Christianized (All Terms): Difference between revisions

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[[File:C. 1648 Central Europe (Northern).jpg|thumb|Central Europe (c. 1648). The culture of Christianization of the sky was an early modern attempt to unite German thinkers across the boundaries of a multitude of Christian confessions.]]
[[File:C. 1648 Central Europe (Northern).jpg|thumb|Central Europe (c. 1648). The culture of Christianization of the sky was an early modern attempt to unite European thinkers across the boundaries of a multitude of Christian confessions.]]
In this lexicon, we describe the names of a specific historical movement in Early modern history. During the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe (1618-1648) and in the decades before it that led to this war, even the work of scholars was affected by religious conflicts and the depreciation of specific Christian subgroups (traditional Catholics versus Lutherian Protestants versus Calvinists etc.). Astronomers and cartographers in that time had the same idea of one humanity "under one sky" as the IAU has been doing in the 20th and 21st centuries, but there were also attempts to project the figures that were common in all of the Christian churches into the sky and consciously reinterpret the sky with characters known to everybody in Europe.
In this lexicon, we describe the names of a specific historical movement in Early modern history. During the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe (1618-1648) and in the decades before it that led to this war, even the work of scholars was affected by religious conflicts and the depreciation of specific Christian subgroups (traditional Catholics versus Lutherian Protestants versus Calvinists etc.). Astronomers and cartographers in that time had the same idea of one humanity "under one sky" as the IAU has been doing in the 20th and 21st centuries, but there were also attempts to project the figures that were common in all of the Christian churches into the sky and consciously reinterpret the sky with characters known to everybody in Europe.


