GAN2.UR3: Difference between revisions

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GAN2.UR3
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===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
* <sup>mul</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>
* <sup>mul</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>
* "Harrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 66];
* "Harrow" [BPO 2, 11; G. 66];


A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails ([[Vela]]) and possibly part of the [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus).
A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails ([[Vela]]) and possibly part of the [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus).
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Urra XXII series:
Urra XXII series:


* <sup>mul</sup>giš.gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> = ''maš-ka-ka-ti/tu''<sub>2</sub> [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ].
* <sup>mul</sup>giš.gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> = ''maš-ka-ka-ti/tu''<sub>2</sub> [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 44; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:301ʹ].
|Example
|Example
|-
|-
| '''EAE.'''
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, II 12e-f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27].
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e-f; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:27].
|Example
|Example
|-
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List of stars of Ea (no. 6):
List of stars of Ea (no. 6):


*MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>TUKUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E<sub>2</sub>) (in [G. 17], <sup>d</sup>A.MAL) / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>
*MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>TUKUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E<sub>2</sub>) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], <sup>d</sup>A.MAL) / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>
*"Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. Entenabarguz) stands the Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [MA, 36-37].
*"Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. Entenabarguz) stands the Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36-37].
List of stars VR 46, 1:25.
List of stars VR 46, 1:25.
*<sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>tukul ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A.E<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU igi.kar<sub>2</sub>
*<sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>tukul ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A.E<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU igi.kar<sub>2</sub>
*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163-3].
*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].
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|-
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
|'''GU-text.'''
*(I) ''ni-šik ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
*(I) ''ni-šik ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
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See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu''] "The Harrow and the Pole stands in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [C433D M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').
See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu''] "The Harrow and the Pole stands in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').


===Additional ===
===Additional ===


====II. Deity. ====
====II. Deity. ====
         The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEvan 1983, 223; Krebernik 1984, 298ff.]), and ''Nirah'' (<sup>d</sup>''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''mār bīti ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>uru</sup>''De-e-erki'' "Nirah, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEvan 1983, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name <sup>(giš)</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kish, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77]. [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963, 52].
         The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6">''McEwan G.J.P.'' <sup>d</sup>MUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 223; Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 298ff.]), and ''Nirah'' (<sup>d</sup>''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''mār bīti ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>uru</sup>''De-e-erki'' "Nirah, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6" />, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name <sup>(giš)</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kish, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963<ref>''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.</ref>, 52].


====III. Symbol.====
====III. Symbol.====
         Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968, 109-115]. [Salonen 1968, 109-115].
         Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968.         </ref>, 109-115].


====IV. Identification. ====
====IV. Identification. ====
         = Crux [G. 66];
         = Crux [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 66];


         = Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59, 79];
         = Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];


         = eastern part of Vela [MA, 138; ASM, 273].
         = eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].


====V. Parts of the constellation.====
====V. Parts of the constellation.====
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         Identifications:
         Identifications:


         (1) = Mercury; <sup>mul</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> = <sup>d</sup>udu.idim.gu<sub>4</sub>.ud " [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].
         (1) = Mercury; <sup>mul</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> = <sup>d</sup>udu.idim.gu<sub>4</sub>.ud " [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].


         Predictions:
         Predictions:


         (2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury); <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim'' AB<sub>2</sub>.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2, II 12e], see also [Borger 1973, 41:17′; SpTU III, 101: 27].
         (2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury); <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim'' AB<sub>2</sub>.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101: 27].


         (3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the south; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub><sup>?</sup>] <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> A<sub>2</sub> IM.U<sub>x</sub>.LU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI AB<sub>2</sub>.GUD.ḪI.A U<sub>8</sub>.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2, II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl. 2, 54:6-7].
         (3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the south; [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub><sup>?</sup>] <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> A<sub>2</sub> IM.U<sub>x</sub>.LU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI AB<sub>2</sub>.GUD.ḪI.A U<sub>8</sub>.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 54:6-7].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==

Latest revision as of 19:28, 5 October 2025


mul gišGAN2.UR3 (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = (mul)Maškakātu, 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

  • mulGAN2.UR3
  • "Harrow" [BPO 2[1], 11; Gössmann[2] 66];

A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails (Vela) and possibly part of the Centaurus (Centaurus).

