UR.IDIM: Difference between revisions

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==Dictionary==
==Dictionary==
=== Krebernik (2023) ===
=== Krebernik (2023) ===
The conventional translation “mad dog” is based on the equation ur-idim = ''kalbu šegû'' (Hh XIV 95, see MSL 8/2, 14). But the term more often designates the “lion-man”, a benevolent, protective creature.
The conventional translation “mad dog” is based on the equation ur-idim = ''kalbu šegû'' (Hh XIV 95, see MSL 8/2, 14).
{| class="wikitable"

|+
<sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM The associated deity is '''Kusu:''' Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba.
|But the term more often designates the “lion-man”, a benevolent, protective creature.
|[[File:LionMan Carter2019.jpg|alt=photograph of seal impression|thumb|Impression of Cylinder Seal with a central creature that is half man, half lion. Provenance unknown, Middle Assyrian, mid-late 13th century, rose quartz. (Padget 2003, 131-133 and [https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/633185/azu_etd_17201_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Carter 2019]). The central creature, Urmahlullu, looks a bit like a lion-centaur and holds a dead animal in its left hand: this might be the template for the later Greek constellation.]]
|}


<sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM The associated deity is '''Kusu:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba.
See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. <sup>d</sup>Kù-sù (EA 9r).
See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. <sup>d</sup>Kù-sù (EA 9r).
|[[File:Vessel fragment depicting the goddess Nisaba (?) and an inscription from Entemena, ruler of Lagash, circa 2430 BC, chlorite, Pergamon Museum, Berlin.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Vessel fragment depicting the goddess Nisaba (?) and an inscription from Entemena, ruler of Lagash, circa 2430 BC, chlorite, Pergamon Museum, Berlin (CC0).]]
|}
Note that Nisaba carries an ear of grain, and that the (later, Greek) constellations of The Censer (Ara) and The Maiden (Virgo) are neighbouring the super-constellation [[Centaurus]]+[[Lupus]].


=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
Line 58: Line 67:
|Dalbanna-text.
|Dalbanna-text.


* §W.
* §W. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag [ur.idim] "The right paw [of the Mad Dog]" (γ Lup), see (Kurtik h03)Ḫaniš.
** <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag [ur.idim]
* §Y. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> ur.idim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> ...] 3 mul.meš [...2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x [...] "The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), the left paw of [...]. 3 stars. [...[2] intervals, interval. Star x [...]" [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> ...] = <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] foot" (σ Oph), [...] = [<sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "[the Bison's] right foot" (κ Oph).
* §Z. a) mul˹gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [ur.idim] "The left paw of the [Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco), b) [<sup>mul</sup>šu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog" (χ Lup).
** "The right paw [of the Mad Dog]" (γ Lup), see (Kurtik h03)Ḫaniš.
* §Y.
* §AA. (a) mul˹gir<sub>3</sub>˺ gub<sub>3</sub> ˹ur.idim˺ "the left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), (b) [<sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ur.idim] "[The left paw of the Mad Dog]" (θ Lup).
** <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> ur.idim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> ...] 3 mul.meš [...2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x [...]
* §BB. ˹<sup>mul</sup>šu zag ur˺.idim mul x [...] x [...] "The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), the star [...]" [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; ASM, 108].
** "The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), the left paw of [...]. 3 stars. [...[2] intervals, interval. Star x [...]"
* §n. <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ur.˹idim˺ <sup>mul</sup>li.dur ur.idim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> z[ag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>3</sub>.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag ˹gu<sub>4</sub>. alim˺ maḫ-[ru] "The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), the center (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), the ri[ght] leg [of the Bull] (κ Oph). 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 intervals, int[erval]. The Bull's fir[st] right foot." [Walker 1995, 37-38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; ASM, 109].
** [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107];
|
** according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> ...] = <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] foot" (σ Oph), [...] = [<sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "[the Bison's] right foot" (κ Oph).
* §Z.
** a) mul˹gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [ur.idim] "The left paw of the [Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco),
** b) [<sup>mul</sup>šu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog" (χ Lup).
* §AA.
** (a) mul˹gir<sub>3</sub>˺ gub<sub>3</sub> ˹ur.idim˺ "the left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco),
** (b) [<sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ur.idim] "[The left paw of the Mad Dog]" (θ Lup).
* §BB. ˹
** <sup>mul</sup>šu zag ur˺.idim mul x [...] x [...]
** "The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), the star [...]"
** [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; ASM, 108].
* §n.
** <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ur.˹idim˺ <sup>mul</sup>li.dur ur.idim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> z[ag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>3</sub>.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag ˹gu<sub>4</sub>. alim˺ maḫ-[ru]
** "The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), the center (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), the ri[ght] leg [of the Bull] (κ Oph). 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 intervals, int[erval]. The Bull's fir[st] right foot."
** [Walker 1995, 37-38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; ASM, 109].
|No one of these Dalbanna-pattern can be completely identified (Hoffmann 2024):

