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{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul d</sup>ZA.BA<sub>4</sub>.BA<sub>4</sub>}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul d</sup>ZA.BA<sub>4</sub>.BA<sub>4</sub>}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Dictionary (Provenance of the term)==
===Krebernik (2023)===
===Krebernik (2023)===
Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL <sup>d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> (AN 18–19l).
Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL <sup>d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> (AN 18–19l).


===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= <sup>mul d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub>; a constellation which includes parts of the Serpent, the Serpent, and the Eagle (Ophiuchus, Serpens, and Aquila) [G. 170].
= <sup>mul d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub>; a constellation which includes parts of the Serpent, the Serpent, and the Eagle (Ophiuchus, Serpens, and Aquila) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 170].
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{| class="wikitable"


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| '''MUL.APIN.'''
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (No. 17): <sup>mul d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> (I ii 12).
* (1) The stars of Anu (No. 17): <sup>mul d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> (I ii 12).
* (2) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 27), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]] [MA, 33, 51].
* (2) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 27), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33, 51].
|Example
|Example
|-
|-
|'''GU text.'''
|'''GU text.'''
* (P) igi <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "Eye of Zababa" (η Oph), [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:26], see also (Kurtik g05) [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']].
* (P) igi <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "Eye of Zababa" (η Oph), [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":1">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:26], see also (Kurtik g05) [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']].
* (Q) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "middle of Zababa" (ν Oph) [ibid., BM 78161:27], see (Kurtik m01) [[MA2.GUR8|MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub>]].
* (Q) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "middle of Zababa" (ν Oph) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, BM 78161:27], see (Kurtik m01) [[MA2.GUR8|MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub>]].
* (R) ''kin-ṣi'' <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> "Zababa's knee" (η Ser) [ibid., BM 78161:28], see (Kurtik p03) [[PA.BIL.SAG]].
* (R) ''kin-ṣi'' <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> "Zababa's knee" (η Ser) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, BM 78161:28], see (Kurtik p03) [[PA.BIL.SAG]].
* (S) gir<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "Leg of Zababa" (λ Aql), [ibid., BM 78161:30], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]].
* (S) gir<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "Leg of Zababa" (λ Aql), [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, BM 78161:30], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]].
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|-
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|'''Lists of gods.'''
|'''Lists of gods.'''
* (1) <sup>d</sup>ZA.BA<sub>4</sub>.BA<sub>4</sub> = min (=<sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA) [CT 25, 12, K.4339 iii 25];
* (1) <sup>d</sup>ZA.BA<sub>4</sub>.BA<sub>4</sub> = min (=<sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA) [CT<ref name=":2">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 12, K.4339 iii 25];
* (2) <sup>mul</sup>A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> <sup>d</sup>ZA.BA<sub>4</sub>.BA<sub>4</sub> = min (= <sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA) [CT 25, 13, K.4339 iv 10];
* (2) <sup>mul</sup>A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> <sup>d</sup>ZA.BA<sub>4</sub>.BA<sub>4</sub> = min (= <sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA) [CT<ref name=":2" /> 25, 13, K.4339 iv 10];
* (3) <sup>d</sup>ZA.BA<sub>4</sub>.BA4 = <sup>d</sup>AMAR.UTU ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ta-ḫa-zi'' "Zababa – Marduk of battles" [CT 24, 50, no.47406:5].
* (3) <sup>d</sup>ZA.BA<sub>4</sub>.BA4 = <sup>d</sup>AMAR.UTU ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ta-ḫa-zi'' "Zababa – Marduk of battles" [CT<ref name=":2" /> 24, 50, no.47406:5].
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|-
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|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §W. <sup>mul</sup>''ku''-[''ma-ru'' Za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub>] "shou[lder of Zababa]" (ζ Oph), see (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|<sup>d</sup>''Ḫaniš'']].
* §W. <sup>mul</sup>''ku''-[''ma-ru'' Za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub>] "shou[lder of Zababa]" (ζ Oph), see (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|<sup>d</sup>''Ḫaniš'']].
* §i. <sup>mul</sup>aga za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> mul ''ku-ma-ru'' za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>sag [x 3] mul.meš sa[g.du<sub>3</sub>] "Zababa's crown (δ Oph), Zababa's shoulder (ζ Oph), the head [...: 3] of the star. Tri[angular]." [Walker 1995, 37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61], <sup>mul</sup>sag [x] = <sup>mul</sup>sag [gir<sub>2</sub>.tab]? "The head [of the Scorpius]" (β Sco).
