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BIR = ''kalītu''
<sup>mul</sup>BIR is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]].
==Dictionary==
syllabic readings in sign lists indicate readings: <sup>mul</sup>ellag<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>ellag<sub>x</sub>; = <sup>(mul)</sup>''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);


<sup>mul</sup>BIR (𒀯𒄵), <sup>mul</sup>''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').  
⚫
* 1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
* 2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; G. 56].
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* <sup>mul</sup>ellag<sub>2</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>BIR (ELLAG<sub>2</sub>), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* <sup>mul</sup>ellag<sub>x</sub>;
* = <sup>(mul)</sup>''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

'''??The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].??'''
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* '''1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),'''
* '''2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromedae) [BPO 2'''<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>''', 11; Gössmann'''<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> '''56].??'''


=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
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|-
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| '''Lexical texts.'''
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>bir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; for parallels see. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18].
* Urra XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>bir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see. [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner  E. '' Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian paralel to Urra from Assur).
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|-
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| '''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”'''
| '''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Ululu, Ea stars, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574].
* Astrolabe P. Month of Ululu, Ea stars, 180 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].


* Astrolabe B.
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): tablet damaged (B i 17-18); probable text: mul sa<sub>5</sub> ša ina zi im.ulu<sub>3</sub>.lu ana igi-it <sup>mul</sup>šudun gub-zu <sup>mul</sup>bir <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before Yoke, Kidney, Ea", see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 7, B], and also [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6].
** (1) List (12´3): tablet damaged (B i 17-18); probable text: mul sa<sub>5</sub> ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu<sub>3</sub>.lu ana igi-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>''šudun'' gub-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>bir <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before Yoke, Kidney, Ea", see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 7, B], and also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31, IX 6].
** (2) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>kin <sup>mul</sup>ka-li-tum šu-ut <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a "The month of Ululu: The Kidney (rising) … (in the way of) Ea" (C i 6); for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 27].
** (2) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>kin <sup>mul</sup>''ka-li-tum šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "The month of Ululu: The Kidney (rising) … (in the way of) Ea" (C i 6); for a parallel see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27].
** (3) List (rising-setting=6m):
** (3) List (rising-setting=6m):
*** a) [<sup>iti</sup>ki]n <sup>mul</sup>ka-li-tum <sup>mul</sup>uga <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa ˹e<sub>3</sub>˺ "[Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Shupa rising" (C 23),
*** a) [<sup>iti</sup>ki]n <sup>mul</sup>''ka-li-tum'' <sup>mul</sup>uga <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa ˹e<sub>3</sub>˺ "[Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Shupa rising" (C 23),
*** b) <sup>mul</sup>ka-li-tum <sup>mul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa šu<sub>2</sub> "(Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Shupa goes in."  [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5-8].
*** b) <sup>mul</sup>''ka-li-tum'' <sup>mul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa šu<sub>2</sub> "(Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Shupa goes in."  [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8].
* BM 82923.
* BM 82923.
** Month of Ululu, stars of Ea: <sup>mul</sup>[BIR] // 3 // <sup>d</sup>1 <sup>d</sup>50 <sup>d</sup>40 x šu<sub>2</sub>-nu
** Month of Ululu, stars of Ea: <sup>mul</sup>[BIR] // 3 // <sup>d</sup>1 <sup>d</sup>50 <sup>d</sup>40 x šu<sub>2</sub>-''nu''
** "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16].
** "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].
* BM 34713.
* BM 34713.
** [it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da
** <sup>[it]i</sup>kin // 3,[...] <sup>múl</sup>bir // 1,40 <sup>múl</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...<sup>múl</sup>mar].gid<sub>2</sub>.da
** "Ululu: // 180? Kidney // 100  Great Twins // [...co]les." [LBAT, 1499:6].
** "Ululu: // 180? Kidney // 100  Great Twins // [...co]les." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:6].
| no. (1)
| no. (1)
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* Ea 7:
* Ea 7:
** MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ša i-na ZI IM. ULU<sub>3</sub>lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it <sup>mul</sup>ni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[lBIR <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a]
** MUL SA<sub>5</sub> (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU<sub>3</sub> ''lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it'' <sup>mul</sup>''ni-ri''(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-''zu'' MUL ''šu-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>[lBIR <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']
** "The red star, that is, where the south wind rises, and standing before the Yoke, this star is 'Kidney', Ea" (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177].
** "The red star, that is, where the south wind rises, and standing before the Yoke, this star is 'Kidney', Ea" (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 177].
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|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33].
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA<sub>5</sub> ne<sub>2</sub>-bu-u<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> ina BIR <sup>mul</sup>lu-lim GUB-zu <sup>mul</sup>KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.KU<sub>2</sub>.E
* MUL SA<sub>5</sub> ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' BIR <sup>mul</sup>''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.KU<sub>2</sub>.E
* "The red star with the great glare, which stands in the Stag's kidney: Pest" (I i 34-35) [MA 28].
* "The red star with the great glare, which stands in the Stag's kidney: Pest" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|no. (2)
|-
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|'''"Reports."'''
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [ARAK<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
See. [ARAK, 325 r. 3, 5].
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|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: <sup>mul</sup>bir = <sup>d</sup>min (=<sup>d</sup>ṣal-bat-a-nu) "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60];
* (1) List of names of Mars: <sup>mul</sup>bir = <sup>d</sup>min (= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: <sup>mul</sup>bir;
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: <sup>mul</sup>bir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ina igi.lal-šu<sub>2</sub> ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu<sub>2</sub> de<sub>2</sub>-a "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''<sub>2</sub> ''de''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
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|-
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|'''Anaphora.'''
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ina <sup>iti</sup>kin ina še-rim ud 28 <sup>múl</sup>bir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI)
* А 3427: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 <sup>múl</sup>bir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13],
* "In the month of Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam bir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15].
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=== Additional ===
=== Additional ===
     '''II. Deity.'''


