GAN2.UR3

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GAN2.UR3


mul gišGAN2.UR3 (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = (mul)Maškakātu, 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

  • mulGAN2.UR3
  • "Harrow" [BPO 2[1], 11; Gössmann[2] 66];

A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails (Vela) and possibly part of the Centaurus (Centaurus).

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources Identifications
Lexic. texts.

Urra XXII series:

  • mulgiš.gan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III[3], 114A v 44; Bloch-Horowitz 2015[4], 109:301ʹ].
 Example
EAE.

See. [BPO 2[1], II 12e-f; BPO 3[5], K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973[6], LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III[3], 101:27].

Example
MUL.APIN.

List of stars of Ea (no. 6):

  • MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (in [Gössmann[2] 17], dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU i-bar-ru-u2
  • "Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. Entenabarguz) stands the Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [MA[7], 36-37].

List of stars VR 46, 1:25.

  • mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2
  • "The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA[8], 52; Wee 2016[9], 163-3].
GU-text.
  • (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree-Walker 1988[10], BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) UR.A.
Great Star List (Appendix)
  • (Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming)

See also: mul gišGAN2.ur3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] "The Harrow and the Pole stands in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD[11] M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').

Convex Hull for the stars inside GAN2.UR3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 Miaplacidus HIP 45238 Constellation lines (Vertex) 1.69
2 γ 2 Velorum HIP 39953 Constellation lines (Vertex) 1.83
3 ϵ Carinae HIP 41037 Constellation lines 1.86
4 Avior A HIP 41037 Constellation lines (Vertex) 2.01
5 Suhail HIP 44816 Constellation lines (Vertex) 2.21
6 Aspidiske HIP 45556 Inside the Hull 2.26
7 Markeb HIP 45941 Inside the Hull 2.473
8 μ Velorum HIP 52727 Constellation lines 2.69
9 θ Carinae HIP 52419 Constellation lines (Vertex) 2.76
10 υ Carinae HIP 48002 Inside the Hull 2.99
11 - HIP 46701 Inside the Hull 3.139
12 ASAS J091626-6728.7 ASAS J091626-6728.7 Inside the Hull 3.27
13 p Car HIP 51576 Inside the Hull 3.27
14 V337 Car HIP 50371 Inside the Hull 3.35
15 a Car HIP 45080 Inside the Hull 3.4
16 ϕ Velorum HIP 48774 Inside the Hull 3.45
17 ο Velorum HIP 42536 Inside the Hull 3.63
18 - HIP 44511 Inside the Hull 3.75
19 l Car HIP 47854 Inside the Hull 3.75
20 - HIP 43783 Inside the Hull 3.8
21 - HIP 42570 Inside the Hull 3.81
22 - HIP 51232 Inside the Hull 3.81
23 Avior B HIP 41037 Constellation lines 3.85
24 - HIP 43023 Inside the Hull 3.91
25 - HIP 45101 Inside the Hull 3.943
26 α Volantis HIP 44382 Inside the Hull 3.99
27 - HIP 46974 Inside the Hull 4.09
28 NGC 3114 NGC 3114 Inside the Hull 4.2
29 - HIP 52154 Inside the Hull 4.267
30 IC 2581 IC 2581 Inside the Hull 4.3
31 V343 Car HIP 42568 Inside the Hull 4.313
32 - HIP 45496 Inside the Hull 4.318
33 - HIP 47175 Inside the Hull 4.35
34 - HIP 51849 Inside the Hull 4.43
35 V344 Car HIP 43105 Inside the Hull 4.49
36 - HIP 47391 Inside the Hull 4.498
37 MV Vel HIP 50676 Inside the Hull 4.51
38 GZ Vel HIP 50555 Inside the Hull 4.543
39 V520 Car HIP 52468 Inside the Hull 4.545
40 - HIP 48374 Inside the Hull 4.58
41 IC 2395 IC 2395 Inside the Hull 4.6
42 V399 Car HIP 51192 Inside the Hull 4.7
43 H Vel HIP 43878 Inside the Hull 4.723