* W: only one star name preserved
* Y: only one star name preserved
* Z: two star names preserved but geometrical shape unknown
* AA: dto.
* BB: dto.
* n: three names and pattern preserved but all three names are unidentified (suggestions arbitrary).
|-
|-
|Anaphora.
|Anaphora.


* А 3427:
* А 3427: [ina itiapin ina še-rim ud 28] <sup>múl</sup>ur.idim meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI "[In the month of Arahsamnu, on the morning of the 28th day] the Mad Dog emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3], parallel in Sp II 202+: ina apin ina še-rim 28 <sup>múl</sup>ur.idim meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:19].
** [ina itiapin ina še-rim ud 28] <sup>múl</sup>ur.idim meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI
** "[In the month of Arahsamnu, on the morning of the 28th day] the Mad Dog emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3],
* parallel in Sp II 202+: ina apin ina še-rim 28 <sup>múl</sup>ur.idim meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:19].
|
|
|}
|}

Revision as of 15:14, 21 August 2024

Mesopotamian constellation

Dictionary

Krebernik (2023)

The conventional translation “mad dog” is based on the equation ur-idim = kalbu šegû (Hh XIV 95, see MSL 8/2, 14).

But the term more often designates the “lion-man”, a benevolent, protective creature.
photograph of seal impression
Impression of Cylinder Seal with a central creature that is half man, half lion. Provenance unknown, Middle Assyrian, mid-late 13th century, rose quartz. (Padget 2003, 131-133 and Carter 2019). The central creature, Urmahlullu, looks a bit like a lion-centaur and holds a dead animal in its left hand: this might be the template for the later Greek constellation.

mulUR.IDIM The associated deity is Kusu:

Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba.

See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (EA 9r).

photograph
Vessel fragment depicting the goddess Nisaba (?) and an inscription from Entemena, ruler of Lagash, circa 2430 BC, chlorite, Pergamon Museum, Berlin (CC0).

Note that Nisaba carries an ear of grain, and that the (later, Greek) constellations of The Censer (Ara) and The Maiden (Virgo) are neighbouring the super-constellation Centaurus+Lupus.

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

= ur(i)dimmu "Mad Dog (var.: Lion)"; constellation within the modern Wolf (Lupus) [G. 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172-174].

Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Urra XXII series: mulur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 4].
  • (2) Urra XIV series: ur.idim = ur-idim-mu, kal-bu še-gu-u2 'rabid dog', zi-i-bi 'jackal' [Landsberger. Fauna. 8:94-95, 10:138].
"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."
  • Astrolabe P. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Enlil, 140 [Pinches 1900, 574].
  • Astrolabe B.
    • (1) List (12´3): [mu]l ša i-na gub3 dE2-a gub / [mu]lur.idim "[The constellation that stands to the left of Ea, the Mad Dog" (B i 21-22); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz, Ea 9].
    • (2) List (3´12): [itiapin m]ulur.idim šu-ut dE2-a "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog (rising in the way of) Ea " (C i 8).
    • (3) List (rising-sunset=6m):
      • a) [itiapin] mulur.idim mulgir2.tab mullugal ˹e3˺ "[Arahsamnu]: the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and the King  are rising" (C 27)
      • b) mulur.idim | mulgir2.tab mullugal šu2 "(Ayar): the Mad Dog, Scorpius, and King are coming in." [KAV 218, C 16 ; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Month of Arahsamnu, stars of Ea: mulUR.IDIM // 2,20 // dEn-l[il2]? "Mad Dog // 140 // Enl[il]." [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:22]. BM 34713. Month of arahsamnu, stars of Ea: instead of ur.idim, erroneously ur.gi7 [LBAT, 1499:8] (see u19UR.GI7).
    • "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. [iti]apin.du8.a // ˹mul˺ur.idim // 2.20 "(Stars of Ea), arahsamnu: Mad Dog, 140" [CT 33, 11].
    • "Catalog of 30 stars." Ea. 9. MUL ša a-na(B: i-na!) GUB3 dE2-a GUB-zu dUR.IDIM "The star that stands to the left of Ea (= mulBIR 'Kidney'), the Mad Dog" (A. 10, B. 12b) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177].
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) Stars of Ea (no. 9): MUL ša2 ina GUB3- mulGIR2.TAB GUB-zu mulUR.IDIM dKu3-su3 "The asterism that stands on the left side of the Scorpius: The Mad Dog, Kusu" (I ii 28).
  • (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'On the 15th day of Tashrit, the Libra, the Mad Dog, Entenabarhum, and the Dog (Gula) ascend' (I iii 1-2), see (Kurtik z10)Zibānītum.
  • (3) Simultaneous diurnal rising and settings:
    • a) "The Libra, the Mad Dog, and Entenabarhum rise, while the Hired Man sets" (I iii 23-24), see (Kurtik h12) ḪUN.GA2,
    • b) "The Fish and the Old Man rise, the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33), see (Kurtik a06)AB.SIN2 [MA, 38, 43, 52].
The Mad Dog is identified with Lupus. Gullberg's painting shows a dog laying next to Scorpius; this is the most careful interpretation. Other scholars read the designation as "rabid dog", and Krebernik even interprets it as "lion-man".
UR.IDIM painted as a dog on a star chart
(painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021, map: Stellarium).
"Great Star List". (1) 12 stars of Akkad: mulur.idim [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211].

( VR Star List 46, 1:33. mulur.idim dku3-su3 = dkur.gal "The Mad Dog, Kusu = Kurgal" [HBA, 52:33; Wee 2016, 162-3]; dkur.gal is identified with dmar.tu (=Amurru), cf. [Litke 1998, 38, note 154].

GU Text
  • (M) igi mulur.idim "Eye of the Mad Dog" (γ Lup).
  • (N) [muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim "[Middle] of the Mad Dog" (η Lup).
  • (O) gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim "Mad Dog's hind paw" (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], see (Kurtik g19)GIR2.TAB.
Dalbanna-text.
  • §W.
    • mulgir3 zag [ur.idim]
    • "The right paw [of the Mad Dog]" (γ Lup), see (Kurtik h03)Ḫaniš.
  • §Y.
    • mulgir3 gub3 ur.idim mulgir3 g[ub3 ...] 3 mul.meš [...2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x [...]
    • "The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), the left paw of [...]. 3 stars. [...[2] intervals, interval. Star x [...]"
    • [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107];
    • according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mulgir3 g[ub3 ...] = mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] foot" (σ Oph), [...] = [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] "[the Bison's] right foot" (κ Oph).
  • §Z.
    • a) mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] "The left paw of the [Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco),
    • b) [mulšu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog" (χ Lup).
  • §AA.
    • (a) mul˹gir3˺ gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ "the left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco),
    • (b) [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] "[The left paw of the Mad Dog]" (θ Lup).
  • §BB. ˹
    • mulšu zag ur˺.idim mul x [...] x [...]
    • "The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), the star [...]"
    • [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; ASM, 108].
  • §n.
    • mulšu gub3 ur.˹idim˺ mulli.dur ur.idim mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub3.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ˹gu4. alim˺ maḫ-[ru]
    • "The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), the center (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), the ri[ght] leg [of the Bull] (κ Oph). 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 intervals, int[erval]. The Bull's fir[st] right foot."
    • [Walker 1995, 37-38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; ASM, 109].
No one of these Dalbanna-pattern can be completely identified (Hoffmann 2024):
  • W: only one star name preserved
  • Y: only one star name preserved
  • Z: two star names preserved but geometrical shape unknown
  • AA: dto.
  • BB: dto.
  • n: three names and pattern preserved but all three names are unidentified (suggestions arbitrary).
Anaphora.
  • А 3427:
    • [ina itiapin ina še-rim ud 28] múlur.idim meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI
    • "[In the month of Arahsamnu, on the morning of the 28th day] the Mad Dog emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3],
  • parallel in Sp II 202+: ina apin ina še-rim 28 múlur.idim meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:19].