* §i. <sup>mul</sup>aga za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> mul ''ku-ma-ru'' za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>sag [x 3] mul.meš sa[g.du<sub>3</sub>] "Zababa's crown (δ Oph), Zababa's shoulder (ζ Oph), the head [...: 3] of the star. Tri[angular]." [Walker 1995, 37; ASM<ref name=":3">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 109]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 49, 61], <sup>mul</sup>sag [x] = <sup>mul</sup>sag [gir<sub>2</sub>.tab]? "The head [of the Scorpius]" (β Sco).
* §k. <sup>[mu]l</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> <sup><mul></sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ''u'' ˹mul˺ x [...g]u tu.lu 2 dal.ba.an.˹na dal.ba˺.a[n.n]a ˹mul˺ x [...] "The right leg of Zababa (ξ Oph? ), Zababa's left foot (μ Sgr?) and the star x x x (η Ser) [...] Loosely strained [ro]pe. 2 intervals, interval. Star x [...]" [Walker 1995, 37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 62], ˹mul˺ x x x = ˹<sup>mul</sup>gu<sub>4</sub>.alim˺ "Bison" (η Ser).
* §k. <sup>[mu]l</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> <sup><mul></sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ''u'' ˹mul˺ x [...g]u tu.lu 2 dal.ba.an.˹na dal.ba˺.a[n.n]a ˹mul˺ x [...] "The right leg of Zababa (ξ Oph? ), Zababa's left foot (μ Sgr?) and the star x x x (η Ser) [...] Loosely strained [ro]pe. 2 intervals, interval. Star x [...]" [Walker 1995, 37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 49, 62], ˹mul˺ x x x = ˹<sup>mul</sup>gu<sub>4</sub>.alim˺ "Bison" (η Ser).
* §l. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> mu[l]˹gir<sub>3</sub>˺ gub<sub>3</sub> za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>a[ga ...] "Zababa's right foot (ξ Oph?), Zababa's left foot (μ Sgr? ), ko[rona ...] (δ Oph) [Walker 1995, 37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 62], <sup>mul</sup>a[ga ...] = <sup>mul</sup>a[ga za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub>] "Zababa's crown" (δ Oph).
* §l. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> mu[l]˹gir<sub>3</sub>˺ gub<sub>3</sub> za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>a[ga ...] "Zababa's right foot (ξ Oph?), Zababa's left foot (μ Sgr? ), ko[rona ...] (δ Oph) [Walker 1995, 37; ASM<ref name=":3" />, 109]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 49, 62], <sup>mul</sup>a[ga ...] = <sup>mul</sup>a[ga za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub>] "Zababa's crown" (δ Oph).
* §o. mul ''ku-ma-ru'' ˹za˺.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> mul ''lu-bu-uš-tum u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> du[b<sub>2</sub>.ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul ''ku-ma''-˹''ru''˺ ''maḫ''[''ru''] "Zababa's shoulder (ζ Oph), the Garment (α Her), and Zababa's left leg (μ Sgr?). 3 stars. Straight ti[ght] rope. 2 intervals, interval. Zababa's shoulder (Zababa) first[s]." [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995, 49-50, 62; ASM, 102, 109].
* §o. mul ''ku-ma-ru'' ˹za˺.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> mul ''lu-bu-uš-tum u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> du[b<sub>2</sub>.ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul ''ku-ma''-˹''ru''˺ ''maḫ''[''ru''] "Zababa's shoulder (ζ Oph), the Garment (α Her), and Zababa's left leg (μ Sgr?). 3 stars. Straight ti[ght] rope. 2 intervals, interval. Zababa's shoulder (Zababa) first[s]." [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 49-50, 62; ASM<ref name=":3" />, 102, 109].
* §p. mul ''ku-ma-ru'' ˹gub<sub>3</sub>˺ za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> mul ''lu-bu-uš-tum'' u<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ˹3˺ mul.m[e] gan<sub>2</sub> a[b<sub>2</sub>] "Zababa's left shoulder (ν Oph?), the Garment (α Her), Zababa's right leg (ξ Oph?): 3 star[s]. Co[w] pasture." [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110].
* §p. mul ''ku-ma-ru'' ˹gub<sub>3</sub>˺ za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> mul ''lu-bu-uš-tum'' u<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ˹3˺ mul.m[e] gan<sub>2</sub> a[b<sub>2</sub>] "Zababa's left shoulder (ν Oph?), the Garment (α Her), Zababa's right leg (ξ Oph?): 3 star[s]. Co[w] pasture." [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 50, 62; ASM<ref name=":3" />, 110].
* §q. <sup>mul</sup>aga za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> za.[ba<sub>4</sub>].ba<sub>4</sub> mul ''lu-bu''-˹''uš''˺-''tum'' 3 mul.meš sag.du<sub>3</sub> AŠ [x] x gid<sub>2</sub>.da "Zababa's crown (δ Oph), Zababa's right (star) (ξ Oph?), Za[ba]ba's left leg (μ Oph?), the Garment (α Her): 3 stars. Trianglular AŠ [x] x long." [Walker 1995, 38-39; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110]; <sup>mul</sup>zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "The right star of Zababa" astronomically corresponds to <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "The right leg of Zababa," according to [Koch 1995, 62, Anm. 23].
* §q. <sup>mul</sup>aga za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> za.[ba<sub>4</sub>].ba<sub>4</sub> mul ''lu-bu''-˹''uš''˺-''tum'' 3 mul.meš sag.du<sub>3</sub> AŠ [x] x gid<sub>2</sub>.da "Zababa's crown (δ Oph), Zababa's right (star) (ξ Oph?), Za[ba]ba's left leg (μ Oph?), the Garment (α Her): 3 stars. Trianglular AŠ [x] x long." [Walker 1995, 38-39; Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 50, 62; ASM<ref name=":3" />, 110]; <sup>mul</sup>zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "The right star of Zababa" astronomically corresponds to <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "The right leg of Zababa," according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 62, Anm. 23].
