma-ši, múllu-maš [TU, 20: 3, 13],
  • lu-maš ša2 an-e gab-bi "all the lumāšu of the sky" [TU, no. 20:13],
  • 12 lu-ma-ši u2-qat-ta "12 lumāšu ended" [TU, no. 20:14],
  • mu dlu-maš ina x sag šur-ri-i ša2 dlu-ma-ši u2-šar-ru-u2 [TU, 20:14],
  • lu-ma-šu2 ša2 iti-šu2 dib-iq-ma "the lumāšu (= constellation) that has passed its month" (about the heliacal rising not in its month) [Biggs 1968, 53:5], cf. also [CAD L, 245b],
  • iti.meš ša2 dudu.idim.meš u lu-ma-šu2 "months of planets and lumāšu" [LBAT, 1616:19],
  • múllu.maš [Sachs 1952, 66:6-8].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, L10) Gössmann (1950)
вар. записи: LU2.MAŠ; = lumāšu; обозначение знаков зодиака, а также, возможно, зодиакальных созвездий в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 250; AHw, 563; CAD L, 244–245], см. также L19Lumāšu.

I. Источники.

«Большой список звезд». mulšu.gi mulud.ka.duḫ.a mulsipa.zi.an.na mulkak.si.sa2 mulen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum multi8mušen mulpa.bil.sag = 7 lu-ma-šu2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 226–230]; согласно [CAD L, 245], это звезды, чьи гелиакические восходы отмечали даты солнцестояний и равноденствий, что едва ли соответствует действительности. GU-текст. (D) lu-maš mu[lk]ak.si.sa2, (E) lu-<maš> mulkak.si.sa2 «созвездие Стрела» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:6, 8]. Текст BM 36599+. lu2.maš — общее обозначение знаков зодиака, впервые, насколько нам известно, в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 12: col. v 1]. Математическая астрономия. В эфемеридах селевкидского времени: а) lu.maš = «зодиак, знак зодиака», b) lu.maš.meš = «зодиак, знаки зодиака», с) ša2 lu.maš gab-bi «для всего зодиака», d) ina murub4 lu.maš gab-bi «для середины всего зодиака» [ACT II, 481b]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. lu-maš / lu-ma-šu2 gab-bi  «все лумашу» [TU, 11:2, 9, 20], múllu-ma-ši, múllu-maš [TU, 20: 3, 13], lu-maš ša2 an-e gab-bi «все лумашу неба» [TU, № 20:13], 12 lu-ma-ši u2-qat-ta «12 лумашу закончились» [TU, № 20:14], mu dlu-maš ina x sag šur-ri-i ša2 dlu-ma-ši u2-šar-ru-u2 [TU, 20:14], lu-ma-šu2 ša2 iti-šu2 dib-iq-ma «лумашу (= созвездие), который месяц свой прошел» (о гелиакическом восходе не в свой месяц) [Biggs 1968, 53:5], см. также [CAD L, 245b], iti.meš ša2 dudu.idim.meš u lu-ma-šu2 «месяцы планет и лумашу» [LBAT, 1616:19], múllu.maš [Sachs 1952, 66:6–8].

Example
Kurtik (2022, L19)
= «созвездие»; 1) поэтический термин для обозначения созвездий, встречающийся в Enūma eliš и других мифологических, астрологических и литературных текстах [CAD L, 245; AHw, 263; MCG, 395a]; 2) = lu2.maš, lu.maš, обозначение знаков зодиака и, возможно, также зодиакальных созвездий в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах, см. L10LU.MAŠ. обсуждение возможных значений термина см. [Weidner  1931–32, 175; 1957–59, 80; Sachs 1952, 71; Landsb.–Kinnier Wilson 1961, 170].

I. Источники.

EAE. mul.meš tam-ši-li-[šu-nu uṣ-ṣ]i-ru lu-ma-a-[ši] «Звезды, подобия [их они начер]тали, созвезд[ия]» [Weidner 1954–1956, 89:5; Landsb.–Kinnier Wilson 1961,  172; ABCD, 270–271, Source E 18′; MCG, 146–147]. Ee V 1–2. u2-ba-aš2-šim man-za-za an dingir.dingir gal.meš / mul.meš tam-šil-šu-n[u] lu-ma-ši uš-zi-iz «Он устроил (небесные) стоянки для богов великих, звезды, их (астральные) подобия, созвездия он установил» [Landsb.–Kinnier Wilson 1961, 156–157; MCG, 114]. KAR 307:33. an-˹u2˺ šaplûti(ki.ta.meš)na4 aš-pu-u ša mul.<meš> lu-ma-ši ša dingir.meš ina muḫḫi(ugu) e-ṣir «Нижние небеса из яшмы принадлежат звездам. Он (= бог неба Ану) начертал созвездия богов на них» [MCG, 3–4, 401, Plate 1]; см. также [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640–641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28–37]. Borger. Esarh. lu-ma(var. adds -a)-še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun «Я начертал на них (моих стелах и призмах) lumāšu, соответствующие написанию моего имени», цит. по [CAD L, 245b].

Другие примеры из Ее и других текстов см. [CAD L, 245; MCG].

References

  1. ↑ Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.
  2. ↑ Horowitz W. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
  3. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  4. ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
  5. ↑ Horowitz W. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
  6. ↑ Weidner E.  Der Tierkreis und Wege am Himmel // AfO. 1931-32. Bd. 7. S. 170-178.
  7. ↑ Weidner  E.  Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
  8. ↑ Neugebauer O., Sachs A. The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.
  9. ↑ Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V. The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.
  10. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  11. ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
  12. ↑ Horowitz W. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
  13. ↑ Weidner E. Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1954-1956. Bd. 17. S. 71-89.
  14. ↑ Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V. The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.
  15. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
  16. ↑ Horowitz W. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
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