KAK.PAN

From All Skies Encyclopaedia
Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in KAK.SI.SA (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).

mulKAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian šukūdu, šiltāḫu, 'arrow,' + Akkadian qaštu 'bow,' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of mulKAK.PAN for Sirius. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major (Sirius), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of pars-pro-toto (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD[1] P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Var. readings:

  • mulKAK.BAN,
  • mulGAG.BAN;
  • = šukūdu "Arrow";
  • = Sirius [Gössmann [2] 211; BPO 2[3], 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018[4], 73].

See also (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2, (Kurtik k11) KAK.U2.TAG.GA.

Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Sumerian monolingual list of stars from Emar: mulkak.ban [Emar VI/4[5], 154:112].
  • (2) The Ḫg series. B VI: [mul]kak.pan = MIN (= šu-ku-du = šil-ta-ḫu) [MSL XI[6], 41:47].
EAE.

See. [CAD[7] Š/2, 450].

"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".

múlKAK.BAN (usually without a determinative) is the standard designation of Sirius; for the earliest example, see [múlKAK.BAN]. [AD I[8], No. -384 rev. 5]. The Diaries regularly recorded the dates of three phenomena associated with the motion of Sirius relative to the Sun: heliacal rising, heliacal setting, and acronical rising (the last rising star visible after sunset); the dates of these phenomena were originally observed and then calculated using a simple scheme related to the 19-year cycle [HAMA[9], 363-365].

"Great Star List and Miscellenia".
  • mulkak.ban = mulkak.si.sa2 [Mesop.Astrol.[10], App. B:156].
  • múlkak.ban with múlhun in [Livingstone 1986[11], 62:28-29, Sirius and Aries].
Uranology Text D (MLC 1866).
  • mulKAK.BAN dIM DUMU d60 u [an-tu4 GU2.GAL AN-e] / u3 KI-ti miḫ-rat mulALLA [...] "Arrow, Adad, son of Anu and [Antu, Overseer of the channels of heaven] / and earth, opposite Crab (stands) ..." (col. ii 21-22) [Beaulieu et al. 2018[12], 37, 41].
W 22554/6.
  • Heliacal rising and setting of Sirius (múlGAG.BAN) relative to the equinoxes and solstices [SpTU V[13], 269 r. 9-10].

Additional

II. Identification.

         = Sirius (α Canis Majoris) in all cases where an exact identification is possible.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, k09) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: mulKAK.РAN, mulGAG.BAN; = šukūdu «Стрела»; = Сириус [G. 211; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73]. Cм. также k10KAK.SI.SA2, k11KAK.U2.TAG.GA.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский одноязычный список звезд из Эмара: mulkak.ban [Emar VI/4, 154:112]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mul]kak.pan = MIN (= šu-ku-du = šil-ta-ḫu) [MSL XI, 41:47]. EAE. См. [CAD Š/2, 450]. «Дневники наблюдений». múlKAK.BAN (как правило, без детерминатива) — стандартное обозначение Сириуса; самый ранний пример см. [AD I, No. -384 rev. 5]. В Дневниках регулярно фиксировались даты трех явлений, связанных с движением Сириуса относительно Солнца: гелиакический восход, гелиакический заход и акронический восход (последний восход звезды, видимый после захода Солнца); даты этих явлений первоначально наблюдались, а затем вычислялись по простой схеме, связанной с 19-летним циклом [HAMA, 363–365]. «Большой список звезд». mulkak.ban = mulkak.si.sa2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:156]. MLC 1866. mulKAK.BAN dIM DUMU d60 u [an-tu4 GU2.GAL AN-e] / u3 KI-ti miḫ-rat mulALLA […] «Стрела, Адад, сын Ану и [Анту, Надзиратель каналов неба] / и земли, напротив Краба (стоит) …» (col. ii 21–22) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41]. См. также múlkak.ban в [Livingstone 1986, 62:28–29]. W 22554/6. Гелиакический восход и заход Сириуса (múlGAG.BAN) относительно равноденствий и солнцестояний [SpTU V, 269 r. 9–10].

II. Отождествление.

= Сириус (α Canis Majoris) во всех случаях, где возможно точное отождествление.

Example

References

  1. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  2. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  4. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  5. ↑ D. Arnaud. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).
  6. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  7. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  8. ↑ Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
  9. ↑ Neugebauer O. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin-Heidelberg-N.Y., Springer-Verlag 1975.
  10. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  11. ↑ Livingstone  A. Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.
  12. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  13. ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.
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