View source for MUŠ

{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul (d)</sup>MUŠ}}
{{distinguish|MUŠ.HUŠ}}

[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg|thumb|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg) without back-legs, perhaps due to a  break in the original cuneiform drawing.  ]]
[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png|thumb|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two claytablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]
<sup>mul (d)</sup>MUŠ (𒀯𒈲) = ''șēru,'' 'The Snake; ''nirahu'', 'the deity Nirah,' is an asterism in [[Hydra]].         

A drawing of the ancient Babylonian constellation is reproduced here as figure on right, showing its various parts including its head, horns, feet, middle and tail. Here <sup>mul</sup>UGA, 'The Crow' ([[Corvus]]), on its tail pecking at the its very tip. A drawing of this constellation is preserved on VAT 7847+AO 6448, but the place where the asterism's back legs should be is broken, and no surviving cuneiform source makes explicit whether or not there were back legs as well as front legs at the asterims, although famous depictions (e.g. on the Ishtar Gate of Babylon) show <sup>(d)</sup>MUŠ with front and back legs; note that the back legs are bird legs and they are placed where the Crow stands.       
==Concordance, Etymology, History ==
===Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>===
'''Ninĝišzida.''' Chthonic god, son of Ninazu; associated with a dragon, vegetation, beer/wine. <sup>d</sup>Nin-ĝiš-zi-da (AN 13r).
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= "Snake"; a constellation within the modern [[Hydra]] (The Watersnake) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 284].

= <sup>d</sup>NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA (𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕) is an ancient Mesopotamian deity, associated / identified with <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ. 

Lit. "Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree" or "Lord who makes the tree right" [Wiggermann 2000, 368]; deity of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ, the prototype of the Greek Hydra ([[Hydra]]) (see Kurtik m43 [[NIN.URTA|<sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA]]).

= <sup>(d)</sup>''Niraḫ'' (𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷), the snake god. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> note that the reading of the star name is confirmed by SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> nr. 114 iv 111 (Hh XII): MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ = ''Ni-ra-ḫu''. MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ (AN 13l).

The Sumerian and Akkadian readings of the name require some discussion.  Although MUŠ = ''șēru'' is generally translated as 'snake,' in fact it is a  generic classification for all snake-like, or perhaps better reptillian-serpentine creatures including the fantastic beasts and sea-monsters (see e.g. Urra XIV: 1:  MUŠ = ''șe-ru'') including among them the asterisms ''mušhuššu'' and ''[[bašmu]]''. However, the only syllabic writing for either the Sumerian or Akkadian name of the asterism, in star-list of Urra XXII, gives the name with divine determinative <sup>mul</sup> <sup>d</sup>MUŠ = ''ni-ra-ḫu'', which allows for a Sumerian reading <sup>mul</sup> <sup>d</sup>NIRAH as well.  Given the sparcity of proof for reading all attestations of the star-name we continue to read MUŠ = ''șēru'', and translate 'the Snake,' following standard Assyriological convention, even though the drawing and its matching description in the Uranology texts makes it clear that the asterism was imagined as a serpentine figure with non-snake like elements, including legs.
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=== Sources===
!Identifications
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====<sup>mul (d)</sup>MUŠ====
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|'''Lexical texts.''' 
*(1) Sumerian monolingual list from Nippur: <sup>mul</sup>muš [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:403].
* (2) Urra XXII series: <sup>mul d</sup>muš = ''ni-ra-ḫu'' "Snake = Nirah" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 114A v 47; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:304ʹ].
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|'''EAE.''' 
*See. [BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1].
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|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."''' 
* Astrolabe B. 
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(BI) gub-[''zu''] / <sup>d</sup>muš <<''u''>> <sup>d</sup>''Nin-giš-z''[''i-da''] "The constellation that stands behind it (i.e. <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub>) / The Snake, Ningišzid" (B iii 6-7).
**(2) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>sig<sub>4</sub> ... <sup>mul</sup>muš ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] "The month of simanu: ... The Snake (rises) (in the path of) [Enlil] " (C iii 3).
**(3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising is simanu, setting is kislimu [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 39-40], see (Kurtik s22[[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].