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===Solar System Names===
===Solar System Names===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Original term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;"|Original term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Commentary
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |Commentary
|-
|-
|
|
Line 44: Line 44:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!scope="col" style="width: 30%;"|native letters
!scope="col" style="width: 21,25%;"|short description
!scope="col" style="width: 30%;"|English
!scope="col" style="width: 21,25%;"|original description
!scope="col" style="width: 10%;"|Author
!scope="col" style="width: 21,25%;"|English
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Identification
!scope="col" style="width: 21,25%;"|constellation
!scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |Our notes
!scope="col" style="width: 15%;"|Our notes
|-
|-
|Aaron
|[[S. Michaelis Archangeli]]
|Aaron Summus Sacerdos
|Archangel Michael
|Aaron, High Priest
|Julius Schiller
|Grus
|Ursa Minor
|
|
|-
|-
|Abel
|Naviculae S. Petri
|Abel Iustus
|Ship of Saint Peter
|Abel the Just
|Julius Schiller
|Dorado
|Ursa Major
|
|
|-
|-
|Abraham et Isaac
|S. Innocentum
|Sancti Patriarchi Abraham et Isaac
|Innocent Children
|The Holy Patriarchs, Abraham and Isaac
|Julius Schiller
|Centaurus
|Draco
|
|
|-
|-
|Agnus Paschalis
|4
|Agnus Paschalis
|Saint Stephanus
|The Paschal Lamb
|Julius Schiller
|Canis Minor
|Cepheus
|
|
|-
|-
|Altare Thymiamatis
|5
|Altare Thymiamatis
|Pope Sylvester I
|The Altar of Incense
|Julius Schiller
|Ara
|Bootes
|
|
|-
|-
|Andrea
|6
|Sanctus Andrea Apostolus
|The flagellum of Christ
|St Andrew, Apostle
|Julius Schiller
|Taurus
|Coma Berenices
|
|
|-
|-
|Arca Foederis
|7
|Sancta Arca Foederis sive Testimonium Divinum
|The crown of thorns
|The Ark of the Covenant or The Divine Testimoium
|Julius Schiller
|Crater
|Corona Borealis
|
|
|-
|-
|Arca Noachi
|8
|Arca Patriarchae Noachi
|The three Wise Men
|The Ark of the Patriarch Noah
|Julius Schiller
|Argo Navis
|Hercules
|
|
|-
|-
|Bartholomaeus
|9
|Sanctus Bartholomaeus Apostolus
|The Christmas crib
|St Bartholomew, Apostle
|Julius Schiller
|Scorpio
|Lyra
|
|
|-
|-
|Benedictus
|10
|Santus Pater Benedictus inter spinas
|Saint Helena
|St Benedict Amongst the Thorns
|Julius Schiller
|Ophiuchus
|Cygnus
|
|
|-
|-
|Camelus Rebeccae
|11
|Mary Magdalene
|Julius Schiller
|Cassiopeia
|
|
|Camel of Rebecca
|Camelopardalis
|see [[Camelopardalis]]
|-
|-
|Catharina
|12
|Sancta Catharina Virgo et Martyr
|Saint Paul
|St Catherine, Virgin and Martyr
|Julius Schiller
|Aquila
|Perseus
|
|
|-
|-
|Clavum Lanceaque Christi
|13
|Sanctissimi Clavi et Lancea Christi Domini Crucifixi
|Saint Jerome
|The Most Holy Nails and Lance of the Crucified Christ the Lord
|Julius Schiller
|Sagitta
|Auriga
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Columba]] Noachi
|14
|Columba Noachi
|Saint Benedict
|The Dove of Noah
|Julius Schiller
|Columba
|Ophiuchus
|see [[Columba]]
|-
|Corona Christi Spinea
|Tremenda et Spinea Christi Regis Regum Corona
|The Crown of Thorns of Christ, King of Kings
|Corona Borealis
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Crux]]
|15
|Salutifera et Termagna Crux Christi, Cum Augusta Eius Inventrice Sancta Helena
|The burning bush
|The Health-Giving Third Cross of Christ with Its Discoverer, Empress St Helena
|Julius Schiller
|Cygnus
|Serpens
|
|
|-
|-
|David
|16
|Sanctus Rex et Propheta David
|Saint Catherine
|St David, King and Prophet
|Julius Schiller
|Canis Maior
|Aquila
|
|
|-
|-
|Diademata Salomonis
|17
|Diademata regis Salomonis
|The Holy Lance
|The Crown of King Solomon
|Julius Schiller
|Corona Australis
|Sagitta
|
|
|-
|-
|18
|Eva
|Eva Mater Cunctorum Viventium
|Watercup of the wedding at Cana
|Eve, the Mother of all Living Things
|Julius Schiller
|Apis
|Delphinus
|
|
|-
|-
|Flagellum Christi
|19
|Sacratissimum Flagellum Christi Salvatoris
|Rosa mystica
|The Most Sacred Scourge of Christ the Saviour
|Julius Schiller
|Coma Berenices
|
|-
|Frondis Rosa
|Rosa Mystica sive Frondis Rosa
|The Mystic Rose or The Rose Branch
|Equuleus
|Equuleus
|
|
|-
|-
|Gabriel
|20
|Archangel Gabriel
|Sanctus Gabriel Archangelus
|St Gabriel, Archangel
|Julius Schiller
|Pegasus
|Pegasus
|
|
|-
|-
|Gallus
|21
|Gallus
|The Holy Grave
|The cockerel
|Julius Schiller
|now part of Puppis
|Andromeda
|
|
|-
|-
|Hieronymus
|22
|Sanctus Hieronymus Ecclesiae Doctor
|The Tiara Petri
|St Jerome, Doctor of the Church
|Julius Schiller
|Auriga
|Triangulum
|
|
|-
|-
|Hydria Chananea
|23
|Hydria Chananea Aquae in Vinum Versa
|Saint Anna and Saint Joachim
|The Jars of Water Turned to Wine in Cana
|Julius Schiller
|Delphinus
|Cetus
|
|
|-
|-
|Hydria Serapthanae
|24