==== II. Deity. ====
     The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995:88]. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Prayers and rituals.
     The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />:88]. [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].


===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: <sup>mul</sup>BIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14].
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: <sup>mul</sup>BIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E<sub>2</sub>.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ina ZAG<sup>!</sup>.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB<sub>3</sub>.MU i-zi-za "The Star Cluster (=Pleiades) stand to my right, the Kidney stands to my left" [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16].
* (2) The spell E<sub>2</sub>.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG<sup>!</sup>.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB<sub>3</sub>.MU ''i-zi-za'' "The Star Cluster (=Pleiades) stand to my right, the Kidney stands to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU<sub>8</sub> ana IGI <sup>mul</sup>BIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI <sup>mul</sup>BIR "The king’s hand before (the constellation) Kidney (raises)" [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU<sub>8</sub> ana IGI <sup>mul</sup>BIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>BIR "The king’s hand before (the constellation) Kidney (raises)" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [<sup>mul</sup>BIR <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina><sup>!</sup> nap-ḫar ru-be<sub>2</sub>-e lu-ša<sub>2</sub>-ter-[k]a [...] "['Kidney', Ea, may the extensive understanding of (your) rulers be surpassed [...]." [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [<sup>mul</sup>BIR <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''><sup>!</sup> ''nap-ḫar ru-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e lu-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "['Kidney', Ea, may the extensive understanding of (your) rulers be surpassed [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

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    '''III. Symbol.'''


⚫
==== III. Symbol. ====
    The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.
    The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.


     '''IV. Identification.'''
==== IV. Identification. ====
⚫
      (1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR <sup>mul</sup>LU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].


     = Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];
⚫
      (1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR <sup>mul</sup>LU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) LU.LIM.


     = Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59, 75];
     = β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];


     = β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];
     = Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];


     = not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].
     = Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

     = not defined [ASM, 273].


     (2) Constellation:
     (2) Constellation:


     = Vela [G. 46];
     = Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];


     = ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];
     = ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];


     = γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between <sup>mul</sup>ELLAG<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> and <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN see [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. [ibid.]; see also n50NUN<sup>ki</sup>;
     = γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between <sup>mul</sup>ELLAG<sub>2</sub>, <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> and <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm. [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUN<sup>ki</sup>]];


     = part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014, 245].
     = part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].


     (3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellenia.”
     (3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellenia.”


     '''V. Astrology.'''
==== V. Astrology. ====

⚫
     Identifications:


⚫
===== Identifications: =====
     (1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellenia" above.
     (1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellenia" above.


