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{{DISPLAYTITLE:KA<sub>5</sub>.A}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:KA<sub>5</sub>.A}}
[[File:BabFox stellarium2025.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation KA5 (Fox) in Stellarium (CC BY SMH2019).]]
<sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A (𒀯𒈜𒀀), <sup>(mul)</sup>''Šēlebu,'' The Fox, is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the Big Dipper ([[Ursa Major]]), [G. 205; BPO 2, 12; CAD Š/2, 270].
<sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A (𒀯𒈜𒀀), <sup>(mul)</sup>''Šēlebu'' (𒀯𒊺𒇷𒁍), "The Fox", is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in ([[Ursa Major]]), [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 205; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Š/2, 270]. As suggested identification is the star 80 UMa above the pole of the Big Dipper but as the fox is drawn in the Denderah Zodiac, it likely covers a larger area rather than referring to only one star.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt). in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, pages 524-541</ref>
==Dictionary==
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
Var. readings:
Var. readings:


* <sup>mul</sup>LUL.A,
* <sup>mul</sup>LUL.A, (KA<sub>5</sub>.A)
* <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>10</sub>;
* <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>10</sub> (<sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A)
* = ''šēlebu'' "Fox".
* = ''šēlebu'' "Fox".


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|'''Lexical texts.'''
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists: <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a [MSL XI, 137, Forrerunner 2, rev. ii 8; Emar VI/4, 154:116].
* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists: <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 137, Forrerunner 2, rev. ii 8; Emar VI/4<ref name=":3">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:116].
* (2) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a = ''še-la-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:177], <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a = ''še-le-bu'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11:5′], <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub> = ''še-el''(var.: ''šel'')-''le-bi'' [SpTU III, 114A v 62; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 111:322ʹ].
* (2) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a = ''še-la-bu'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":3" />, 151:177], <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a = ''še-le-bu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Section 11:5′], <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub> = ''še-el''(var.: ''šel'')-''le-bi'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 62; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 111:322ʹ].


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|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18].
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:18].
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* (2) List (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>še] ... <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a ''šu''[-''ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] "The month of addar: ...Fox (on the path of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 12).
* (2) List (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>še] ... <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a ''šu''[-''ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] "The month of addar: ...Fox (on the path of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 12).
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is addar, sunset is <sup>ul</sup>ul [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014, 39, rev. col. iii 6; 40], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]]; for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 29].
* (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is addar, sunset is <sup>ul</sup>ul [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014, 39, rev. col. iii 6; 40], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]]; for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 29].
Astrolabe P.
* Astrolabe P. Month of addar, stars of Anu, 90 [Horowitz 2014, 141, Pinches 1900, 575] '''[[still issue of LBAT 1499 vs mukallimtu as Alb P)??'''

* Month of addar, stars of Anu, 90 [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 141, Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575]

'''[[still issue of LBAT 1499 vs mukallimtu as Alb P)??'''
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|'''BM 82923.''' 
|'''BM 82923.''' 


* Month of addar, stars Anu: <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A // 1,[3]0 // <sup>d</sup>EN ''mu-uš-mit'' "Fox // 90 // Lord who kills" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 29-30:35].
* Month of addar, stars Anu: <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A // 1,[3]0 // <sup>d</sup>EN ''mu-uš-mit'' "Fox // 90 // Lord who kills" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 29-30:35].
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|'''BM 34713.'''
|'''BM 34713.'''
* Month of Nisan, stars of An: <sup>múl</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a [LBAT, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].
* Month of Nisan, stars of An: <sup>múl</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].
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|'''The stars of Ea, An, and Enlil.'''
|'''The stars of Ea, An, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of An (no. 11): <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
* List of the 12 stars of An (no. 11): <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
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|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, II 3a, 4-4a, III 8, 29].
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 3a, 4-4a, III 8, 29].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil (no. 16): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KI ''za-ri-i ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA GUB-''zu'' / <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>''-ra gaš-ri'' DINGIR<sup>meš</sup>  "The star that stands on the drawbar of the Wagon: the Fox, Erra, the strong among the gods" (I i 16-17) [MA, 23]; for a possible parallel see MLC 1866 (iii 18-19).
* The stars of Enlil (no. 16): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KI ''za-ri-i ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA GUB-''zu'' / <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>''-ra gaš-ri'' DINGIR<sup>meš</sup>  "The star that stands on the drawbar of the Wagon: the Fox, Erra, the strong among the gods" (I i 16-17) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 23]; for a possible parallel see MLC 1866 (iii 18-19).
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|'''"Reports."'''
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [ARAK, 49 r. 9, 563:4].
See. [ARAK<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 49 r. 9, 563:4].
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* (2) <sup>mul</sup>''za-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> = ''ma-šad-du'' "Drawbar = Drawbar";
* (2) <sup>mul</sup>''za-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> = ''ma-šad-du'' "Drawbar = Drawbar";
* (3) 12 stars of Amurru: <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a;
* (3) 12 stars of Amurru: <sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a;
* (4) 7 names of Mars (7 ''zik-ru-šu''): <sup>ul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:93, 162, 220, 238]; see also [SpTU I, 50:37-38; Weidner 1959-60, 107:24 u. Anm.].
* (4) 7 names of Mars (7 ''zik-ru-šu''): <sup>ul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:93, 162, 220, 238]; see also [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 50:37-38; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner  E. '' Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107:24 u. Anm.].
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|Uranology Group
|'''Uranology Group'''
'''MLC 1866.'''
MLC 1866'''.'''

MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''it-ti za-r''[''u'' <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA] / GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>˹KA<sub>5</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>''-ra''˺ ''gaš-ri'' [DINGIR.MEŠ] "The star that on the drawbar [of the Wagon] / stands, Lysa, the god Erra, is strong [amongst the gods]" (col. iii 18-19) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41].
* MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''it-ti za-r''[''u'' <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA] / GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>˹KA<sub>5</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>''-ra''˺ ''gaš-ri'' [DINGIR.MEŠ] "The star that on the drawbar [of the Wagon] / stands, Lysa, the god Erra, is strong [amongst the gods]" (col. iii 18-19) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
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|'''"Ishum and Erra."'''
|'''"Ishum and Erra."'''
* <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra ina nap-ḫar'' DINGIR.MEŠ / ''ina'' MUL.<MEŠ> ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ma-mi'' <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.˹A˺ […] "Erra among all the gods / Among the stars of heaven, the Fox [...]" [Al-Rawi-Black 1989, 118:15-16, 122, notes].
* <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra ina nap-ḫar'' DINGIR.MEŠ / ''ina'' MUL.<MEŠ> ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ma-mi'' <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.˹A˺ […] "Erra among all the gods / Among the stars of heaven, the Fox [...]" [Al-Rawi-Black 1989<ref>''Al-Rawi F.N.H., Black J.A''. The Second Tablet of "Išum and Erra" // Iraq. 1989. V. 51. P. 111-122.</ref>, 118:15-16, 122, notes].
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|'''Anaphora.'''
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427:
* А 3427:[… ''ina''] <sup>iti</sup>bar<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 <sup>múl</sup>KA<sub>10</sub> ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "[In] the month of Nisan at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Fox emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:25]. ['''<u>[for all Anaphora - do we need to add in F Rochberg article???]]</u>'''
** [… ''ina''] <sup>iti</sup>bar<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 <sup>múl</sup>KA<sub>10</sub> ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
** "[In] the month of Nisan at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Fox emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 239:25].
** ['''<u>[for all Anaphora - add in F Rochberg article???]]</u>'''
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==== II. Symbol. ====
==== II. Symbol. ====
         Mesopotamian representations of the constellation are unknown; apparently it was a fox. A fox-like figure (jackal?) is depicted on a zodiac from Dendera among the northern constellations [EAT III, 72ff., Nr. 54 (Dendera B)]; see also [Kurtik 1990, 248, 253].
         Mesopotamian representations of the constellation are unknown; apparently it was a fox. A fox-like figure (jackal?) is depicted on a zodiac from Dendera among the northern constellations [EAT III, 72ff., Nr. 54 (Dendera B)]; see also [Kurtik 1990<ref>''Куртик Г.Е.'' Астрономия древнего Египта // ИАИ. 1990. Вып. XXII. C. 207-256.</ref>, 248, 253].


