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[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=star chart for APIN, The Plough|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021. The seed funnel (middle part) is called UR.BAR.RA, The Wolf as it "eats" the seeds. ]]
[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=star chart for APIN, The Plough|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Horowitz, W. (2022). How to identify “The Plough” MUL.APIN, epinnu? in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 148-170</ref>, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021. The seed funnel (middle part) is called UR.BAR.RA, The Wolf as it "eats" the seeds. ]]
<sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA (𒀯𒌨𒁇𒊏), see Akkadian equivalent ''[[Barbaru]],'' an asterism in the Mesopotamian constellation of <sup>mul</sup>[[APIN]], The Plough.
<sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA (𒀯𒌨𒁇𒊏), see Akkadian equivalent ''[[Barbaru]],'' an asterism in the Mesopotamian constellation of <sup>[[APIN|mul]]</sup>[[APIN]], "The Plough".


==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Dictionary==


=== Krebernik (2023) ===
=== Krebernik (2023) ===
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= ''barbaru'' "Wolf," "Wolf Asterism";
= ''barbaru'' "Wolf," "Wolf Asterism";


Var. designations:
⚫
* 1) part of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>APIN, "Plow,"

* 2) an epithet of Mars [G. 161; BPO 2, 16; CAD B, 108-109; Reynolds 1998, 351].
⚫
*1) part of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>APIN, "Plow,"
* 2) an epithet of Mars [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 161; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 108-109; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 351].


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|'''''Lexical texts'''''.
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.


* (1) Unilingual Sumerian star lists: <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 6], see also <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.[ra] [CT 26, 47, K. 11251:2].
*(1) Unilingual Sumerian star lists: <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 6], see also <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.[ra] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 47, K. 11251:2].
* (2) Urra XXII series: [<sup>mul</sup>ur.bar].ra = ''bar-ba-ru'' [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:d; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:28], <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar = [...]-mu<sup>?</sup>, <sup>mul</sup>ur<sup>?</sup>.[bar.r]a = [''bar-ba'']-''ra'' [MSL XI, 114A v 33-34].
* (2) Urra XXII series: [<sup>mul</sup>ur.bar].ra = ''bar-ba-ru'' [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:d; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner  E. '' Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:28], <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar = [...]-mu<sup>?</sup>, <sup>mul</sup>ur<sup>?</sup>.[bar.r]a = [''bar-ba'']-''ra'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 114A v 33-34].
* (3) The Ḫg series. B. VI: <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra = ''a-ḫu-u'' = MIN "Wolf = Alien = ditto(Mars)" [MSL XI, 40:36], see (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]''.
*(3) The Ḫg series. B. VI: <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra = ''a-ḫu-u'' = MIN "Wolf = Alien = ditto(Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:36], see (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]''.
|Example
|Example
|-
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|'''''EAE'''''.
| '''''EAE'''''.


*See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, II 12d, 12g, 13a-c; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 16′, 19′, 28′, 29′; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:10, 26], and also [Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10 r. 30].
* See. [BPO 2, II 12d, 12g, 13a-c; BPO 3, 289; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 16′, 19′, 28′, 29′; SpTU III, 101:10, 26], and
⚫
*See also identity: <sup>[m]ul</sup>UR.GU.LA = <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Lion = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 50:37].
* also [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30].
⚫
* See also identity: <sup>[m]ul</sup>UR.GU.LA = <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Lion = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I, 50:37].
|
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|-
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|"'''''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'''''."
| "'''''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'''''."
|
|
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|"'''''Great Star List'''''."
|"'''''Great Star List'''''."


* List of Mars names: <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Wolf = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:96].
*List of Mars names: <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Wolf = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:96].
|
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|'''''Star List VR 46, 1:2'''''.
|'''''Star List VR 46, 1:2'''''.


* <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra = <sup>d</sup>''A-nu'' "Wolf = Anu." [HBA, 51:2; Wee 2016, 162-3];
*<sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra = <sup>d</sup>''A-nu'' "Wolf = Anu." [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:2; Wee 2016, 162-3];
* Mythological parallel: ur.bar.ra ''eṭemmu ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''a-nim'' "The wolf is the spirit of Anu" [Livingstone 1986, 82, VAT 8917 rev. 11].
*Mythological parallel: ur.bar.ra ''eṭemmu ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''a-nim'' "The wolf is the spirit of Anu" [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone  A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 82, VAT 8917 rev. 11].
|
|
|-
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|'''''The list of the "7 Enlils'''''."
|'''''The list of the "7 Enlils'''''."


