UR.GI7: Difference between revisions

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.GI<sub>7</sub>}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.GI<sub>7</sub>}}
[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg|thumb|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg|thumb|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known.
UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known.
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==


==Dictionary==
===Krebernik (2023)===
===Krebernik (2023)===
= ''kalbu'' “dog”. <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (EN 23r).
= ''kalbu'' “dog”. <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (EN 23r).
Line 18: Line 19:


Constellation in southern Hercules (Hercules) [CAD K, 72b; G. 167; 166, I; 119; Kurtik 2018].
Constellation in southern Hercules (Hercules) [CAD K, 72b; G. 167; 166, I; 119; Kurtik 2018].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 54: Line 57:
|Example
|Example
|}
|}
[[File:URGI CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 163323.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UR.GI7 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]


====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Kornephoros]]
|HIP 80816
|Constellation lines
|2.77
|-
|2
| ζ Herculis
| HIP 81693
|Constellation lines
|2.8
|-
|3
|* zet Her A
|HIP 81693
| Constellation lines
|2.88
|-
|4
|* zet Her B
|* zet Her B
|Inside the Hull
|2.94
|-
|5
|[[Sarin]]
|HIP 84379
|Constellation lines
|3.13
|-
|6
|π Herculis
|HIP 84380
|Constellation lines
|3.18
|-
|7
|μ Herculis
|HIP 86974
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.42
|-
|8
|η Herculis
|HIP 81833
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.5
|-
| 9
|γ Herculis
|HIP 80170
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.76
|-
|10
|ϵ Herculis
|HIP 83207
|Constellation lines
|3.92
|-
|11
|69 Her
|HIP 84606
| Inside the Hull
|4.65
|-
|12
|68 Her
|HIP 84573
|Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
|13
|51 Her
|HIP 82504
|Constellation lines
|5.029
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 83947
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.065
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 80843
|Inside the Hull
|5.243
|-
| 16
|59 Her
|HIP 83313
|Inside the Hull
|5.267
|-
|17
|53 Her
|HIP 82587
|Inside the Hull
|5.333
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 84821
|Inside the Hull
|5.357
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 83838
|Inside the Hull
| 5.39
|-
|20
|72 Her
|HIP 84862
|Inside the Hull
|5.39
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 85715
|Inside the Hull
|5.633
|-
|22
|78 Her
|HIP 85790
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|23
| -
| HIP 84691
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|24
|50 Her
|HIP 82422
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 80898
|Inside the Hull
| 5.754
|-
| 26
| -
|HIP 83367
|Inside the Hull
|5.762
|-
|27
|M 13
|M 13
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|28
|39 Her
|HIP 81729
|Inside the Hull
|5.916
|-
| 29
| -
|HIP 81911
| Inside the Hull
|6.01
|-
|30
| -
| HIP 86178
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|31
| 56 Her
| HIP 82780
|Inside the Hull
|6.064
|-
| 32
| -
|HIP 81670
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 83494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 82426
| Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|35
| 63 Her
|HIP 84054
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|36
|61 Her
| HIP 83462
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|37
|57 Her
|HIP 82987
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 83007
|Inside the Hull
|6.326
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 83816
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 83365
|Inside the Hull
|6.383
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 85313
| Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 86130
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|43
| -
|HIP 84934
|Inside the Hull
|6.397
|-
|44
|V959 Her
|HIP 86153
|Inside the Hull
|6.406
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 83834
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|}
===Additional===
===Additional===


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|
|
|-
|-
!Kurtik (2022, K13)
!Kurtik (2022, k13)
!
!
|-
|-
Line 145: Line 429:
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Her]]

Latest revision as of 21:11, 3 December 2025

Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).

UR.GI7 (𒌨𒂠) = kalbu, The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern Hercules. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known.

Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)

= kalbu “dog”. mulUR.GI7 (EN 23r).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Var. readings:

  • mulUR.KU,
  • mulUR.GIRx(ŠE3),
  • mulUR.GIR15;
  • = kalbu 'Dog'; the syllabic entry occurs mainly in lexical texts

The variant readings all make use of the same ancient sign: KU (ŠE3) - full reading gir15, short gi7 with ellipsis of the final consonant.

Constellation in southern Hercules (Hercules) [CAD K, 72b; G. 167; 166, I; 119; Kurtik 2018].

