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{{DISPLAYTITLE:MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub>}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub>}}


<sup>mul</sup>MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub> (𒀯𒈣𒋽) = ''makurru,''<nowiki/>'the Barge' is a Mesopotamian asterism that is shaped like a river-barge in the area of [[Sagittarius]] and [[Corona Australis]] in the southern part of the Mesopotamian sky. Its shape can be verified by depictions of such barges in artwork, which show that both the prow and the bow of the barge are pointed upwards at both ends????. The term is also used in astronomy for the gibbous Moon (CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M<sub>I</sub> 142 or '''''Steinkeller from below???).'''''
<sup>mul</sup>MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub> (𒀯𒈣𒋽) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

'''''How to translate'''''

Need examples of ancient mes pictures???
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Concordance, Etymology, History==


===Krebernik (2023)===
===Krebernik (2023)===
MÁ.GUR<sub>8</sub> = ''makurru'' “bark”. <sup>mul</sup>MÁ.GUR<sub>8</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MÁŠ (EA 15l).
MÁ.GUR<sub>8</sub> = ''makurru'' “The Barge”. <sup>mul</sup>MÁ.GUR<sub>8</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MÁŠ '''(EA 15l)'''


===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Var. designations:
Var. designations:
* 1) = <sup>mul</sup>''Makurru'' "Ship, Vessel"; constellation or star in Sagittarius or Sacerdotal (Sagittarius or Ara) [G. 254];
* 1) = <sup>mul</sup>''Makurru'' "Barge, Ship, Vessel"; constellation or star in Sagittarius or Sacerdotal (Sagittarius or Ara) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 254];
* 2) epithet of the lunar deity Nanna [Steinkeller 2016<ref>Steinkeller, P. (2010). Nanna/Suen, the Shining Bowl. Alter Orient Und Altes Testament:  Veröffentlichungen Zur Kultur Und Geschichte Des Alten Orients Und Des Alten Testaments.</ref>, 620-621; Laursen 2021<ref>Laursen, S. (2021). Dilmun Boat shaped votive bowls for the Moon-god Nanna? Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 32(S1), 291-300.</ref>]'''''.''''' '''and cf. Laursen 2021 for sea-faring ships suggestive of the shape of the waxing Moon.'''
* 2) epithet of the lunar deity Nanna [Steinkeller 2016, 620-621].


== Dilmun Boat shaped votive bowls for the Moon-god Nanna? ==
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List of the stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15):
List of the stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15):


* <sup>mul</sup>MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR. MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> "Ship and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34) [MA, 39].
* <sup>mul</sup>MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR. MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> "River Barge and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34) [MA<ref name=":1">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 39].
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|'''List of stars V R, 46, 1:38.'''
|'''List of stars V R, 46, 1:38.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>ma<sub>2</sub>.gur<sub>8</sub> <sup>mul</sup>suḫur.maš<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Nabû''(pa) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Taš-me-tu''<sub>4</sub> "Ship (and) Goat-Fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA, 52:38; Wee 2016, 162-3].
* <sup>mul</sup>ma<sub>2</sub>.gur<sub>8</sub> <sup>mul</sup>suḫur.maš<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Nabû''(pa) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Taš-me-tu''<sub>4</sub> "Ship (and) Goat-Fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:38; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
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| '''GU text.'''
| '''GU text.'''
*(Q)  mul [''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''maš'']-˹''a-ti''˺ ˹kimin˺ murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ''šu šumēlû''(2,30) <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil<sub>2</sub>.sag ša<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ugu / ban ''u'' [<sup>mul</sup>m]a<sub>2</sub>.gur<sub>8</sub> gu "The Star of Gemini (ziqpu IV: β Her) or the middle of Zababa (ν Oph), the left hand of Pabilsag, which is on the bow (δ Sag), and the Ship (ε Sag), the rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:27-28; ASM, 93]; according to [Koch 1992, 59:27-28], mul [''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''maš'']-˹''a-ti''˺ — β Her, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>''-ba''<sub>4</sub> — η Oph, ''šu šumēlû''(2,30) <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil<sub>2</sub>.sag ša<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ugu ban — θ Oph и [<sup>mul</sup>m]a<sub>2</sub>.gur<sub>8</sub> — θ Arae.
*(Q)  mul [''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''maš'']-˹''a-ti''˺ ˹kimin˺ murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> ''šu šumēlû''(2,30) <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil<sub>2</sub>.sag ša<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ugu / ban ''u'' [<sup>mul</sup>m]a<sub>2</sub>.gur<sub>8</sub> gu "The Star of Gemini (ziqpu IV: β Her) or the middle of Zababa (ν Oph), the left hand of Pabilsag, which is on the bow (δ Sag), and the River-Barge (ε Sag), the rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:27-28; ASM<ref name=":3">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 93]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":4">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59:27-28], mul [''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''maš'']-˹''a-ti''˺ — β Her, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>''-ba''<sub>4</sub> — η Oph, ''šu šumēlû''(2,30) <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil<sub>2</sub>.sag ša<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ugu ban — θ Oph и [<sup>mul</sup>m]a<sub>2</sub>.gur<sub>8</sub> — θ Arae.
*(S) <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil.sag ˹''ša''<sub>2</sub>˺ ''ina'' ugu ma<sub>2</sub>.˹gur<sub>8</sub>˺ "(Asterism) Pabilsag, which is over the Ship" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:30-31], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]].
*(S) <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil.sag ˹''ša''<sub>2</sub>˺ ''ina'' ugu ma<sub>2</sub>.˹gur<sub>8</sub>˺ "(Asterism) Pabilsag, which is over the River-Barge" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, BM 78161:30-31], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]].
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==== II. Deity.====
==== II. Deity.====
         The boat-deity or ship was among the sacred attributes of many gods [Salonen-Opificius 1969; Tallqvist 1938, 360; Kurtik 1998, 34-35]. Festivals dedicated to them were already celebrated in the epoch of the III dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I, 216-219]. To which exact deity the Ship constellation refers to, from the list of MUL.APIN, remains unclear. Perhaps it is the ship of Enki, whose name is present in the Old Babylonian list (see Kurtik m02) [[MA2.DIRI.GA|MA<sub>2</sub>.DIRI.GA]], but no firm evidence exists.
         The boat-deity or ship was among the sacred attributes of many gods [Salonen-Opificius 1969<ref>''Salonen A'', ''Opificius R.'' Götterboot // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 6. S. 463-466.</ref>; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 360; Kurtik 1998, 34-35]. Festivals dedicated to them were already celebrated in the epoch of the III dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 216-219]. To which exact deity the River-Barge constellation refers to, from the list of MUL.APIN, remains unclear.


