KUŠU2

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KUŠU2
Cancer Pagurus (Taschenkrebs), CC BY Hans Hillewaert.

mulKUŠU2 (𒀯𒆵) = kušû "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It refers to the zodiac constellation of Cancer.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= kušû "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. ALLA (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.

KUŠU2-sign in its Neo Assysrian version

         In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (alla) and KUŠU2, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)[1] tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys (Asellus Borealis, Asellus Australis) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU2 and GIR3 (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)[2]. Yet, a misreading or pun originating from the Neo-Assyrian cannot be totally excluded.

         However, in the text [LBAT, 1502:19], in the list of ziqpu-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU2˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind MAŠ.TAB.BA); this is probably the word kušû written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted alla as a reading for NAGAR in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' (a##??).

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, k31) Gössmann (1950)
= kušû «водное животное», согласно [CAD K, 602a] или один из видов краба (Taschenkrebs), согласно [AHw, 517]. Название встречается впервые в старовавилонском одноязычном списке звезд [Horowitz 2005,  ] Обозначение зодиакального созвездия Краб и 4-го знака зодиака в поздневавилонских астрономических и астрологических текстах, принятое в ряде публикаций, например, в [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I–III; SpTU III] и др. В настоящее время в том же значении употребляется ALLA (a21).

В ассириологии существуют два графически близких знака – NAGAR (alla) и KUŠU2, различающиеся на письме одним вертикальным клином [Куртик 2007, 675, № 420, 421; Borger 2004, No. 893, 896]. В поздневавилонских текстах они слились, по-видимому, в один знак.

Однако в тексте [LBAT, 1502:19] в списке ziqpu-звезд на месте, где должно находиться AL.LUL (за MAŠ.TAB.BA), стоит KU.˹ŠU2˺; возможно, это слово kušû, записанное силлабически [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. Если это на самом деле так, то общепринятое в астрономических текстах alla как чтение для NAGAR может быть поставлено под сомнение.

Example

References

  1. McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.
  2. Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235