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Unilingual Sumerian star lists: mulur(ur.ma2).girx(ŠE3).ra [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 5a),  mulur.girx(ŠE3) [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 7].
  • (2) Urra XXII Series: [mulur.girx(ŠE3)] = kal-bu [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:e; Weidner 1959–1960, 112, VAT 9430:29], mulur.˹gir15˺ =  k[a-al-bu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 79.B.1/5 iv 11], mulur.k[u] = [kal]-bi [SpTU III, 114A v 32; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:288ʹ].
Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).
  • BM 34713. (error for mulur.idim, see Horowitz 2014: 126).
    • itiapin // 2.20 múlur.gi7 // 1.20 múla-nu-ni-tu2 // 50 múlen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum "Arahsamnu: 140 Dog, 80 Anunitu, 50 Entenabarhum" [LBAT, 1499:8], see also (Kurtik u21) UR.IDIM.
  • Text Nv. 10. (Horowitz 2014: 215-217)
    • (1) Intercalation scheme: ina ˹iti˺ziz2 ki.min mulur.gi7 // 4 šu-ut dEn-lil2 / muldingir.tuš.a.meš // 3 šu-ut dA-nim / mulPa-bil-sag // 2 šu-ut d[E2-a] / 4 6 ša2 mulAN.˹TA˺.GUB.BA // 1 šu-q[a2 sim.maḫ] "In the month of Shabbat respectively: Dog, 4, (asterism in the path of) Enlil, / Sitting gods, 3, (asterism in the path of) Anu, / Pabilsag, 2, (asterism in the path of) [Ea], / 4 (elbows) 6 (fingers) (from) the Upward Standing Star, 1, (to) the heig[hts of the Swallow]" (Obv. 13'-16') [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66, 69].
    • (2) mulur.gi7 is the asterism AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month of Ab, see (Kurtik g06) GAM3 .
 Example
MUL.APIN
  • (1) Stars of Enlil (No. 24): MUL ša2 ina IGI mulUZ3 GUB-zu mulUR.KU “The star that stands in front of the Goat, the Dog” (I i 25)
  • (2) The dates of the heliacal risings are "on the 15th day of Tashritu" (I iii 2), see (Kurtik z11) Zibānītum.
  • (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL.
  • (4) List of ziqpu stars: mulUR.KU, between mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš and mulUZ3 (I iv 4).
  • (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Dog culminates, the Field rises (I iv 29), see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2 = mulIKU [MA, 25, 43, 50, 58, 66].

Text BM 77054 (Parallel to MUL.APIN): see Hunger-Steele 2019: 192.

Great Star List and Miscellenia.
  • (1) mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin(ur.gu.la) "asterism on the head of the Dog = Lion";
  • (2) kun mulur.gi7 = mulim.šu.rin.na al-ma-nu-u "Tail of the Dog = Widow's Furnace" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:138, 155].
Dalbanna-text.
  • §z. mulka ur.gi7 muluz3 mulsag sa.ri u3 mulA2mušen [x x] "The Mouth of the Dog (φ Her), the Goat (δ Her?), the Head of the Wildcat (ι Tel), and the Eagle (ε Aql) [x x]" [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995, 51, 64; ASM, 111]; see also eme ur.gi7 instead of mulka ur.gi7 in [ACh Sin, 13:31].
  • §aa. muleme ur.gi7 "The tongue of the Dog" (τ Her), see (Kurtik g27) GU.LA. List of the "4 Enlils." See (Kurtik e11) dEn-lil2.
 Example
Convex Hull for the stars inside UR.GI7 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 Kornephoros HIP 80816 Constellation lines 2.77
2 ζ Herculis HIP 81693 Constellation lines 2.8
3 * zet Her A HIP 81693 Constellation lines 2.88
4 * zet Her B * zet Her B Inside the Hull 2.94
5 Sarin HIP 84379 Constellation lines 3.13
6 π Herculis HIP 84380 Constellation lines 3.18
7 μ Herculis HIP 86974 Constellation lines (Vertex) 3.42
8 η Herculis HIP 81833 Constellation lines (Vertex) 3.5
9 γ Herculis HIP 80170 Constellation lines (Vertex) 3.76
10 ϵ Herculis HIP 83207 Constellation lines 3.92
11 69 Her HIP 84606 Inside the Hull 4.65
12 68 Her HIP 84573 Inside the Hull 4.8
13 51 Her HIP 82504 Constellation lines 5.029
14 - HIP 83947 Constellation lines (Vertex) 5.065
15 - HIP 80843 Inside the Hull 5.243
16 59 Her HIP 83313 Inside the Hull 5.267
17 53 Her HIP 82587 Inside the Hull 5.333
18 - HIP 84821 Inside the Hull 5.357
19 - HIP 83838 Inside the Hull 5.39
20 72 Her HIP 84862 Inside the Hull 5.39
21 - HIP 85715 Inside the Hull 5.633
22 78 Her HIP 85790 Inside the Hull 5.65
23 - HIP 84691 Inside the Hull 5.68
24 50 Her HIP 82422 Inside the Hull 5.72
25 - HIP 80898 Inside the Hull 5.754
26 - HIP 83367 Inside the Hull 5.762
27 M 13 M 13 Inside the Hull 5.8
28 39 Her HIP 81729 Inside the Hull 5.916
29 - HIP 81911 Inside the Hull 6.01
30 - HIP 86178 Inside the Hull 6.05
31 56 Her HIP 82780 Inside the Hull 6.064
32 - HIP 81670 Inside the Hull 6.07
33 - HIP 83494 Inside the Hull 6.07
34 - HIP 82426 Inside the Hull 6.158
35 63 Her HIP 84054 Inside the Hull 6.2
36 61 Her HIP 83462 Inside the Hull 6.23
37 57 Her HIP 82987 Inside the Hull 6.29
38 - HIP 83007 Inside the Hull 6.326
39 - HIP 83816 Inside the Hull 6.36
40 - HIP 83365 Inside the Hull 6.383
41 - HIP 85313 Inside the Hull 6.39
42 - HIP 86130 Inside the Hull 6.39
43 - HIP 84934 Inside the Hull 6.397
44 V959 Her HIP 86153 Inside the Hull 6.406
45 - HIP 83834 Inside the Hull 6.44