====III. Symbol.====
====III. Symbol.====
         The ship or boat. Numerous depictions of the sacred boat are present on seals, reliefs, and in pottery from the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE and later [Salonen-Opificius 1969; Kurtik 1998, 34-37; Kurtik 2023]. The outlines and the figure of the Ship constellation is not known.
         The River Barge. Numerous depictions of this type of vessel are present on seals, reliefs, and in pottery from the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE and later [Salonen-Opificius 1969<ref>''Salonen A'', ''Opificius R.'' Götterboot // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 6. S. 463-466.</ref>; Kurtik 1998, 34-37; Kurtik 2023]. ''<u>'''The outlines and the figure of the Ship constellation is not known.'''</u>''


==== IV. Identification.====
==== IV. Identification.====
         = α, β Capricorni [G. 254].
         = α, β Capricorni [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 254].


         = ε Sagittarii [MA, 138; Pingree-Walker 1988, 321, Q4; ASM, 271].
         = ε Sagittarii [MA<ref name=":1" />, 138; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, 321, Q4; ASM<ref name=":3" />, 271].


         = θ Arae [Koch 1992, 59].
         = θ Arae [Koch 1992<ref name=":4" />, 59].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==
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[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Latest revision as of 07:56, 15 September 2025


mulMA2.GUR8 (𒀯𒈣𒋽) = makurru,'the Barge' is a Mesopotamian asterism that is shaped like a river-barge in the area of Sagittarius and Corona Australis in the southern part of the Mesopotamian sky. Its shape can be verified by depictions of such barges in artwork, which show that both the prow and the bow of the barge are pointed upwards at both ends????. The term is also used in astronomy for the gibbous Moon (CAD[1] MI 142 or Steinkeller from below???).

How to translate

Need examples of ancient mes pictures???

Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)

MÁ.GUR8 = makurru “The Barge”. mulMÁ.GUR8 u mulSUḪUR.MÁŠ (EA 15l)

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Var. designations:

  • 1) = mulMakurru "Barge, Ship, Vessel"; constellation or star in Sagittarius or Sacerdotal (Sagittarius or Ara) [Gössmann[2] 254];
  • 2) epithet of the lunar deity Nanna [Steinkeller 2016[3], 620-621; Laursen 2021[4]]. and cf. Laursen 2021 for sea-faring ships suggestive of the shape of the waxing Moon.

Dilmun Boat shaped votive bowls for the Moon-god Nanna?

Sources Identifications
MUL.APIN.