* §w. <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> (ζ Oph), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].
* §w. <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> (ζ Oph), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].
* §y. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "right foot of Zababa" (ξ Oph?), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]].
* §y. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> "right foot of Zababa" (ξ Oph?), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]].
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* ˹MUL<sub>2</sub>.GAL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-gal'' KUR ''u meš-ḫi'' TUK-''u''<sub>2</sub> [...] TA <sup>múl d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-[''ba''<sub>4</sub>...] "A meteor, which is very bright and with a tail, [...] from the constellation Zaba[ba...] [AD III, No.-140 rev. 12].
* ˹MUL<sub>2</sub>.GAL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-gal'' KUR ''u meš-ḫi'' TUK-''u''<sub>2</sub> [...] TA <sup>múl d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-[''ba''<sub>4</sub>...] "A meteor, which is very bright and with a tail, [...] from the constellation Zaba[ba...] [AD III<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-140 rev. 12].
|Example
|Example
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==== II. Deity. ====
==== II. Deity. ====
      A local deity of the city of Kish, known already in the Early Dynastic period [Krebernik 1986, 1 XIII 11]. His name also appears in an early list of gods from the time of Isin-Larsa (XX-XIX centuries BC) [Weidner 1924-25, 4, VAT 7759 ii 1] and in later lists [ibid., 13:10; Litke 1998, 173, V 49], where he, as a deity with military qualities, is identified with Ninurta or Ningirsu. Zababa's military features are found in the later epithet: "Marduk of battle" (see above). In Neo-Assyrian mythological texts, Zababa is credited as being the one to defeat the asterism of the Dead Man, a constellation often associated with the demon Asakku: <sup>d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> ''bēl''(en) ''mātāti''(kur.kur) ''ina šu-me-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''q''[''a-bi''] / ... / [''d'']''a-a-a-a-iš abnī''(na<sub>4</sub>)<sup>meš</sup> <sup>d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> / [''abn'']''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''pagru''(adda) ''ki-i iqbû''/''qabû''(dug<sub>4</sub>.ga)<sup>[ú]</sup> / [<sup>mul</sup>''pa'']''gru''([ad]da) ''pa-gar Asakki''(a<sub>2</sub>.sag<sub>3</sub>) ''abnu a-sak''-[''ku''] "Zababa, his name is 'Lord of the Countries,' so they s[ay]; / ... / "[The] stone-thrower," Zababa: / ["Sto]ne" refers to the asterism of the Dead Man, so they say; / [the asterism of the Dead Man] means Asakku's corpse. (Therefore) the stone is Asak[ku]." [Lambert 1989, 216:1-5; Livingstone 1986, 64:1-5] (see also Kurtik a09 [[AD6|AD<sub>6</sub>]]). On Old Babylonian seals, Zababa was depicted as a warrior, sometimes with astral features (a month was attributed next to him); therefore, the possibility that it had astral significance could not excluded [Braun-Holzinger 1996, no. 1165]. However, the absence of Zababa's name in the lexical lists of the Urra XXII series, and the rare presence of astrological predictions connected with Zababa, testify to the constellation’s rather late origin. See also [Tallqvist 1938, 483].
      A local deity of the city of Kish, known already in the Early Dynastic period [Krebernik 1986<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.</ref>, 1 XIII 11]. His name also appears in an early list of gods from the time of Isin-Larsa (XX-XIX centuries BC) [Weidner 1924-25<ref name=":5">''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 4, VAT 7759 ii 1] and in later lists [ibid.<ref name=":5" />, 13:10; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 173, V 49], where he, as a deity with military qualities, is identified with Ninurta or Ningirsu. Zababa's military features are found in the later epithet: "Marduk of battle" (see above). In Neo-Assyrian mythological texts, Zababa is credited as being the one to defeat the asterism of the Dead Man, a constellation often associated with the demon Asakku: <sup>d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> ''bēl''(en) ''mātāti''(kur.kur) ''ina šu-me-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''q''[''a-bi''] / ... / [''d'']''a-a-a-a-iš abnī''(na<sub>4</sub>)<sup>meš</sup> <sup>d</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> / [''abn'']''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''pagru''(adda) ''ki-i iqbû''/''qabû''(dug<sub>4</sub>.ga)<sup>[ú]</sup> / [<sup>mul</sup>''pa'']''gru''([ad]da) ''pa-gar Asakki''(a<sub>2</sub>.sag<sub>3</sub>) ''abnu a-sak''-[''ku''] "Zababa, his name is 'Lord of the Countries,' so they s[ay]; / ... / "[The] stone-thrower," Zababa: / ["Sto]ne" refers to the asterism of the Dead Man, so they say; / [the asterism of the Dead Man] means Asakku's corpse. (Therefore) the stone is Asak[ku]." [Lambert 1989, 216:1-5; Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone  A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 64:1-5] (see also Kurtik a09 [[AD6|AD<sub>6</sub>]]). On Old Babylonian seals, Zababa was depicted as a warrior, sometimes with astral features (a month was attributed next to him); therefore, the possibility that it had astral significance could not excluded [Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, no. 1165]. However, the absence of Zababa's name in the lexical lists of the Urra XXII series, and the rare presence of astrological predictions connected with Zababa, testify to the constellation’s rather late origin. See also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 483].