==== III. Deity. ====
==== III. Deity. ====
         The constellation of the Fox is associated with Erra, the god of war, anarchy, famine, and plague, sometimes identified with Nergal [MNM II, 669; Roberts 1972, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938, 329]. Hence the correspondence of Fox - Mars and the unfavorable predictions arising because of it. The association of the Fox with Erra seems to be explained by the negative perception that developed in Mesopotamia in relation to the fox [Reynolds 1998, 351-352]. <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A is mentioned among the constellation deities in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18].
         The constellation of the Fox is associated with Erra, the god of war, anarchy, famine, and plague, sometimes identified with Nergal [MNM II, 669; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 329]. Hence the correspondence of Fox - Mars and the unfavorable predictions arising because of it. The association of the Fox with Erra seems to be explained by the negative perception that developed in Mesopotamia in relation to the fox [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 351-352]. <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A is mentioned among the constellation deities in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:18].


==== IV. Identification. ====
==== IV. Identification. ====
         = g Ursae Majoris [G. 205; Weidner 1957-59, 80a; 1959-60, 108].
         = g Ursae Majoris [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 205; Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":6">''Weidner  E. '' Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 80a; 1959-60<ref name=":6" />, 108].


         = 80-86 Ursae Majoris (?) [BPO 2, p. 7, 12; MA, 137; ASM, 272].
         = 80-86 Ursae Majoris (?) [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, p. 7, 12; MA<ref name=":5" />, 137; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 272].


         = part of the Big Dipper [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C;
         = part of the Big Dipper [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C;


= Ursa Major, Horowitz 2014, 246].
         = Ursa Major, Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4" />, 246].


==== V. Astrology. ====
==== V. Astrology. ====
⚫
         Identifications:


⚫
==== Identifications: ====
         (1) = Mars; see above.
         (1) = Mars; see above.


         Predictions:
==== Predictions: ====
⚫
         (2) View of Fox as planet Mars(?); (a) <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A MUL.BI NU SA<sub>5</sub> [...] "Fox, its star is not red" [BPO 2, II 3a], (b) <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A ''ina'' SAR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-diš'' SA<sub>5</sub> ''u'' [...] "The star at its rising is very red and [...] [ibid., II 4a], (c). DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A | KUR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | (glossary: ''mu-ul ka-a ni-pi-iḫ'') [xxx]x a<sup>!</sup>-dir | [xxx] ... "If the Fox at its rising [...] is dark ..." [ARAK<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 49 r. 9].


         (3) General astrological meaning; <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''pu-lu-ši'' "Fox for (predicting) the destruction of houses" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 4]; parallel [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, III 8].
⚫
         (2) View of Fox as planet Mars(?); (a) <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A MUL.BI NU SA<sub>5</sub> [...] "Fox, its star is not red" [BPO 2, II 3a], (b) <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A ''ina'' SAR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-diš'' SA<sub>5</sub> ''u'' [...] "The star at its rising is very red and [...] [ibid., II 4a], (c). DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A | KUR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | (glossary: ''mu-ul ka-a ni-pi-iḫ'') [xxx]x a<sup>!</sup>-dir | [xxx] ... "If the Fox at its rising [...] is dark ..." [ARAK, 49 r. 9].


         (3) General astrological meaning; <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''pu-lu-ši'' "Fox for (predicting) the destruction of houses" [BPO 2, II 4]; parallel [ibid., III 8].
         (4) The Fox (= Mars) in Scorpius; <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub>.ME ''pu-lu-ši ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB DU-''ma'' "The Fox (which) for the destruction of houses stands in Scorpius" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 36, Parallels to II 4].


         See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 54:15; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 205, III B.2].
         (4) The Fox (= Mars) in Scorpius; <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub>.ME ''pu-lu-ši ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB DU-''ma'' "The Fox (which) for the destruction of houses stands in Scorpius" [BPO 2, 36, Parallels to II 4].

         See also [ACh Suppl., 54:15; G. 205, III B.2].


== Historical Dictionaries ==
== Historical Dictionaries ==
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[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

[[Category:Wayne4work]]
[[Category:4workWayne]]

Latest revision as of 07:48, 16 September 2025

Babylonian constellation KA5 (Fox) in Stellarium (CC BY SMH2019).

mulKA5.A (𒀯𒈜𒀀), (mul)Šēlebu (𒀯𒊺𒇷𒁍), "The Fox", is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in (Ursa Major), [Gössmann[1] 205; BPO 2[2], 12; CAD[3] Š/2, 270]. As suggested identification is the star 80 UMa above the pole of the Big Dipper but as the fox is drawn in the Denderah Zodiac, it likely covers a larger area rather than referring to only one star.[4]

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Var. readings:

  • mulLUL.A, (KA5.A)
  • mulKA10 (mulKA5.A)
  • = šēlebu "Fox".
Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Sumerian monolingual lists: mulka5.a [MSL XI[5], 137, Forrerunner 2, rev. ii 8; Emar VI/4[6], 154:116].
  • (2) Urra XXII series: mulka5.a = še-la-bu [Emar VI/4[6], 151:177], mulka5.a = še-le-bu [MSL XI[5], 31, Section 11:5′], mulka5 = še-el(var.: šel)-le-bi [SpTU III[7], 114A v 62; Bloch-Horowitz 2015[8], 111:322ʹ].
"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."
  • Neo-Assyrian prayer: mulKA5.A [Oppenheim 1959[9], 283:18].
"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)." [[I think that we will simplify things by just giving Horowitz 2014 page numbers for each section with the Appendix A listing as well - right now this is all a mess - I can do this pretty easily and quickly]]???

Astrolabe B

  • (1) List (12´3): mul ša egir-šu mulka5.[a] "The star which is behind it (i.e. mulŠul-pa-e3 = Jupiter) (stands, it is) is "the Fox" (B iii 24).
  • (2) List (3´12): [itiše] ... mulka5.a šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "The month of addar: ...Fox (on the path of) Enlil (rising)" (C iii 12).
  • (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is addar, sunset is ulul [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014, 39, rev. col. iii 6; 40], see (Kurtik k24) KU6; for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 29].

Astrolabe P.

  • Month of addar, stars of Anu, 90 [Horowitz 2014[10], 141, Pinches 1900[11], 575]

[[still issue of LBAT 1499 vs mukallimtu as Alb P)??

BM 82923. 
  • Month of addar, stars Anu: mulKA5.A // 1,[3]0 // dEN mu-uš-mit "Fox // 90 // Lord who kills" [Walker-Hunger 1977[12], 29-30:35].
BM 34713.
  • Month of Nisan, stars of An: múlka5.a [LBAT[13], 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.
The stars of Ea, An, and Enlil.
  • List of the 12 stars of An (no. 11): mulka5.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b[14], 212].
EAE.

See. [BPO 2[2], II 3a, 4-4a, III 8, 29].

MUL.APIN.
  • The stars of Enlil (no. 16): MUL ša2 KI za-ri-i ša2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu / mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš-ri DINGIRmeš  "The star that stands on the drawbar of the Wagon: the Fox, Erra, the strong among the gods" (I i 16-17) [MA[15], 23]; for a possible parallel see MLC 1866 (iii 18-19).
"Reports."

See. [ARAK[16], 49 r. 9, 563:4].

"Great Star List and Miscellenia." [[cc at university GSL files???]]
  • (1) List of the names of Mars: mulka5.a = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) "Fox = Mars";
  • (2) mulza-ru-u2 = ma-šad-du "Drawbar = Drawbar";
  • (3) 12 stars of Amurru: mulka5.a;
  • (4) 7 names of Mars (7 zik-ru-šu): ulka5.a [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:93, 162, 220, 238]; see also [SpTU I[17], 50:37-38; Weidner 1959-60[18], 107:24 u. Anm.].
Uranology Group

MLC 1866.

  • MUL ša2 it-ti za-r[u mulMAR.GID2.DA] / GUB-zu mul˹KA5.A dEr3-ra˺ gaš-ri [DINGIR.MEŠ] "The star that on the drawbar [of the Wagon] / stands, Lysa, the god Erra, is strong [amongst the gods]" (col. iii 18-19) [Beaulieu et al. 2018[19], 37, 41].
The list of "7 Enlils."

See (Kurtik e10) dEn-lil2.

The list of "4 Enlil."
  • Fox correlates with Enlil of Enamtila, see (Kurtik e10) dEn-lil2.
"Ishum and Erra."
  • dEr3-ra ina nap-ḫar DINGIR.MEŠ / ina MUL.<MEŠ> ša2-ma-mi mulKA5.˹A˺ […] "Erra among all the gods / Among the stars of heaven, the Fox [...]" [Al-Rawi-Black 1989[20], 118:15-16, 122, notes].
Anaphora.
  • А 3427:
    • [… ina] itibar2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlKA10 ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI)
    • "[In] the month of Nisan at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Fox emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955[21], 239:25].
    • [[for all Anaphora - add in F Rochberg article???]]

Additional

II. Symbol.

         Mesopotamian representations of the constellation are unknown; apparently it was a fox. A fox-like figure (jackal?) is depicted on a zodiac from Dendera among the northern constellations [EAT III, 72ff., Nr. 54 (Dendera B)]; see also [Kurtik 1990[22], 248, 253].