additional

II. Deity.

      The minor deity dur.idim = ur(i)dimmu is known from sources of the Kassite, Neo-Assyrian and Seleucid periods. It was depicted in the form of a man-lion, sometimes paired with a man-bull, who performed protective functions as a guardian of the gates of Marduk and Zarpanitu and other deities. It also acted as an intermediary between the deities and the sick – expelling evil and helping the sick to regain health [Beaulieu 1990; Black-Green 1992, 122; Tallqvist 1938, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173-4]. In astronomical texts, the constellation mulur.idim is associated with the deity Kusu, about whom little is known. In the AN:dAnum series (I 298) dKu3.su3 is one of the names of Nisaba, the goddess of fertility and writing [Litke 1998, 55]. However, in the late ritual text AO 6479 iii 9 dKu3.su3 be-lu ša-qu-u ("Kusu, the high lord") is identified with dUr3.bad3. da, one of Enmesharra's 7 sons, and in the ritual text of O 175, in addition to dUr3.bad3.da, also with dTu-tu (see t06) [Livingstone 1986, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938, 121, 344]. In astronomical contexts, dKu3-su3 appears to be always a male deity. Prayers and rituals. (1) Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king, cf. [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 12-13].

III. Symbol.

      A monster-like figure, standing vertically, and sometimes depicted with a scepter, on top of which lays a month; the upper part of the figure is human (with a bearded face in a hat, a male torso, and two arms), the lower half – lion-like (two paws, a hind, a ring shaped and twisted tail with a tassel). The earliest known image is dated to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. The image of a lion-man on a kudurru (with a Scorpius tail) belongs to the same period [Seidl 1968, 41-42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. For images dating back to the Neo-Assyrian period see. [LABS, Fig. 24, 27]. In general, these images correspond to the descriptions of the parts of the constellation that we find in the texts, but they are too static and do not fit well with the epithet kalbu šegû "Mad Dog," which suggests a more expressive image.

IV. Identification.

      = Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1949, 13].

      = Serpens or Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1974, 73].

      = Serpens [Weidner 1957-59, 75a],

      = Lupus [G. 163; Weidner 1957-59, 79b].

      = Lupus [BPO 2, 16; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 274; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Lupus and ζ+ Scorpii [MA, 138].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

      (1) igi mulur.idim "Eye of the Mad Dog," see GU text.

      (2) murub4 mulur.idim "The middle of the Mad Dog," see GU-text.

      (3) The hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see GU-text.

      (4) The right paw of the Mad Dog (γ Lup), see dbn-text.

      (5) The left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

      (6) The right leg of the Mad Dog (χ Lup), see dbn-text.

      (7) The left leg of the Mad Dog (θ Lup), see dbn-text.

      (8) The central part (lit. navel) of the Mad Dog (δ Lup), see dbn-text.