|Hydria Farina Sarepthanae Viduae
|Saint Joseph
|The Grain Jar of the Widow of Zarephath
|Julius Schiller
|Piscis Notius
|Orion
|
|
|-
|-
|Iacobus
|25
|Sanctus Iacobus Maior Apostolus
|Simon Petrus
|St James the Greater, Apostle
|Julius Schiller
|Gemini
|Aries
|
|
|-
|-
|Iacobus Minor
|26
|Sanctus Iacobus Minor Apostolus
|Andrew the Apostle
|St James the Lesser, Apostle
|Julius Schiller
|Virgo
|Taurus
|
|
|-
|-
|Innocentii
|27
|Sancti Innocentii Pueri
|James the Apostle
|The Holy Innocent Children
|Julius Schiller
|Draco
|Gemini
|
|
|-
|-
|Ioachim et Anna
|28
|Santi Ioachim et Anna Parentes Deiparae
|John the Apostle
|Joachim and Anne, Parents of the Holy Mother
|Julius Schiller
|Cetus
|
|-
|Ioannes
|Sanctus Ioannes Apostolus et Evangelista
|St John, Apostle and Evangelist
|Cancer
|Cancer
|
|
|-
|-
|29
|Iob
|Servus Dei Iob
|Thomas the Apostle
|Job, Servant of God
|Julius Schiller
|Indus
|Leo
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Jordanus|Iordanus]]
|30
|Iordanus Fluvius
|James, son of Alphaus
|The Jordan River
|Julius Schiller
|Hydra
|Virgo
|
|
|-
|-
|Ioseph
|31
|Sanctus Ioseph Vir Mariae
|Philip
|St Joseph, Husband of Mary
|Julius Schiller
|Orion
|Libra
|
|
|-
|-
|Maria Magdalena
|32
|Sancta Maria Magdalena
|Bartholomew
|St Mary Magdalene
|Julius Schiller
|Cassiopeia
|Scorpio
|
|
|-
|-
|Matthaeus
|33
|Sanctus Matthaeus Apostolus et Evangelista
|Matthew
|St Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist
|Julius Schiller
|Sagittarius
|Sagittarius
|
|
|-
|-
|34
|Simon the Zealot
|Julius Schiller
|Capricorn
|
|-
|35
|Judas Thaddaeus
|Julius Schiller
|Aquarius
|
|-
|36
|Matthias
|Matthias
|Sanctus Matthias Apostolus
|Julius Schiller
|St Matthew, Apostle
|Pisces
|Pisces
|
|
|-
|-
|[[S. Michaelis Archangeli|Michael]]
|37
|Sanctus Michael Archangelus Princeps Militae
|The Red Sea
|St Michael, Archangel, Military Leader
|Julius Schiller
|Ursa Minor
|Eridanus
|
|
|-
|-
|Mitra
|38
|Mitra Pontificalis S. Petri
|Gideon
|The Pontifical Mitre of St Peter
|Julius Schiller
|Triangulum
|Lepus
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Columba]] Noachi
|[[Monoceros]]
|The dove of Noah
|Julius Schiller
|Columba
|
|
|-
|40
|King David
|Julius Schiller
|Canis Major
|
|
|-
|41
|The Lamb of God
|Julius Schiller
|Canis Minor
|
|
|see [[Monoceros]]
|-
|-
|Navicula S. Petri
|42
|Navicula Sancti Petri Apostoli
|Noah's Ark
|The Boat of St Peter, Apostle
|Julius Schiller
|Ursa Maior
|Argo
|
|
|-
|-
|Paulus
|43
|Sanctus Paulus Apostolus, Gentiumque Doctor
|The River Jordan
|St Paul, Apostle, Teacher of the People
|Julius Schiller
|Perseus
|Hydra
|
|
|-
|-
|Petrus
|44
|Santus Petrus Princeps Apostolorum
|The Ark of the Covenant
|St Peter, First Apostle
|Julius Schiller
|Aries
|Crater and Corvus
|
|
|-
|-
|Philippus
|45
|Sanctus Philippus Apostolus
|Abraham and Isaac
|St Philip, Apostle
|Julius Schiller
|Libra
|Centaurus
|
|
|-
|-
|Praesepium Christi
|46
|Ter venerandum Praesepium Salvatoris Christi
|Jacob
|Thrice Venerated Manger of Christ the Saviour
|Julius Schiller
|Lyra
|Lupus
|
|
|-
|-
|Raphael
|47
|Sanctus Raphaelus Archangelus
|Showbread table
|St Raphael, Archangel
|Julius Schiller
|Hydrus
|Ara
|
|
|-
|-
|Sanctus Israelis
|48
|Sanctus Israelis sive Iacobus Patriarcha
|The crown of Salomo
|The Holy One of Israel or The Patriarch Jacob
|Julius Schiller
|Lupus
|Corona Australis
|
|
|-
|-
|Sepulchrus Christi
|49
|Sepulchrus Triumphatoris Christi
|
|The Tomb of Christ, Triumphant
|Julius Schiller
|Andromeda
|Piscis Austrinus
|
|
|-
|-
|Signum Tau
|50
|Signum Mystici Tau
|Highpriest Aaron
|The Sign of the Mystical Tau
|Julius Schiller
|Triangulum Australe
|Grus and Phoenix
|
|
|-
|-
|Silvester
|51
|Sanctus Silvester Pontifex Maximus
|Job
|Pope St Sylvester
|Julius Schiller
|Bootes
|Pavo and Indus
|
|
|-
|-
|Simon
|52
|Sanctus Simon Zelotus Apostolus
|Eve
|St Simon the Zealot, Apostle
|Julius Schiller
|Capricornus
|Musca
|
|
|-
|-
|Stephanus
|53
|Sanctus Stephanus Protomartyrus
|The tau cross
|St Stephen, the First Martyr
|Julius Schiller
|Cepheus
|Triangulum Australe
|
|
|-
|-
|Thadaeus
|54
|Sanctus Iudas Thadaeus Apostolus
|Abel
|St Jude Thaddeus, Apostle
|Julius Schiller
|Aquarius
|Piscis Volans and Dorado
|
|
|-
|-
|Thomas
|55
|Sanctus Thomas Apostolus
|Archangel Raphael
|St Thomas, Apostle
|Julius Schiller
|Leo
|Tucan and Hydrus
|
|
|-
|-
|Transitus Israel
|
|Transitus Israel nempe per mare rubrum
|
|Israel Crossing the Red Sea
|
|Eridanus
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Trium Reges
|[[Crux]]
|Sancti Trium Reges
|
|The Three Kings
|
|Hercules
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Vellera Gedeonis
|[[Monoceros]]
|Vellera Gedeonis
|
|The Fleece of Gideon
|
|Lepus
|
|
|-
|[[Camelopardalis]]
|
|Jakob Bartsch
|
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}