     (2) = Mercury; <sup>mul</sup>BIR = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [ARAK, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).
     (2) = Mercury; <sup>mul</sup>BIR = <sup>d</sup>UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [ARAK<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).


     (3) = Mercury in Aquarius; see (8)-(11) below.
     (3) = Mercury in Aquarius; see (8)-(11) below.


     (4) = the asterism of Eridu; <sup>mul</sup>BIR = <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> [BPO 2, III 27a].
     (4) = the asterism of Eridu; <sup>mul</sup>BIR = <sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup> [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].


     (5) = Yoke; MUL ša<sub>2</sub> ina ZI IM.U<sub>x</sub>.LU DU-zu <sup>mul</sup>BIR <sup>d</sup>Ni-ru <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a [...] "The star which at the rising of the south wind stands, Kidney, Yoke Ea". [BPO 2, IX 6].
     (5) = Yoke; MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ZI IM.U<sub>x</sub>.LU DU-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>BIR <sup>d</sup>''Ni-ru'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' [...] "The star which at the rising of the south wind stands, Kidney, Yoke Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].


     (6) = Goat-Fish; see s24SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>, VI 3.
     (6) = Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>]], VI 3.


     (7) = Star Cluster; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7-9].
     (7) = Star Cluster; MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].


     Predictions:
===== Predictions: =====
     (8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' / DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR ''ma-diš'' SIG<sub>7</sub> / DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR ''ma-diš'' GI<sub>6</sub> / <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars become dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury, who is in the Giant, is dim." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].


     (8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a / DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR ma-diš SIG<sub>7</sub> / DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR ma-diš GI<sub>6</sub> / <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ina <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA u<sub>2</sub>-tan-na-at-ma "If the Kidney, its stars become dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury, who is in the Giant, is dim." [ACh Ištar, 21:31-34].
     (9) Kidney(= Mercury) and planet(= Saturn); <sup>mul</sup>BIR ana <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SI.[SA<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''ana'' <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ TE "Kidney approaches the planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury, who is in the Giant, is approaching Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].


     (9) Kidney(= Mercury) and planet(= Saturn); <sup>mul</sup>BIR ana <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SI.[SA<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ina <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ana <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ TE "Kidney approaches the planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury, who is in the Giant, is approaching Saturn." [ACh Ištar, 21:36-37].
     (10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet(= Saturn); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SI.[SA<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''ana'' <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney approaches the planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].


     (10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet(= Saturn); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR ana <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SI.[SA<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ina <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ana <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney approaches the planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar, 21:36-37].
     (11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn); ''šumma'' <sup>mul</sup>ELLAG<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>UGA<sup>mušen</sup> ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If Raven has Kidney standing(?)..." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>''ellag''<sub>x</sub>(BIR) ''ana'' <sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i<sub>3</sub> sig<sub>5</sub> AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>UGA<sup>mušen</sup> ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SIG<sub>5</sub> / <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' <sup>d</sup>GU.LA ''ana'' <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stands near the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury, being in the Giant, approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].


     (12) Planet and Kidney(=Mercury?); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM <sup>mul</sup>BIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SI.SA<sub>2</sub> "If the planet approaches Kidney: sesame will be normal" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].
     (11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn); šumma <sup>mul</sup>ELLAG<sub>2</sub> ana <sup>mul</sup>UGA<sup>mušen</sup> i-z[iz...] "If Raven has Kidney standing(?)..." [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug<sub>5</sub>.ga i-mid še.giš.i<sub>3</sub> sig<sub>5</sub> AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR ana <sup>mul</sup>UGA<sup>mušen</sup> i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SIG<sub>5</sub> / <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ina <sup>d</sup>GU.LA ana <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stands near the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury, being in the Giant, approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar, 21:39-40].


     (12) Planet and Kidney(=Mercury?); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM <sup>mul</sup>BIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I<sub>3</sub> SI.SA<sub>2</sub> "If the planet approaches Kidney: sesame will be normal" [Largement 1957, 246:51a].
      (13) Heliacal rising in the month of ululu; DIŠ ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>KIN <sup>mul</sup>BIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously <sup>mul</sup>TAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ<sup>!</sup>.APIN KUR<sup>!</sup> SI.SA<sub>2</sub> "If in the month of ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [ARAK<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].


