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{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAM, ''kippatu''}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAM, ''kippatu''}}
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[[File:Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism The Circle, Dignity, GAM-''ti.'']]GAM = ''kippatu'', 'The Circle'. An astermism whose literal name in Sumerian and Akkadian is 'The circle.'  It is also used as an alternative name for [[Corona Borealis]] (also called "asterism of dignity"), (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A]], perhaps in reference to the circular element at the constellations bottom edge. Lexical evidence suggests that the Sumerian reading for this meaning of the sign GAM is gur<sub>2</sub>. Writings of the asterism's name GAM-''ti'' add the phonetic complement 'ti' to assure the Akkadian ''kippatu''.
[[File:Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele.jpg|thumb|Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele, God of Ur with Enlil & Tree of Life, c. 2060 BCE.]]
[[File:Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele.jpg|thumb|Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele, God of Ur with Enlil & Tree of Life, c. 2060 BCE.]]
[[File:Enlil withDignitySymbol.jpg|thumb|Enlil with Ring+Rod-symbol of dignity, painted by Jessica Gullberg. It is well possible that Enlil was imagined in the constellation that later became the Greek "Ploughman", Bootes, and that CrB was imagined the ring+rod emblem (SMH).]]
⚫
GAM = ''kippatu'', 'The Circle'. An astermism whose literal name in Sumerian and Akkadian is 'The circle.'  It is also used as an alternative name for [[Corona Borealis]] (also called "asterism of dignity"), (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A]], perhaps in reference to the circular element at the constellations bottom edge. Lexical evidence suggests that the Sumerian reading for this meaning of the sign GAM is gur<sub>2</sub>. Writings of the asterism's name GAM-''ti'' add the phonetic complement 'ti' to assure the Akkadian ''kippatu''.

 The image intended by the name 'The Circle' matches pictorial evidence for 'the rod and ring' in Mesopotamian art. See e.g. most recently Abrahm 2011<ref>M Abram (2011). A New Look at the Mesopotamian Rod and Ring. Studia Antiqua, Volume 10 Number 1 Article 5, BYU ScholarsArchive <nowiki>https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu</nowiki></ref> and Slansky<ref>Slanski, “The Mesopotamian 'Rod and Ring': Icon of Righteous Kingship and Balance of Power between Palace and Temple,” in Regime Change in the Ancient Near.</ref> what ever year it is.'
 The image intended by the name 'The Circle' matches pictorial evidence for 'the rod and ring' in Mesopotamian art. See e.g. most recently Abrahm 2011<ref>M Abram (2011). A New Look at the Mesopotamian Rod and Ring. Studia Antiqua, Volume 10 Number 1 Article 5, BYU ScholarsArchive <nowiki>https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu</nowiki></ref> and Slansky<ref>Slanski, “The Mesopotamian 'Rod and Ring': Icon of Righteous Kingship and Balance of Power between Palace and Temple,” in Regime Change in the Ancient Near.</ref> what ever year it is.'


==Dictionary==
==Dictionary==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
The translation ''<nowiki/>'ring''' is occasionally given but we find it inappropriate. ''kippatu'' in CAD K with jewelry but a loop is good - lets look at scepter and loops in art
[[File:Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism The Circle, Dignity, GAM/ GAM-''ti.'' In Stellarium painted as a horncrown of Babylonian deities by Jessica Gullberg.]]The translation ''<nowiki/>'ring''' is occasionally given but we find it inappropriate. ''kippatu'' in CAD K with jewelry but a loop is good - lets look at scepter and loops in art


Var. names: GAM; = <sup>mul</sup>''kippatu'' "Ring, Circle";
Var. names: GAM; = <sup>mul</sup>''kippatu'' "Ring, Circle";

Latest revision as of 06:24, 22 April 2025

Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele, God of Ur with Enlil & Tree of Life, c. 2060 BCE.
Enlil with Ring+Rod-symbol of dignity, painted by Jessica Gullberg. It is well possible that Enlil was imagined in the constellation that later became the Greek "Ploughman", Bootes, and that CrB was imagined the ring+rod emblem (SMH).