*
== Authors==
'''Julius Schiller''' († 1627 in Augsburg) was a German astronomer and Augustinian monk, as well as a contemporary of Johann Bayer, who also lived in Augsburg.

With Bayer’s assistance, Schiller published the star atlas ''Coelum Stellatum Christianum'' in 1627, the year of his death. The work was an attempt to create a "Christian" star catalogue, in which the common constellations were renamed and depicted with figures from Christian tradition. In general, figures and symbols from the New Testament appear north of the ecliptic, and those from the Old Testament to the south, while the zodiac constellations of the twelve signs were replaced with the twelve apostles.

The star catalogue is considered a curiosity and, unlike Bayer’s ''Uranometria'', never achieved great significance. Unlike Bayer, Schiller depicted the starry sky reversed, that is, from God’s perspective of the firmament looking down toward the Earth. This representation followed the tradition of celestial globes, whereas for individual celestial sections in historical maps and atlases the "correct" orientation was more common. Schiller’s constellations were taken up in only one later work: the artistic atlas ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'' by Andreas Cellarius in 1661. The lunar crater Schiller is named after him.

==Acknowledgements==
== References ==

* Julius Schiller, ''Coelum Stellatum Christianum''. Aperger, Augsburg 1627
* Julius Schiller, ''Coelum Stellatum Christianum Convexum.'' Aperger, Augsburg 1627


[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:European]] [[Category:Latin]] [[Category:Christianised]]
[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:European]] [[Category:Latin]] [[Category:Christianised]]

Latest revision as of 11:59, 10 November 2025

Central Europe (c. 1648). The culture of Christianization of the sky was an early modern attempt to unite European thinkers across the boundaries of a multitude of Christian confessions.

In this lexicon, we describe the names of a specific historical movement in Early modern history. During the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe (1618-1648) and in the decades before it that led to this war, even the work of scholars was affected by religious conflicts and the depreciation of specific Christian subgroups (traditional Catholics versus Lutherian Protestants versus Calvinists etc.). Astronomers and cartographers in that time had the same idea of one humanity "under one sky" as the IAU has been doing in the 20th and 21st centuries, but there were also attempts to project the figures that were common in all of the Christian churches into the sky and consciously reinterpret the sky with characters known to everybody in Europe.

Note that the authors of this lexicon refrain from promoting any religion; we just document a historical movement.

Name Lists

Solar System Names

Original term English Commentary
Sun
Moon
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn

Here is an overview on all Christianized constellation names

short description original description English constellation Our notes
Aaron Aaron Summus Sacerdos Aaron, High Priest Grus
Abel Abel Iustus Abel the Just Dorado
Abraham et Isaac Sancti Patriarchi Abraham et Isaac The Holy Patriarchs, Abraham and Isaac Centaurus
Agnus Paschalis Agnus Paschalis The Paschal Lamb Canis Minor
Altare Thymiamatis Altare Thymiamatis The Altar of Incense Ara
Andrea Sanctus Andrea Apostolus St Andrew, Apostle Taurus
Arca Foederis Sancta Arca Foederis sive Testimonium Divinum The Ark of the Covenant or The Divine Testimoium Crater
Arca Noachi Arca Patriarchae Noachi The Ark of the Patriarch Noah Argo Navis
Bartholomaeus Sanctus Bartholomaeus Apostolus St Bartholomew, Apostle Scorpio
Benedictus Santus Pater Benedictus inter spinas St Benedict Amongst the Thorns Ophiuchus
Camelus Rebeccae Camel of Rebecca Camelopardalis see Camelopardalis
Catharina Sancta Catharina Virgo et Martyr St Catherine, Virgin and Martyr Aquila
Clavum Lanceaque Christi Sanctissimi Clavi et Lancea Christi Domini Crucifixi The Most Holy Nails and Lance of the Crucified Christ the Lord Sagitta
Columba Noachi Columba Noachi The Dove of Noah Columba see Columba
Corona Christi Spinea Tremenda et Spinea Christi Regis Regum Corona The Crown of Thorns of Christ, King of Kings Corona Borealis
Crux Salutifera et Termagna Crux Christi, Cum Augusta Eius Inventrice Sancta Helena The Health-Giving Third Cross of Christ with Its Discoverer, Empress St Helena Cygnus
David Sanctus Rex et Propheta David St David, King and Prophet Canis Maior
Diademata Salomonis Diademata regis Salomonis The Crown of King Solomon Corona Australis
Eva Eva Mater Cunctorum Viventium Eve, the Mother of all Living Things Apis
Flagellum Christi Sacratissimum Flagellum Christi Salvatoris The Most Sacred Scourge of Christ the Saviour Coma Berenices
Frondis Rosa Rosa Mystica sive Frondis Rosa The Mystic Rose or The Rose Branch Equuleus
Gabriel Sanctus Gabriel Archangelus St Gabriel, Archangel Pegasus
Gallus Gallus The cockerel now part of Puppis
Hieronymus Sanctus Hieronymus Ecclesiae Doctor St Jerome, Doctor of the Church Auriga
Hydria Chananea Hydria Chananea Aquae in Vinum Versa The Jars of Water Turned to Wine in Cana Delphinus
Hydria Serapthanae Hydria Farina Sarepthanae Viduae The Grain Jar of the Widow of Zarephath Piscis Notius
Iacobus Sanctus Iacobus Maior Apostolus St James the Greater, Apostle Gemini
Iacobus Minor Sanctus Iacobus Minor Apostolus St James the Lesser, Apostle Virgo
Innocentii Sancti Innocentii Pueri The Holy Innocent Children Draco
Ioachim et Anna Santi Ioachim et Anna Parentes Deiparae Joachim and Anne, Parents of the Holy Mother Cetus
Ioannes Sanctus Ioannes Apostolus et Evangelista St John, Apostle and Evangelist Cancer
Iob Servus Dei Iob Job, Servant of God Indus
Iordanus Iordanus Fluvius The Jordan River Hydra
Ioseph Sanctus Ioseph Vir Mariae St Joseph, Husband of Mary Orion
Maria Magdalena Sancta Maria Magdalena St Mary Magdalene Cassiopeia
Matthaeus Sanctus Matthaeus Apostolus et Evangelista St Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist Sagittarius
Matthias Sanctus Matthias Apostolus St Matthew, Apostle Pisces
Michael Sanctus Michael Archangelus Princeps Militae St Michael, Archangel, Military Leader Ursa Minor
Mitra Mitra Pontificalis S. Petri The Pontifical Mitre of St Peter Triangulum
Monoceros see Monoceros
Navicula S. Petri Navicula Sancti Petri Apostoli The Boat of St Peter, Apostle Ursa Maior
Paulus Sanctus Paulus Apostolus, Gentiumque Doctor St Paul, Apostle, Teacher of the People Perseus
Petrus Santus Petrus Princeps Apostolorum St Peter, First Apostle Aries
Philippus Sanctus Philippus Apostolus St Philip, Apostle Libra
Praesepium Christi Ter venerandum Praesepium Salvatoris Christi Thrice Venerated Manger of Christ the Saviour Lyra
Raphael Sanctus Raphaelus Archangelus St Raphael, Archangel Hydrus
Sanctus Israelis Sanctus Israelis sive Iacobus Patriarcha The Holy One of Israel or The Patriarch Jacob Lupus
Sepulchrus Christi Sepulchrus Triumphatoris Christi The Tomb of Christ, Triumphant Andromeda
Signum Tau Signum Mystici Tau The Sign of the Mystical Tau Triangulum Australe
Silvester Sanctus Silvester Pontifex Maximus Pope St Sylvester Bootes
Simon Sanctus Simon Zelotus Apostolus St Simon the Zealot, Apostle Capricornus
Stephanus Sanctus Stephanus Protomartyrus St Stephen, the First Martyr Cepheus
Thadaeus Sanctus Iudas Thadaeus Apostolus St Jude Thaddeus, Apostle Aquarius
Thomas Sanctus Thomas Apostolus St Thomas, Apostle Leo
Transitus Israel Transitus Israel nempe per mare rubrum Israel Crossing the Red Sea Eridanus
Trium Reges Sancti Trium Reges The Three Kings Hercules
Vellera Gedeonis Vellera Gedeonis The Fleece of Gideon Lepus
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