ḪUL: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 11:14, 13 September 2025

^mulḪUL (𒀯𒅆𒌨) = ^mulLumnu (𒀯𒇻𒁾𒉡) = lumnu, 'The Evil Star,' is an ancient Mesopotamian name for Mars. For the malefic nature of Mars, see Rochberg 2010^[1]: 135-142, reprint of Rochberg Sachs Mem.Vol. 323-328.

Images of Mars

Close Conjunction of Jupiter (brighter) and Mars (reddish) under Orion (upper right), seen from Cape Town (SMH 2024)
Closest Conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 2024 (Cape Town, SMH).
Jupiter, Mars and Pleiades at Dawn (SMH 2024).
Jupiter, Mars, Pleiaden in a slightly cloudy morning twilight (SMH 2024).
Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH January 2025).
Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH February 2025).
Mars extremly close to epsilon Geminorum (14 April 2023), seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH).
One day after the close conjunction of Mars with epsilon Geminorum; seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023). The planet then had a visible separation from the star.
Mars in the Open Star Cluster Praesepe (M44) in Cancer (2023)
Mars next to a tower in Central Europe: its reddish colour is extraordinarily obvious (SMH 2025).
Mars two moon widths next to the Moon, photograph at full moon taken through a window in order to produce a dimmer image of the full moon next to Mars: the planet is at the right edge of the Moon. (SMH January 2025).

Concordance, Etymology, History

= ^mulLumnu "Evil (star)"; a name for Mars, and one occasion Mars identified with Mercury. [AHw^[2], 563-564; CAD^[3] L, 250; Gössmann^[4] 187; Reynolds 1998^[5]]

Epithet of Mars ... perhaps Mercury (?)

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Sources	Identifications
Lexical texts. Series Ḫg. B VI: ^mulḫul = lum-num₂ = MIN(=^dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) "Evil (star) = Evil = ditto(= Mars)." [MSL XI^[6], 40:30].	Example
EAE. See. [Borger 1973^[7], LB 1321 r. 37′].
"The Great Star List and Miscellenia". (1) List of names of Mars: ^mulḫul = ^dmin(^dṣal-bat-a-nu), ^mullu-um-nu = ^dmin (^dṣal-bat-a-nu) "evil (star) = ditto(Mars)". (2) 7 names of Mars (7 zik-ru-šu): ^ulḫul "Evil (star)". [Mesop.Astrol.^[8], App.B: 92, 98, 238].

Additional

II. Astrology.

(1) Evil star = Mars or Mercury (?); DIŠ ad-riš TU ^mulḪUL: ^dṣal-bat-a-nu: ^dUDU.IDIM.GU₄.UD-ma MAŠ₂.ANŠE [...] "If the Evil (star) sets into darkness, (it means) Mars (or?) Mercury: cattle [...]". [ACh Šamaš^[9], 13:23], see also [Reynolds 1998^[10], 351].

(2) Evil star and Jupiter; BE ^<mul>lu-um-nu ina IGI ^dŠul-pa-e₃ SU.GU₇ [...] "If the Evil (star) (stands) ahead of Shulpae: famine [...] [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:5]; BE ^<mul>lu-um-nu EGIR ^dŠul-pa-e₃ MU BI DAM-šu [...] "If the Evil (star) (stands) behind Shulpae: this year his wife [...] [ACh Suppl.^[11] 2, 78:6].

