DINGIR.GUB.BA: Difference between revisions

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==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Variant readings: <sup>mul</sup>AN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32].
Variant readings: <sup>mul</sup>AN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].


=== Krebernik (2023) ===
=== Krebernik (2023) ===
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===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Constellation in Hercules, see also [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117-118].
Constellation in Hercules, see also [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 117-118].
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Series Ḫg. B VI:
Series Ḫg. B VI:


* a) <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>an.gub].ba<sup>meš</sup><''u'' <sup>mul</sup>>an.tuš.a<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>''sin u'' <sup>d</sup>utu = ''mul-te-šir'' SAL.LA [MSL XI, 41:52],
* a) <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>an.gub].ba<sup>meš</sup><''u'' <sup>mul</sup>>an.tuš.a<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>''sin u'' <sup>d</sup>utu = ''mul-te-šir'' SAL.LA [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:52],
* b) <sup><mul></sup>an.gub.ba.meš ''ḫi-pí eš-šú'' = <sup>d</sup>''sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(utu) [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 20].
* b) <sup><mul></sup>an.gub.ba.meš ''ḫi-pí eš-šú'' = <sup>d</sup>''sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(utu) [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii 20].


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|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup><meš></sup> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e''...] / <sup>mul</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th tebetu Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup><meš></sup> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e''...] / <sup>mul</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th tebetu Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
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** <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut E''<sub>2</sub>-''kur''
** <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut E''<sub>2</sub>-''kur''
** "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23),
** "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23),
** for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
** for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
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* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AB UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> MIN(=''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB<sup>meš</sup> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''
** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AB UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> MIN(=''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB<sup>meš</sup> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''
** "The 15th of Tebet, the Standing Gods in the middle of heaven against your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA, 25, 51, 58, 66].
** "The 15th of Tebet, the Standing Gods in the middle of heaven against your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 51, 58, 66].
|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
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|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* <sup>mul</sup>dingir.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>utu
* <sup>mul</sup>dingir.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>utu
* "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154].
* "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154].
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|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''
* <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut E''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>u.gur
* <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut E''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>u.gur
* "Standing (Gods) from Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA, 51:15; Wee 2016, 162-3:15].
* "Standing (Gods) from Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:15; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:15].
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==== II. Deity. ====
==== II. Deity. ====
          "Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]] "Sitting deities". [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968, 323; Sidersky 1920, 567:16]. A special group was an.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' "Standing gods from Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: <sup>d</sup>UL.maš / <sup>d</sup>AŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e<sub>2</sub>.kur.ra.ke<sub>4</sub> "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities from Ekur". [CT 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938, 25].
          "Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2" />, 51; CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was an.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' "Standing gods from Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: <sup>d</sup>UL.maš / <sup>d</sup>AŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e<sub>2</sub>.kur.ra.ke<sub>4</sub> "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities from Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].


==== III. Symbol. ====
==== III. Symbol. ====
          Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>A]N.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> "3 bl[essed] stars, Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927, 75-76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].
          Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>A]N.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> "3 bl[essed] stars, Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].


==== IV. Identification. ====
==== IV. Identification. ====
         = α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927, 84; 3 Erg. 333-334; G. 22];
         = α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84; 3 Erg.<ref>''Kugler    F.X.  '' Sternkunde   und   Sterndienst   in    Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft   zum   ersten  und   zweiten   Buch   von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 333-334; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 22];


         = probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59, 78];
         = probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];


         = ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 278].
         = ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA<ref name=":4" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 278].


         = part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].
         = part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5" />, 208, App. C].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==

Latest revision as of 08:51, 18 October 2025

mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Variant readings: mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = angubbû "Standing Gods" [BPO 2[1], 11; Gössmann[2] 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018[3], 32].

Krebernik (2023)

mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively.

The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are angubbû (AHw, CAD) and ankurû (CAD), antušû (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-gub-bu-ú are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš šu-ut É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš šu-ut É.KUR (after EN 21).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Constellation in Hercules, see also [AHw[4], 51; CAD[5] A/2, 117-118].

Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.

Series Ḫg. B VI:

  • a) m[ulan.gub].bameš<u mul>an.tuš.ameš = dsin u dutu = mul-te-šir SAL.LA [MSL XI[6], 41:52],
  • b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ḫi-pí eš-šú = dsîn(30) u dŠamaš(utu) [SpTU III[7], 116 Rs. iii 20].
Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).
  • ina itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba<meš> ina r[a-be2-e...] / mulši-nu-nu-tum [...] "15th tebetu Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991[8], 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 21):
    • mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš šu-ut E2-kur
    • "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23),
    • for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90[9], 116, BM 54817:10'].
The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).
MUL.APIN.
  • (2) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings: (I iii 27):
    • a) mulPAN u mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-bi
    • "The Bow and the King rises, the Goat sets" (I iii 19),
    • b) mulPa-bil-sag mulZa-ba4-ba4 u DINGIR. GUB.BAmeš-ma / mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulPAN u mulGAM3 ŠU2meš
    • "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Staff rise, the Arrow, Bow and thee Staff goes down" (I iii 27-28).

see also (Kurtik b06) PAN.