==== III. Symbol. ====
==== III. Symbol. ====
      On boundary stones (kudurru), the standard symbol of Zababa is a rod with the tip in the form of an eagle's head with a feather crest [Seidl 1969, 488, §8(c); Seidl 1968, 74, 163-164; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. However, descriptions of individual parts of the constellation from GU and dbn texts indicate that the constellation figure was anthropomorphic.
      On boundary stones (kudurru), the standard symbol of Zababa is a rod with the tip in the form of an eagle's head with a feather crest [Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, 488, §8(c); Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 74, 163-164; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 48]. However, descriptions of individual parts of the constellation from GU and dbn texts indicate that the constellation figure was anthropomorphic.


==== IV. Identification. ====
==== IV. Identification. ====
      = the southern part of Serpens [G. 170, I; 3. Erg., 334].
      = the southern part of Serpens [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 170, I; 3. Erg.<ref>''Kugler    F.X.  '' Sternkunde   und   Sterndienst   in    Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft   zum   ersten  und   zweiten   Buch   von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref>, 334].


      = Aquila (?) [Weidner 1957-59, 76a].
      = Aquila (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 76a].


      = parts of Serpens, Serpens, and Eagle (Ophiuchus, Serpens, Aquila) [MA, 138; ASM, 277].
      = parts of Serpens, Serpens, and Eagle (Ophiuchus, Serpens, Aquila) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; ASM<ref name=":3" />, 277].


==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
Line 84: Line 84:


==== VI. Astrology. ====
==== VI. Astrology. ====
⚫
      Identifications:


⚫
===== Identifications: =====
      = Saturn (?), the connection with Saturn is possibly indicated by the identification of Zababa with Ninurta, found in texts, see above, and also [G. 170, I 2; Bezold 1925, 122:176].
      = Saturn (?), the connection with Saturn is possibly indicated by the identification of Zababa with Ninurta, found in texts, see above, and also [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 170, I 2; Bezold 1925, 122:176].

⚫
      Predictions:


⚫
===== Predictions: =====
      (1) Leo (= Mars) rises towards Zababa; see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]], VI 17.
      (1) Leo (= Mars) rises towards Zababa; see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]], VI 17.


Latest revision as of 11:34, 11 October 2025

mul dZA.BA4.BA4 (𒀯𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.


Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)

Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL dZa-ba4-ba4 (AN 18–19l).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= mul dZa-ba4-ba4; a constellation which includes parts of the Serpent, the Serpent, and the Eagle (Ophiuchus, Serpens, and Aquila) [Gössmann[1] 170].