*'''BM 82923.'''  
**Simanu month, stars of Enlil: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>MUŠ // 1] // <sup>d</sup>KA.DI <sup>d</sup>''A-nu'' "[Snake // 60] // Ishtaran, Anu" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:9].

*'''BM 34713.''' 
**The month simanu, stars of Enlil instead of <sup>múl</sup>muš is erroneously <sup>múl</sup>alla, see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
*'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''  
**List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 3): <sup>mul</sup>muš [TCL 6, 13<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
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|'''MUL.APIN.''' 
*(1) The stars of Anu (no. 13): <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ <sup>d</sup>''Nin-giš-zi-da'' EN ''er-ṣe-tu''<sub>4</sub> "Snake, Ningishzida, lord of the underworld" (I ii 8), for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 67:16].
*(2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th day of duuzu' (I ii 42), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
*(3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: 
**a) (I iii 17), see (Kurtik a04) A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> = [[TE8.mušen|TE<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]]
**b) (I iii 32), see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> = [[IKU|<sup>mul</sup>IKU]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 32, 41, 48, 52].
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|'''Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''  
*(1) 12 Amurru stars: <sup>mul</sup>muš;
*(2) 7 tikpi stars: <sup>mul</sup>muš;
*(3) igi muš <sup>d</sup>ban.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki "Before the Snake Banbanshur, the killer of heaven and earth";
*(4) igi muš <sup>d</sup>la.ba.an.šur ''da''-ʼ-''ik'' an.ki "Before the Snake Labanshur, the killer of heaven and earth" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 216, 224, 245, 246]; see also the list of "7 tikpi stars" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 37].
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|'''Uranologies'''   
*...
*...
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|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:29.'''
*<sup>mul</sup>muš = <sup>d</sup>''Ereš-ki-gal'', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:29; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
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|'''GU text.''' 

*(D) <sup>mul</sup>muš 'Snake' (β Cnc), see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]],
*(F) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>muš 'Mid Snake' (θ Hya),
*(G) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>muš 'Mid Snake' (ζ Hya) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:5, 9, 12], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik n52) [[NUNki|NUN<sup>ki</sup>]].
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|'''Dalbanna-text.''' 
*§N. mu[l murub<sub>4</sub> muš] "Star in the middle part of the Snake" (ζ Hya).
*§O. <sup>mul</sup>sag muš "Star of the head of the Snake" (ε Hya), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
*§P. MUL GABA MU[Š] "Star on the breast of the Snake[s]" (30 Mon, 1, 2 Hya) [Walker 1995, 32-33; Koch 1995<ref name=":5">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 58-59; ASM<ref name=":6">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 106].
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|'''Text of Nv. 10.'''
*Intercalation scheme: [<sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat'']-''a-nu'' (the star Antagubbu in the month of Arahsamnu) is the planetary name for <sup>mul</sup>muš, according to [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 79, Anm. 63], see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
*Planisphere. In sector 5. a badly damaged image for <sup>mul</sup>muš, according to [Koch 1989<ref name=":7">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 80-81; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":8">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, Fig. 9]. See also <sup>mul d</sup>muš in text 81-7-27, 81 [MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 175, 177], <sup>múl d</sup>MUŠ [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 102:10].
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!(Kurtik n29)
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====<sup>d</sup>NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA====
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|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''*(1) Hittite prayer: <sup>mul d</sup>''Nin-ki-zi-da'' [KUB IV<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref>, 47 r. 43; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:4; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43]. 
*(2) Neo-Assyrian prayer: [<sup>mul d</sup>NIN.GIŠ].ZI.DA [Oppenheim 1959, 282:10].
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|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
Astrolabe B. List (12´3):
* mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub-[''zu''] / <sup>d</sup>muš <<''u''>> <sup>d</sup>''Nin-giš-z''[''i-da''] "The constellation which stands behind it (i.e. behind <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub>): the Serpent, Ningishz[ida]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, B iii 6-7; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 39, 116].
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|'''MUL.APIN.'''
The stars of Anu (no. 13):
* <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ <sup>d</sup>''Nin-giš-zi-da'' EN ''er-ṣe-tu''<sub>4</sub> "Snake, Ningishzida, lord of the underworld" (I ii 8) [MA, 32], for a parallel see. [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 67:16].
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!(Kurtik n44)
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====<sup>(d)</sup>''Niraḫ''====
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|A serpentine deity identified with <sup>mul d</sup>muš in a late copy of Urra XXII
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===Additional===

====II. Deity. ====

===== <sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ=====
          In the astronomical context, <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ corresponds with 4 deities, of which 2 have a Snakeine character.  

