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|'''Lexical texts.'''
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[ur?].a = ne2-e-šu2 [CT 18, 43 ii 39].
[ur?].a = ne2-e-šu2 [CT 18, 43 ii 39].
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'''"Astrolabes."'''
|'''"Astrolabes."'''
BM 34713. The month of duuzu, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:4], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
BM 34713. The month of duuzu, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:4], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].
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*
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|The GU-text always abbreviates the name of the constellation that is written [[UR.GU.LA]] in MUL.APIN when referring to the same area in the sky.
|[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=UR.GU.LA (MUL.APIN)|thumb|UR.GU.LA (MUL.APIN) ]][[File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|alt=star chart with the Leo-Vir region and Dendera images mapped to it|thumb|part of Leo-Vir region of the Babylonian zodiac in Egyptized painting style (Denderah temple, "circular zodiac", now: Louvre Paris). ]] The GU-text always abbreviates the name of the constellation that is written [[UR.GU.LA]] in MUL.APIN when referring to the same area in the sky.
It is a lion-like figure but it is under debate whether or not this creature is considered with wings. Hoffmann (2022) compared the GU-text with the depiction in tthe circular (so-called) "zodiac" in Dendera and found some interesting similarities (random coincidence or trace of exchange?). There, the creature is a normal lion without wings. However, the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian gate-keepers typically have wings - although the procession to the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (that dates only a few decades earlier than this text) also has lions without wings.
It is a lion-like figure but it is under debate whether or not this creature is considered with wings. Hoffmann (2022) compared the GU-text with the depiction in the circular (so-called) "zodiac" in Dendera and found some interesting similarities (random coincidence or trace of exchange?). There, the creature is a normal lion without wings. However, the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian gate-keepers typically have wings - although the procession to the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (that dates only a few decades earlier than this text) also has lions without wings.
We assume that the imagination of the constellation has not been changed in this time between the earlier MUL.APIN and the later VAT 7847 (from Uruk), and suggest that the creature referred to in the GU-text with UR.A is the same as UR.GU.LA in the MUL.APIN.
We assume that the imagination of the constellation has not been changed in this time between the earlier MUL.APIN and the later VAT 7847 (from Uruk), and suggest that the creature referred to in the GU-text with UR.A is the same as UR.GU.LA in the MUL.APIN.
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|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Text (ADRT).'''
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Text (ADRT).'''

Revision as of 10:27, 5 June 2024

an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in Leo, The Lion. In late epochs, the abbreviation (mul)A is used.

Brief Etymology

= nēšu "Lion,"

  1. UR.A: abbreviation of mulUR.GU.LA in astronomical and astrological texts of the first millennium BCE. [AHw, 425a, 783a; CAD N/2, 197; G. 160; Weidner 1963, 118, note 45],
  2. A: In the late time of cuneiform, is a designation of the constellation and zodiacal sign Leo (Leo) in both astronomical and astrological texts [G. 1; Ungnad 257, Anm. 44].

Transition from UR.A to А occurred ca. –300 year. (see, for example, [AD I, No.-291], where both designations are present in the same text), although individual examples occur before [AD I, No.-380 A 4, -321 obv. 4]. Included in the names of the three "normal stars":

see:

Dictionaries of Mesopotamian Astral Science

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim

In Kurtik's original dictionary, (Kurtik u17) UR.A and (Kurtik a01) A are two separate entries that we merge here because they are both abbreviations of the same constellation (UR.GU.LA).

Sources

Kurtik & Horowitz

Identifications

Hoffmann

Lexical texts.

[ur?].a = ne2-e-šu2 [CT 18, 43 ii 39].

"Astrolabes."

BM 34713. The month of duuzu, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:4], see (Kurtik k10) KAK.SI.SA2.