      (13) Heliacal rising in the month of ululu; DIŠ ina <sup>iti</sup>KIN <sup>mul</sup>BIR (in [G. 395] erroneously <sup>mul</sup>TAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ<sup>!</sup>.APIN KUR<sup>!</sup> SI.SA<sub>2</sub> "If in the month of ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [ARAK, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].
     (14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set time; BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] "If this star rises early: [the cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].


     (14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set time; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] "If this star rises early: [the cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2, IX 6], see also [ibid,. X 17].
     (15) The Moon and the Kidney; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> TUR<sub>3</sub> NIGIN-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>BIR ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB ... "If in the month of Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].


     (15) The Moon and the Kidney; [DIŠ] 30 ina <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> TUR<sub>3</sub> NIGIN-ma <sup>mul</sup>BIR ina ŠA<sub>3</sub>-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB ... "If in the month of Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; see also m35MUL.MUL.
     (16) Pleiades and the Kidney; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL <sup>mul</sup>ELLAG<sub>2</sub> ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: this year will be hot [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see. [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE <sup>d</sup>IM [RA] "If the Kidney reaches the Star Cluster: Adad [will reap]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

     (16) Pleiades and the Kidney; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL <sup>mul</sup>ELLAG<sub>2</sub> ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: this year will be hot [...]" [SpTU III, 101:15], for a parallel see. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>BIR ana MUL.MUL TE <sup>d</sup>IM [RA] "If the Kidney reaches the Star Cluster: Adad [will reap]" [ACh Ištar, 21:38].


== Historical Dictionaries ==
== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = <sup>mul</sup>BIR (ELLAG<sub>2</sub>) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a13)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|-
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[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Latest revision as of 05:44, 7 October 2025

BIR = kalītu

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mulKalītu(m) (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅), 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in Puppis. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation LU.LIM = lulīmu, 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (bārû) find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.[1] These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (kalītu).  

Concordance, Etymology, History

Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

  • mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck (Puppis)
  • mulellagx;
  • = (mul)kalītu "Kidney" (CAD[2] K 74-75, ePSD ellag);

??The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) MUL2.MUL2.??

  • 1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),
  • 2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromedae) [BPO 2[3], 11; Gössmann[4] 56].??

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • Urra XXII series: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI[5], 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch-Horowitz 2015[6], 104:269′]; for parallels see. [SpTU I[7], 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60[8], 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian paralel to Urra from Assur).
"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”
  • Astrolabe P. Month of Ululu, Ea stars, 180 [Pinches 1900[9], 574].
  • Astrolabe B.
    • (1) List (12´3): tablet damaged (B i 17-18); probable text: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before Yoke, Kidney, Ea", see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98[10], Ea 7, B], and also [BPO 2[3], III 31, IX 6].
    • (2) List (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a "The month of Ululu: The Kidney (rising) … (in the way of) Ea" (C i 6); for a parallel see. [BPO 2[3], III 27].
    • (3) List (rising-setting=6m):
      • a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ "[Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Shupa rising" (C 23),
      • b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 "(Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Shupa goes in."  [KAV[11] 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014[12], Ch. 5-8].
  • BM 82923.
    • Month of Ululu, stars of Ea: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu
    • "[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker-Hunger 1977[13], 28, 30:16].
  • BM 34713.
    • [it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da
    • "Ululu: // 180? Kidney // 100  Great Twins // [...co]les." [LBAT[14], 1499:6].
 no. (1)
"Catalog of 30 stars."
  • Ea 7:
    • MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3 lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mul[lBIR dE2-a]
    • "The red star, that is, where the south wind rises, and standing before the Yoke, this star is 'Kidney', Ea" (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98[10], 177].
EAE.

See. [BPO 2[3], III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3[15], 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973[16], LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957[17], 246:51a; SpTU III[18], 101: 15, 33].

MUL.APIN.
  • MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
  • "The red star with the great glare, which stands in the Stag's kidney: Pest" (I i 34-35) [MA[19] 28].
 no. (2)
"Reports."

See. [ARAK[20], 325 r. 3, 5].

"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".
  • (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= dṣal-bat-a-nu) "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974[21], 337:21; Reiner 1995[22], 60];
  • (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
  • (3) description of the phases of the moon:
    • 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.[23], App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
Anaphora.
  • А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI)
  • "In the month of Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955[24], 238:13],
  • parallel in Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid.[24] 245:15].