*(1) Ningishzida (Astrl. B, MUL.APIN) — a chthonic deity whose symbol was considered to be the horned snake or dragon bašmu [Van Buren 1934<ref>''Van Buren E.D.'' The God Ningizzida // Iraq. 1934. Vol. 1. P. 60f.</ref>; 1946<ref name=":9">''Van Buren E.D''. The Dragon in Ancient Mesopotamia // Or. 1946. Vol. 15. P. 1-45.</ref>, 15-16; Wiggermann 1997, 39-42]; a number of texts assert his aquatic character (see Kurtik b08 ''[[Bašmu]]''); in Astrl. B and in MUL.APIN an identity is assumed: <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ = <sup>d</sup>''Nin-giš-zi-da'' = (<sup>d</sup>''Bašmu''), nowhere else; see also (Kurtik n29 [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|<sup>d</sup>NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]).
*(2) Nirah was an ancient deity honored in the city of Der in eastern Mesopotamia, in the temple of Enlil at Nippur, and in some other places. Nirah was a member of the entourage of Ishtaran, the city god of Der; in kudurru, Nirah is defined as "Messenger of Ishtaran" (<sup>d</sup>''Niraḫ šip-ru ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Ištarān'') [McEwan 1983<ref name=":10">''McEwan G.J.P.'' <sup>d</sup>MUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 222]. Hence probably the identification <sup>d</sup>MUŠ = <sup>d</sup>KA.DI adopted in BM 82923. The standard meaning of the Akkadian word ''nirāḫu'' "small snake, uzhu" [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/2, 259b; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 739b]. On the reading of <sup>d</sup>MUŠ as <sup>d</sup>''Niraḫ'' see previously. [Fauna<ref name=":13">''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 2:9, 60-61; McEwan 1983<ref name=":10" />; Lambert 1985<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Trees, Snakes and Gods in Ancient Syria and Anatolia // BSOAS. 1985. Vol. 48, Pt. 3. P. 435-451.</ref>, 444, note 46].

=====<sup>d</sup>NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA=====
             Chthonic deity of Sumerian origin, son of Ninazu, god of the underworld, one of the guardians of the heavenly gates of the god Anu. According to AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (V 254, 258), he had 2 wives and 3 sisters [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 192]. His symbol was considered to be the horned serpent bašmu, a prototype of the Greek Hydra (see Kurtik b08 ''[[Bašmu]]''), and possibly also Nira [Wiggermann 2001, 574]. As usual, the reasons and specific circumstances for Ningishzida's association with this constellation is unclear. See. [MNM 2<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 221; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 140, 167; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 406; Van Buren 1934<ref>''Van Buren E.D.'' The God Ningizzida // Iraq. 1934. Vol. 1. P. 60f.</ref>; 1946<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. The Dragon in Ancient Mesopotamia // Or. 1946. Vol. 15. P. 1-45.</ref>, 15-16; Wiggermann 1993-1997, 458; 1997, 39-42; 2001, 574].
====III. Symbol.====

=====<sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ=====
         For a description of ''[[Bašmu]]'' see (Kurtik b08). A very similar image is found on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 from Uruk (a horned dragon lying down with outstretched forelegs of a lion (?), with wings and a long tail of a snake, also with a lion moving on its back; next to the inscriptions <sup>mul</sup>muš "Snake" and <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Lion") see [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, Taf. V,2; 1967, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":8" />, fig. 11]. Description of the scene in the fragmentary text: [MUL] <sup>d</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ṣa-mi-du'' / [...] MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', quoted in [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. For images of Nirah on seals, see. [McEwan 1983<ref name=":10" />, 221]. On kudurru Nirah, sometimes identified with Ishtaran, was depicted in the form of a huge snake coiled in a ring or stretched to its full length from top to bottom. The image was usually located in the upper register, where the symbols of celestial luminaries were placed [McEwan 1983<ref name=":10" />, 221-222; Seidl 1968<ref name=":11">''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>].