List of the stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15):

  • mulMA2.GUR8 u mulSUḪUR. MAŠ2ku6 "River Barge and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34) [MA[5], 39].
List of stars V R, 46, 1:38.
  • mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = dNabû(pa) u dTaš-me-tu4 "Ship (and) Goat-Fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA[6], 52:38; Wee 2016[7], 162-3].
GU text.
  • (Q)  mul [ša2 maš]-˹a-ti˺ ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulza.ba4.ba4 šu šumēlû(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ina ugu / ban u [mulm]a2.gur8 gu "The Star of Gemini (ziqpu IV: β Her) or the middle of Zababa (ν Oph), the left hand of Pabilsag, which is on the bow (δ Sag), and the River-Barge (ε Sag), the rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988[8], BM 78161:27-28; ASM[9], 93]; according to [Koch 1992[10], 59:27-28], mul [ša2 maš]-˹a-ti˺ — β Her, murub4 mulZa-ba4-ba4 — η Oph, šu šumēlû(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ina ugu ban — θ Oph и [mulm]a2.gur8 — θ Arae.
  • (S) mulpa.bil.sag ˹ša2˺ ina ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ "(Asterism) Pabilsag, which is over the River-Barge" [Pingree-Walker 1988[8], BM 78161:30-31], see also (Kurtik u31) UZ3.

Additional

II. Deity.

         The boat-deity or ship was among the sacred attributes of many gods [Salonen-Opificius 1969[11]; Tallqvist 1938[12], 360; Kurtik 1998, 34-35]. Festivals dedicated to them were already celebrated in the epoch of the III dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I[13], 216-219]. To which exact deity the River-Barge constellation refers to, from the list of MUL.APIN, remains unclear.

III. Symbol.

         The River Barge. Numerous depictions of this type of vessel are present on seals, reliefs, and in pottery from the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE and later [Salonen-Opificius 1969[14]; Kurtik 1998, 34-37; Kurtik 2023]. The outlines and the figure of the Ship constellation is not known.

IV. Identification.

         = α, β Capricorni [Gössmann[2] 254].

         = ε Sagittarii [MA[5], 138; Pingree-Walker 1988[8], 321, Q4; ASM[9], 271].

         = θ Arae [Koch 1992[10], 59].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, m01) Gössmann (1950)
1) = mulMakurru «Корабль, Судно»; созвездие или звезда в Стрельце или Жертвеннике (Sagittarius или Ara) [G. 254]; 2) эпитет лунного божества Нанна [Steinkeller 2016, 620‒621].

I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 u mulSUḪUR. MAŠ2ku6 «Корабль и Коза-Рыба» (I ii 34) [MA, 39]. Список звезд V R, 46, 1:38. mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = dNabû(pa) u dTaš-me-tu4 «Корабль (и) Коза-рыба = Набу и Ташмету» [HBA, 52:38; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (Q) mul [ša2 maš]-˹a-ti˺ ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulza.ba4.ba4 šu šumēlû(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ina ugu / ban u [mulm]a2.gur8 gu «Звезда Близнецов (ziqpu IV:  β Her) или середина Забабы (ν Oph), левая рука Пабилсага, которая на луке (δ Sag), и Корабль (ε Sag) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:27–28; ASM, 93]; согласно [Koch 1992, 59:27–28], mul [ša2 maš]-˹a-ti˺ — β Her, murub4 mulZa-ba4-ba4 — η Oph, šu šumēlû(2,30) mulpa.bil2.sag ša2 ina ugu ban — θ Oph и [mulm]a2.gur8 — θ Arae. (S) mulpa.bil.sag ˹ša2˺ ina ugu ma2.˹gur8˺ «(Звезда) Пабилсага, которая над Кораблем» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30–31], см. также u31UZ3.

II. Божество.

Лодка-божество или корабль входили в число священных атрибутов многих богов [Salonen–Opificius 1969; Tallqvist 1938, 360; Куртик 1998, 34–35]. Посвященные им праздники отмечались уже в эпоху III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 216–219]. К какому именно божеству относится созвездие Корабль из списка MUL.APIN, остается невыясненным. Возможно, это корабль Энки, название которого присутствует в старовавилонском списке (см. m02), однако никаких твердых доказательств не существует.

III. Символ.

Корабль или лодка. Многочисленные изображения священной лодки представлены на печатях, рельефах и в керамике второй половины III тыс. до н.э. и более поздних [Salonen–Opificius 1969; Куртик 1998, 34–37; Куртик 2023]. Неизвестно, какие очертания имела фигура созвездия Корабль.

IV. Отождествление.

= α, β Capricorni [G. 254].

= ε Sagittarii [MA, 138; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321, Q4; ASM, 271].

= θ Arae [Koch 1992, 59].

Example

References

  1. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ Steinkeller, P. (2010). Nanna/Suen, the Shining Bowl. Alter Orient Und Altes Testament:  Veröffentlichungen Zur Kultur Und Geschichte Des Alten Orients Und Des Alten Testaments.
  4. ↑ Laursen, S. (2021). Dilmun Boat shaped votive bowls for the Moon-god Nanna? Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 32(S1), 291-300.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  6. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  7. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.
  11. ↑ Salonen A, Opificius R. Götterboot // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 6. S. 463-466.
  12. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  13. ↑ Sallaberger W. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
  14. ↑ Salonen A, Opificius R. Götterboot // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 6. S. 463-466.
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