III. Deity.

         The constellation of the Fox is associated with Erra, the god of war, anarchy, famine, and plague, sometimes identified with Nergal [MNM II, 669; Roberts 1972[23], 21-29; Tallqvist 1938[24], 329]. Hence the correspondence of Fox - Mars and the unfavorable predictions arising because of it. The association of the Fox with Erra seems to be explained by the negative perception that developed in Mesopotamia in relation to the fox [Reynolds 1998[25], 351-352]. mulKA5.A is mentioned among the constellation deities in the Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Oppenheim 1959[26], 283:18].

IV. Identification.

         = g Ursae Majoris [Gössmann[1] 205; Weidner 1957-59[27], 80a; 1959-60[27], 108].

         = 80-86 Ursae Majoris (?) [BPO 2[2], p. 7, 12; MA[15], 137; ASM[28], 272].

         = part of the Big Dipper [Mesop.Astrol.[29], 207, App. C;

         = Ursa Major, Horowitz 2014[10], 246].

V. Astrology.

Identifications:

         (1) = Mars; see above.

Predictions:

         (2) View of Fox as planet Mars(?); (a) mulKA5.A MUL.BI NU SA5 [...] "Fox, its star is not red" [BPO 2, II 3a], (b) mulKA5.A ina SAR-šu2 ma-diš SA5 u [...] "The star at its rising is very red and [...] [ibid., II 4a], (c). DIŠ mulKA5.A | KUR-šu2 | (glossary: mu-ul ka-a ni-pi-iḫ) [xxx]x a!-dir | [xxx] ... "If the Fox at its rising [...] is dark ..." [ARAK[30], 49 r. 9].

         (3) General astrological meaning; mulKA5.A ana E2.MEŠ pu-lu-ši "Fox for (predicting) the destruction of houses" [BPO 2[2], II 4]; parallel [ibid.[2], III 8].

         (4) The Fox (= Mars) in Scorpius; mulKA5.A ana E2.ME pu-lu-ši ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB DU-ma "The Fox (which) for the destruction of houses stands in Scorpius" [BPO 2[2], 36, Parallels to II 4].

         See also [ACh Suppl.[31], 54:15; Gössmann[1] 205, III B.2].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, k06) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: mulLUL.A, mulKA10; = šēlebu «Лиса»; созвездие в Большой Медведице (Ursa Majoris) (?) [G. 205; BPO 2, 12; CAD Š/2, 270].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки: mulka5.a [MSL XI, 137, Forrerunner 2, rev. ii 8; Emar VI/4, 154:116]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulka5.a = še-la-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:177], mulka5.a = še-le-bu [MSL XI, 31, Section 11:5′], mulka5 = še-el(вар.: šel)-le-bi [SpTU III, 114A v 62; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:322ʹ]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulKA5.A [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Ану, 90 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu mulka5.[a] «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е mulŠul-pa-e3 = Юпитер) (стоит, это) Лиса» (B iii 24). (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulka5.a šu[-ut dEn-lil2] «Месяц аддару: …Лиса (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 12). (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход — аддару, заход — улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014, 39, rev. col. iii 6; 40], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923.  Месяц аддару, звезды Ану: mulKA5.A // 1,[3]0 // dEN mu-uš-mit «Лиса // 90 // Господин, который убивает» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 29–30:35]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Ану: múlka5.a  [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 11): mulka5.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, II 3a, 4–4a, III 8, 29]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 16): MUL ša2 KI za-ri-i ša2 mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu / mulKA5.A dEr3-ra gaš-ri DINGIRmeš «Звезда, которая на дышле Повозки стоит: Лиса, Эрра, сильный среди богов» (I i 16–17) [MA, 23]; возможная параллель см. MLC 1866 (iii 18–19). «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 49 r. 9, 563:4]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulka5.a = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Лиса = Марс»; (2) mulza-ru-u2 = ma-šad-du «Дышло = Дышло»; (3) 12 звезд Амурру: mulka5.a; (4) 7 имен Марса (7 zik-ru-šu): ulka5.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:93, 162, 220, 238]; см. также [SpTU I, 50:37–38; Weidner 1959–60, 107:24 u. Anm.]. MLC 1866. MUL ša2 it-ti za-r[u mulMAR.GID2.DA] / GUB-zu mul˹KA5.A dEr3-ra˺ gaš-ri [DINGIR.MEŠ] «Звезда, которая на дышле [Повозки] / стоит, Лиса, бог Эрра сильный [среди богов]» (col. iii 18–19) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41]. Список «7 Энлилей». См. e10dEn-lil2. Список «4-х Энлилей». Лиса соотносится с Энлилем из Энамтилы, см. e10dEn-lil2. «Ишум и Эрра». der3-ra ina nap-ḫar DINGIR.MEŠ / ina MUL.<MEŠ> ša2-ma-mi mulKA5.˹A˺ […] «Эрра среди всех богов / Среди звезд небесных, Лиса […]» [Al-Rawi–Black 1989, 118:15–16, 122, notes]. Анафора. А 3427: [… ina] itibar2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlKA10 ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[В] месяце нисану в полдень(?) 29-го дня Лиса испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:25].