* The wolf corresponds to Enlil of Khursagkalamma, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|<sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]].
*The wolf corresponds to Enlil of Khursagkalamma, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|<sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]].
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=== II. Symbol. ===
===II. Symbol.===
           <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA "Wolf" as part of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>APIN "Plow" in MUL.APIN (I i 2) is identified with <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN, where <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> = ''ittû'' is a structural element of the sowing plow, the funnel into which seeds were poured into during sowing. Images of the Mesopotamian sowing plow are found on seals, see [Black-Green 1992, 149; 149]. [Black-Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, S. 38-40; Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, fig. 47]. The star or asterism <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA (if Koch's identification is correct, see below) was apparently located on this funnel.
           <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA "Wolf" as part of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>APIN "Plow" in MUL.APIN (I i 2) is identified with <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN, where <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> = ''ittû'' is a structural element of the sowing plow, the funnel into which seeds were poured into during sowing. Images of the Mesopotamian sowing plow are found on seals, see [Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 149; 149; Hempelmann 2004, S. 38-40; Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968.         </ref>, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 47]. The star or asterism <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA (if Koch's identification is correct, see below) was apparently located on this funnel.


=== III. Identification. ===
===III. Identification.===
           = α Trianguli [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 161, I; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 208, App. C; ASM, 276; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 249].
           = α Trianguli [G. 161, I; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; ASM, 276; Horowitz 2014, 249].


           = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106 note 347, 111].
           = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 106 note 347, 111].


=== IV. Astrology. ===
===IV. Astrology.===
⚫
           Identifications:


⚫
=====Identifications:=====
           (1) = Mars; see Lexical Texts, Series Ḫg and predictions (5)-(9).
           (1) = Mars; see Lexical Texts, Series Ḫg and predictions (5)-(9).


           (1) = Moon (?); <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>d</sup>EN:ZU [...] "Wolf = Shin [...]"(?) [BPO 2, II 13a].
           (1) = Moon (?); <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>d</sup>EN:ZU [...] "Wolf = Shin [...]"(?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, II 13a].


           (3) = King (=Regulus); DIŠ mu[l... ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>]UR.BAR.RA TE <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL [TE-''ma''...] "If the star approaches [... towards] the Wolf asterism, (it means): Mars [approaches] the King... [ACh Ištar, 30:23].
           (3) = King (=Regulus); DIŠ mu[l... ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>]UR.BAR.RA TE <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL [TE-''ma''...] "If the star approaches [... towards] the Wolf asterism, (it means): Mars [approaches] the King... [ACh Ištar, 30:23].


See also the identity: <sup>[m]ul</sup>UR.GU.LA: <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA: <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Leo = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I, 50:37].
See also the identity: <sup>[m]ul</sup>UR.GU.LA: <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA: <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Leo = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 50:37].

           Predictions:


===== Predictions:=====
           (4) General astrological meaning; <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA ''ana maš''-[''re-e''...] "A wolf asterism for (predicting) god[s]..." [BPO 2, II 13b].
           (4) General astrological meaning; <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA ''ana maš''-[''re-e''...] "A wolf asterism for (predicting) god[s]..." [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, II 13b].


           (5) The Wolf (=Mars) approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A<sup>!</sup> TE UR.MAḪ.<MEŠ> ''u'' UR.BAR.RA.MEŠ GU<sub>7</sub>.MEŠ... "If the Wolf Asterism approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth: lions and wolves will devour ..." [SpTU III, 101:10-11], see also [ACh Ištar, 30:7; Biggs 1987, 10:30].
           (5) The Wolf (=Mars) approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A<sup>!</sup> TE UR.MAḪ.<MEŠ> ''u'' UR.BAR.RA.MEŠ GU<sub>7</sub>.MEŠ... "If the Wolf Asterism approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth: lions and wolves will devour ..." [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:10-11], see also [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:7; Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10:30].