Sources Identifications
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) The stars of Anu (No. 17): mul dZa-ba4-ba4 (I ii 12).
  • (2) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 27), see (Kurtik b06) PAN [MA[2], 33, 51].
 Example
GU text.
  • (P) igi mulza.ba4.ba4 "Eye of Zababa" (η Oph), [Pingree-Walker 1988[3], BM 78161:26], see also (Kurtik g05) GAM-ti.
  • (Q) murub4 mulza.ba4.ba4 "middle of Zababa" (ν Oph) [ibid.[3], BM 78161:27], see (Kurtik m01) MA2.GUR8.
  • (R) kin-ṣi mulZa-ba4-ba4 "Zababa's knee" (η Ser) [ibid.[3], BM 78161:28], see (Kurtik p03) PA.BIL.SAG.
  • (S) gir3 mulza.ba4.ba4 "Leg of Zababa" (λ Aql), [ibid.[3], BM 78161:30], see (Kurtik u31) UZ3.
Lists of gods.
  • (1) dZA.BA4.BA4 = min (=dNIN.URTA) [CT[4] 25, 12, K.4339 iii 25];
  • (2) mulA2mušen dZA.BA4.BA4 = min (= dNIN.URTA) [CT[4] 25, 13, K.4339 iv 10];
  • (3) dZA.BA4.BA4 = dAMAR.UTU ša2 ta-ḫa-zi "Zababa – Marduk of battles" [CT[4] 24, 50, no.47406:5].
Dalbanna-text.
  • §W. mulku-[ma-ru Za.ba4.ba4] "shou[lder of Zababa]" (ζ Oph), see (Kurtik h03) dḪaniš.
  • §i. mulaga za.ba4.ba4 mul ku-ma-ru za.ba4.ba4 u mulsag [x 3] mul.meš sa[g.du3] "Zababa's crown (δ Oph), Zababa's shoulder (ζ Oph), the head [...: 3] of the star. Tri[angular]." [Walker 1995, 37; ASM[5], 109]; according to [Koch 1995[6], 49, 61], mulsag [x] = mulsag [gir2.tab]? "The head [of the Scorpius]" (β Sco).
  • §k. [mu]lgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 <mul>gir3 gub3 za.ba4.ba4 u ˹mul˺ x [...g]u tu.lu 2 dal.ba.an.˹na dal.ba˺.a[n.n]a ˹mul˺ x [...] "The right leg of Zababa (ξ Oph? ), Zababa's left foot (μ Sgr?) and the star x x x (η Ser) [...] Loosely strained [ro]pe. 2 intervals, interval. Star x [...]" [Walker 1995, 37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995[6], 49, 62], ˹mul˺ x x x = ˹mulgu4.alim˺ "Bison" (η Ser).
  • §l. mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 mu[l]˹gir3˺ gub3 za.ba4.ba4 u mula[ga ...] "Zababa's right foot (ξ Oph?), Zababa's left foot (μ Sgr? ), ko[rona ...] (δ Oph) [Walker 1995, 37; ASM[5], 109]; according to [Koch 1995[6], 49, 62], mula[ga ...] = mula[ga za.ba4.ba4] "Zababa's crown" (δ Oph).
  • §o. mul ku-ma-ru ˹za˺.ba4.ba4 mul lu-bu-uš-tum u3 mulgir3 gub3 za.ba4.ba4 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 du[b2.ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul ku-ma-˹ru˺ maḫ[ru] "Zababa's shoulder (ζ Oph), the Garment (α Her), and Zababa's left leg (μ Sgr?). 3 stars. Straight ti[ght] rope. 2 intervals, interval. Zababa's shoulder (Zababa) first[s]." [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995[6], 49-50, 62; ASM[5], 102, 109].
  • §p. mul ku-ma-ru ˹gub3˺ za.ba4.ba4 mul lu-bu-uš-tum u3 mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 ˹3˺ mul.m[e] gan2 a[b2] "Zababa's left shoulder (ν Oph?), the Garment (α Her), Zababa's right leg (ξ Oph?): 3 star[s]. Co[w] pasture." [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995[6], 50, 62; ASM[5], 110].
  • §q. mulaga za.ba4.ba4 mulzag za.ba4.ba4 mulgir3 gub3 za.[ba4].ba4 mul lu-bu-˹uš˺-tum 3 mul.meš sag.du3 AŠ [x] x gid2.da "Zababa's crown (δ Oph), Zababa's right (star) (ξ Oph?), Za[ba]ba's left leg (μ Oph?), the Garment (α Her): 3 stars. Trianglular AŠ [x] x long." [Walker 1995, 38-39; Koch 1995[6], 50, 62; ASM[5], 110]; mulzag za.ba4.ba4 "The right star of Zababa" astronomically corresponds to mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 "The right leg of Zababa," according to [Koch 1995[6], 62, Anm. 23].
  • §w. mulza.ba4.ba4 (ζ Oph), see (Kurtik u06) UD.KA.DU8.A.
  • §y. mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 "right foot of Zababa" (ξ Oph?), see (Kurtik u31) UZ3.
"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".
  • ˹MUL2.GAL˺ ša2 ma-gal KUR u meš-ḫi TUK-u2 [...] TA múl dZa-ba4-[ba4...] "A meteor, which is very bright and with a tail, [...] from the constellation Zaba[ba...] [AD III[7], No.-140 rev. 12].
 Example