VI. Astrology.

      The lack of predictions associated with the Mad Dog constellation may indicate its relatively late origin.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022) Gössmann (1950)
= ur(i)dimmu «Бешеный Пес (вар.: Лев)»; созвездие в пределах современного Волка (Lupus) [G. 163; AHw, 1429b; Beaulieu 1990; BPO 2, 16; Wiggermann 1992, 172–174]. Example
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulur.idim = [u]r-dim-mu [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5  iv 4]. (2) Серия Urra XIV: ur.idim = ur-idim-mu, kal-bu še-gu-u2 «бешеная собака», zi-i-bi «шакал» [Landsberger. Fauna. 8:94–95, 10:138]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Энлиля, 140 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [mu]l ša i-na gub3 dE2-a gub / [mu]lur.idim «[Созвез]дие, которое стоит слева от Эа, Бешеный Пес» (B i 21–22); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz, Ea 9]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin m]ulur.idim šu-ut dE2-a «[Aрахсамну]: Бешеный Пес (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiapin] mulur.idim mulgir2.tab mullugal ˹e3˺ «[Арахсамну]: Бешеный Пес, Скорпион, Царь восходят» (С 27), b) mulur.idim | mulgir2.tab mullugal  šu2 «(Айяру): Бешеный Пес, Скорпион, Царь заходят» [KAV 218, C 16 ; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа: mulUR.IDIM // 2,20 // dEn-l[il2]? «Бешеный Пес // 140 // Энл[иль]» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:22]. BM 34713. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Эа: вместо ur.idim ошибочно ur.gi7 [LBAT, 1499:8] (см. u19UR.GI7). «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. [iti]apin.du8.a // ˹mul˺ur.idim // 2,20 «(Звезды Эа), арахсамну: Бешеный Пес, 140» [CT 33, 11]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 9. MUL ša a-na(B: i-na!) GUB3 dE2-a GUB-zu dUR.IDIM «Звезда, которая слева от Эа (= mulBIR «Почка») стоит, Бешеный Пес» (А. 10, В. 12b) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 9): MUL ša2 ina GUB3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-zu mulUR.IDIM dKu3-su3 «Звезда, которая стоит с левой стороны от Скорпиона: Бешеный Пес, Кусу» (I ii 28). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го ташриту Весы, Бешеный Пес, Энтенабархум и Собака (Гулы) восходят» (I iii 1–2), см. z10Zibānītum. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) «Весы, Бешеный Пес и Энтерабархум восходят, а Наемник заходит» (I iii 23–24), см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, b) «Рыба и Старик восходят, Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят» (I iii 33), см. a06AB.SIN2 [MA, 38, 43, 52]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Аккада: mulur.idim [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:211]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:33. mulur.idim dku3-su3 = dkur.gal «Бешеный Пес, Кусу = Кургаль» [HBA, 52:33; Wee 2016, 162–3]; dkur.gal отождествляется с dmar.tu (=Amurru), см. [Litke 1998, 38, note 154]. GU-текст. (M) igi mulur.idim «Глаз Бешеного Пса» (γ Lup). (N) [muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim «[Середи]на Бешеного Пса» (η Lup). (O) gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim «Задняя лапа Бешеного Пса» (ζ2 Sco) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:22, 24, 25], см. g19GIR2.TAB. Dalbanna-текст. §W. mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] «Правая лапа [Бешеного Пса]» (γ Lup), см. h03Ḫaniš. §Y. mulgir3 gub3 ur.idim mulgir3 g[ub3 …] 3 mul.meš  […2]˹dal˺.ba.an.na dal.˹ba.an.na˺ mul x […] «Левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), ле[вая] лапа […]: 3 звезды. […2] интервала, интервал. Звезда x […]» [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mulgir3 g[ub3 …] = mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] «ле[вая] нога [Зубра]» (σ Oph), […] = [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] «[правая нога Зубра]» (κ Oph). §Z. a) mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] «Левая лапа [Бешеного Пса»] (ζ2 Sco), b) [mulšu zag ur.idim] «[Правая рука Бешеного Пса» (χ Lup). §AA. a) mul˹gir3˺ gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ «левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), b) [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] «[Левая рука Бешеного Пса]» (θ Lup). §BB. ˹mulšu zag ur˺.idim mul x […] x […] «Правая рука Бешеного Пса (χ Lup), звезда […] [Walker 1995, 48; Koch 1995, 48, 60; ASM, 108]. §n. mulšu gub3 ur.˹idim˺ mulli.dur ur.idim mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub3.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ maḫ-[ru] «Левая рука Бешеного Пса (θ Lup), центр (букв. пуп) Бешеного Пса (δ Lup), пр[авая] нога [Быка] (κ Oph): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, инт[ервал]. Правая нога Быка перв[ая].» [Walker 1995, 37–38; Koch 1995, 49, 62; ASM, 109]. Анафора. А 3427: [ina itiapin ina še-rim ud 28] múlur.idim meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI «[В месяце арахсамну утром 28-го дня] Бешеный Пес испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:3], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina apin ina še-rim 28 múlur.idim meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:19].