Additional

II. Deity.

     The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995[22]:88]. [Reiner 1995[22], 88].

Prayers and rituals.
  • (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD[2] K, 76b; OECT[25] 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993[26], 158, note 16; TuL[27], 163, 34:14].
  • (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za "The Star Cluster (=Pleiades) stand to my right, the Kidney stands to my left" [Caplice 1970[28], 124:14; Ebeling 1955[29], 184; Reiner 1995[22], 16].
  • (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR "The king’s hand before (the constellation) Kidney (raises)" [Caplice 1970[28], 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995[22], 88].
  • (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a [...] "['Kidney', Ea, may the extensive understanding of (your) rulers be surpassed [...]." [Watanabe 1991[30], 362; 1992[31], 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Symbol.

    The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

IV. Identification.

      (1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) LU.LIM.

     = Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59[32], 75];

     = β Andromedae [MA[19], 28, 138];

     = Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.[23], 207];

     = not defined [ASM[33], 273].

     (2) Constellation:

     = Vela [Gössmann[4] 46];

     = ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2[3], 11];

     = γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989[34], 36-37, Anm. [ibid.[34]]; see also (Kurtik n50) NUNki;

     = part of the constellation Korma [Horowitz 2014[35], 245].

     (3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellenia.”

V. Astrology.

Identifications:

     (1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellenia" above.

     (2) = Mercury; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [ARAK[20], 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

     (3) = Mercury in Aquarius; see (8)-(11) below.

     (4) = the asterism of Eridu; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2[3], III 27a].

     (5) = Yoke; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a [...] "The star which at the rising of the south wind stands, Kidney, Yoke Ea". [BPO 2[3], IX 6].

     (6) = Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik s24) SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

     (7) = Star Cluster; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999[36], 7-9].

Predictions:

     (8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma "If the Kidney, its stars become dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury, who is in the Giant, is dim." [ACh Ištar[37], 21:31-34].

     (9) Kidney(= Mercury) and planet(= Saturn); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE "Kidney approaches the planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury, who is in the Giant, is approaching Saturn." [ACh Ištar[37], 21:36-37].

     (10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet(= Saturn); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney approaches the planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar[37], 21:36-37].

     (11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz...] "If Raven has Kidney standing(?)..." [SpTU III[18], 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973[16], 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stands near the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury, being in the Giant, approaches Saturn." [ACh Ištar[37], 21:39-40].

     (12) Planet and Kidney(=Mercury?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If the planet approaches Kidney: sesame will be normal" [Largement 1957[17], 246:51a].

      (13) Heliacal rising in the month of ululu; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann[4] 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month of ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [ARAK[20], 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see. [BPO 2[3], IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

     (14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set time; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2[3], IX 6], see also [ibid.[3], X 17].

     (15) The Moon and the Kidney; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB ... "If in the month of Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.[37] 2, 16:33; CAD[2] K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) MUL2.MUL2.

     (16) Pleiades and the Kidney; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: this year will be hot [...]" [SpTU III[18], 101:15], for a parallel see. [Borger 1973[16], 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney reaches the Star Cluster: Adad [will reap]" [ACh Ištar[37], 21:38].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, k14)
1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
Kurtik (2022, b11) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; G. 56].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят»  [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI)  «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT  6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

=  β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [G. 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [ARAK, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн);  DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка  к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2  ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [G. 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [ARAK, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см.  также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также  m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].

Example

References

  1. ↑ British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  5. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  6. ↑ Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
  7. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  8. ↑ Weidner  E.  Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
  9. ↑ Pinches T.G. Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Oelsner J., Horowitz W. The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.
  11. ↑ Schroeder O. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.
  12. ↑ Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
  13. ↑ Walker C.B.F., Hunger H. Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.
  14. ↑ A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
  15. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Largement R. Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
  21. ↑ Civil M. Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Schaumberger J. Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.
  25. ↑ Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts.
  26. ↑ Horowitz W. The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.
  27. ↑ Ebeling E. Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Caplice R. Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.
  29. ↑ Ebeling E. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.
  30. ↑ Watanabe K. Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.
  31. ↑ Watanabe K. Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.
  32. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  33. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
  35. ↑ Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
  36. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. The Astrological Commentary Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
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