44 - HIP 42624 Inside the Hull 4.77
45 - HIP 45856 Inside the Hull 4.8
46 HY Vel HIP 42726 Inside the Hull 4.815
47 - HIP 41039 Inside the Hull 4.82
48 - HIP 49712 Inside the Hull 4.845
49 - HIP 42134 Inside the Hull 4.847
50 - HIP 52102 Inside the Hull 4.87
51 - HIP 51523 Inside the Hull 4.89
52 V376 Car HIP 43937 Inside the Hull 4.895
53 - HIP 43347 Inside the Hull 4.935
54 GX Vel HIP 45085 Inside the Hull 5
55 - HIP 42088 Inside the Hull 5.01
56 - HIP 46950 Inside the Hull 5.03
57 GU Vel HIP 41483 Inside the Hull 5.073
58 - HIP 51912 Inside the Hull 5.088
59 - HIP 46283 Inside the Hull 5.089
60 - HIP 45505 Inside the Hull 5.094
61 KX Vel HIP 43413 Inside the Hull 5.11
62 - HIP 46914 Inside the Hull 5.12
63 FZ Vel HIP 44093 Inside the Hull 5.146
64 - HIP 42834 Inside the Hull 5.16
65 - HIP 44143 Inside the Hull 5.16
66 * B Vel A HIP 41039 Inside the Hull 5.17
67 - HIP 41296 Inside the Hull 5.17
68 NZ Vel HIP 42504 Inside the Hull 5.19
69 - HR 3976 Inside the Hull 5.22
70 LN Vel HIP 42679 Inside the Hull 5.227
71 - HIP 42129 Inside the Hull 5.234
72 - HIP 45328 Inside the Hull 5.254
73 - HIP 45631 Inside the Hull 5.254
74 - HIP 49698 Inside the Hull 5.258
75 LW Vel HIP 50070 Inside the Hull 5.265
76 - HIP 51313 Inside the Hull 5.27
77 - HIP 43671 Inside the Hull 5.302
78 - HIP 47479 Inside the Hull 5.307
79 - HIP 45571 Inside the Hull 5.39
80 - HIP 42459 Inside the Hull 5.439
81 - HIP 52004 Inside the Hull 5.45
82 OP Vel HIP 43082 Inside the Hull 5.459
83 - HIP 46594 Inside the Hull 5.46
84 - HIP 47204 Inside the Hull 5.467
85 HX Vel HIP 42712 Inside the Hull 5.468
86 KT Vel HIP 42715 Inside the Hull 5.474
87 Cl Trumpler 14 Cl Trumpler 14 Inside the Hull 5.5
88 - HIP 52405 Inside the Hull 5.51
89 - HIP 40282 Inside the Hull 5.514
90 - HIP 45219 Inside the Hull 5.532
91 * 33 Vel A HIP 41616 Inside the Hull 5.535
92 - HIP 47717 Inside the Hull 5.544
93 - HIP 51140 Inside the Hull 5.546
94 - HR 3817 Inside the Hull 5.56
95 - HIP 48310 Inside the Hull 5.56
96 - HR 3605 Inside the Hull 5.57
97 * mu. Vel B HIP 52727 Constellation lines (Vertex) 5.58
98 - HIP 43499 Inside the Hull 5.59
99 - HIP 45920 Inside the Hull 5.608
100 - HIP 42535 Inside the Hull 5.61
101 - HIP 48348 Inside the Hull 5.617
102 - HIP 50520 Inside the Hull 5.67
103 - HIP 43797 Inside the Hull 5.698
104 - HIP 48613 Inside the Hull 5.705
105 S Car HIP 49751 Inside the Hull 5.71
106 - HIP 48287 Inside the Hull 5.711
107 - HIP 45962 Inside the Hull 5.729
108 - HIP 43148 Inside the Hull 5.748
109 - HIP 49934 Inside the Hull 5.75
110 - HIP 43669 Inside the Hull 5.768
111 - HIP 45122 Inside the Hull 5.769
112 - HIP 46225 Inside the Hull 5.77
113 - HIP 48339 Inside the Hull 5.778
114 - HIP 44256 Inside the Hull 5.78
115 - HIP 42177 Inside the Hull 5.782
116 - HIP 47498 Inside the Hull 5.794
117 - HIP 50493 Inside the Hull 5.8
118 - HIP 40077 Inside the Hull 5.806
119 - HIP 45314 Inside the Hull 5.85
120 - HIP 44024 Inside the Hull 5.876
121 V514 Car HIP 52043 Inside the Hull 5.876
122 - HIP 42614 Inside the Hull 5.879
123 - HR 4020 Inside the Hull 5.88
124 - HIP 46460 Inside the Hull 5.886
125 - HIP 41081 Inside the Hull 5.887
126 V482 Car HIP 46620 Inside the Hull 5.888
127 - HIP 43589 Inside the Hull 5.889
128 - HIP 46482 Inside the Hull 5.904
129 - HIP 50078 Inside the Hull 5.91
130 - HIP 45270 Inside the Hull 5.92
131 - HIP 49164 Inside the Hull 5.928
132 LR Vel HIP 45675 Inside the Hull 5.93
133 - HIP 50993 Inside the Hull 5.93
134 V335 Vel HIP 48527 Inside the Hull 5.932
135 - HIP 40932 Inside the Hull 5.954
136 - HIP 41674 Inside the Hull 5.969
137 - HIP 52127 Inside the Hull 5.979
138 - HIP 47559 Inside the Hull 5.98
139 - HIP 46101 Inside the Hull 5.988
140 * ups Car B HR 3891 Inside the Hull 5.99