GAM = kippatu, 'The Circle'. An astermism whose literal name in Sumerian and Akkadian is 'The circle.'  It is also used as an alternative name for Corona Borealis (also called "asterism of dignity"), (Kurtik b03) BAL.TEŠ2.A, perhaps in reference to the circular element at the constellations bottom edge. Lexical evidence suggests that the Sumerian reading for this meaning of the sign GAM is gur2. Writings of the asterism's name GAM-ti add the phonetic complement 'ti' to assure the Akkadian kippatu.

 The image intended by the name 'The Circle' matches pictorial evidence for 'the rod and ring' in Mesopotamian art. See e.g. most recently Abrahm 2011[1] and Slansky[2] what ever year it is.'

Dictionary

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

The Mesopotamian asterism The Circle, Dignity, GAM/ GAM-ti. In Stellarium painted as a horncrown of Babylonian deities by Jessica Gullberg.

The translation 'ring' is occasionally given but we find it inappropriate. kippatu in CAD K with jewelry but a loop is good - lets look at scepter and loops in art

Var. names: GAM; = mulkippatu "Ring, Circle";

  • 1) = ziqpu III (α Coronae Borealis, Gemma),
  • 2) a group of stars in Corona Borealis [G. 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952].
Sources Identifications
Three Stars Each.  

Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme:

  • ˹kip-pat˺ as asterism of Anu — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Tebet, see (Kurtik d05) Dilbat 1502.
  • dPA u dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | kip!-pat! ana ziq-pi 30 [...] "Shullat and Hanish - (asterism) Antagubba. The ring culminates 30 [...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46].

Observations during the time of Sargon II:

  • ina U[GU] / mulkip-pi-te u2-s[ar-ri] / ina UGU MUL taš-ka-[a-ti] / [i]t-tu-u2-aḫ [xx]
  • "(The storm) beg[an] (during the culmination) of the Ring and [su]bsided (when the stars of the) Tripl[ets] (culminated)". [Lanfranchi-Parpola 1990, 249:12ʹ-15ʹ].
Lists of ziqpu stars.
  • (1) AO 6478:
    • (a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ i-na qaq-qa-ri | 21 IGI 6 ME DAN[NA i-na šamê(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN. ANŠE EGIR-ti | EN m[ulGAM-ti] "2 min weights, 120 on the ground, 21600 miles in the sky / From the Hind section of the Rope to the Ri[ng]",
    • b) 2½ MA. NA MIN | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (=ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM-ti | EN MUL ša2 maš-a-ti "2½ min weight, 150 on earth, 27000 miles in the sky, from the Ring to the star from the Twins"  [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7-10; TU, 21:7-10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
  • (2) VAT 16436: múlkip-pat // 9 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "ring // 9 (stars) / 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-227:20].
  • (3) Sippar Planisphere:
    • a) 12 UŠ ana [mulGAM-ti] "120 to the [Ring]" (rev. 3),
    • b) mul[GAM-t]i "[Rin]g," a circle of 9 points in the diagram (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:3, 176-178].
GU-text.
  • (P) ˹mul˺kip-pat kimin igi mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz gu
  • "Ring (ziqpu III: α CrB), or eye of Zababa (η Oph), Sharur (and) Shargas (λ, υ Sco)=: string" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:26]; according to [Koch 1992, 59], igi mulZa-ba4-ba4 is υ Oph.
The Mesopotamian asterism of Dignity/ The Circle, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).
Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-star.

See. [Schaumberger 1955, 247-251].

"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."
  • (1) A[N...]/ 3 KUŠ3 SIG kip-pat IGI "Mars appeared 3 cubits below the Ring" [AD II, No.-234: 7-9].
  • (2) When describing the motion of comets: KUŠ? e kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu2 ana ULU3 "...cubits? above the Ring, its tail to the south". [AD III, No.-162 r. 9].
Late astrology.

W 22554/2: ki-i múlkip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu dSîn(30) attalû(AN.GI6) u2-ša[r-r]u-u2 "If the Ring culminates (and) the lunar eclipse should begin..." [SpTU III, 102:18]. See also U.197 obv. 5': múlkip-pat [...] [Sachs 1952, 74].