Additional

II. Deity.

      A local deity of the city of Kish, known already in the Early Dynastic period [Krebernik 1986[8], 1 XIII 11]. His name also appears in an early list of gods from the time of Isin-Larsa (XX-XIX centuries BC) [Weidner 1924-25[9], 4, VAT 7759 ii 1] and in later lists [ibid.[9], 13:10; Litke 1998[10], 173, V 49], where he, as a deity with military qualities, is identified with Ninurta or Ningirsu. Zababa's military features are found in the later epithet: "Marduk of battle" (see above). In Neo-Assyrian mythological texts, Zababa is credited as being the one to defeat the asterism of the Dead Man, a constellation often associated with the demon Asakku: dZa-ba4-ba4 bēl(en) mātāti(kur.kur) ina šu-me-šu2 q[a-bi] / ... / [d]a-a-a-a-iš abnī(na4)meš dZa-ba4-ba4 / [abn]u mulpagru(adda) ki-i iqbû/qabû(dug4.ga)[ú] / [mulpa]gru([ad]da) pa-gar Asakki(a2.sag3) abnu a-sak-[ku] "Zababa, his name is 'Lord of the Countries,' so they s[ay]; / ... / "[The] stone-thrower," Zababa: / ["Sto]ne" refers to the asterism of the Dead Man, so they say; / [the asterism of the Dead Man] means Asakku's corpse. (Therefore) the stone is Asak[ku]." [Lambert 1989, 216:1-5; Livingstone 1986[11], 64:1-5] (see also Kurtik a09 AD6). On Old Babylonian seals, Zababa was depicted as a warrior, sometimes with astral features (a month was attributed next to him); therefore, the possibility that it had astral significance could not excluded [Braun-Holzinger 1996[12], no. 1165]. However, the absence of Zababa's name in the lexical lists of the Urra XXII series, and the rare presence of astrological predictions connected with Zababa, testify to the constellation’s rather late origin. See also [Tallqvist 1938[13], 483].

III. Symbol.

      On boundary stones (kudurru), the standard symbol of Zababa is a rod with the tip in the form of an eagle's head with a feather crest [Seidl 1969[14], 488, §8(c); Seidl 1968[15], 74, 163-164; Kurtik 2007[16], fig. 48]. However, descriptions of individual parts of the constellation from GU and dbn texts indicate that the constellation figure was anthropomorphic.

IV. Identification.

      = the southern part of Serpens [Gössmann[1] 170, I; 3. Erg.[17], 334].

      = Aquila (?) [Weidner 1957-59[18], 76a].

      = parts of Serpens, Serpens, and Eagle (Ophiuchus, Serpens, Aquila) [MA[19], 138; ASM[5], 277].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

      (1) Eye of Zababa (η Oph), see GU text.

      (2) The middle of Zababa (ν Oph), see GU-text.

      (3) Zababa's knee (η Ser), see GU-text.

      (4) Zababa's leg (λ Aql), see GU-text.

      (5) Zababa's shoulder, see dbn-text (§W, n).

      (6) Zababa's crown, see dbn-text (§ i).

      (7) Zababa's right foot (ξ Oph), see dbn-text (§ k, y).

      (8) Zababa's left leg (μ Sgr), see dbn-text (§ k).

      (9) Zababa's left shoulder (ν Oph), see dbn-text (§ p).

      (10) Zababa's right star (ξ Oph), see dbn-text (§ q).

VI. Astrology.

Identifications:

      = Saturn (?), the connection with Saturn is possibly indicated by the identification of Zababa with Ninurta, found in texts, see above, and also [Gössmann[1] 170, I 2; Bezold 1925, 122:176].