         '''''<s>How the constellation <sup>d</sup>MUŠ was thought of remains not entirely clear. Perhaps in the Kassite period, it was the Snake Nirah, in the Seleucid period the Snakeine dragon Bašmu. The later version of Urra XXII, which gives the identity: <sup>mul d</sup>muš = ni-ra-ḫu, seems to reflect an earlier tradition. how do we know this?????</s>'''''
====IV. Identity. ====
         = Hydra + β Cancri [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 284; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73].

         = Hydra [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 74b,79b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 208, App. C; ASM<ref name=":6" />, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 75].

         Head <sup>mul</sup>muš = δ Hydrae, tail end <sup>mul</sup>muš = αβγδ Crateris [Koch 1989<ref name=":7" />, 80-85, 111]. For a discussion see. [Pingree 1992<ref>''Pingree D.'' Review of Johannes Koch: Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989. XI + 157 p. // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 168-170.</ref>, 169; Koch 1995<ref name=":5" />, 58, Anm. 14].

====V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.====
         (1) MUL SAG MUŠ "Asterism of the Snake's head," see GU text, dbn text.

         (2) MURUB<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ "The middle of the Snake", see GU-text, dbn -text.

         (3) MUL GABA MUŠ "Star on the breast of the Snake," see dbn -text.

====VI. Astrology.====
         Identities:

         (1) = Mars; DIŠ <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL TE <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' mul[...] "If the Snake approaches the Crab, (it means): Mars to [...] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":12">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:28], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":12" /> 2, 66:7].

         Predications:

         (2) Stars and the Snake; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MUL) ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ KUR-''ud ina'' MU.BI GAN<sub>2</sub>.BA TUR "If the stars(=Mercury or Saturn) reach the Snake: business activity will decrease this year" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":12" /> 2, 78 ii 14], for a parallel see. [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 2.

