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<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) = ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '''The Arrow.' The Akkadian equivalents, and the more common Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>[[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]] '','' include references to multi-star body parts in Canis Major indicating that <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN too can refer to the constellation as a whole. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for Sirius Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major (Sirius), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of "part = the whole" (<mark>synecdoche</mark>) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.
[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg|thumb|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.
==Concordance, Etymology, History==

⚫
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===

'''<u>??entry should be changed to KAK.PAN with cross-reference to KAK.BAN??</u>'''

==Dictionary==
⚫
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
Var. readings:
Var. readings:


*<sup>mul</sup>KAK.BAN,
* <sup>mul</sup>KAK.BAN, <sup>mul</sup>GAG.BAN; = ''šukūdu'' "Arrow"; = Sirius [G. 211; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].
*<sup>mul</sup>GAG.BAN;
*= ''šukūdu'' "Arrow";
*= Sirius [Gössmann <ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 211; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 73].


See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik k11) [[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U<sub>2</sub>.TAG.GA]].
See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik k11) [[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U<sub>2</sub>.TAG.GA]].
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Sources
! Sources
!Identifications
!Identifications
|-
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual list of stars from Emar: <sup>mul</sup>kak.ban [Emar VI/4, 154:112].
* (1) Sumerian monolingual list of stars from Emar: <sup>mul</sup>kak.ban [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:112].
* (2) The Ḫg series. B VI: <sup>[mul]</sup>kak.pan = MIN (= ''šu-ku-du'' = ''šil-ta-ḫu'') [MSL XI, 41:47].
*(2) The Ḫg series. B VI: <sup>[mul]</sup>kak.pan = MIN (= ''šu-ku-du'' = ''šil-ta-ḫu'') [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:47].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
See. [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Š/2, 450].
See. [CAD Š/2, 450].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
| '''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN (usually without a determinative) is the standard designation of Sirius; for the earliest example, see [<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN]. [AD I, No. -384 rev. 5]. The Diaries regularly recorded the dates of three phenomena associated with the motion of Sirius relative to the Sun: heliacal rising, heliacal setting, and acronical rising (the last rising star visible after sunset); the dates of these phenomena were originally observed and then calculated using a simple scheme related to the 19-year cycle [HAMA, 363-365].
<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN (usually without a determinative) is the standard designation of Sirius; for the earliest example, see [<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN]. [AD I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -384 rev. 5]. The Diaries regularly recorded the dates of three phenomena associated with the motion of Sirius relative to the Sun: heliacal rising, heliacal setting, and acronical rising (the last rising star visible after sunset); the dates of these phenomena were originally observed and then calculated using a simple scheme related to the 19-year cycle [HAMA<ref>''Neugebauer O''. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin-Heidelberg-N.Y., Springer-Verlag 1975.</ref>, 363-365].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* <sup>mul</sup>kak.ban = <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:156].
*<sup>mul</sup>kak.ban = <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:156].
* <sup>múl</sup>kak.ban with <sup>múl</sup>hun in [Livingstone 1986, 62:28-29, Sirius and Aries].
*<sup>múl</sup>kak.ban with <sup>múl</sup>hun in [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone  A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 62:28-29, Sirius and Aries].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Uranology Text D (MLC 1866).'''
|'''Uranology Text D (MLC 1866).'''
* <sup>mul</sup>KAK.BAN <sup>d</sup>IM DUMU <sup>d</sup>60 ''u'' [''an-tu''<sub>4</sub> GU<sub>2</sub>.GAL AN-''e''] / ''u''<sub>3</sub> KI-''ti miḫ-rat'' <sup>mul</sup>ALLA [...] "Arrow, Adad, son of Anu and [Antu, Overseer of the channels of heaven] / and earth, opposite Crab (stands) ..." (col. ii 21-22) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41].
*<sup>mul</sup>KAK.BAN <sup>d</sup>IM DUMU <sup>d</sup>60 ''u'' [''an-tu''<sub>4</sub> GU<sub>2</sub>.GAL AN-''e''] / ''u''<sub>3</sub> KI-''ti miḫ-rat'' <sup>mul</sup>ALLA [...] "Arrow, Adad, son of Anu and [Antu, Overseer of the channels of heaven] / and earth, opposite Crab (stands) ..." (col. ii 21-22) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''W 22554/6.'''
|'''W 22554/6.'''
* Heliacal rising and setting of Sirius (<sup>múl</sup>GAG.BAN) relative to the equinoxes and solstices [SpTU V, 269 r. 9-10].
*Heliacal rising and setting of Sirius (<sup>múl</sup>GAG.BAN) relative to the equinoxes and solstices [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 269 r. 9-10].
|
|
|}
|}
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=== Additional ===
=== Additional ===


==== II. Identification. ====
====II. Identification.====
         = Sirius (α Canis Majoris) in all cases where an exact identification is possible.
         = Sirius (α Canis Majoris) in all cases where an exact identification is possible.