(3) Red Star = Evil Star = Mars; DIŠ ^mulsa₅ ^mulṣal-bat-a-nu: ^mullum-nu mul [ṣal]-[bat-a-nu] "Red Star, Mars = Evil (star), M[ars ...]". [Borger 1973^[12], 41 r. 37′].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, h08) ^mulḪUL	Gössmann (1950)
^mulḪUL = ^mulLumnu «Злая (звезда)»; эпитет Марса и Меркурия(?) [AHw, 563–4; CAD L, 250; G. 187; Reynolds 1998]. I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: ^mulḫul = lum-num₂ = MIN(=^dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Злая (звезда) = Злой = ditto(= Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:30]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 37′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: ^mulḫul = ^dmin(^dṣal-bat-a-nu), ^mullu-um-nu = ^dmin (^dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Злая (звезда) = ditto(Марс)». (2) 7 имен Марса (7 zik-ru-šu): ^ulḫul «Злая (звезда)» [Mesop.Astrol., App.B: 92, 98, 238]. II. Астрология. (1) Злая звезда = Марс или Меркурий (?); DIŠ ad-riš TU ^mulḪUL : ^dṣal-bat-a-nu : ^dUDU.IDIM.GU₄.UD-ma MAŠ₂.ANŠE […] «Если Злая (звезда) заходит темной, (это означает) Марс (или?) Меркурий: скот […]» [ACh Šamaš, 13:23], см. также [Reynolds 1998, 351]. (2) Злая звезда и Юпитер; BE ^<mul>lu-um-nu ina IGI ^dŠul-pa-e₃ SU.GU₇ […] «Если Злая (звезда) впереди Шульпаэ (стоит): голод […] [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:5]; BE ^<mul>lu-um-nu EGIR ^dŠul-pa-e₃ MU BI DAM-šu […] «Если Злая (звезда) позади Шульпаэ (стоит): в этом году его жена […] [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:6]. (3) Красная звезда = Злая звезда = Марс; DIŠ ^mulsa₅ ^mulṣal-bat-a-nu : ^mullum-nu mul [ṣal]-[bat-a-nu …] «Красная звезда, Марс = Злая (звезда), М[арс …] [Borger 1973, 41 r. 37′].	Example
Kurtik (2022, L20) ^mulLumnu
^mulLumnu = ^mulḪUL «Злая звезда»; эпитет Марса и Меркурия (?) [AHw, 563–564; CAD L, 250; G. 187; Reynolds 1998], см. h08ḪUL.

References

Kurtik's references

↑ Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
↑ Reynolds F. Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.
↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
↑ Reynolds F. Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.
↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912).
↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.

[1] Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.

[2] Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.

[3] The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...

[4] Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).

[5] Reynolds F. Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.

[6] Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.

[7] Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.

[8] Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.

[9] Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)

[10] Reynolds F. Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.

[11] Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912).

