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[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]
<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.
==Dictionary==
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
[G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and Libra.
[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].

* (MUL) ''Kittu'' (𒀯𒆤𒌓)
* = "Star of truth (and justice)"; an epithet of Saturn.

{| class="wikitable"
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!Identifications
!Identifications
|-
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|'''Lexic. texts.'''
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI:
(1) Series Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-tu<sub>2</sub> u me-šar = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI, 40:39], later parallel: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-[tu<sub>2</sub> ...] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) mulgi.[gi...] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: <sup>mul</sup>GI-[GI...] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>zi-ba-an-na] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989, 60-61]. Planisphere K. 8538. In sector 6 the inscription: ˹<sup>mul</sup>GI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
** <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul ''kit-tu''<sub>2</sub> ''u me-šar'' = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu
** "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:39], dupl. <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul ''kit''-[''tu''<sub>2</sub> ...] [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116: Rs. iii 8].
* (2) <sup>mul</sup>gi.[gi...] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: <sup>mul</sup>GI-[GI...] / ''kakkab kit-ti'' [''u mi-ša-ri''] / MUL GI<sub>6</sub> <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>''zi-ba-an-na''] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989<ref name=":0">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 60-61]. Note sign-play on the Sumerian gi and gi<sub>6</sub> (the sign MI).
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|-
|'''Planisphere K. 8538.'''
In sector 6 the inscription:

* ˹<sup>mul</sup>GI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 59; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
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⚫
         '''II. Identification.'''


=== Additional ===

⚫
==== II. Identification. ====
         (1) = Saturn;
         (1) = Saturn;


         (2) = constellation Librae = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989, 79].
         (2) = constellation Librae = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 79].


         '''III. Astrology.'''
==== III. Astrology. ====
         (1) The Star of Truth has weakened; DIŠ MUL ''ki-tu''<sub>4</sub> ŠER<sub>2</sub>.ŠER<sub>2</sub> KUR ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu'' [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country, of mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:26].


         (1) The Star of Truth has weakened; DIŠ MUL ki-tu<sub>4</sub> ŠER<sub>2</sub>.ŠER<sub>2</sub> KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country, of mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar, 25:26].
         (2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anu; [DIŠ MUL ''ki-t'']''u''<sub>4</sub> ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' "[If the Star of Truth] approaches the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 30:20].

         (2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anu; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma "[If the Star of Truth] approaches the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar, 30:20].


== Historical Dictionaries ==
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a13)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, g11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
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|-
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(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].
(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].
| Example
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k22)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Звезда правды (и справедливости)»; эпитет Сатурна [G. 230], см. g11GI.GI.
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

Latest revision as of 19:55, 15 December 2025

Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra

mulGI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = kakkab kittu u mēšaru, 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian kittu, 'truth' and the second for mēšaru, 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation Libra, all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's bīt niṣirti, 'secret place' is in Libra.

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

[Gössmann[2] 88, 230], the name of Saturn and Libra.

  • (MUL) Kittu (𒀯𒆤𒌓)
  • = "Star of truth (and justice)"; an epithet of Saturn.
Sources Identifications
Lexic. texts.
  • (1) Series Ḫg. B VI:
    • mulgi.gi = mul kit-tu2 u me-šar = dsag.uš dutu
    • "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI[3], 40:39], dupl. mulgi.gi = mul kit-[tu2 ...] [SpTU III[4], 116: Rs. iii 8].
  • (2) mulgi.[gi...] [CT[5] 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI...] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL GI6 mu[lzi-ba-an-na] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989[6], 60-61]. Note sign-play on the Sumerian gi and gi6 (the sign MI).
Planisphere K. 8538.

In sector 6 the inscription:

  • ˹mulGI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989[6], 59; Kurtik 2007[7], fig. 9].

Additional

II. Identification.

         (1) = Saturn;

         (2) = constellation Librae = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989[6], 79].

III. Astrology.

         (1) The Star of Truth has weakened; DIŠ MUL ki-tu4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country, of mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar[8], 25:26].

         (2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anu; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u4 a-na mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ina ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-ma "[If the Star of Truth] approaches the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar[8], 30:20].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, g11) Gössmann (1950)
[G. 88, 230], название Сатурна и Весов.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi.gi = mul kit-tu2 u me-šar = dsag.uš dutu «Звезда gi.gi = Звезда правды и справедливости = Сатурн, Шамаш» [MSL XI, 40:39],  поздняя параллель: mulgi.gi = mul kit-[tu2 …] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) mulgi.[gi…] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; согласно интерпретации Коха, текст K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI…] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI mu[lzi-ba-an-na] «Звезда GI.GI = Звезда правды и справедливости = Темная звезда = Звезда Весы» [Koch 1989, 60–61]. Планисферa K. 8538. В секторе 6 надпись: ˹mulGI-GI˺ и изображение фигуры Весов(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9].

II. Отождествление.

(1)  = Сатурн;

(2)  = созвездие Весы = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, согласно [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) Звезда Правды ослабела; DIŠ MUL ki-tu4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu […] «Если Звезда Правды ослабела: странa милосердие и мир […]» [ACh Ištar, 25:26].

(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u4 a-na mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ina ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].

Example
Kurtik (2022, k22) Gössmann (1950)
= «Звезда правды (и справедливости)»; эпитет Сатурна [G. 230], см. g11GI.GI.

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  4. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  5. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
  7. ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
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