141 - HIP 45418 Inside the Hull 5.993
142 - HIP 43620 Inside the Hull 5.998
143 - HIP 51623 Inside the Hull 6.006
144 - HIP 41861 Inside the Hull 6.021
145 - HR 3386 Inside the Hull 6.03
146 - HIP 46328 Inside the Hull 6.039
147 - HIP 45481 Inside the Hull 6.04
148 - HIP 41373 Inside the Hull 6.041
149 - HIP 48119 Inside the Hull 6.047
150 - HIP 48835 Inside the Hull 6.05
151 - HD 92463 Inside the Hull 6.06
152 - HIP 44708 Inside the Hull 6.081
153 - HIP 46093 Inside the Hull 6.086
154 - HIP 51245 Inside the Hull 6.086
155 - HIP 50044 Inside the Hull 6.087
156 * B Vel B HIP 41039 Inside the Hull 6.1
157 NGC 2669 NGC 2669 Inside the Hull 6.1
158 R Car HIP 46806 Inside the Hull 6.1
159 - HR 3840 Inside the Hull 6.1
160 IV Vel HIP 48799 Inside the Hull 6.115
161 - HIP 50232 Inside the Hull 6.134
162 V478 Car HIP 45615 Inside the Hull 6.136
163 - HIP 49994 Inside the Hull 6.147
164 IP Vel HIP 47694 Inside the Hull 6.168
165 - HIP 47172 Inside the Hull 6.177
166 - HIP 49137 Inside the Hull 6.181
167 - HIP 46067 Inside the Hull 6.188
168 - HIP 49233 Inside the Hull 6.19
169 - HIP 49160 Inside the Hull 6.191
170 Cl Bochum 10 Cl Bochum 10 Inside the Hull 6.2
171 - HR 3817 Inside the Hull 6.21
172 - HIP 47913 Inside the Hull 6.211
173 - HIP 45002 Inside the Hull 6.22
174 - HIP 50287 Inside the Hull 6.22
175 - HIP 41986 Inside the Hull 6.221
176 - HIP 47145 Inside the Hull 6.23
177 - HIP 51732 Inside the Hull 6.238
178 - HIP 49394 Inside the Hull 6.24
179 - HIP 42717 Inside the Hull 6.243
180 - HR 4065 Inside the Hull 6.25
181 - HIP 46737 Inside the Hull 6.255
182 - HIP 43807 Inside the Hull 6.26
183 - HR 3840 Inside the Hull 6.26
184 - HIP 51676 Inside the Hull 6.26
185 - HIP 46045 Inside the Hull 6.264
186 - HIP 46049 Inside the Hull 6.265
187 - HIP 43195 Inside the Hull 6.266
188 - HIP 45742 Inside the Hull 6.268
189 GY Vel HIP 50332 Inside the Hull 6.3
190 - HIP 50562 Inside the Hull 6.3
191 C 1033-598 C 1033-598 Inside the Hull 6.3
192 - HIP 45437 Inside the Hull 6.311
193 - HIP 52160 Inside the Hull 6.314
194 - HIP 45603 Inside the Hull 6.319
195 V486 Car HIP 47591 Inside the Hull 6.32
196 - HIP 50916 Inside the Hull 6.325
197 - HIP 41813 Inside the Hull 6.333
198 - HIP 41653 Inside the Hull 6.346
199 - HR 3971 Inside the Hull 6.35
200 - HIP 50785 Inside the Hull 6.35
201 V473 Car HIP 43763 Inside the Hull 6.353
202 - HIP 44665 Inside the Hull 6.355
203 - HIP 45214 Inside the Hull 6.358
204 - HIP 49223 Inside the Hull 6.371
205 - HIP 41781 Inside the Hull 6.373
206 - HIP 44423 Inside the Hull 6.377
207 - HIP 48730 Inside the Hull 6.377
208 - HIP 49619 Inside the Hull 6.384
209 V368 Car HIP 49926 Inside the Hull 6.4
210 - HIP 51461 Inside the Hull 6.401
211 - HIP 47422 Inside the Hull 6.403
212 - HIP 50067 Inside the Hull 6.41
213 - HIP 49092 Inside the Hull 6.412
214 - HIP 51984 Inside the Hull 6.417
215 - HIP 40433 Inside the Hull 6.418
216 - HIP 51327 Inside the Hull 6.418
217 WR 22 HIP 52308 Inside the Hull 6.42
218 V507 Car HIP 51265 Inside the Hull 6.426
219 - HIP 51866 Inside the Hull 6.43
220 - HIP 42400 Inside the Hull 6.431
221 - HIP 44509 Inside the Hull 6.438
222 - HIP 40749 Inside the Hull 6.44
223 V469 Car HIP 41644 Inside the Hull 6.44
224 - HIP 44565 Inside the Hull 6.44
225 V495 Car HIP 49642 Inside the Hull 6.44
226 - HIP 50069 Inside the Hull 6.46
227 - HIP 50520 Inside the Hull 6.46
228 V487 Car HIP 47893 Inside the Hull 6.471
229 - HIP 44979 Inside the Hull 6.476
230 - HIP 42440 Inside the Hull 6.48
231 - HIP 52103 Inside the Hull 6.48
232 WR 24 HIP 52488 Inside the Hull 6.48
233 - HIP 41905 Inside the Hull 6.481
234 - HIP 41426 Inside the Hull 6.49
235 QZ Vel HIP 48469 Inside the Hull 6.491
236 - HIP 49477 Inside the Hull 6.492