==Historical Dictionaries == 
{| class="wikitable"
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====Kurtik (2022, m43),  <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ====
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
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|= «Змея»; созвездие в пределах современной Гидры (Hydra) [G. 284].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский одноязычный список из Ниппура: <sup>mul</sup>muš [MSL XI, 108:403]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: <sup>mul d</sup>muš = ni-ra-ḫu «Змея = Нирах» [SpTU III, 114A v 47; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:304ʹ]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 3, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(BI) gub-[zu] / <sup>d</sup>muš <<nowiki><u>> </nowiki><sup>d</sup>Nin-giš-z[i-da] «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. <sup>mul</sup>A-nu-ni-tu<sub>4</sub>) стоит / Змея, Нингишзида» (B iii 6–7). (2) Cписок (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>sig<sub>4</sub> … <sup>mul</sup>muš šu-ut <sup>d</sup>[En-lil<sub>2</sub>] «Месяц симану: … Змея (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)»  (C iii 3). (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — симану, заход — кислиму [KAV 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014, 39–40], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. BM 82923. Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля:  <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>MUŠ // 1] // <sup>d</sup>KA.DI <sup>d</sup>A-nu «[Змея // 60] // Иштаран, Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:9]. BM 34713. Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля вместо <sup>múl</sup>muš стоит ошибочно <sup>múl</sup>alla, см. k10KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 3): <sup>mul</sup>muš [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 13): <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ <sup>d</sup>Nin-giš-zi-da EN er-ṣe-tu<sub>4</sub> «Змея, Нингишзида, владыка преисподней» (I ii 8), параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 67:16]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го дуузу» (I ii 42), см. k10KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 17), см. a04A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>, b) (I iii 32), см. a48AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> [MA, 32, 41, 48, 52]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: <sup>mul</sup>muš; (2) 7 tikpi-звезд: <sup>mul</sup>muš; (3) igi muš <sup>d</sup>ban.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki «Перед Змеем Банбаншур, убийцей неба и земли»; (4) igi muš <sup>d</sup>la.ba.an.šur da-ʼ-ik an.ki «Перед Змеем Лабаншур, убийцей неба и земли» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 216, 224, 245, 246]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:29. <sup>mul</sup>muš = <sup>d</sup>Ereš-ki-gal, см. также [HBA 52:29; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст.  (D) <sup>mul</sup>muš «Змея» (β Cnc), см. a18AL.LUL, (F) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>muš «Cередина Змеи» (θ Hya), (G) murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>muš «Cередина Змеи» (ζ Hya) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:5, 9, 12], см. k10KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>, n52NUN<sup>ki</sup>. Dalbanna-текст. §N. <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup> murub<sub>4</sub> muš] «Звезда средней части Змеи» (ζ Hya). §O. <sup>mul</sup>sag muš «Звезда головы Змеи» (ε Hya), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. §P. MUL GABA MU[Š] «Звезда на груди Зме[и]» (30 Mon, 1, 2 Hya) [Walker 1995, 32–33; Koch 1995, 58–59; ASM,  106]. Текст  Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: [<sup>mul</sup>ṣal-bat]-a-nu (звезда Антагуббу в месяце арахсамну) — планетное имя для <sup>mul</sup>muš, согласно [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 79, Anm. 63], см. u20UR.GU.LA. «Планисфера». В секторе 5 сильно поврежденное изображение mulmuš, cогласно [Koch 1989, 80–81; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. См. также <sup>mul d</sup>muš в тексте 81-7-27, 81 [MCG, 175, 177], <sup>múl d</sup>MUŠ [SpTU III, 102:10].

II. Божество.

В астрономическом контексте <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ соотносится с 4 божествами, из которых 2 имеют змеиный характер. (1) Нингишзида (Astrl. B, MUL.APIN) — хтоническое божество, символом которого считалась рогатая змея или дракон bašmu [Van Buren 1934; 1946, 15–16; Wiggermann 1997, 39–42]; в ряде текстов утверждается его водный характер (см. b08); в Astrl. B и в MUL.APIN предполагается тождество: <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ = <sup>d</sup>Nin-giš-zi-da = (<sup>d</sup>Bašmu), нигде более не встречающееся; см. также n29. (2) Нирах — древнее божество, почитавшееся в городе Дере на востоке Месопотамии, в храме Энлиля в Ниппуре и некоторых других местах. Нирах входил в окружение Иштарана, городского бога Дера; на кудурру Нирах определяется как «Посланник Иштарана» (<sup>d</sup>Niraḫ šip-ru ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Ištarān) [McEwan 1983, 222]. Отсюда, вероятно, отождествление <sup>d</sup>MUŠ = <sup>d</sup>KA.DI, принятое в BM 82923. Стандартное значение аккадского слова nirāḫu «маленькая змея, уж» [CAD N/2, 259b; AHw, 739b]. О чтении <sup>d</sup>MUŠ как <sup>d</sup>Niraḫ см. [Fauna, 2:9, 60–61; McEwan 1983; Lambert 1985, 444, note 46].

III. Символ.

Описание Bašmu см. b08. Весьма похожее изображение встречаем на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847 из Урука (лежащий рогатый дракон с вытянутыми передними лапами льва (?), крыльями и длинным змеиным хвостом, по его спине движется лев; рядом надписи <sup>mul</sup>muš «Змея» и <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la «Лев») см. в [Weidner 1927, Taf. V,2; 1967, Taf. 5–6; Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Описание сцены в фрагментарном тексте: [MUL] <sup>d</sup>UR.GU.LA ṣa-mi-du / […] MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ ka-bi-is, цит. по [Wiggermann 1997, 34, note 13]. Изображения Нираха на печатях см. [McEwan 1983, 221]. На кудурру Нирах, отождествляемый иногда с Иштараном, изображался в виде огромной змеи, свернутой в кольцо или вытянутой во всю длину сверху вниз. Изображение располагалось обычно в верхнем регистре, где помещались символы небесных светил [McEwan 1983, 221–222; Seidl 1968].