Additional

II. Deity.

      The Dog constellation was apparently observed in the “Mesopotamian sky” already by the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. The name ka-al-bu-[um], ka3-li2-bu-um "Dog", as a royal name, is given in two places in the "Sumerian King List" [Jacobsen 1939, 96-97:26-28, 78-79:7-8]. The sitting dog was originally considered a sacred animal of the goddess Ninisina, the city goddess of Isin. Many dog figurines were found in the temple dedicated to her, which apparently had apotropaic significance. Later, Ninisina was identified with the healing goddess Gula, with the sitting dog as her symbol. On kudurru of the Kassite period and on seals from Neo-Assyrian times, the sitting dog was depicted next to the throne on which Gula sat, see Kurtik [Kurtik 2019]. [Kurtik 2019]. In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, figures of a sitting or standing dog played a protective role, possibly as a remedy against canine rabies [Seidl 1968, 140-143; Seidl 1969, 487; Black-Green 1992, 70]. Clay figurines of dogs were buried for protective purposes in front of temple gates [Wiggermann 1992, 53, 59, 98].

III. Symbol.

      A dog sitting at the feet of the goddess Gula. Description in VAT 9428 r. 10-11: mulUR.GI7 kal-bu ša2 ina UGU ur-ki-ti-šu2 eṣ-[ru IGI-šu2 ana mul d]gu-˹la šak-nu˺ / 2 MUL.MEŠ GABA-su ina KUN-šu2 7 MUL.MEŠ [eṣ-ru] "The Dog constellation: an image of a dog (which sits) on its hind, withs [its muzzle facing the constellation] Gula. The image [depicts] 2 stars (on) its chest, and 7 on its tail " [Weidner 1927, 75, 77, 83-84; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25].

IV. Identification.

      = Hercules [G. 167, I; Weidner 1957-59, 79a; BPO 2, 7, Table IV; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

      = southern part of Hercules (Hercules) [MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

      (1) The jaws of the Dog (φ Her), see dbn text.

      (2) The tongue of the Dog (τ Her), see dbn-text, see also [G. 119].

      (3) The head of the Dog, see VAT 9428.

      (4) The chest of the Dog (π + ρ) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].

      (5) The Dog's hind (β + ζ Her) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].

      (6) Tail of the Dog (possibly a group of 7 faint stars west of β Her) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].