           (6) The wolf (= Mars) reaches the Sun (= Saturn); [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>d</sup>UTU] KUR-''ud'' (gloss: ''ik-šu-ud'') / ''maš-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> [...] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina šap''-[''la''] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''e''-[''te'']-''et-iq'' / <sup>[mu]l</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [MUL <sup>d</sup>UTU] <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.˹SAG.UŠ˺ "[If the Wolf Asterism] reaches [the Sun]: wealth [...]. (Meaning): Mars passes b[y] Saturn. The Wolf Asterism is Mars, [the Sun Star] is Saturn" [ARAK, 48:1-6], see also [ACh Suppl.2, 69:30; Borger 1973, 41, r. 28′].
           (6) The wolf (= Mars) reaches the Sun (= Saturn); [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>d</sup>UTU] KUR-''ud'' (gloss: ''ik-šu-ud'') / ''maš-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> [...] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina šap''-[''la''] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''e''-[''te'']-''et-iq'' / <sup>[mu]l</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [MUL <sup>d</sup>UTU] <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.˹SAG.UŠ˺ "[If the Wolf Asterism] reaches [the Sun]: wealth [...]. (Meaning): Mars passes b[y] Saturn. The Wolf Asterism is Mars, [the Sun Star] is Saturn" [ARAK<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 48:1-6], see also [ACh Suppl. 2<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 69:30; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41, r. 28′].


           (7) Wolf (= Mars) reaches Leo; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ [KUR-''ud'' xxx] / UD-''me ru-qu-u''<sub>2</sub>-''ti š''[''u''-xxx] / ''a-na ma-a-ti'' [...] "If the Wolf asterism [reaches] the constellation of Leo: distant days [...] for the country [...]". <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>mul</sup>[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] / <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ <sup>mul</sup>[UR.GU.LA] / <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB-''ma''] "The Wolf star is [Mars]; the Lion constellation is [Leo], (i.e.) Mars [stands] in [Leo]" [ARAK, 45:1-4], see also [Borger 1973, 41, r. 29′; ACh Suppl. 2, 69:31].
           (7) Wolf (= Mars) reaches Leo; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ [KUR-''ud'' xxx] / UD-''me ru-qu-u''<sub>2</sub>-''ti š''[''u''-xxx] / ''a-na ma-a-ti'' [...] "If the Wolf asterism [reaches] the constellation of Leo: distant days [...] for the country [...]". <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>mul</sup>[''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''] / <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ <sup>mul</sup>[UR.GU.LA] / <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>UR.GU.LA GUB-''ma''] "The Wolf star is [Mars]; the Lion constellation is [Leo], (i.e.) Mars [stands] in [Leo]" [ARAK<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 45:1-4], see also [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41, r. 29′; ACh Suppl. 2<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 69:31].


           (8) Wolf (= Mars) reaches the Goat (= Venus); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra ''ele''(UGU)-''nu'' <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> DU-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> kur-''ud'' ki.lam tur EBUR [...] "If the Wolf asterism roams above the Goat and eventually reaches the Goat: decrease in business activity, harvest [...]" [Borger 1973, 41 r. 19′ ].
           (8) Wolf (= Mars) reaches the Goat (= Venus); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra ''ele''(UGU)-''nu'' <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> DU-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> kur-''ud'' ki.lam tur EBUR [...] "If the Wolf asterism roams above the Goat and eventually reaches the Goat: decrease in business activity, harvest [...]" [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41 r. 19′ ].


           (9) The Goat (= Venus) reaches the Wolf (=Mars); see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]], VI 12
           (9) The Goat (= Venus) reaches the Wolf (=Mars); see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]], VI 12
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!scope="col" style="width: 55%;"|Kurtik (2022, u18)
! scope="col" style="width: 55%;" |Kurtik (2022, u18)
!scope="col" style="width: 45%;"|Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 45%;" |Gössmann (1950)
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==== b07. <sup>(mul)</sup>Barbaru (67) ====
====b07. <sup>(mul)</sup>Barbaru (67)====
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==== u18. <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA (427) ====
====u18. <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA (427)====
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[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Mars]]

Latest revision as of 15:22, 1 September 2025

star chart for APIN, The Plough
Mesopotamian constellation APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022[1], painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021. The seed funnel (middle part) is called UR.BAR.RA, The Wolf as it "eats" the seeds.

mulUR.BAR.RA (𒀯𒌨𒁇𒊏), see Akkadian equivalent Barbaru, an asterism in the Mesopotamian constellation of mulAPIN, "The Plough".

Concordance, Etymology, History

Krebernik (2023)

= barbaru “wolf”. mulUR.BAR.RA (EN 2l).