Каким образом мыслилось созвездие <sup>d</sup>MUŠ, остается не до конца ясным. Возможно, в касситский период это был змей Нирах, в селевкидский период — змеевидный дракон Bašmu. Поздняя версия Urra XXII, в которой приведено тождество: <sup>mul d</sup>muš = ni-ra-ḫu, отражает, по-видимому, более раннюю традицию.

IV. Отождествление.

= Hydra + β Cancri [G. 284; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73].

= Hydra [Weidner1957–59, 74b,79b; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C; ASM, 276, Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

Голова <sup>mul</sup>muš = δ Hydrae, конец хвоста <sup>mul</sup>muš = αβγδ Crateris [Koch 1989, 80–85, 111]. Дискуссия см. [Pingree 1992, 169; Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 14].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL SAG MUŠ «Звезда головы Змеи», см. GU-текст, dbn-текст.

(2) MURUB<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ «Середина Змеи», см. GU-текст, dbn -текст.

(3) MUL GABA MUŠ «Звезда на груди Змеи», см. dbn -текст.

VI. Астрология.

Тождества:

(1) = Марс;  DIŠ <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ ana <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL TE <sup>d</sup>Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana mul[…] «Если Змея к Крабу приблизилась, (это означает): Марс к […] [ACh Ištar, 30:28], см. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:7].

Предсказания:

(2) Звезды и Змея; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MUL) ana <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ KUR-ud ina MU.BI GAN<sub>2</sub>.BA TUR «Если Звезды(=Меркурий или Сатурн) Змеи достигают: в этом году деловая активность уменьшится» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 ii 14], параллель см. [BPO 3, 146, Sm.1480+:13; 148, K.137:1], см. m35MUL.MUL, V 2.
|Example
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====Kurtik (2022, n29) <sup>d</sup>NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA ====
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|букв. «Владыка истинного (или: надежного) дерева» или «Владыка который делает дерево правильным» [Wiggermann 2000, 368]; божество созвездия <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ, прообраза греческой Гидры (Hydra) (см. m43).
I.  Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Хеттская молитва: <sup>mul d</sup>Nin-ki-zi-da [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:4; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. (2) Новоассирийская молитва: [<sup>mul d</sup>NIN.GIŠ].ZI.DA [Oppenheim 1959, 282:10]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-[zu] / <sup>d</sup>muš <<nowiki><u>> </nowiki><sup>d</sup>Nin-giš-z[i-da] «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. позади mulA-nu-ni-tu4) стоит: Змея, Нингишз[ида]» [KAV 218, B iii 6–7; Horowitz 2014, 39, 116]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 13): <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ <sup>d</sup>Nin-giš-zi-da EN er-ṣe-tu<sub>4</sub> «Змея, Нингишзида, господин преисподней» (I ii 8) [MA, 32], параллель см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 67:16].

II. Божество.

Хтоническое божество шумерского происхождение, сын бога преисподней Ниназу, один из стражей небесных врат бога Ану. Согласно AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum (V 254, 258), у него было 2 жены и 3 сестры [Litke 1998, 192]. Его символом считалась рогатая змея bašmu, прообраз греческой Гидры (см. b08), а также, возможно, Нирах [Wiggermann 2001, 574]. Как обычно, неясны причины и конкретные обстоятельства, обусловившие связь Нингишзиды с этим созвездием. См. [МНМ 2, 221; Black–Green 1992, 140, 167; Tallqvist 1938, 406; Van Buren 1934; 1946, 15–16; Wiggermann 1993–1997, 458; 1997, 39–42; 2001, 574].
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====Kurtik (2022, n44) <sup>(d)</sup>''Niraḫ''====
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|змеевидное божество, отождествляемое с mul dmuš в поздней копии Urra XXII; см. m43<sup>d</sup>MUŠ.
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==References== 
*
[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] 
[[Category:Sumerian]] 
[[Category:West Asian]] 
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Hya]]

<references />