II. Символ.

Месопотамские изображения созвездия неизвестны; по-видимому, это была лиса. Похожая на лису фигура (шакал?) изображена на зодиаке из Дендеры среди северных созвездий [EAT III, 72ff., Nr. 54 (Dendera B)]; см. также [Куртик 1990, 248, 253].

III. Божество.

Созвездие Лиса связано с Эррой, богом войны, анархии, голода и чумы, отождествляемым иногда с Нергалом [МНМ II, 669; Roberts 1972, 21–29; Tallqvist 1938, 329]. Отсюда соответствие Лиса ― Марс и возникающие из-за этого неблагоприятные предсказания. Связь Лисы с Эррой объясняется, по-видимому, тем негативным восприятием, которое сложилось в Месопотамии по отношению к лисе [Reynolds 1998, 351–352]. mulKA5.A упоминается среди божеств-созвездий в новоассирийской молитве ночным богам [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18].

IV. Отождествление.

= g Ursae Majoris [G. 205; Weidner 1957–59, 80a; 1959–60, 108].

= 80–86 Ursae Majoris (?) [BPO 2, p. 7, 12; MA, 137; ASM, 272].

= часть Большой Медведицы [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1)  = Марс; см. выше.

Предсказания:

(2) Вид Лисы как планеты Марс(?); a) mulKA5.A MUL.BI NU SA5 […] «Лиса, звезда его не красная» [BPO 2, II 3a], b) mulKA5.A ina SAR-šu2 ma-diš SA5 u […] «Звезда при своем восходе очень красная и […] [ibid., II 4a], с). DIŠ mulKA5.A | KUR-šu2 | (глосса: mu-ul ka-a ni-pi-iḫ) [xxx]x a!-dir | [xxx] … «Если Лиса при своем восходе [...] темная …» [ARAK, 49 r. 9].

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; mulKA5.A ana E2.MEŠ pu-lu-ši «Лиса для (предсказания) разрушения домов» [BPO 2, II 4]; параллель [ibid., III 8].

(4) Лиса (= Марс) в Скорпионе; mulKA5.A ana E2.ME pu-lu-ši ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB DU-ma «Лиса, (которая) для разрушения домов, в Скорпионе стоит» [BPO 2, 36, Parallels to II 4].

См. также [ACh Suppl., 54:15; G. 205, III B.2].

Example
Kurtik (2022, sh07)

(mul)Šēlebu
аккадская параллель к mulKA5.A «Лиса» в лексических текстах, см. k06KA5.A

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  3. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  4. ↑ Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt). in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, pages 524-541
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 D. Arnaud. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).
  7. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  8. ↑ Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
  9. ↑ Oppenheim A.L. A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
  11. ↑ Pinches T.G. Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.
  12. ↑ Walker C.B.F., Hunger H. Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.
  13. ↑ A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
  14. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  16. ↑ Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
  17. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  18. ↑ Weidner  E.  Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
  19. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  20. ↑ Al-Rawi F.N.H., Black J.A. The Second Tablet of "Išum and Erra" // Iraq. 1989. V. 51. P. 111-122.
  21. ↑ Schaumberger J. Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.
  22. ↑ Куртик Г.Е. Астрономия древнего Египта // ИАИ. 1990. Вып. XXII. C. 207-256.
  23. ↑ Roberts J.J.M. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.
  24. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  25. ↑ Reynolds F. Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.
  26. ↑ Oppenheim A.L. A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Weidner  E.  Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
  28. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  29. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  30. ↑ Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
  31. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
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