[12] Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+<sup>mul</sup>ḪUL (𒀯𒅆𒌨) = <sup>mul</sup>''Lumnu'' (𒀯𒇻𒁾𒉡) = ''lumnu,'' 'The Evil Star,' is an ancient Mesopotamian name for Mars. For the malefic nature of Mars, see Rochberg 2010<ref>Rochberg, F. (2010). In the Path of the Moon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</ref>: 135-142, reprint of Rochberg Sachs Mem.Vol. 323-328.
-<sup>mul</sup>ḪUL is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
+{{Template:Mars}}
+==Concordance, Etymology, History==
+= <sup>mu''l''</sup>''Lumnu'' "Evil (star)"; a name for Mars, and one occasion Mars identified with Mercury.  [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 563-564; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 250; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 187; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>]
+* Epithet of Mars ... perhaps Mercury (?)
-==Dictionary==
-= <sup>mul</sup>Lumnu "Evil (star)"; an epithet of Mars and Mercury(?) [AHw, 563-4; CAD L, 250; G. 187; Reynolds 1998].
 ===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 9: / Line 14: @@
 |-
 |'''Lexical texts.'''
+Series Ḫg. B VI:
-Series Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>ḫul = lum-num<sub>2</sub> = MIN(=<sup>d</sup>ṣal-[bat-a-nu]) "Evil (star) = Evil = ditto(= Mars)." [MSL XI, 40:30]. ||Example
+* <sup>mul</sup>''ḫul'' = ''lum-num''<sub>2</sub> = MIN(=<sup>d</sup>''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''])
+* "Evil (star) = Evil = ditto(= Mars)." [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:30].
+|Example
 |-
 |'''EAE.'''
+See. [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 37′].
-See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 37′].
 |
 |-
 |'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
+* (1) List of names of Mars:
-(1) List of names of Mars: <sup>mul</sup>ḫul = <sup>d</sup>min(<sup>d</sup>ṣal-bat-a-nu), <sup>mul</sup>lu-um-nu = <sup>d</sup>min (<sup>d</sup>ṣal-bat-a-nu) "evil (star) = ditto(Mars)". (2) 7 names of Mars (7 zik-ru-šu): <sup>ul</sup>ḫul "Evil (star)". [Mesop.Astrol., App.B: 92, 98, 238].
+** <sup>mul</sup>ḫul = <sup>d</sup>min(<sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu''),
+** <sup>mul</sup>''lu-um-nu'' = <sup>d</sup>min (<sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "evil (star) = ditto(Mars)".
+* (2) 7 names of Mars (7 ''zik-ru-šu''): <sup>ul</sup>ḫul "Evil (star)". [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App.B: 92, 98, 238].
 |
 |}
 ===Additional===
-         '''II. Astrology.'''
+==== II. Astrology. ====
-         (1) Evil star = Mars or Mercury (?); DIŠ ad-riš TU <sup>mul</sup>ḪUL: <sup>d</sup>ṣal-bat-a-nu: <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD-ma MAŠ<sub>2</sub>.ANŠE [...] "If the Evil (star) sets into darkness, (it means) Mars (or?) Mercury: cattle [...]". [ACh Šamaš, 13:23], see also [Reynolds 1998, 351].
+         (1) Evil star = Mars or Mercury (?); DIŠ ''ad-riš'' TU <sup>mul</sup>ḪUL: <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'': <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD-''ma'' MAŠ<sub>2</sub>.ANŠE [...] "If the Evil (star) sets into darkness, (it means) Mars (or?) Mercury: cattle [...]". [ACh Šamaš<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 13:23], see also [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 351].
-         (2) Evil star and Jupiter; BE <sup><mul></sup>lu-um-nu ina IGI <sup>d</sup>Šul-pa-e<sub>3</sub> SU.GU<sub>7</sub> [...] "If the Evil (star) (stands) ahead of Shulpae: famine [...] [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:5]; BE <sup><mul></sup>lu-um-nu EGIR <sup>d</sup>Šul-pa-e<sub>3</sub> MU BI DAM-šu [...] "If the Evil (star) (stands) behind Shulpae: this year his wife [...] [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:6].
+         (2) Evil star and Jupiter; BE <sup><mul></sup>''lu-um-nu ina'' IGI <sup>d</sup>''Šul-pa-e''<sub>3</sub> SU.GU<sub>7</sub> [...] "If the Evil (star) (stands) ahead of Shulpae: famine [...] [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:5]; BE <sup><mul></sup>''lu-um-nu'' EGIR <sup>d</sup>''Šul-pa-e''<sub>3</sub> MU BI DAM-''šu'' [...] "If the Evil (star) (stands) behind Shulpae: this year his wife [...] [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912).</ref> 2, 78:6].
-         (3) Red Star = Evil Star = Mars; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ṣal-bat-a-nu: <sup>mul</sup>lum-nu mul [ṣal]-[bat-a-nu ...] "Red Star, Mars = Evil (star), M[ars ...] [Borger 1973, 41 r. 37′].
+         (3) Red Star = Evil Star = Mars; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''sa''<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'': <sup>mul</sup>''lum-nu mul'' [''ṣal'']-[''bat-a-nu]'' "Red Star, Mars = Evil (star), M[ars ...]". [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41 r. 37′].
 ==Historical Dictionaries==
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, h08)
+! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, h08)  <sup>mul</sup>ḪUL
 ! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
 |-
-|= <sup>mul</sup>Lumnu «Злая (звезда)»; эпитет Марса и Меркурия(?) [AHw, 563–4; CAD L, 250; G. 187; Reynolds 1998].
+|<sup>mul</sup>ḪUL = <sup>mul</sup>Lumnu «Злая (звезда)»; эпитет Марса и Меркурия(?) [AHw, 563–4; CAD L, 250; G. 187; Reynolds 1998].
 I. Источники.
@@ Line 47: / Line 59: @@
 (3) Красная звезда = Злая звезда = Марс; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ṣal-bat-a-nu : <sup>mul</sup>lum-nu mul [ṣal]-[bat-a-nu …] «Красная звезда, Марс = Злая (звезда), М[арс …] [Borger 1973, 41 r. 37′].
 |Example
+|-
+!Kurtik (2022, L20) <sup>mul</sup>Lumnu
+|
+|-
+|<sup>mul</sup>Lumnu = <sup>mul</sup>ḪUL «Злая звезда»; эпитет Марса и Меркурия (?) [AHw, 563–564; CAD L, 250; G. 187; Reynolds 1998], см. h08ḪUL.
+|
 |}
 ==References==
@@ Line 56: / Line 74: @@
 [[Category:Cuneiform]]
 [[Category:Sumerian]]
+[[Category:Solar System]]
+[[Category:Planet]]
+[[Category:Mars]]
+[[Category:Mercury]]

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Images of Mars

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

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ḪUL: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 11:14, 13 September 2025

Images of Mars

Concordance, Etymology, History

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Additional

II. Astrology.

Historical Dictionaries

References

Navigation

Wiki tools

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