Stellarium map
The Standing Gods in MUL.APIN I iii 27.
MUL.APIN.
  • (3) List of ziqpu stars:
    • mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš on the third place after mulBAL.TEŠ2.A before mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4).
 This text could be corrupted as there is actually no space between mulBAL.TEŠ2.A and mulUR.GI7 where the constellation could be placed. We assume that the scribe in this case accidentally copied the rubric marker from MUL.APIN (1) to here so that it imposes a constellation.
MUL.APIN.
  • (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
    • ina itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-ḫa
    • "The 15th of Tebet, the Standing Gods in the middle of heaven against your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA[10], 25, 51, 58, 66].
Stellarium map
The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).
"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."
  • muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 u dutu
  • "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash" [Mesop.Astrol.[11], App. B:154].
List of stars VR 46, 1:15.
  • mul<dingir>.gub.bameš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur
  • "Standing (Gods) from Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA[12], 51:15; Wee 2016[13], 162-3:15].

Additional

II. Deity.

          "Standing deities" (among epithets: ilū ṣīrūtu "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with DINGIR.KU.Ameš "Sitting deities". [AHw[4], 51; CAD[5] A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968[14], 323; Sidersky 1920[15], 567:16]. A special group was an.gub.bameš ša2 e2-kur "Standing gods from Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: dAnum series (I 364-366) they are defined as: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities from Ekur". [CT[16] 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998[17], 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD[5] A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938[18], 25].

III. Symbol.

          Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ n[a-bu-ti mulA]N.GUB.BAmeš "3 bl[essed] stars, Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927[19], 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018[3], 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

IV. Identification.

         = α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927[19], 84; 3 Erg.[20] 333-334; Gössmann[2] 22];

         = probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59[21], 78];

         = ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA[10], 138; ASM[22], 278].

         = part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol.[11], 208, App. C].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, d10) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ;  = angubbû  «Стоящие Боги» [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]; созвездие в Геркулесе (Hercules), см. также [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI: a) m[ulan.gub].bameš<u mul>an.tuš.ameš = dsin u dutu = mul-te-šir  SAL.LA [MSL XI, 41:52], b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ḫi-pí eš-šú = dsîn(30) u dŠamaš(utu) [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 20]. Текст BM 77054. ina itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba.<meš> ina r[a-be2-e…] / mulši-nu-nu-tum […] «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в[осходят…] / Ласточка […]» [George 1991, 304–305, r. 9′–10′]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 21): mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš šu-ut E2-kur «Стоящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. (2)  Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 27), см. b06BAN. (3) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš на третьем месте после mulBAL.TEŠ2.A перед mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4). (4) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-ḫa «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в середине неба напротив твоей груди стоят, и Ласточка восходит» (I iv 28) [MA, 25, 51, 58, 66]. «Большой список звезд». muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие Боги = Син и Шамаш» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:15. mul<dingir>.gub.bameš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur  «Стоящие (Боги) из Экура = Син и Нергал» [HBA, 51:15; Wee 2016, 162–3:15].

II. Божество.

«Стоящие божества» (среди эпитетов: ilū ṣīrūtu «Высокие боги») известны как из списков богов, так и из других текстов. Почитались как защитники,  охранители храмов; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.KU.Ameš «Сидящими божествами» [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118; Heimpel 1968, 323; Sidersky 1920, 567:16]. Особую группу составляли an.gub.bameš ša2 e2-kur «Стоящие боги из Экура», имевшие, по-видимому астральное значение. В серии AN:dAnum (I 364–366) они определяются как: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 «Ульмаш, AŠ.daḫ = 2 стоящих божества из Экура» [CT 24, 24:67–68; Litke 1998, 65]. Другие варианты отождествления «Стоящих богов» см. [CAD A/2, 117–118; Tallqvist 1938, 25].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ n[a-bu-ti mulA]N.GUB.BAmeš «3 бл[естящие] звезды, Стоящие [Б]оги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

IV. Отождествление.

=  α, β Ophiuchi до приблизительно α Herculis [Weidner 1927, 84; 3 Erg. 333–334; G. 22];

= вероятно, α Herculis и α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ζ и η Herculis (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 278].

= часть Геркулеса (Hercules) [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].

Example

References

  1. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  6. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  7. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  8. ↑ George A.R. Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.
  9. ↑ Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  12. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  13. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  14. ↑ Heimpel W. Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).
  15. ↑ Sidersky M. Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.
  16. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  17. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  18. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Weidner E.  Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.
  20. ↑ Kugler    F.X.   Sternkunde   und   Sterndienst   in    Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft   zum   ersten  und   zweiten   Buch   von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.
  21. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  22. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
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