GU text.
  • (F) 2 mul ˹ša2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ "2 stars on the Lion's head." (G4 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 gaba mulur.a kimin gir3II imittu(15) igi-tum ša2 mulur.a / murub4 mul˹muš?˺ u mulnunki gu "4 stars on the chest of the Lion (ziqpu XXII: ζ, γ, η, α Leo) or the frontal right hand side paw of the Lion (π Leo), the middle of the Serpent (κ Hydr) and (constellation) Eridu (λ Vel) : rope".
  • (H) ½ danna egir 4 ša2 gaba-šu2 kimin / gir3II murub4-˹tu2 ša2˺ mulur.a u šu mulnin.maḫ ša2 ugu ka.kešda gu " (The point corresponding to) half of bēru(150) behind the 4 (stars) on its (i.e. the Lion’s) chest, or the paw on the middle section of the Lion (ρ Leo) and the hand of Ninmah, which is on the knot (φ Vel), – rope."
  • (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 giš.kun mulur.a kimin kun muluga u ni-˹šik˺ / ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 gu "2 stars on the thigh of the Lion (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) or the tail of the Raven (α Crt) and the bite(?) of the Harrow (μ Vel) : rope".
  • (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a kimin murub4 muluga u3 šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum gu "The separate star on the tail of the Leo (ziqpu XXIV: β Leo) or the middle part of the Raven (γ Crv) and the arm of Entenabarhum (δ Cen) : rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:9, 11-16]. According to [Koch 1992, 57-58], gir3II imittu(15) igi-tum ša2 mulur.a — ο Leo, murub4 mul˹muš?˺ — ζ, θ Hya, mulnunki — α Car, šu mulNin-maḫ ša2 ugu KA.kešda — 196G. PupQ, kun muluga — Pi 140, ni-˹šik˺ ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 — ε Cen, murub4 muluga — β Crv, šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — CenM.
UR.GU.LA (MUL.APIN)
UR.GU.LA (MUL.APIN)
star chart with the Leo-Vir region and Dendera images mapped to it
part of Leo-Vir region of the Babylonian zodiac in Egyptized painting style (Denderah temple, "circular zodiac", now: Louvre Paris).
The GU-text always abbreviates the name of the constellation that is written UR.GU.LA in MUL.APIN when referring to the same area in the sky.

It is a lion-like figure but it is under debate whether or not this creature is considered with wings. Hoffmann (2022) compared the GU-text with the depiction in the circular (so-called) "zodiac" in Dendera and found some interesting similarities (random coincidence or trace of exchange?). There, the creature is a normal lion without wings. However, the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian gate-keepers typically have wings - although the procession to the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (that dates only a few decades earlier than this text) also has lions without wings. We assume that the imagination of the constellation has not been changed in this time between the earlier MUL.APIN and the later VAT 7847 (from Uruk), and suggest that the creature referred to in the GU-text with UR.A is the same as UR.GU.LA in the MUL.APIN.

Astronomical Diaries and Related Text (ADRT).

UR.A was used during the pre-Seleucid period for the designation of the Leo constellation and zodiac, see, for example: mulxUR.A u mulxALLA ina ŠA3 TUR3 "Leo and Crab (standing) in the lunar halo " [AD I, No.-567 rev. 7′, 15′], Dele-bat <u> GU4.UD ina UR.A "Venus (and) Mercury in Leo" [AD I, No.-463:3′], AN ina qi2-it UR.A "Mars (standing) at the end of Leo " [AD I, No.-418:10′], GU4.UD ina ŠU2 ina UR.A IGI "First appearance of Mercury in the west in Leo" [AD I, No.-418:18], as well as individual stars (e.g., MULx KUR4 ša2 TIL GIR3 UR.A "Brilliant star at the end of Leo's paw" [AD I, no.-567 :14]), including three "normal stars":

  • (1) SAG UR.A "Lion's head" (ε Leonis);
  • (2) GIŠ.KUN UR.A "Lion's thigh" (q Leonis);
  • (3) GIR3 ar2 ša2 UR.A "Lion's hind paw" (b Virginis) [AD I, passim]


there abbreviated as A.

  • (1) SAG A "Head of the Lion" (ε Leonis);
  • (2) GIŠ.KUN A "Thigh of the Lion" (q Leonis);
  • (3) GIR3 ar2 ša2 A "Hind paw of the Lion" (b Virginis) [AD I 18],


see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, nos 17, 20, 21  

Anaphora".