VI. Astrology.

      Strangely, there are no predictions associated with the constellation mulUR.GI7 in the texts known to us.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2007)
Kurtik (2022, k13)
= mulUR.GI7 «Собака (Гулы)»; созвездие в Геркулесе (Hercules); силлабическая запись встречается в основном в лексических текстах, см. u19UR.GI7. Название присутствует также в «Шумерском царском списке» в начале его «послепотопной» части, записанное без детерминатива как ka3-li2-bu-um [ETCSL, Text 2.1.1:55; Куртик 2023, 159].
Kurtik (2022, u19) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: mulUR.KU, mulUR.GIRx(ŠE3), mulUR.GIR15; = kalbu «Пес»; созвездие в южной части Геркулеса (Hercules) [CAD K, 72b; G. 167; 166, I; 119; Kurtik 2018]. Example
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulur(wr.ma2).girx(ŠE3).ra [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 5a),  mulur.girx(ŠE3) [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 7]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: [mulur.girx(ŠE3)] = kal-bu [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:e; Weidner 1959–1960, 112, VAT 9430:29], mulur.˹gir15˺ =  k[a-al-bu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 79.B.1/5 iv 11], mulur.k[u] = [kal]-bi [SpTU III, 114A v 32; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:288ʹ]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. itiapin // 2,20 múlur.gi7 // 1,20 múla-nu-ni-tu2 // 50 múlen.te.<na>.bar.ḫum «Арахсамну: 140 Пес, 80 Ануниту, 50 Энтенабархум» [LBAT, 1499:8], см. также u21UR.IDIM. Текст BM 77054. См. a48AŠ.GAN2. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 24): MUL ša2 ina IGI mulUZ3 GUB-zu mulUR.KU «Звезда, которая стоит впереди Козы, Собака» (I i 25). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту» (I iii 2), см. z11Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 25), см. m35MUL.MUL. (4) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulUR.KU, между mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš и mulUZ3 (I iv 4). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: Пес кульминирует, Поле восходит (I iv 29), см. a48AŠ.GAN2  [MA, 25, 43, 50, 58, 66]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mul sag ur.gi7 = mulmin(ur.gu.la) «Звезда на голове Пса = Лев»; (2) kun mulur.gi7 = mulim.šu.rin.na al-ma-nu-u «Хвост Пса = Вдовья Печь» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:138, 155]. Dalbanna-текст. §z. mulka ur.gi7 muluz3 mulsag sa.ri u3 mulA2mušen [x x] «Пасть Пса (φ Her), Коза (δ Her?), Голова Дикого Кота (ι Tel) и Орел (ε Aql) [x x]» [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995, 51, 64; ASM, 111]; см. также eme ur.gi7 вместо mulka ur.gi7 в [ACh Sin, 13:31]. §aa. muleme ur.gi7 «Язык Пса» (τ Her), см. g27GU.LA. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Схема интеркаляции: ina ˹iti˺ziz2 ki.min mulur.gi7 // 4 šu-ut dEn-lil2 / muldingir.tuš.a.meš // 3 šu-ut dA-nim / mulPa-bil-sag  // 2 šu-ut d[E2-a] / 4 6 ša2 mulAN.˹TA˺.GUB.BA // 1 šu-q[a2 sim.maḫ] «В месяце шабату соответственно: Пес, 4, (звезда на пути) Энлиля, / Сидящие боги, 3, (звезда на пути) Ану, / Пабилсаг, 2, (звезда на пути) [Эа], / 4 (локтя) 6 (пальцев) (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высо[ты Ласточки]» (Obv. 13'–16') [Donbaz–Koch 1995,  64, 66, 69]. (2) mulur.gi7 — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3. Список «4-х Энлилей». См. e11dEn-lil2.

II. Божество.

На месопотамском небе созвездие Пес появилось, по-видимому, уже в конце III тыс. до н. э. Имя ka-al-bu-[um], ka3-li2-bu-um «Пес», как царское имя, приводится в двух местах «Шумерского царского списка» [Jacobsen 1939, 96–97:26–28, 78–79:7–8]. Сидящая собака исходно считалась священным животным богини Нинисины, городской богини Исина. В посвященном ей храме найдено много фигурок собак, имевших, очевидно, апотропеическое значение. Позднее Нинисину отождествили с богиней-целительницей Гулой, и сидящая собака стала ее символом. На кудурру касситского периода и на печатях новоассирийского времени сидящая собака изображалась рядом с троном, на котором восседает Гула, см. [Kurtik 2019]. В новоассирийский и нововавилонский периоды фигурки сидящей или стоящей собаки играли защитную роль, возможно, как средство против болезни собачьего бешенства [Seidl 1968, 140–143; Seidl 1969, 487; Black–Green 1992, 70]. Глиняные фигурки собак закапывали в защитных целях перед воротами храмов [Wiggermann 1992, 53, 59, 98].

III. Символ.

Собака, сидящая у ног богини Гулы. Описание в VAT  9428 r. 10–11: mulUR.GI7 kal-bu ša2 ina UGU ur-ki-ti-šu2  eṣ-[ru IGI-šu2 ana mul d]gu-˹la šak-nu˺ / 2 MUL.MEŠ GABA-su ina KUN-šu2 7 MUL.MEŠ [eṣ-ru] «Созвездие Пес: собака, (которая сидящей) на своем заду изоб[ражена, ее морда к звездной] Гуле обращена. 2 звезды (на) ее груди, на ее хвосте 7 звезд [изображены]» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77, 83–84; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25].

IV. Отождествление.

= Hercules [G. 167, I; Weidner 1957–59, 79a; BPO 2, 7, Table IV; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= южная часть Геркулеса (Hercules) [MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1)   Пасть Пса (φ Her), см. dbn-текст.

(2)   Язык Пса (τ Her), см. dbn-текст., см. также [G. 119].

(3)   Голова Пса, см. VAT 9428.

(4) Грудь Пса (π + ρ) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].

(5) Зад Пса (β + ζ Her) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].

(6) Хвост Пса (возможно, группа из 7 слабых звезд к западу от β Her) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].

VI. Астрология.

Странным образом в известных нам текстах отсутствуют предсказания, связанные с созвездием mulUR.GI7.

Example

References

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