Predictions:

      (1) Leo (= Mars) rises towards Zababa; see (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA, VI 17.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, z01) Gössmann (1950)
= mul dZa-ba4-ba4; созвездие, включавшее части Змееносца, Змеи и Орла (Ophiuchus, Serpens и Aquila) [G. 170].

I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 17): mul dZa-ba4-ba4 (I ii 12). (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 27), см. b06BAN [MA, 33, 51]. GU-текст. (P) igi mulza.ba4.ba4 «Глаз Забабы» (η Oph), [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:26], см. также g05GAM-ti. (Q) murub4 mulza.ba4.ba4 «середина Забабы» (ν Oph) [ibid., BM 78161:27], см. m01MA2.GUR8. (R) kin-ṣi mulZa-ba4-ba4 «Колено Забабы» (η Ser) [ibid., BM 78161:28], см. p03PA.BIL.SAG. (S) gir3 mulza.ba4.ba4 «Нога Забабы» (λ Aql), [ibid., BM 78161:30], см. u31UZ3. Списки богов. (1) dZA.BA4.BA4 = min (=dNIN.URTA) [CT 25, 12, K.4339 iii 25]; (2) mulA2mušen dZA.BA4.BA4 = min(=dNIN.URTA) [CT 25, 13, K.4339 iv 10]; (3) dZA.BA4.BA4 = dAMAR.UTU ša2 ta-ḫa-zi «Забаба — Мардук битвы» [CT 24, 50, No.47406:5]. Dalbanna-текст. §W. mulku-[ma-ru Za.ba4.ba4] «пле[чо Забабы]» (ζ Oph), см. h03dDaniš. §i. mulaga za.ba4.ba4 mul ku-ma-ru za.ba4.ba4 u mulsag [x 3] mul.meš sa[g.du3] «Корона Забабы (δ Oph), плечо Забабы (ζ Oph), голова […: 3] звезды. Тре[угольник].» [Walker 1995, 37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61], mulsag [x] = mulsag [gir2.tab]? «Голова [Скорпиона]» (β Sco). §k. [mu]lgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 <mul>gir3 gub3 za.ba4.ba4 u ˹mul˺ x x x […g]u tu.lu 2 dal.ba.an.˹na dal.ba˺.a[n.n]a ˹mul˺ x […] «Правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph?), левая нога Забабы (μ Sgr?) и звезда x x x (η Ser) […] Слабо натянутая [ве]ревка. 2 интервала, интервал. Звезда x […]» [Walker 1995, 37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 62], ˹mul˺ x x x = ˹mulgu4.alim˺ «Зубр» (η Ser). §l. mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 mu[l]˹gir3˺ gub3 za.ba4.ba4 u mula[ga …] «Правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph?), левая нога Забабы (μ Sgr?), ко[рона …] (δ Oph) [Walker 1995, 37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 62], mula[ga …] = mula[ga za.ba4.ba4] «корона Забабы» (δ Oph). §o. mul ku-ma-ru ˹za˺.ba4.ba4 mul lu-bu-uš-tum u3 mulgir3 gub3 za.ba4.ba4 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 du[b2.ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul ku-ma-˹ru˺ maḫ[ru] «Плечо Забабы (ζ Oph), Одеяние (α Her) и левая нога Забабы (μ Sgr?): 3 звезды. Прямая ту[го натянутая] веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. Плечо (Забабы) перв[ое].» [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995, 49–50, 62; ASM, 102, 109]. §p. mul ku-ma-ru ˹gub3˺ za.ba4.ba4 mul lu-bu-uš-tum u3 mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 ˹3˺ mul.m[e] gan2 a[b2] «Левое плечо Забабы (ν Oph?), Одеяние (α Her), правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph?): 3 звезд[ы]. Коро[вье] пастбище» [Walker 1995, 38; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110]. §q. mulaga za.ba4.ba4 mulzag za.ba4.ba4 mulgir3 gub3 za.[ba4].ba4 mul lu-bu-˹uš˺-tum 3 mul.meš sag.du3 AŠ [x] x gid2.da «Корона Забабы (δ Oph), правая (звезда) Забабы (ξ Oph?), левая нога За[ба]бы (μ Oph?), Одеяние (α Her): 3 звезды. Треугольник AŠ [x] x длинный.» [Walker 1995, 38–39; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110]; mulzag za.ba4.ba4 «Правая звезда Забабы» астрономически соответствует mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 «Правой ноге Забабы», согласно [Koch 1995, 62, Anm. 23]. §w. mulza.ba4.ba4 (ζ Oph), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §y. mulgir3 zag za.ba4.ba4 «правая нога Забабы» (ξ Oph?), см. u31UZ3. «Дневники наблюдений». ˹MUL2.GAL˺ ša2 ma-gal KUR u meš-ḫi TUK-u2 […] TA múl dZa-ba4-[ba4…] «Метеор, который был очень яркий и имел хвост, […]  от созвездия Заба[ба…] [AD III, No.-140 rev. 12].