BM 36609+:

  • (a) [TA...] a-na SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI / [EN...] SA4 KI ša2 múlUR.A "[From...] – the Brilliant Star of the Old Man / [to...] The Brilliant Star: the place of the Lion" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 17-18].
  • (b) ˹TA˺ 5 [U]Š ar2 um-mu-lut / [E]N 5 UŠ ar2 GAM3 / [UR.A]? ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR "From (a point located) 50 behind the Dull (stars) / [t]o (a point located) 50 behind the Staff. / [The Lion], rises from its beginning to its end." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 26-28]; time of rising: 400 [ibid., 549].
Mathematical Astronomy.
  • A–the standard designation of the zodiac sign Leo [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; found as early as the lunar tables year –474 [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. Late astrology, magic and the calendar. "Horoscopes." See. [BH, passim], the earliest example is from year –297 [BH 58, 3:2].
Late Babylonian catalogue BM 46083.
  • (a) gi[š].kun [...] 20(?) a(?) "The loin? [Lion ...]: 20 of the Lion" (θ Leonis).
  • (b) gir3 ar2-tu2 ša2 a 30(?) : 1 absin "The hind paw of the Lion: 30(?) (Lion? or?) 1 Beard/furrows" (β Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:1′-2′; ASM 149-150];

for a new edition of the text see. [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564];

see also (Kurtik g23) GIŠ.KUN.

In designation ziqpu XXI:
  • MUL 2 ša2 SAG A "2 stars of the head of the Lion". [Schaumberger 1952 226-7],
  • 2 MUL2.ME ša2 SAG A [Schaumberger 1955 238:1-2],
  • 2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A [Roughton-Steele-Walker 565].
Late astrology, magic and the calendar.
  • (1) "Horoscopes." In one of the earliest horoscopes (-287) UR.A is the designation of the zodiac sign Leo [BH, 61, 4 r. 1].
  • (2) "Lunaries."
    • (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulur.a "Region of Leo," that has the following astrological meaning attached to it: a change of attitude, whay you see is nice to look at [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:1, 16; Emelyanov 1999, 194-195].
    • (b) BRM IV, 19: UR.A is the zodiac sign Leo in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: a, i, k, 3, 25; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
  • (3) "Microzodiac".
    • (a) Division of the sign of the zodiac Leo into 12 parts: the 1st part is mulur.a [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
    • (b) The division of the zodiac sign Mercenary (=Aries) into 12 parts: [5-i-t]um ḫa.la múlur.a šum3-šu2 "[5th] part, her name is Leo" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952, 66].
  • (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 8 // UR.A 26 // dām(UŠ2)
  • nēši(UR.MAḪ) lipî(I3.UDU) nēši(UR.MAḪ) lu šārat(SIG2) nēši(UR.MAḪ) MIN(= tapaššaš)"Duuzu 8 // Lev 260 // You put the lion's blood, lion's fat, or lion's hair on" [SpTU III, 104:8, and also 104:21]; parallel for the month of arahsamnu W22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105: 1(NE), 14(<UR>.A), 27(UR.A)].
  • (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI UR.ME? a-lid ... "In the region of Leo, was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 4′; Reiner 2000].
  • (6) Prediction of grain prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mul4UR.A [SpTU I, 94:5, 29].
  • (7) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on the culminations of the stars and the positions of the Sun relative to the constellations [SpTU III, 102:10, 11].
  • (8) Prediction on izbu: iz-bu ša2 TA UGU <mul>UR.A u2-šar-ru-u2 / ina ŠA3 ša2 <mul>UR.A ina IGI múl dA.EDIN " izbu, which begins with the Leo, within (the constellation) Leo and before the constellation Erua" [Biggs 1968, 54:12-13].
  • See also U.197 obv. 1': mul2.me ša2 múlur.a [...] "The stars of Leo" [Sachs 1952, 74]; KA2 mulxUR.A "Gates of the Lion" [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4].
  See also [LBAT, 1595:3, 5; SpTU I, 96:5; SpTU V, 268:17].