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= barbaru "Wolf," "Wolf Asterism";

Var. designations:

  • 1) part of the constellation mulAPIN, "Plow,"
  • 2) an epithet of Mars [Gössmann[2] 161; BPO 2[3], 16; CAD[4] B, 108-109; Reynolds 1998[5], 351].
Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Unilingual Sumerian star lists: mulur.bar.ra [MSL XI[6], 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 6], see also mulur.bar.[ra] [CT[7] 26, 47, K. 11251:2].
  • (2) Urra XXII series: [mulur.bar].ra = bar-ba-ru [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:d; Weidner 1959-60[8], 112, VAT 9430:28], mulur.bar = [...]-mu?, mulur?.[bar.r]a = [bar-ba]-ra [MSL XI[9], 114A v 33-34].
  • (3) The Ḫg series. B. VI: mulur.bar.ra = a-ḫu-u = MIN "Wolf = Alien = ditto(Mars)" [MSL XI[10], 40:36], see (Kurtik a15) Aḫû.
 Example
EAE.
  • See. [BPO 2[11], II 12d, 12g, 13a-c; BPO 3[12], 289; Borger 1973[13], LB 1321 r. 16′, 19′, 28′, 29′; SpTU III[14], 101:10, 26], and also [Biggs 1987[15], 10 r. 30].
  • See also identity: [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = dṢal-bat-a-nu "Lion = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I[16], 50:37].
"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."
"Great Star List."
  • List of Mars names: mulur.bar.ra = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) "Wolf = Mars" [Mesop.Astrol.[17], App. B:96].
"Reports."

See. [ARAK, 45:1, 4; 48:1, 5].

Star List VR 46, 1:2.
  • mulur.bar.ra = dA-nu "Wolf = Anu." [HBA[18], 51:2; Wee 2016, 162-3];
  • Mythological parallel: ur.bar.ra eṭemmu ša2 da-nim "The wolf is the spirit of Anu" [Livingstone 1986[19], 82, VAT 8917 rev. 11].
The list of the "7 Enlils."
  • The wolf corresponds to Enlil of Khursagkalamma, see (Kurtik e10) dEn-lil2.
List of "4 Enlisl."

See (Kurtik e10) dEn-lil2.

II. Symbol.

           mulUR.BAR.RA "Wolf" as part of the constellation mulAPIN "Plow" in MUL.APIN (I i 2) is identified with gišNINDA2 ša2 mulAPIN, where gišNINDA2 = ittû is a structural element of the sowing plow, the funnel into which seeds were poured into during sowing. Images of the Mesopotamian sowing plow are found on seals, see [Black-Green 1992[20], 149; 149; Hempelmann 2004, S. 38-40; Salonen 1968[21], Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007[22], fig. 47]. The star or asterism mulUR.BAR.RA (if Koch's identification is correct, see below) was apparently located on this funnel.

III. Identification.

           = α Trianguli [Gössmann[23] 161, I; BPO 2[24], 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol.[25], 208, App. C; ASM, 276; Horowitz 2014[26], 249].

           = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989[27], 106 note 347, 111].

IV. Astrology.

Identifications:

           (1) = Mars; see Lexical Texts, Series Ḫg and predictions (5)-(9).

           (1) = Moon (?); mulUR.BAR.RA dEN:ZU [...] "Wolf = Shin [...]"(?) [BPO 2[28], II 13a].

           (3) = King (=Regulus); DIŠ mu[l... a-na mul]UR.BAR.RA TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana mulLUGAL [TE-ma...] "If the star approaches [... towards] the Wolf asterism, (it means): Mars [approaches] the King... [ACh Ištar, 30:23].

See also the identity: [m]ulUR.GU.LA: mulUR.BAR.RA: dṢal-bat-a-nu "Leo = Wolf = Mars" [SpTU I[29], 50:37].

Predictions:

           (4) General astrological meaning; mulUR.BAR.RA ana maš-[re-e...] "A wolf asterism for (predicting) god[s]..." [BPO 2[30], II 13b].

           (5) The Wolf (=Mars) approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulU4.KA.DU8.A! TE UR.MAḪ.<MEŠ> u UR.BAR.RA.MEŠ GU7.MEŠ... "If the Wolf Asterism approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth: lions and wolves will devour ..." [SpTU III[31], 101:10-11], see also [ACh Ištar[32], 30:7; Biggs 1987[33], 10:30].