Additional

II. Deity.

         The epithet mār bīti, used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: Šaḫan (the correct reading is Irḫan [McEwan 1983[12], 223; Krebernik 1984[13], 298ff.]), and Nirah (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki "Nirah, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983[12], 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938[14], 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name (giš)gan2.ur3 as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kish, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963[15], 52].

III. Symbol.

         Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968[16], 109-115].

IV. Identification.

         = Crux [Gössmann[2] 66];

         = Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59[17], 79];

         = eastern part of Vela [MA[7], 138; ASM[18], 273].

V. Parts of the constellation.

        ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.

VI. Astrology.*

         Identifications:

         (1) = Mercury; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud " [CT[19] 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

         Predictions:

         (2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2[1], II 12e], see also [Borger 1973[6], 41:17′; SpTU III[3], 101: 27].

         (3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the south; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3[5], 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2[1], II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl.[20] 2, 54:6-7].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, g08) Gössmann (1950)
вар.: mul gišGAN2.UR3.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; G. 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul gišgan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (в [G. 17] – dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u2  «Созвездие, которое с его  (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2 «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.

См. также: mul gišGAN2.UR3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].

II. Божество.

Эпитет mār bīti, используемый в MUL.APIN в связи с Бороной, имели два змеиных божества, почитавшихся в Дере: Šaḫan (правильное чтение Irḫan [McEvan 1983, 223; Krebernik 1984, 298ff.]), и Нирах (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki «Нирах, блистательный бог, принц Дера» [McEvan 1983, 222, note 31]), см. также  [Tallqvist 1938, 120, 440]. Можно ли утверждать на этом основании, что созвездие Борона было связано с одним из этих божеств? Название (giš)gan2.ur3 как царское имя приводится в «Шумерском царском списке», в части, относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 76–77:43–45; Hallo 1963, 52].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. Описание конструкций бороны, употреблявшихся при обработке полей в древней Месопотамии, см. [Salonen 1968, 109–115].

IV. Отождествление.

= Crux [G. 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; ASM, 273].

V. Части созвездия.

ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Укус Бороны», см. выше.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Меркурий; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Борона = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Предсказания:

(2) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A... «Коза достигает Бороны: в этом году будет эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, II 12e], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:17′; SpTU III, 101: 27].

(3) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий) с юга; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME «[Если Коза] достигает Бороны с юга: в этом году стада крупного и мелкого рогатого скота погибнут» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], параллели см. [BPO 2, II 12f ]. См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 54:6–7].

Example
Kurtik (2022, m21) (mul)Maškakātu

(mul)Maškakātu
аккадская параллель к mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»; созвездие, соответствующее  восточной части Парусов и части Центавра. Силлабическая запись встречается в поздних копиях серии Urra XXII; см. g08GAN2.UR3.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  4. ↑ Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  8. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  9. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  10. ↑ Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.
  11. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 McEwan G.J.P. dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.
  13. ↑ Krebernik M. Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984
  14. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  15. ↑ Hallo W.W. Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.
  16. ↑ Salonen A. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968.         
  17. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  18. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  19. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  20. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
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