For the symbol, identification, and individual parts of the constellation Leo, see (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022) Gössmann

(1950)

(u17) UR.A

= nēšu «Лев», сокращение от mulUR.GU.LA в астрономических и астрологических текстах I тыс. до н.э. [AHw, 425a, 783a; CAD N/2, 197; G. 160; Weidner 1963, 118, note 45], cм. u20UR.GU.LA, а также a01A, u16UR,  u22UR.MAḪ. I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. [ur?].a = ne2-e-šu2 [CT 18, 43 ii 39]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. Месяц дуузу, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:4], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. GU-текст. (F) 2 mul ˹ša2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ «2 звезды головы Льва». (G) 4 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 gaba mulur.a kimin gir3II imittu(15) igi-tum ša2 mulur.a / murub4 mul˹muš?˺ u mulnunki gu «4 звезды на груди Льва (ziqpu XXII: ζ, γ, η, α Leo) или передняя правая лапа Льва (π Leo), середина Змеи (κ Hydr) и (созвездие) Эриду (λ Vel) : веревка». (H) ½ danna egir 4 ša2 gaba-šu2 kimin / gir3II murub4tu2 ša2˺ mulur.a u šu mulnin.maḫ ša2 ugu ka.kešda gu «(Точка, соответствующая) половине bēru(150) позади 4-х (звезд) на его (т.е. Льва) груди, или лапа средней части Льва (ρ Leo) и рука Нинмах, которая на узле (φ Vel), — веревка». (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 giš.kun mulur.a kimin kun muluga u nišik˺ / ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 gu «2 звезды на бедре Льва (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) или хвост Ворона (α Crt) и укус(?) Бороны (μ Vel) : веревка». (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a kimin murub4 muluga u3 šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum gu «Отдельная звезда на хвосте Льва (ziqpu XXIV: β Leo) или средняя часть Ворона (γ Crv) и рука Энтенабархум (δ Cen) — веревка» [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:9, 11–16]. Cогласно [Koch 1992, 57–58], gir3II imittu(15) igi-tum ša2 mulur.a — ο Leo, murub4 mul˹muš?˺ — ζ, θ Hya, mulnunki — α Car, šu mulNin-maḫ ša2 ugu KA.kešda — 196G. PupQ, kun muluga — Pi 140, nišik˺ ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 — ε Cen, murub4 muluga — β Crv, šu mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum — CenM. Дневники наблюдений. UR.A использовалось в доселевкидский период для обозначения созвездия и знака зодиака Лев, см., например: mulxUR.A u mulxALLA ina ŠA3 TUR3 «Лев и Краб в лунном гало (стоят)» [AD I, No.-567 rev. 7′, 15′], Dele-bat <u> GU4.UD ina UR.A «Венера (и) Меркурий во Льве» [AD I, No.-463:3′], AN ina qi2-it UR.A «Марс в конце Льва (стоит)» [AD I, No.-418:10′], GU4.UD ina ŠU2 ina UR.A IGI «Первое появление Меркурия на западе во Льве» [AD I, No.-418:18], а также отдельных звезд (например, MULx KUR4 ša2 TIL GIR3 UR.A «Блестящая звезда на конце лапы Льва» [AD I, No.-567:14]), в том числе трех «нормальных звезд»: (1) SAG UR.A «Голова Льва» (ε Leonis); (2) GIŠ.KUN UR.A «Бедро Льва» (q Leonis); (3) GIR3 ar2 ša2 UR.A «Задняя лапа Льва» (b Virginis) [AD I, passim], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17, 20, 21, а также a01A. «Анафора». BM 36609+: a) [TA…] a-na SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI / [EN…] SA4 KI ša2 múlUR.A «[От…] — Блестящей звезды Старика / [до…] Блестящей звезды: место Льва» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 17–18]. b) ˹TA˺ 5 [U]Š ar2 um-mu-lut / [E]N 5 UŠ ar2 GAM3 / [UR.A]? ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых (звезд) / [д]о (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Посоха. / [Лев], от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 26–28]; время восхода: 400 [ibid., 549]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». В одном из ранних гороскопов (-287) UR.A — обозначение знака зодиака Лев [BH, 61, 4 r. 1]. (2) «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulur.a «Область Льва», которой соответствуют астрологические значения: изменение настроения, виденное тобой на взгляд приятно [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:1, 16; Емельянов 1999, 194–195]. b) BRM IV, 19: UR.A — знак зодиака Лев в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: a, i, k, 3, 25; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». a) Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 1-я часть — mulur.a [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. b) Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: [5-i-t]um ḫa.la múlur.a šum3-šu2 «[5-я] часть, ее имя Лев» [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952, 66]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 8 // UR.A 26 // dām(UŠ2) nēši(UR.MAḪ) lipî(I3.UDU) nēši(UR.MAḪ) lu šārat(SIG2) nēši(UR.MAḪ) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 8 // Лев 260 // Кровь льва, жир льва или шерсть льва намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:8, а также 104:21]; параллель для месяца арахсамну W22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105: 1(NE), 14(<UR>.A), 27(UR.A)]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI UR.ME? a-lid … «В области Льва родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 4′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений: mul4UR.A [SpTU I, 94:5, 29]. (7) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий [SpTU III, 102:10, 11]. (8) Предсказания izbu: iz-bu ša2 TA UGU <mul>UR.A u2-šar-ru-u2 / ina ŠA3 ša2 <mul>UR.A ina IGI múl dA.EDIN «izbu, которое началось со Львом, внутри (созвездия) Лев перед созвездием Эруа» [Biggs 1968, 54:12–13]. См. также U.197 obv. 1': mul2.me ša2 múlur.a […] «Звезды Льва» [Sachs 1952, 74]; KA2 mulxUR.A «Ворота Льва» [NSAM 2, 38, Text Ii:4].