           (6) The wolf (= Mars) reaches the Sun (= Saturn); [DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA dUTU] KUR-ud (gloss: ik-šu-ud) / maš-ru-u2 [...] / [m]ulṢal-bat-a-nu ina šap-[la] / [m]ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ e-[te]-et-iq / [mu]lUR.BAR.RA mulṢal-bat-a-nu / [MUL dUTU] mulUDU.IDIM.˹SAG.UŠ˺ "[If the Wolf Asterism] reaches [the Sun]: wealth [...]. (Meaning): Mars passes b[y] Saturn. The Wolf Asterism is Mars, [the Sun Star] is Saturn" [ARAK[34], 48:1-6], see also [ACh Suppl. 2[35], 69:30; Borger 1973[36], 41, r. 28′].

           (7) Wolf (= Mars) reaches Leo; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-ud xxx] / UD-me ru-qu-u2-ti š[u-xxx] / a-na ma-a-ti [...] "If the Wolf asterism [reaches] the constellation of Leo: distant days [...] for the country [...]". mulUR.BAR.RA mul[Ṣal-bat-a-nu] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-ma] "The Wolf star is [Mars]; the Lion constellation is [Leo], (i.e.) Mars [stands] in [Leo]" [ARAK[37], 45:1-4], see also [Borger 1973[38], 41, r. 29′; ACh Suppl. 2[39], 69:31].

           (8) Wolf (= Mars) reaches the Goat (= Venus); DIŠ mulur.bar.ra ele(UGU)-nu muluz3 DU-ma muluz3 kur-ud ki.lam tur EBUR [...] "If the Wolf asterism roams above the Goat and eventually reaches the Goat: decrease in business activity, harvest [...]" [Borger 1973[40], 41 r. 19′ ].

           (9) The Goat (= Venus) reaches the Wolf (=Mars); see (Kurtik u31) UZ3, VI 12

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, u18) Gössmann (1950)

b07. (mul)Barbaru (67)
аккадская параллель к mulUR.BAR.RA «Волк»; только в лексических текстах [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:d; SpTU III, 114A v 34; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:28]; = звезда α Trianguli. Cм. u18UR.BAR.RA. no entry

u18. mulUR.BAR.RA (427)
= barbaru «Волк», «Волчья звезда»; 1) часть созвездия mulAPIN «Плуг», возможно, только звезда α Trianguli, 2) эпитет Марса [G. 161; BPO 2, 16; CAD B, 108–109; Reynolds 1998, 351].
Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulur.bar.ra [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 6], см. также mulur.bar.[ra] [CT 26, 47, K. 11251:2]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: [mulur.bar].ra = bar-ba-ru [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:d; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:28], mulur.bar = […]-mu?, mulur?.[bar.r]a = [bar-ba]-ra [MSL XI, 114A v 33–34]. (3) Серия Ḫg. B. VI: mulur.bar.ra = a-ḫu-u = MIN «Волк = Чужой = ditto(Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:36], см. a15Aḫû. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, II 12d, 12g, 13a–c; BPO 3, 289; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 16′, 19′, 28′, 29′; SpTU III, 101:10, 26], а также [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30]. См. также тождество: [m]ulUR.GU.LA = mulUR.BAR.RA = dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лев = Волк = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulur.bar.ra «Созвездие, которое после него (т.е. muluz3) стоит, Волк» (B iii 15–16) [Horowitz 2014, 39]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 2): mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ša2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление для сева на Плуге» (I i 2) [MA, 18]; «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mulur.bar.ra = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Волк = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:96]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 45:1, 4; 48:1, 5]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:2. mulur.bar.ra = dA-nu «Волк = Ану» [HBA, 51:2; Wee 2016, 162–3]; мифологическая параллель: ur.bar.ra eṭemmu ša2 da-nim «Волк — дух Ану» [Livingstone 1986, 82, VAT 8917 rev. 11]. Список «7 Энлилей». Волк соотносится с Энлилем из Хурсагкаламмы, см. e10dEn-lil2. Список «4-х Энлилей». См. e10dEn-lil2.

           II. Символ.

mulUR.BAR.RA «Волк» как часть созвездия mulAPIN «Плуг» в MUL.APIN (I i 2) отождествляется с gišNINDA2 ša2 mulAPIN, где gišNINDA2 = ittû — конструктивный элемент плуга-сеялки, воронка, в которую в процессе сева засыпали семена. Изображения месопотамского плуга-сеялки, встречающиеся на печатях, см. [Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, S. 38–40; Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47]. Звезда или астеризм mulUR.BAR.RA (если верно отождествление Коха, см. ниже) располагался, очевидно, на этой воронке.