== Historical Dictionaries ==
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, k09)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, k09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|-
| вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>KAK.РAN, <sup>mul</sup>GAG.BAN; = šukūdu «Стрела»; = Сириус [G. 211; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73]. Cм. также k10KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>, k11KAK.U<sub>2</sub>.TAG.GA.
|вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>KAK.РAN, <sup>mul</sup>GAG.BAN; = šukūdu «Стрела»; = Сириус [G. 211; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73]. Cм. также k10KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>, k11KAK.U<sub>2</sub>.TAG.GA.
I. Источники.
I. Источники.


Line 62: Line 61:


= Сириус (α Canis Majoris) во всех случаях, где возможно точное отождествление.
= Сириус (α Canis Majoris) во всех случаях, где возможно точное отождествление.
| Example
|Example
|}
|}


== References ==
==References==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]


[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]

Latest revision as of 10:19, 10 September 2025

Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in KAK.SI.SA (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).

mulKAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian šukūdu, šiltāḫu, 'arrow,' + Akkadian qaštu 'bow,' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of mulKAK.PAN for Sirius. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major (Sirius), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of pars-pro-toto (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD[1] P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Var. readings:

  • mulKAK.BAN,
  • mulGAG.BAN;
  • = šukūdu "Arrow";
  • = Sirius [Gössmann [2] 211; BPO 2[3], 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018[4], 73].

See also (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2, (Kurtik k11) KAK.U2.TAG.GA.

Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Sumerian monolingual list of stars from Emar: mulkak.ban [Emar VI/4[5], 154:112].
  • (2) The Ḫg series. B VI: [mul]kak.pan = MIN (= šu-ku-du = šil-ta-ḫu) [MSL XI[6], 41:47].
EAE.

See. [CAD[7] Š/2, 450].

"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".

múlKAK.BAN (usually without a determinative) is the standard designation of Sirius; for the earliest example, see [múlKAK.BAN]. [AD I[8], No. -384 rev. 5]. The Diaries regularly recorded the dates of three phenomena associated with the motion of Sirius relative to the Sun: heliacal rising, heliacal setting, and acronical rising (the last rising star visible after sunset); the dates of these phenomena were originally observed and then calculated using a simple scheme related to the 19-year cycle [HAMA[9], 363-365].

"Great Star List and Miscellenia".
  • mulkak.ban = mulkak.si.sa2 [Mesop.Astrol.[10], App. B:156].
  • múlkak.ban with múlhun in [Livingstone 1986[11], 62:28-29, Sirius and Aries].
Uranology Text D (MLC 1866).
  • mulKAK.BAN dIM DUMU d60 u [an-tu4 GU2.GAL AN-e] / u3 KI-ti miḫ-rat mulALLA [...] "Arrow, Adad, son of Anu and [Antu, Overseer of the channels of heaven] / and earth, opposite Crab (stands) ..." (col. ii 21-22) [Beaulieu et al. 2018[12], 37, 41].
W 22554/6.
  • Heliacal rising and setting of Sirius (múlGAG.BAN) relative to the equinoxes and solstices [SpTU V[13], 269 r. 9-10].

Additional

II. Identification.

         = Sirius (α Canis Majoris) in all cases where an exact identification is possible.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, k09) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: mulKAK.РAN, mulGAG.BAN; = šukūdu «Стрела»; = Сириус [G. 211; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73]. Cм. также k10KAK.SI.SA2, k11KAK.U2.TAG.GA.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский одноязычный список звезд из Эмара: mulkak.ban [Emar VI/4, 154:112]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mul]kak.pan = MIN (= šu-ku-du = šil-ta-ḫu) [MSL XI, 41:47]. EAE. См. [CAD Š/2, 450]. «Дневники наблюдений». múlKAK.BAN (как правило, без детерминатива) — стандартное обозначение Сириуса; самый ранний пример см. [AD I, No. -384 rev. 5]. В Дневниках регулярно фиксировались даты трех явлений, связанных с движением Сириуса относительно Солнца: гелиакический восход, гелиакический заход и акронический восход (последний восход звезды, видимый после захода Солнца); даты этих явлений первоначально наблюдались, а затем вычислялись по простой схеме, связанной с 19-летним циклом [HAMA, 363–365]. «Большой список звезд». mulkak.ban = mulkak.si.sa2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:156]. MLC 1866. mulKAK.BAN dIM DUMU d60 u [an-tu4 GU2.GAL AN-e] / u3 KI-ti miḫ-rat mulALLA […] «Стрела, Адад, сын Ану и [Анту, Надзиратель каналов неба] / и земли, напротив Краба (стоит) …» (col. ii 21–22) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41]. См. также múlkak.ban в [Livingstone 1986, 62:28–29]. W 22554/6. Гелиакический восход и заход Сириуса (múlGAG.BAN) относительно равноденствий и солнцестояний [SpTU V, 269 r. 9–10].

II. Отождествление.

= Сириус (α Canis Majoris) во всех случаях, где возможно точное отождествление.

Example

References

  1. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  2. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  4. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  5. ↑ D. Arnaud. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).
  6. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  7. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  8. ↑ Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
  9. ↑ Neugebauer O. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin-Heidelberg-N.Y., Springer-Verlag 1975.
  10. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  11. ↑ Livingstone  A. Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.
  12. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  13. ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.
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