Additional

II. Identification.

          Constellation:

          = α, β Coronae Borealis [G. 65];

          = stars with great brilliance in the western part of the Northern Corona; according to VAT 16436:3, contains 9 stars [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; it is α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, according to [ASM, 88].

          = Corona Borealis [ASM, 271].

          Ziqpu III:

        = α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree-Walker 1988, 321; Koch 1992, 59; ASM, 86].

          See also (Kurtik b02) BAL.TEŠ2.A.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, g05) Gössmann (1950)
вар. названия: GAM; = mulkippatu «Кольцо, Круг»; 1) = ziqpu III (α Coronae Borealis, Гемма), 2) группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis) [G. 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952].

I. Источники.

Наблюдение времен Саргона II: ina U[GU] / mulkip-pi-te u2-s[ar-ri] / ina UGU MUL taš-ka-[a-ti] / [i]t-tu-u2-aḫ [xx] «(Шторм) нач[ался] (во время кульминации) Кольца и [у]тих (когда кульминировали звезды) Трой[ни]» [Lanfranchi–Parpola 1990, 249:12ʹ–15ʹ]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ i-na qaq-qa-ri | 21 IGI 6 ME DAN[NA i-na šamê(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti | EN m[ulGAM-ti] «2 мины веса, 120 на земле, 21600 миль на небе / От Задней части Упряжи до Ко[льцa]», b) 2½ MA.NA MIN | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (=ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM-ti | EN MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «2½ мины веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль на небе от Кольца до звезды из Пары»  [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7–10; TU, 21:7–10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16436: múlkip-pat // 9 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Кольцо // 9 (звезд) / 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:20]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: a) 12 UŠ ana [mulGAM-ti] «120 до [Кольца]» (rev. 3), b) mul[GAM-t]i «[Кольц]о», на диаграмме кружочек из 9 точек (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:3, 176–178]. GU-текст. (P) ˹mul˺kip-pat kimin igi mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz gu «Кольцо (ziqpu III: α CrB), или глаз Забабы (η Oph), Шарур (и) Шаргаз (λ, υ Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:26]; cогласно [Koch 1992, 59], igi mulZa-ba4-ba4 — υ Oph. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) A[N...] / 3 KUŠ3 SIG kip-pat IGI «Марс появился на 3 локтя ниже Кольца» [AD II, No.-234: 7–9]. (2) При описании движения кометы: KUŠ? e kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu2 ana ULU3 «…локтей? выше Кольца, ее хвост к югу» [AD III, No.-162 r. 9]. Текст Nv. 10. Интеркаляционная схема: ˹kip-pat˺ как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце тебету, см. d05DIL.BAT 1502. dPA u dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA |  kip!-pat! ana ziq-pi 30 […] «Шуллат и Ханиш — (звезда) Антагубба. Кольцо кульминирует 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46]. Поздняя астрология. W 22554/2: ki-i múlkip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu dSîn(30) attalû(AN.GI6) u2-ša[r-r]u-u2 «Если Кольцо кульминирует (и) лунное затмение должно начаться...» [SpTU III, 102:18]. См. также U.197 obv. 5': múlkip-pat […] [Sachs 1952, 74].

II. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

=  α, β Coronae Borealis [G. 65];

= звезды с большим блеском в западной части Северной Короны; согласно VAT 16436:3, содержит 9 звезд [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; это α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, согласно [ASM, 88].

= Corona Borealis [ASM, 271].

Ziqpu III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321; Koch 1992, 59; ASM, 86].

См. также b02BAL.TEŠ2.A.

Example
Kurtik (2022, k19)
= mulGAM-ti «Кольцо, круг»; = ziqpu III, группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis); см. g05GAM-ti, b03BAL.TEŠ2.A.

References

  1. ↑ M Abram (2011). A New Look at the Mesopotamian Rod and Ring. Studia Antiqua, Volume 10 Number 1 Article 5, BYU ScholarsArchive https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu
  2. ↑ Slanski, “The Mesopotamian 'Rod and Ring': Icon of Righteous Kingship and Balance of Power between Palace and Temple,” in Regime Change in the Ancient Near.
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