II. Божество.

Малое божество dur.idim = ur(i)dimmu известно по источникам касситского, новоассирийского и селевкидского времени. Оно изображалось в виде человека-льва иногда в паре с человеком-быком и исполняло защитные функции как страж ворот Мардука и Зарпаниту и других божеств. Выступало также в роли посредника между божествами и больным — изгоняло зло, помогало больному обрести здоровье [Beaulieu 1990; Black–Green 1992, 122; Tallqvist 1938, 344; Wiggermann 1992, 173–4]. В астрономических текстах созвездие mulur.idim связано с божеством Кусу, о котором мало что известно. В серии AN:dAnum (I 298) dKu3.su3 — одно из имен Нисабы, богини плодородия и письма [Litke 1998, 55]. Однако в позднем ритуальном тексте AO 6479 iii 9 dKu3.su3 be-lu ša-qu-u («Кусу, высокий господин») отождествляется с dUr3.bad3.da, одним из 7 сыновей Энмешарры, а в ритуальном тексте O 175, помимо  dUr3.bad3.da, также с dTu-tu (см. t06) [Livingstone 1986, 190:12, 200:9; Litke 1998, 36, note 142; Tallqvist 1938, 121, 344]. В астрономическом контексте dKu3-su3, по-видимому, всегда мужское божество. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю, см. [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 12–13].

III. Символ.

Вертикально стоящая монстрообразная фигура, иногда со скипетром, на вершине которого — месяц; верхняя часть фигуры — человеческая (бородатая голова в шапке, мужской торс и две руки), нижняя часть — львиная (две лапы, зад, скрученный кольцом хвост с кисточкой). Самое раннее известное изображение датируется последней четвертью II тыс. до н.э. К этому же периоду относится изображение человека-льва на кудурру (с хвостом скорпиона) [Seidl 1968, 41–42, Abb. 10; Wiggermann 1992, 173]. Изображения новоассирийского времени см. [LABS, Fig. 24, 27]. В целом эти изображения соответствуют описаниям частей созвездия, которые мы находим в текстах, однако чересчур статичны и плохо согласуются с эпитетом kalbu šegû «Бешеный Пес», предполагающем более экспрессивный образ.

IV. Отождествление.

= Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Serpens или Caput Serpentis [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Serpens [Weidner 1957–59, 75a],

= Lupus [G. 163; Weidner 1957–59, 79b].

= Lupus [BPO 2, 16; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 274; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Lupus и ζ+ Scorpii [MA, 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1)   igi mulur.idim «Глаз Бешеного Пса», см. GU-текст.

(2)   murub4 mulur.idim «Середина Бешеного Пса», см. GU-текст.

(3)   Задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), см. GU-текст.

(4)   Правая лапа Бешеного Пса (γ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(5)   Левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(6)   Правая рука Бешеного Пса (χ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(7)   Левая рука Бешеного Пса (θ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

(8)   Центральная часть (букв. пуп) Бешеного Пса (δ Lup), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отсутствие предсказаний, связанных с созвездием Бешеный Пес, может свидетельствовать о его сравнительно позднем происхождении.

Example

References