II. Божество.

Местное божество города Киша, известное уже в раннединастический период [Krebernik 1986, 1 XIII 11]. Его имя встречается также в раннем списке богов времен Исина–Ларсы (XX–XIX вв. до н.э.) [Weidner 1924–25, 4, VAT 7759 ii 1] и в более поздних списках [ibid., 13:10; Litke 1998, 173, V 49], где он как военное божество отождествляется с Нинуртой или Нингирсу. О военном характере Забабы свидетельствует также поздний эпитет: «Мардук битвы» (см. выше). В новоассирийском мифологическом тексте Забабе приписывается роль победителя звезды Мертвец, связанной с демоном Асакку: dZa-ba4-ba4 bēl(en) mātāti(kur.kur) ina šu-me-šu2 q[a-bi] / … / [d]a-a-a-iš abnī(na4)meš dZa-ba4-ba4 / [abn]u mulpagru(adda) ki-i iqbû/qabû(dug4.ga)[ú] / [mulpa]gru([ad]da) pa-gar Asakki(a2.sag3) abnu a-sak-[ku] «Забаба, его имя “Господин стран”, так го[ворят]; / … / “[Дро]бильщик камней”, Забаба: / [“Каме]нь” относится к звезде Мертвец, так говорят; / [звезда Мерт]вец означает труп Асакку. (Поэтому) камень — это Асак[ку]» [Lambert 1989, 216:1–5; Livingstone 1986, 64:1–5] (см. также a09AD6). На старовавилонских печатях Забаба изображался в виде воина, иногда с астральными признаками (рядом с ним помещался месяц); не исключено поэтому, что уже в этот период он имел астральное значение [Braun-Holzinger 1996, № 1165]. Однако отсутствие имени Забабы в лексических списках серии Urra XXII и почти полное отсутствие связанных с ним астрологических предсказаний свидетельствует скорее о достаточно позднем происхождении этого созвездия. См. также [Tallqvist 1938, 483].

III. Символ.

На межевых камнях (кудурру) стандартный символ Забабы — жезл с навершием в виде головы орла с перьевым гребнем [Seidl 1969, 488, §8 c); Seidl 1968, 74, 163–164; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Однако описания отдельных частей созвездия из GU- и dbn-текстов свидетельствуют скорее о том, что фигура созвездия была антропоморфной.

IV. Отождествление.

= южная часть Змееносца [G. 170, I; 3. Erg., 334].

= Aquila (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 76a].

= части Змееносца, Змеи и Орла (Ophiuchus, Serpens, Aquila) [MA, 138; ASM, 277].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1)   Глаз Забабы (η Oph), см. GU-текст.

(2)   Середина Забабы (ν Oph), см. GU-текст.

(3)   Колено Забабы (η Ser), см. GU-текст.

(4)   Нога Забабы (λ Aql), см. GU-текст.

(5)   Плечо Забабы, см. dbn-текст (§W, n).

(6)   Корона Забабы, см. dbn-текст (§ i).

(7)   Правая нога Забабы (ξ Oph), см. dbn-текст (§ k, y).

(8)   Левая нога Забабы (μ Sgr), см. dbn-текст (§ k).

(9)   Левое плечо Забабы (ν Oph), см. dbn-текст (§ p).

(10) Правая звезда Забабы (ξ Oph), см. dbn-текст (§ q).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

= Сатурн (?),  на связь с Сатурном указывает, возможно, отождествление Забабы с Нинуртой, встречающееся в текстах, см. выше, а также [G. 170, I 2; Bezold 1925, 122:176].

Предсказания:

(1) Лев (= Марс) в сторону Забабы поднялся; см. u20UR.GU.LA, VI 17.

Example

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  2. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Koch J. Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.
  7. ↑ Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
  8. ↑ Krebernik M. Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Weidner E. Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.
  10. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  11. ↑ Livingstone  A. Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.
  12. ↑ Braun-Holzinger E.A. Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.
  13. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  14. ↑ Seidl U. Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.
  15. ↑ Seidl U. Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.
  16. ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  17. ↑ Kugler    F.X.   Sternkunde   und   Sterndienst   in    Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft   zum   ersten  und   zweiten   Buch   von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.
  18. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  19. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
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