См. также [LBAT, 1595:3, 5; SpTU I, 96:5; SpTU V, 268:17].

Символ, отождествление и отдельные части созвездия Лев см. (u20) UR.GU.LA.

(a01) A


R.A "Лев", обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Лев (Leo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [G. 1; Ungnad 257, Anm. 44]. См. также u16UR, u17UR.A, u20UR.GU.LA, u22UR.MAD. I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". Переход от UR.A к А совершился  ок. –300 г. (см., например, [AD I, No.-291], где в одном и том же тексте присутствуют оба обозначения), хотя отдельные примеры встречаются и раньше [AD I, No.-380 A 4, -321 obv. 4]. Входило в названия трех "нормальных звезд":*(1) SAG A "Голова Льва" (ε Leonis);

  • (2) GIŠ.KUN A "Бедро Льва" (q Leonis);
  • (3) GIR3 ar2 ša2 A "Задняя лапа Льва" (b Virginis) [AD I 18], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 17, 20, 21, а также u17UR.A.

Математическая астрономия.

A — стандартное обозначение знака зодиака Лев [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; встречается уже в лунных таблицах –474 года [Aaboe-Sachs 1969; Britton 1989]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. "Гороскопы". См. [BH, passim], самый ранний пример относится к –297 году [BH 58, 3:2].

Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083.

  • a) gi[š].kun […] 20(?) a(?) "Поясница? [Льва …]:  20 Льва" (θ Leonis).
  • b) gir3 ar2-tu2 ša2 a 30(?) : 1 absin "Задняя лапа Льва: 30(?) (Льва? или?) 1 Борозды" (β Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:1′-2′; ASM 149-150]; сокращение от (mul)Uновое издание текста см. [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564]; см. также g23GIŠ.KUN.

В обозначении ziqpu XXI:

  • MUL 2 ša2 SAG A "2 звезды головы Льва" [Schaumberger 1952 226-7],
  • 2 MUL2.ME ša2 SAG A [Schaumberger 1955 238:1-2],
  • 2 MUL2.MEŠ ša2 SAG A [Roughton-Steele-Walker 565]