Sources Identifications
Lexic. texts.

Urra XXII series:

  • mulgiš.gan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III[3], 114A v 44; Bloch-Horowitz 2015[4], 109:301ʹ].
 Example
EAE.

See. [BPO 2[1], II 12e-f; BPO 3[5], K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973[6], LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III[3], 101:27].

Example
MUL.APIN.

List of stars of Ea (no. 6):

  • MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (in [Gössmann[2] 17], dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU i-bar-ru-u2
  • "Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. Entenabarguz) stands the Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [MA[7], 36-37].

List of stars VR 46, 1:25.

  • mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2
  • "The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA[8], 52; Wee 2016[9], 163-3].
GU-text.
  • (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree-Walker 1988[10], BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) UR.A.
Great Star List (Appendix)
  • (Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming)

See also: mul gišGAN2.ur3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] "The Harrow and the Pole stands in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD[11] M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').

Additional

II. Deity.

         The epithet mār bīti, used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: Šaḫan (the correct reading is Irḫan [McEwan 1983[12], 223; Krebernik 1984[13], 298ff.]), and Nirah (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki "Nirah, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983[12], 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938[14], 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name (giš)gan2.ur3 as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kish, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963[15], 52].

III. Symbol.

         Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968[16], 109-115].

IV. Identification.

         = Crux [Gössmann[2] 66];

         = Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59[17], 79];

         = eastern part of Vela [MA[7], 138; ASM[18], 273].

V. Parts of the constellation.

        ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.

VI. Astrology.*

         Identifications:

         (1) = Mercury; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud " [CT[19] 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

         Predictions:

         (2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2[1], II 12e], see also [Borger 1973[6], 41:17′; SpTU III[3], 101: 27].

         (3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the south; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3[5], 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2[1], II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl.[20] 2, 54:6-7].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, g08) Gössmann (1950)
вар.: mul gišGAN2.UR3.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; G. 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul gišgan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (в [G. 17] – dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u2  «Созвездие, которое с его  (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2 «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.

См. также: mul gišGAN2.UR3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].

II. Божество.

Эпитет mār bīti, используемый в MUL.APIN в связи с Бороной, имели два змеиных божества, почитавшихся в Дере: Šaḫan (правильное чтение Irḫan [McEvan 1983, 223; Krebernik 1984, 298ff.]), и Нирах (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki «Нирах, блистательный бог, принц Дера» [McEvan 1983, 222, note 31]), см. также  [Tallqvist 1938, 120, 440]. Можно ли утверждать на этом основании, что созвездие Борона было связано с одним из этих божеств? Название (giš)gan2.ur3 как царское имя приводится в «Шумерском царском списке», в части, относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 76–77:43–45; Hallo 1963, 52].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. Описание конструкций бороны, употреблявшихся при обработке полей в древней Месопотамии, см. [Salonen 1968, 109–115].

IV. Отождествление.

= Crux [G. 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; ASM, 273].

V. Части созвездия.

ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Укус Бороны», см. выше.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Меркурий; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Борона = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Предсказания:

(2) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A... «Коза достигает Бороны: в этом году будет эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, II 12e], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:17′; SpTU III, 101: 27].

(3) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий) с юга; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME «[Если Коза] достигает Бороны с юга: в этом году стада крупного и мелкого рогатого скота погибнут» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], параллели см. [BPO 2, II 12f ]. См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 54:6–7].

Example
Kurtik (2022, m21) (mul)Maškakātu

(mul)Maškakātu
аккадская параллель к mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»; созвездие, соответствующее  восточной части Парусов и части Центавра. Силлабическая запись встречается в поздних копиях серии Urra XXII; см. g08GAN2.UR3.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  4. ↑ Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  8. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  9. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  10. ↑ Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.
  11. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 McEwan G.J.P. dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.
  13. ↑ Krebernik M. Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984
  14. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  15. ↑ Hallo W.W. Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.
  16. ↑ Salonen A. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968.         
  17. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  18. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  19. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  20. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
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