III. Отождествление.

= α Trianguli [G. 161, I; BPO 2, 16; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; ASM, 276; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106 note 347, 111].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. Лексич.  тексты, Серия Ḫg и предсказания (5)–(9).

(1)  = Луна (?); mulUR.BAR.RA dEN:ZU […] «Волк = Син […]»(?) [BPO 2, II 13a].

(3) = Царь (=Регул); DIŠ mu[l…a-na mul]UR.BAR.RA TE dṢal-bat-a-nu ana mulLUGAL [TE-ma…] «Если звезда [… к] Волчьей звезде приближается, (это означает): Марс к Царю [приближается …] [ACh Ištar, 30:23].

См. также тождество: [m]ulUR.GU.LA : mulUR.BAR.RA : dṢal-bat-a-nu «Лев = Волк = Марс» [SpTU I, 50:37].

Предсказания:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulUR.BAR.RA ana maš-[re-e…] «Волчья звезда для (предсказания) бога[тства…]» [BPO 2, II 13b].

(5) Волк (=Марс) к Демону с Разинутой Пастью приближается; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulU4.KA.DU8.A! TE UR.MAḪ.<MEŠ> u UR.BAR.RA.MEŠ GU7.MEŠ… «Если Волчья звезда к Демону с разинутой Пастью приближается: львы и волки будут пожирать …» [SpTU III, 101:10–11], см. также [ACh Ištar, 30:7; Biggs 1987, 10:30].

(6) Волк (= Марс) достигает Солнца (= Сатурн); [DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA dUTU] KUR-ud (глосса: ik-šu-ud) / maš-ru-u2 […] / [m]ulṢal-bat-a-nu ina šap-[la] / [m]ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ e-[te]-et-iq / [mu]lUR.BAR.RA mulṢal-bat-a-nu / [MUL dUTU] mulUDU.IDIM.˹SAG.UŠ˺ «[Если Волчья звезда] достигает [Солнца]: богатство […]. (Это означает): Марс проходит по[д] Сатурном. Волчья звезда есть Марс, [звезда Солнца] — Сатурн» [ARAK, 48:1–6], см. также [ACh Suppl.2, 69:30; Borger 1973, 41, r. 28′].

(7) Волк (= Марс) достигает Льва; DIŠ mulUR.BAR.RA mulUR.MAḪ [KUR-ud xxx] / UD-me ru-qu-u2-ti š[u-xxx] / a-na ma-a-ti […] «Если Волчья звезда [достигает] звезды Льва: отдаленные дни […] для страны […]». mulUR.BAR.RA mul[Ṣal-bat-a-nu] / mulUR.MAḪ mul[UR.GU.LA] / mulṢal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3 m[ulUR.GU.LA GUB-ma] «Волчья звезда — [Марс]; звезда Льва — [Лев], (т.е.) Марс [стоит] во [Льве]» [ARAK, 45:1–4], см. также [Borger 1973, 41, r. 29′; ACh Suppl. 2, 69:31].

(8) Волк (= Марс) достигает Козы (= Венера); DIŠ mulur.bar.ra ele(UGU)-nu muluz3 DU-ma muluz3 kur-ud ki.lam tur EBUR […] «Если Волчья звезда выше Козы идет и Козы достигает: уменьшение деловой активности, урожай […]» [Borger 1973, 41 r. 19′ ].

(9) Коза (= Венера) достигает Волка (=Марс); см. u31UZ3, VI 12.

References

  1. ↑ Hoffmann, S.M. and Horowitz, W. (2022). How to identify “The Plough” MUL.APIN, epinnu? in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 148-170
  2. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  4. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  5. ↑ Reynolds F. Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.
  6. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  7. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  8. ↑ Weidner  E.  Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
  9. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  10. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  11. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  12. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  13. ↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
  14. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  15. ↑ Biggs R.D. Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.
  16. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  17. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  18. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  19. ↑ Livingstone  A. Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.
  20. ↑ Black J., Green A. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.
  21. ↑ Salonen A. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968.         
  22. ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  23. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  24. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  25. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  26. ↑ Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
  27. ↑ Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
  28. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  29. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  30. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  31. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  32. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  33. ↑ Biggs R.D. Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.
  34. ↑ Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
  35. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  36. ↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
  37. ↑ Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
  38. ↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
  39. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  40. ↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
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